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Arboretum and demonstration site catalogue REINFFORCE (REsource INFrastructures for monitoring, adapting and protecting European Atlantic FORests under Changing climate)

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FOREWORD This document summarises the work that has been achieved after 5 years of efforts to set up the REINFFORCE infrastructure. It has been a huge challenge to move from the simple idea of designing a research tool for climate change adaptation to the actual implementation of this tool: to agree on protocols, find seeds, produce 150 000 seedlings, design demonstration sites and set up databases. I would like to thank all those who contributed to making this idea become a reality, which not only requested the necessary funding, but also a lot of patience and passion. This document does not describe the end of a story but rather the beginning of one. Thanks to INTERREG IVB EA funds, a unique research tool has been designed to work on forest adaptation to climate change. In this catalogue, you will find all useful information concerning the design and content of the 79 trials that are part of this infrastructure; information to understand the data collected, the species planted, the effects observed. You are welcome to contact the coordinator or trial managers directly for questions on some results or to propose collaboration on a specific species or a specific issue that has been addressed thanks to this infrastructure. Christophe Orazio
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... Established in 2012, this network, named the REINFFORCE Network (RÉseau INFrastructure de recherche pour le suivi et l'adaptation des FORêts au Changement climatiquE), extends from Scotland (North) to Lisbon (South), and from Bordeaux (East) to the Azores (West), taking advantage of very different climatic conditions. The north-south and east-west extent of this network allows responses such as survival and growth to be measured along gradients of climatic factors covering expected changes and the range of predicted future climate scenarios [18]. Each test site is planted with the same 33 species with three mandatory provenances each, with additional provenances selected by each partner [18]. ...
... The north-south and east-west extent of this network allows responses such as survival and growth to be measured along gradients of climatic factors covering expected changes and the range of predicted future climate scenarios [18]. Each test site is planted with the same 33 species with three mandatory provenances each, with additional provenances selected by each partner [18]. ...
... This network consists of 38 planting sites, called arboreta, each one of which contains a collection of exactly the same base material of 33 species ideally represented by three mandatory provenances selected from contrasting climate conditions within its current distribution range, in order to capture maximum species variability [18]. However, Eucalyptus spp. ...
Article
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To anticipate European climate scenarios for the end of the century, we explored the climate gradient within the REINFFORCE (RÉseau INFrastructure de recherche pour le suivi et l’adaptation des FORêts au Changement climatiquE) arboreta network, established in 38 sites between latitudes 37° and 57°, where 33 tree species are represented. We aim to determine which climatic variables best explain their survival and growth, and identify those species that are more tolerant of climate variation and those of which the growth and survival future climate might constrain. We used empirical models to determine the best climatic predictor variables that explain tree survival and growth. Precipitation-transfer distance was most important for the survival of broadleaved species, whereas growing-season-degree days best explained conifer-tree survival. Growth (annual height increment) was mainly explained by a derived annual dryness index (ADI) for both conifers and broadleaved trees. Species that showed the greatest variation in survival and growth in response to climatic variation included Betula pendula Roth, Pinus elliottii Engelm., and Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don, and those that were least affected included Quercus shumardii Buckland and Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold. We also demonstrated that provenance differences were significant for Pinus pinea L., Quercus robur L., and Ceratonia siliqua L. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of infrastructures along a climatic gradient like REINFFORCE to determine major tendencies of tree species responding to climate changes.
... Provenance tests have been established for many commercially important species across the globe (e.g., Wheeler et al., 2015), and although very few are still in existence, the data collected in these studies provide a valuable opportunity for new analyzes and discoveries. We note that we refer here to the traditional provenance tests, and that new common gardens and arboretums specifically designed to study tree species sensitivity to climate are being established (Castellanos-Acuña et al., 2015;Orazio et al., 2013). ...
... This limits what can be inferred about populations' phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation responses under high stress conditions (i.e., conditions potentially similar to those expected under climate change) that can lead to maladaptation and the consequent decrease in survival and growth. It also highlights the need and challenges to establish new series of common gardens specifically designed as climate change experiments, although a few examples exist such as those for F.sylvatica(Robson et al., 2018) and several species in the Atlantic European coast(Orazio et al., 2013).Regional analyses covering different parts of the species ranges are the most abundant and exist for many, mostly commercially important, species. Even though their scope restricts the comprehensive study of the species evolutionary strategies, they have provided evidence of different climate variables driving genetic differentiation in different parts of a species range. ...
