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Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing?
Abstract
Background
Sleep is important for growth and renewal of multiple physiological systems. The effects of chronic poor sleep quality on human skin function and visible signs of ageing have not been elucidated.AimTo evaluate the effect of chronic poor sleep quality on measures of skin health and ageing. Self-perceived satisfaction with appearance was also assessed.Methods60 healthy caucasian women, who were categorized as poor quality sleepers [Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) > 5, sleep duration ≤ 5 h] or good quality sleepers (PSQI ≤ 5, sleep duration 7–9 h). A validated clinical tool, SCINEXATM, was used to assess intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing. Dark under-eye circles were evaluated using standardized photos. Measurement of in vivo transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was used to assess recovery of the skin barrier after tape stripping. Subjects were exposed to simulated solar ultraviolet light, and recovery from erythema was monitored. Subjects also completed a questionnaire evaluating self-perception of attractiveness.ResultsGood sleepers had significantly lower intrinsic skin ageing scores by SCINEXATM. At baseline, poor sleepers had significantly higher levels of TEWL. At 72 h after tape stripping, good sleepers had 30% greater barrier recovery compared with poor sleepers. At 24 h after exposure to ultraviolet light, good sleepers had significantly better recovery from erythema. Good sleepers also reported a significantly better perception of their appearance and physical attractiveness compared with poor sleepers.Conclusions
This study indicates that chronic poor sleep quality is associated with increased signs of intrinsic ageing, diminished skin barrier function and lower satisfaction with appearance.
... This is because insufficient sleep and/or poor sleep quality can lead to hormone and immune dysregulation, and increased production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers [11]. In fact, one study found that poor sleep quality, as assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), is associated with more water loss through the skin, decreased skin barrier recovery after disruption, decreased recovery from skin redness after UV exposure, and poorer perceptions of skin appearance [12]. In addition, relative to those with good sleep quality, poor sleep was associated with more signs of skin aging such as pigmentation and fine lines [12]. ...
... In fact, one study found that poor sleep quality, as assessed by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), is associated with more water loss through the skin, decreased skin barrier recovery after disruption, decreased recovery from skin redness after UV exposure, and poorer perceptions of skin appearance [12]. In addition, relative to those with good sleep quality, poor sleep was associated with more signs of skin aging such as pigmentation and fine lines [12]. ...
... These results may be partially due to the depigmenting activity of ashwagandha extracts [31]. Additionally, the improvement of pigment may be related to the sleepenhancing effects of the oral supplement, as poor sleep quality has been associated with increased skin pigmentation [12]. Overall, our study serves as a pilot study to depict the potential for synergistic actions of combining oral with topical regimens. ...
External and internal stressors have been found to adversely affect skin health and overall wellness. There is growing interest in the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant plant-derived ingredients, such as ashwagandha, saffron, l-theanine, and tocopherol, to mitigate the impact of these stressors. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of oral and topical products (InnerCalm and SuperCalm, respectively) that contain naturally derived ingredients on skin redness, skin pigmentation, sleep, and mood in healthy females with Fitzpatrick skin type 1–4 and self-perceived sensitive skin. Subjects were randomized to an oral (oral group), a topical (topical group), or a combination of both the oral and topical interventions (combined group). Standardized photography-based image analysis was used to assess skin redness and pigment. Self-assessments of mood and sleep were measured with the abbreviated profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh sleep-quality index (PSQI), respectively. Assessments were made at the baseline, 1-week, 4-weeks, and 8-weeks of the intervention. The average facial redness decreased in the topical group at 8-weeks (p < 0.001) and in the combined group at 4-weeks (p < 0.05) and 8-weeks (p < 0.001), relative to the baseline. The average facial pigmentation decreased in the oral (p < 0.05) and combined (p < 0.05) cohorts at 8-weeks, relative to the baseline. The oral group exhibited an improvement in sleep quality at 1-week relative to the baseline (p < 0.05) and at 8-weeks relative to the baseline (p < 0.05). Finally, the combined group demonstrated improvement in fatigue (p < 0.01) and confusion (p < 0.05) at 8-weeks relative to the baseline, though total mood disturbance increased in all 3 groups over the course of the study. Measured outcomes relating to mood may be confounded with the timing of the study, which ran during the COVID pandemic. Overall, we demonstrate the role of oral and topical herbs and of nutraceuticals for skin health and wellness. Further research will be needed to elucidate synergistic effects in oral and topical combination regimens.
