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GROSS MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE AIR SACS (SACCI PNEUMATICI) OF GOLDEN PEKIN DUCK (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHA)
... Os sacos aéreos já foram descritos nas seguintes aves: ave doméstica (Gallus gallus) (5,6) , ganso doméstico (Anser anser domesticus) (7) , pato (Anas spp.) (8)(9)(10) , peru (Meleagris sp.) (11)(12)(13) , avestruz (Struthio camelus) (14) , codorna (Coturnix coturnix) (15) , codorna japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (9) , inhambu-de-asa-vermelha-europeia, da ordem Galliformes (Alectoris graeca) (16) , urubu-de-pernas-longas (Buteo rufinus) (17) , pombo-europeu (Columbia livia) (5,18,19) , mergulhão ou mobelha-grande (Gavia immer) (20) , bulbul de bochecha branca ou bulbul do Himalaia (Pycnonotus leucogenys) (21) e corvo-de-capuz ou gralha cinzenta (Corvus cornix) (22) . ...
... A proporção do tamanho dos sacos aéreos segue o que já foi descrito na literatura para as outras espécies: o saco aéreo cervical tem uma conformação mais irregular e um tamanho menor (5,9,10,29) . Entretanto, em Rhynchotus rufescens, observamos que os sacos aéreos torácicos são simétricos e os sacos aéreos torácicos craniais são menores que os caudais. ...
Resumo Descrições anatômicas dos sacos aéreos de perdizes da espécie Rhynchotus rufescens são escassos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os sacos aéreos desta espécie. Foram coletados dez espécimes cadavéricos de perdizes adultas, com aproximadamente 1 ano de idade, e utilizada perfusão de látex para solidificação do material. O saco aéreo cervical na perdiz de asa vermelha é menor e tem uma conformação mais irregular do que outros sacos aéreos. Os sacos aéreos torácicos são simétricos e os sacos aéreos torácicos craniais são menores que os caudais. Os sacos aéreos abdominais são assimétricos e os maiores estendem-se até a cloaca. Foi encontrado apenas um saco aéreo clavicular, com três subdivisões: direito, esquerdo e medial. Além disso, foram encontradas porções extratorácicas direita e esquerda, passando sob a clavícula. Em um dos animais foram encontrados úmeros preenchidos com látex e em outras três costelas estavam presentes divertículos vertebrais. Não há uma relação clara entre taxonomia e biologia versus quantidade e conformação dos sacos aéreos, pois diferentes animais com proximidade taxonômica apresentam diferenças. Este estudo aumenta o conhecimento anatômico específico desta espécie de perdiz.
... Air sacs have already been described in the following birds: the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) (5,6) , domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus) (7) , duck (Anas spp.) (8)(9)(10) , turkey (Meleagris sp.) (11)(12)(13) , ostrich (Struthio camelus) (14) , quail (Coturnix coturnix) (15) , Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (9) , European red-winged tinamou, order Galliformes, (Alectoris graeca) (16) , long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) (17) , European pidgeon (Columbia livia) (5,18,19) , loon (Gavia immer) (20) , White Cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) (21) and hooded crow (Corvus cornix) (22) . ...
... Birds' ratio size of air sacs follows what has already been described in the literature for other species: the cervical air sac has a more irregular conformation and a smaller size (5,9,10,29) . ...
Anatomical descriptions of partridges’ air sacs of the species Rhynchotus rufescens are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the air sacs of this species. Ten cadaveric specimens of adult partridges, approximately 1 year old, were collected, and latex perfusion was used to solidify the material. The cervical air sac of a red-winged tinamou is smaller and has a more irregular conformation than other air sacs. The thoracic air sacs are symmetrical, and the cranial thoracic air sacs are smaller than the caudal ones. The abdominal air sacs are asymmetrical, and the largest ones extend themselves to the cloaca. Only one clavicular air sac was found, with three subdivisions: right, left, and medial. Additionally, right and left extrathoracic portions were found, passing under the clavicle. In one of the animals, the latexfilled humeri were found, and in three other ribs, vertebral diverticula were present. There is no clear relationship between taxonomy and biology versus the quantity and conformation of air sacs, because different animals with taxonomic proximity present differences. This study enhances species-specific anatomical knowledge of this species of partridge.