Article
Intraspecific variation plays a critical role in extant and future forests responses to climate change. Forest tree species with wide climatic niches rely on the intraspecific variation resulting from genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity to accommodate spatial and temporal climate variability. A centuries-old legacy of forest ecological genetics and provenance trials has provided a strong foundation upon which to continue building on this knowledge, which is critical to maintain climate-adapted forests. Our overall objective is to understand forest trees intraspecific responses to climate across species and biomes, while our specific objectives are to describe ecological genetics models used to build our foundational knowledge, summarize modeling approaches that have expanded the traditional toolset, and extensively review the literature from 1994 to 2021 to highlight the main contributions of this legacy and the new analyzes of provenance trials. We reviewed 103 studies comprising at least three common gardens, which covered 58 forest tree species, 28 of them with range wide studies. Although studies using provenance trials data cover mostly commercially important forest tree species from temperate and boreal biomes, this synthesis provides a global overview of forest tree species adaptation to climate. We found that evidence for genetic adaptation to local climate is commonly present in the species studied (79%), being more common in conifers (87.5%) than in broadleaf species (67%). In 57% of the species, clines in fitness-related traits were associated with temperature variables, in 14% species with precipitation and in 25% of the species by both. Evidence of adaptation lags was found in 50% of the species with range wide studies. We conclude that ecological genetics models and analysis of provenance trials data provide excellent insights on intraspecific genetic variation, whereas the role and limits of phenotypic plasticity, which will likely determine the fate of extant forests, is vastly understudied.
... Provenances were initially selected to give as broad a representation of each species distribution as possible, however limitations with seed supply meant that this was not always possible. For more information on the provenances used, see Orazio et al., (2013) and Table S1. Any dead trees were replaced in all plots in the first two years following establishment; however, we restricted our analysis to only include survival and height data for those trees that were initially planted (i.e. ...
... Moreover, France together with Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland launched in 2009 a transnational project and set up a network of 38 arboreta (known as REINFFORCE Arboretum & Demonstration Sites Network). Within this network, provenances of black locust growing in Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, North Macedonia and Turkey, along with other tree species were planted in 32 environmentally different sites (i.e., arboreta), distributed across all the countries participating in the REIN-FORCE Project [64], except for Ireland. Genetic trials (provenance or clonal tests) were established in many European countries; i.e., Italy [65], Bulgaria [66], Poland [67] and Austria [68]. Figure 1 indicates the geographic location of established genetic trials in Europe for the five non-native tree species of interest and their display within the bioclimatic parameter space, represented by mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation of the natural distribution regions. ...
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Citation: Alizoti, P.; Bastien, J.-C.; Chakraborty, D.; Klisz, M.M.; Kroon, J.; Neophytou, C.; Schueler, S.; van Loo, M.; Westergren, M.; Konnert, M.; et al. Non-Native Forest Tree Species in Europe: The Question of Seed Origin in Afforestation. Forests 2022, 13, 273.
... seedlot) was collected, plays an important role in the overall adaptive potential and performance of species (Fady et al. 2016). To address these challenges, today a large number of experimental plots and trials form the basis for testing, breeding and selection of new non-native tree species and provenances suitable for European forestry (Kleinschmit et al. 1979;Bastien et al. 2013;Lee et al. 2013;Orazio et al. 2013;Konnert and Alizoti 2016). These introductions on large or small scales can be used as sentinel trees to identify their susceptibility to specific pests and diseases present in the area where they are introduced. ...
Article
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The management of non-native tree species in European forests has a long history, but the information on the current number and geographic distribution of these species in European forests is incomplete and scattered across various datasets. This study aims to perform an inventory of the most frequent non-native tree species growing in European forests and analyse their current extent, geographic distribution and geographic origin. Our results show that at least 150 non-native tree species are currently growing in European forests and provenance trials. The genera represented by largest number of species are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Abies. Species growing at the largest areas are Robinia pseudoacacia (2.44 million ha), Eucalyptus globulus (1.46 million ha), Picea sitchensis (1.16 million ha) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (0.83 million ha). In total, non-native tree species in Europe are found in an area of approximately 8.54 million ha, or 4.0% of the European forest area, and the five most abundant species account for up to 77% of this area. The largest number of these 150 species were introduced from North America (71), followed by Asia (45) and Australia (20). North American species occupy by far the largest area.