... During night time, the skin barrier is further compromised as a rise in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is noted [26]. Not only has TEWL been found to naturally rise during the evening, but studies have shown that TEWL rates are even further increased in patients with AD and in individuals who have poorer sleep quality which patients with AD often report [28,29]. Associated with TEWL increase, this physiological mechanism results in greater itch and decreased ability for repair to skin damage [28,29]. ...
... Not only has TEWL been found to naturally rise during the evening, but studies have shown that TEWL rates are even further increased in patients with AD and in individuals who have poorer sleep quality which patients with AD often report [28,29]. Associated with TEWL increase, this physiological mechanism results in greater itch and decreased ability for repair to skin damage [28,29]. ...
... The concept of lifestyle health where diet and exercise are beneficial, however, when individuals are fatigued and not mentally focused this lifestyle plan is unlikely to succeed. Sleep is vital in regulating skin physiology such as the skin surface pH, TEWL, blood flow and skin temperature [143,144]. For example, in reference to skin health a clinical study of post-menopausal women showed that those who slept less than five hours per day had higher TEWL loss, decreased skin barrier function and longer recovery after UV-induced erythema [144]. ...
... Sleep is vital in regulating skin physiology such as the skin surface pH, TEWL, blood flow and skin temperature [143,144]. For example, in reference to skin health a clinical study of post-menopausal women showed that those who slept less than five hours per day had higher TEWL loss, decreased skin barrier function and longer recovery after UV-induced erythema [144]. Even after a single night of disrupted sleep, periocular areas are known to show dark circles giving a tired appearance [145]. ...
Lifestyle health has been recognized as an evidence-based innovation that defines how daily habits and practices impact both the prevention and treatment of disease and provides an important adjunctive component to overall health. Specifically, an approach with small changes over time can have a dramatic impact on the health and well-being of individuals not only, in general, but also can be applied to skin health. However, lifestyle health factors to improve skin well-being have not been discussed extensively and/or well promulgated. The narrative for this overview focuses on providing a summary for topic background information, but more importantly, presents four lifestyle factors that can improve dermal health [i.e., factor 1: nutrition - diet; factor 2: rest (sleep); factor 3: movement/physical exercise, and factor 4: social and community associations]. This was accomplished by identifying previous journal articles and reviews with emphasis over the last five years (from January 2018 through July 2023; 156 out of 190 references cited or 82 %) using scientific search databases. The main conclusions of this overview encourage the concept that lifestyle health factors such as nutrition/diet, rest/sleep, movement/physical exercise, and community/social interactions support enhanced skin health and well-being with aging. Plus, social media interventions that aim to promote dietary, sleep and physical activity changes might be an application to improve skin health in the future.
... A respiração e frequência cardíaca aumentam, no entanto, os músculos mantém-se inatos o que sugere que a pessoa se encontre num período de sonho (Le Bon, 2020). As fases do sono e a qualidade com que estas se apresentam no final de uma noite de sono varia de acordo com o sexo, sendo que o sexo masculino relata uma maior dificuldade no período de adormecer, facto que trará consequências negativas (Mong & Cusmano, 2016;Oyetakin-White et al., 2015). Sendo estas negativas, vão ter repercussões no pós sono ou seja na forma como irá acordar, interagir com a sociedade que o rodeia ao longo do dia, no trabalho, a nível familiar e indiretamente a nível financeiro isto porque se o rendimento no trabalho não for suficiente pode levar ao desagrado constante com as entidades superiores e num caso mais preocupante ao despedimento. ...
... Por outro lado, o estudo indica que os homens relatam uma maior dificuldade em adormecer, uma menor eficiência e uma pior qualidade de sono, não deixando de realçar que é uma perceção subjetiva. Outros estudos (Mong & Cusmano, 2016;Oyetakin-White et al., 2015) também obtiveram os mesmos resultados. Os autores indicam que subjacente a este fenómeno possam estar patologias respiratórias do sono. ...