... The size ratio of air sacs follows what has already been described in the literature for the other species: the cervical air sac has a more irregular conformation and a smaller size (Akester 1960;El-Bably et al. 2014). But, in the partridge, we observe that the thoracic air sacs are symmetrical and the cranial thoracic air sacs are smaller than the caudal ones. ...
The red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rusfencens) is a bird belonging to the order Tinaniforme, family Tinamidae, present in South America, and due to its population decline is classified as LC (Least Concern) on the BirdLife International red list. This study aimed to evaluate the air sacs of this species, as anatomical studies of partridges are scarce. Ten cadaveric specimens were collected, and latex perfusion was used to solidify the material. The cervical air sac in the red-winged tinamou is smaller and has a more irregular conformation than other air sacs. The thoracic air sacs are symmetrical, and the cranial thoracic air sacs are smaller than the caudal ones. The abdominal air sacs are asymmetrical, and the largest, extending to the cloaca. Only one clavicular air sac was found, with three subdivisions: right, left, and medial. Additionally, right, and left extra-coelomatic portions were found, passing under the clavicle. In one of the animals, the latex-filled humeri were found, and in three other ribs, vertebral diverticula were present. There is no clear relationship between taxonomy and biology versus the quantity and conformation of air sacs, as different animals with taxonomic proximity present differences. This study enhances species-specific anatomical knowledge of the red-winged tinamou.
... The number of the air sacs differs within the different avian species [16]. Most of the birds have seven air sacs, four of these are paired, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs, but the single air sacs are the interclavicular and cervical [17]. ...
... cervical, clavicular (unpaired), cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs (King 1975). Gross anatomical peculiarities of the air sacs were studied in detail in Golden Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) by El-Bably et al. (2014). The cervical air sacs communicate with the lungs through the first medio-ventral bronchi. ...
Asia contributes significantly to world’s duck population. Asian countries like China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Bangladesh have a high number of ducks. Cambodia is the duck predominant country with a share of 40.5% ducks in total poultry, while Bangladesh is the most duck dense country in the world with 438.8 ducks per square kilometer area. The world duck population increased by sixfold from 193.4 million heads in 1961 to 1177.4 million heads in 2019. The growth curve has three phases: a slow and steady early growth from 1961 to 1985 with annual growth rate (AGR) of 5.0%, a fast growth phase from 1985 to 2010 (AGR = 7.3%), and a stationary phase from 2010 onwards with AGR of −0.17%. The first human death due to avian influenza (AI) in Hong Kong in 1997, reemergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2003 and spreading to new territories in 2007 caused significant slumps in duck production. France ranks second in duck meat production after China, although it holds seventh position in duck population. Nearly 80% of the down and feathers are produced in China. Out of the total 195.6 million kilos of duck meat exported in 2019, 71% emanated from Europe. The per capita availability of duck meat was high in European countries like Hungary (9570 g) and France (3460 g). Apart, Europe is the major exporter of live birds, with France alone contributing more than half. During the recent 5 years, the reduction of human cases of AI has signaled the revival of duck farming. Location-specific technological interventions are to be carried out to refine the existing practices and to sustain duck farming.
... In general, the walls of the air sacs cannot be visualized with plain radiography in healthy birds (Newell et al., 1997). In addition, the number and size of air sacs varies according to the bird species, but most have a single clavicular air sac and paired cervical, cranial and caudal thoracic, and abdominal air sacs (Coles, 2007;Doneley, 2010;El-Bably, Rezk, & Tolba, 2014;Smith, Smith, Flammer, Spaulding, & Smallwood, 1990). ...