Technical Report
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D3.5 – Guidelines for the deployment of basic material and seed transfer Trees4Future ( FP7 284181) Page 4 of 27 1. S ummary As a result of climate change the presently used deployment areas for forest reproductive material (FRM) may not be the optimal in the near future. One way to address this problem is assisted migratio n (AM), which is defined as the human assisted movement of species in response to climate change. To estimate the optimal rate of transfer to be recommended, data from provenance trials can be used. Numerous provenance trials have been established during t he last century for many tree species. The response of the provenances to a transfer is the result of a combination of genetic change and phenotypic plasticity. On the other hand, the effects of a transfer on phenology, pests and diseases as well as pertur bations are not covered well by provenance trials. In order for assisted migration to be functional in Europe it is important that transfer of FRM can be applied without bothering political borders . Moreover, phenotypic plasticity is a relevant criterion t o be consider ed, but the adaptive/neutral/non - adaptive nature of plasticity for each trait or groups of traits must be taken into account. I t is very important that climate data on the smallest resolution available is used, and that also the most sophistic ated climate change scenarios are used. This paper presents three practical examples on the use of data from provenance trials for the definition of future deployment areas for FRM in Europe .
Laricio variety corsican -Slogne Vayrières -France PINI-VAYR Laricio variety calabrian -Les Barnes-Sivens -France PINI-SIVE Salzmannii -ES07b -Sistema Iberico Meridional, Sur de Cuenca -Spain PINI-CUEN Laricio variety corsican -Haute Sierre seed tree
  • Washington Cascade
  • Usa Psme-Wash Luzette -France
  • Psme-Luze Central California -Usa Psme-Ceca California -French Seed Orchard Psme-Cali Siskyou Oregon -Usa Psme-Orsi Variety Glauca Arizona
  • Usa Psme-Ariz Oregon Cascade -Usa Psme-Orca Oregon Coast -Usa Psme-Orco Northern California -Usa Psme-Noca Port Angeles Washington -Usa Psme-Poan Colorado -Usa Psme-Colo New Mexico -Usa Psme-Nmex Laricio
Washington Cascade -USA PSME-WASH Luzette -France PSME-LUZE Central California -USA PSME-CECA California -French seed orchard PSME-CALI Siskyou Oregon -USA PSME-ORSI Variety glauca Arizona -USA PSME-ARIZ Oregon Cascade -USA PSME-ORCA Oregon Coast -USA PSME-ORCO Northern California -USA PSME-NOCA Port Angeles Washington -USA PSME-POAN Colorado -USA PSME-COLO New Mexico -USA PSME-NMEX Laricio and Salzmannii Laricio variety corsican -Slogne Vayrières -France PINI-VAYR Laricio variety calabrian -Les Barnes-Sivens -France PINI-SIVE Salzmannii -ES07b -Sistema Iberico Meridional, Sur de Cuenca -Spain PINI-CUEN Laricio variety corsican -Haute Sierre seed tree orchard -France PINI-CORS Salzmannii -ES10 -Soria -Spain PINI-SORI Salzmannii -St Guilhem Besseges Gard -France PINI-BESS Salzmannii -ES08a -Cordillera Ceticas, Cazorla Alcaraz -Spain PINI-CAZO Pinus peuce Gotse Delchev -Bulgary PIPE-GODE Pelister National park -Macedonia PIPE-MACE Pinus pinaster Mimizan -Landes -France PIPT-LAND Picard (Lande Corse) -France PIPT-LACO Tamjout (Collobriere) -Morocco -French seeds orchard PIPT-TAMJ Leiria -Portugal PIPT-LEIR Cordal de Loba (Monfero) -Spain PIPT-CORD ES12 -Serrania de Cuenca -Spain PIPT-CUEN ES06 -Sierra de Gredos -Spain PIPT-GRED ES16 -Levante -Spain PIPT-LEVA Pinus pinea 2 Valles del Tietar y del Alberche -Spain PIPI-CAST Italy PIPI-ITAL Région méditerranéenne -France PIPI-FRAN Vendas Novas -Portugal PIPI-VEND ES A -Biar -Spain PIPI-LEVA Malaga -Spain PIPI-MALA Pinus ponderosa Southern Rockies (New Mexico) -USA PIPO-MEXI Central California -USA PIPO-CALI Oregon -USA PIPO-OREG Dakota -USA PIPO-DAKO Colorado -USA PIPO-COLO Idaho -USA PIPO-IDAH
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Effe cts of clim ate cha nge on fore st ecos yste ms in Iber ian Pen insu la. CIF-Lou rizá n
  • Arboretum De La Bonne Foussie
Arboretum de La Bonne Foussie. Sarlande, France. 2013. Effe cts of clim ate cha nge on fore st ecos yste ms in Iber ian Pen insu la. CIF-Lou rizá n, Spa in. 201 0