A deficiência humana é caracterizada como uma perda, deformidade estrutural ou anatómica impossibilitando um correto desempenho das atividades que são de fácil resolução para qualquer indivíduo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender de que forma o sono afeta os indivíduos portadores de deficiência motora. O estudo do tipo analítico observacional transversal foi realizado entre os meses de outubro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022. Foram aplicados 2 questionários: a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh. O estado matrimonial é estatisticamente significativo (p=0,020) bem como o grau de sonolência (p=0,001). Foi notório que as mulheres apresentam uma melhor qualidade de sono bem como um baixo nível de sonolência diurna sendo que estas dormem maioritariamente sozinhas.
... However, among the middle-aged at the identical chronological age, disparities in paces of skin/facial ageing and varying degree of senescence may be shown, the reason of which should not be explained only by the governance of innate genetic factors but also by the susceptibility to external causes, eg solar radiation, 54 diet, 55 pollution, 56,57 and even lack of sleep. 58,59 To elaborate how important each external cause (extrinsic ageing) is, the twin studies have been designed, which allow a unique opportunity to control for the majority of the genetic factors (intrinsic ageing). Interestingly, a Japanese monozygotic twin study demonstrates that facial texture and wrinkle scores are likely to be influenced by environmental factors, suggesting tobacco smoking accelerates the visible ageing of skin, and whereas use of skin protectant decelerates this process. ...
... Chronic sleep deficiency along with the disrupted circadian rhythm is relevant to cutaneous symptoms of damaged barrier integrality and accelerated ageing. 59 Oral supplements derived from plant extracts that ameliorate sleep quality via neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms have been extensively reviewed, 104 which provide evidence for oral skin care and further, an auxiliary to skin anti-ageing. ...
Of the human organs, skin is the most visible one that displays the manifestations of ageing. It has a very intricate microanatomical structure and performs several key physiological functions. The pathophysiology of cutaneous ageing is characterized by deterioration of structural stability and functional integrity, implying a continuous reduction in maximal function and reserve capacity, as a result of the accumulating damage due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Elimination of unfavorable expressions associated with facial and cutaneous ageing is the key patient demand in aesthetic dermatology. Even though the progress has been made in nonsurgical therapies like fillers and lasers, non-invasive interventions by using skin care products designed for rejuvenation at an early stage are the most popular and accessible solution among people. In this review, we have scrutinized the ageing-associated cutaneous changes at molecular, cellular and tissue levels. To optimize the ageing process towards a healthy skin, we propose an integrated, multilayer-targeted intervention, which involves both topical application of anti-ageing formulations from outside and oral supplementation from inside. Additionally, several promising naturally derived ingredients are reviewed from an anti-aging perspective. Most of them possess various bioactivities and may contribute to the development of the mentioned anti-ageing remedy.
... Почти половина взрослого населения пребывает во сне либо недостаточное (менее 6 часов в день) [5], либо чрезмерное (более 9 часов в день) количество времени [6,7]. Помимо очевидных неблагоприятных социальных последствий нарушений сна (усталость, снижение эмоционального фона и способности к труду), подтверждена связь между нарушениями сна со смертностью (ОР 1,39; 95 % ДИ 1,31-1,47), сахарным диабетом (1,26,1,43), сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями (1,25,1,37), инсультом (1,46, 1,26-1,69), ишемической болезнью сердца (1,24, 1,13-1,37) [8]. Известно, что у длительно спящих людей повышен риск не только общей смертности, но смертности от ишемической болезни сердца [9], инсульта [10]. ...
... Самым частым признаком старения принято считать фенотипические изменения кожи и ее дериватов. Известно, что ограничение сна и низкое его качество негативно влияют на структуру кожи и ее регенераторный потенциал [43]. В то же время ряд конечных точек принято считать биомаркерами старения, отражающими изменения внутренних органов (артериальная жесткость, толщина комплекса интима-медиа, минеральная плотность кости, уровень инсулин-подобного фактора роста и другие). ...