This study aimed to evaluate normal features of the heart and lower respiratory tract in toco toucans by means of radiography and helical computed tomography (CT) scanner. Fifteen healthy adult toco toucans (Ramphastos toco), 10 females and 5 males, average body mass of 650 g were studied. CT examination as well as right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographic examinations of the coelomic cavity were performed under chemical restraint. Heart, lungs, air sacs, trachea and syrinx were analysed. The mean values of heart length, heart width and thoracic cavity in radiographs were, respectively, 23.76 mm, 25.94 mm and 48.87 mm. In both X‐rays and CT scans, the lung parenchyma had honeycomb‐like pattern. The topographic areas of the anterior and posterior air sacs were visualized as dark and air‐filled spaces in X‐rays. On CT evaluation, the air sacs occupied a larger area in the coelomic cavity compared to X‐ray. In the lateral radiographic view, the cervical part of the trachea was positioned more ventrally in the transition from cervical to thoracic regions showing a V‐shaped appearance. In all CT planes was visible division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi at the level of 3rd thoracic vertebra. The syrinx was difficult to visualize in X‐rays, but on CT it was easily identified in axial slice. In conclusion, the normal features of toco toucan's heart and lower respiratory tract that were determined on X‐rays and CT scans are useful to compare with sick toco toucans, as well as other bird species.
... The present study revealed that the (nine) air sacs in white eared bulbul One single sac(interclavicular) and four paired air sacs(cervical, cranial and caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs).match with (13,15) that noted nine air sacs in geese, long-legged buzzard, and disagreement with (5,14,12,11,18) who reported that the number of the air sacs in chicken ,Japanese quail, mallard duck, golden pekin duck and are eight sacs. This differs with ( 19) reported that the number of the air sacs in turkey are seven, (7)noted that air sac in goose are eleven. ...
The study was designed to observed the anatomical features of the air sacs (Sacci pneumatici)in White Cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) Ten healthy birds from white cheeked bulbul used, five birds extract the part of trachea and incision it after anaesthetized , then insert the cannula through trachea and injected the cold cure mixture for corrosion cast making. and macerated by 2% (KOH) for 4 days. and. Five birds used for imaging examination, barium sulphate suspension were injected via the trachea using plastic syringe, for radiographic procedure. The number of the air sacs in bulbul (nine) air sacs, cervical ,cranial and caudal thoracic and abdominal air sac , single air interclavicular. The shaped and locations of these sacs described by using the cold cure corrosion cast and Radiological examinations.
The avian respiratory system is fully described from the larynx to the pneumatization of various proximate bones of the body by the different air sacs. To prominence its morphological novelty, the complexity of the lung-air sac system of birds is compared particularly with the mammalian respiratory system: together with birds, mammals are the only other endothermic-homeotherms. The evolution, the structure, and the mode of sound production (vocalization) by the syrinx are outlined. The three-tiered arrangement of the airway (bronchial) system of the avian lung is delineated, and the functional significance of the assemblage is underscored. The morphologies of the terminal respiratory units, the minuscular air- and blood capillaries, are described, and the topographical arrangement between the bronchial- and the vascular systems of the avian lung that fashion the various gas exchange designs are explained.
In the present study, ten healthy adult domestic geese (Anser Anser Domesticus) were used. The morphology of the air sacs (Sacci pneumatici) was investigated by using latex neoprene injection and hard cast preparation. The lung (pulmo) was paired, small in size, triangular in shape and not lobed. The geese had nine air sacs; single clavicular sac and paired cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal sacs. The origin, shape, relationships and diverticula of each sac was described and compared with that of other birds.
The ducks are an important species of waterfowl that spend much of their times on or around the water. Giving their living conditions, ducks have special anatomical features like webbed feet and water resistant feather coat. Further, their skeletal system has many unique features like ossified tracheal rings that enable catching by neck, fused vertebrae called notarium that give rigidity for swimming and so on. Small comb-like structures along the inside of the bill called lamellae act like sieve and look like teeth which are the fascinating adaptation of the ducks. The ducks can separate and expel the non-food items such as mud and water while retaining seeds, bugs and other food items using lamellae when scavenging under water. The copulatory organ of drake is special and different from other avian species to give much needed adaptation to mate on waters. Nevertheless, the anatomical features and functions of digestive, respiratory and lymphatic systems of ducks are different from chicken and other poultry at varying degrees.KeywordsDucksComparative anatomySkeletonVisceraPhysiology
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