Introduction . A variety of patient complaints about sleep disorders and associated quality of life restrictions force patients to turn primarily to internists. Meanwhile, internist doctors often pay insufficient attention to detailing the symptoms associated with the patient's sleep state. Main purpose of the work was to systematize modern data on the relationship between sleep disorders and pathology of internal organs and to increase the awareness of internists about sleep disorders and associated diseases. Materials and methods . Literature sources were selected for the review by the keywords: sleep, sleep disorders, OSAS for the period 2003–2021 in PubMed, GoogleScholar, Web of Science databases. Results and discussion . Disorders of sleep duration and quality in patients influence the development of other internal organ pathologies. Of particular importance is the relationship of sleep disorders with nocturnal cardiac rhythm and conduction disorders, changes in daily BP profile, OSAS, nocturnal heartburn and GERD, accelerated aging. Analysis of a patient's sleep status is of great importance in the practice of an internist and can improve the prognosis for a number of diseases. Conclusion . When working with patients, internists should assess the state of sleep as a potentially modifiable risk factor for diseases of the internal organs.
... PM exposure has been linked to inflammatory skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis and acne, as well as premature skin aging, due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory 9,[13][14][15][16] . Similarly, sleep deprivation exacerbates oxidative stress and impairs the skin's repair mechanisms, accelerating aging and increasing skin sensitivity [17][18][19][20] . These findings highlight the need to understand how these stressors, both individually and in combination, affect the skin barrier and contribute to dermatological disorders, particularly in urban environments where both factors are prevalent. ...
The exposome encompasses all factors people encounter through life, with the skin constantly exposed. While particulate matter (PM) and sleep deprivation are known to contribute to barrier dysfunction, their combined effects remain unclear.
... (Bruce et al., 2017;Elsheikh et al., 2023) Penelitian P. Oyetakin-White, et al. pada tahun 2014 menunjukkan kualitas tidur yang buruk berkaitan juga dengan intrinsic skin ageing yang lebih cepat dan berkurangnya fungsi skin barrier. (Oyetakin-White et al., 2015) Pada tahun 2022, Kota Tasikmalaya ikut serta dalam Implementasi Gerakan Menuju Smart City yang merupakan konsep pengelolaan kota dengan pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi (TIK), hal tersebut mendorong masyarakat Kota Tasikmalaya untuk lebih mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan teknologi contohnya smartphone.(Penandatanganan Implementasi Smart City | Website Resmi Kota Tasikmalaya, n.d.) Konsep Smart City ini mendukung strategi pemanfaatan IPTEK di salah satu sekolah di Kota Tasikmalaya yaitu SMA Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya.(Program ...
Excessive smartphone use can negatively impact sleep quality. High screen time can affect the circadian rhythm and lead to poor sleep quality. This study aims to analyze the relationship between smartphone screen time duration and sleep quality among high school students at SMA Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya. The study uses an analytical quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique employed total sampling, involving 101 students from grades 10 and 11 who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate as research subjects. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire to measure sleep quality and questions related to smartphone screen time duration. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The results showed that 76.2% of students had screen time >4 hours per day, and 74.3% of students had poor sleep quality. Statistical analysis indicated no significant relationship between screen time duration and sleep quality (p = 0.529). This study concludes that there is no relationship between smartphone screen time duration and the sleep quality of students at SMA Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya. Abstrak. Penggunaan smartphone yang berlebihan dapat berdampak negatif pada kualitas tidur. Screen time yang tinggi dapat memengaruhi circadian rhythm dan menyebabkan kualitas tidur yang buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara durasi screen time smartphone dengan kualitas tidur pada siswa SMA Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kuantitatif analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Teknik pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan total sampling, sebanyak 101 siswa kelas 10 dan 11 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan bersedia menjadi subjek penelitian diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) untuk mengukur kualitas tidur, dan pertanyaan terkait durasi screen time smartphone. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 76,2% siswa dengan screen time >4 jam per hari dan 74,3% siswa memiliki kualitas tidur buruk. Analisis statistik menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara durasi screen time dan kualitas tidur (p = 0,529). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara durasi screen time smartphone dengan kualitas tidur siswa SMA Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya.
... Palliative care is an essential part of healthcare, offering a compassionate and comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for patients Exploring the Benefits of Natural Compounds in Palliative Care: A Scoping Review extends beyond symptomatic relief, offering a pathway toward enhanced well-being. The potential to alleviate physical discomfort, uplift spirits, and bolster self-esteem during challenging times showcases a profound dimension of care, aligning seamlessly with the ethos of palliative medicine (Oyetakin-White et al., 2015). Despite the burgeoning interest and promising strides in exploring the therapeutic landscape of natural compounds, gaps persist in their tailored application within palliative care contexts. ...
Among the numerous challenges faced by individuals undergoing palliative care, skin disorders often serve as a tangible manifestation of the distress encountered during this critical phase. This scoping review explores the potential of natural compounds in improving the comfort and well-being of individuals receiving palliative care for life-limiting illnesses. We conducted a comprehensive search across various databases to identify relevant studies. Eligibility criteria were applied. Despite identifying 166 records through a thorough search of health science and interdisciplinary literature databases, only six studies met the inclusion criteria for the final review. The findings suggest that natural compounds derived from plant-based compounds and herbal extracts have shown potential in addressing symptoms ranging from pain and skin issues to oral discomfort and psychological challenges. The review underscores the need for more empirical research to understand these products’ efficacy better and tailor their use to the unique needs of palliative care patients. Integrating natural compounds into personalised treatment strategies has the potential to significantly improve patient comfort and well-being in this sensitive phase of their medical journey.
... Healthy diets emphasizing sufficient fluid, antioxidants (e.g., vitamins A, C, and E), and carotenoid intake are associated with decreased facial wrinkling [26]. Other potential risk factors include chronic stress [27], the stasis of dynamic wrinkling induced by repetitive facial expressions (e.g., squinting, frowning) or distortions during sleep [28], and generally poor sleep hygiene [29]. A visual illustration of the pathophysiological contributors to periorbital aging are depicted in Figure 1, whereas Table 1 summarizes skin-related changes caused by these contributors. ...
As the face ages, the skin, fat, muscle, and fascia descend, and the underlying bone, cartilage, and teeth may lose mass. Oculofacial aging is a multifactorial process that is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. This review summarizes the patterns of oculofacial aging that are observed across populations, including variations in periorbital hollowing, eyelid ptosis, and skin elasticity. Evidence indicates significant variability in aging patterns between sex- and race-based subgroups. Nonetheless, there remains a paucity of research on the progression of aging in some under-studied demographic groups. Signs of oculofacial aging often become apparent to patients well before these changes reach full maturity in later years, leading many to seek early esthetic interventions. Others may present with more advanced signs of aging, motivating a diverse range of therapeutic options. We discuss minimally invasive esthetic interventions to mitigate the signs of aging, which may include botulinum toxin injections, dermal fillers, applied energy-based treatments (e.g., lasers), and emerging techniques such as micro-focused ultrasound and platelet-rich plasma therapies. We review evidence on outcomes related to patient satisfaction and quality of life following esthetic interventions for oculofacial aging. Finally, we outline ethical considerations and challenges faced with the delivery of esthetic surgery, including treatment complications and the influence of social media. This review provides a comprehensive overview of oculofacial aging patterns, its management, and important considerations for the provision of esthetic oculofacial treatment.
... Good sleepers also reported better perceptions of their appearance and physical attractiveness. [48] Moreover, research on women with significant sleep restriction noted a substantial reduction in skin hydration and elasticity after just one day of sleep deprivation. [49] Poor subjective sleep quality was also associated with objectively worse acne conditions [50], while elevated inflammatory markers (matrix metallopeptidase-9, Toll-like receptor-2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate) suggested that poor sleep may exacerbate rosacea through localized skin inflammation. ...
Introduction and purpose: The skin, the largest organ of the human body, plays a crucial role as a protective barrier. Its condition deteriorates with age and under the influence of external factors such as UV radiation, stress, or diet. This review examines the impact of physical activity on skin health, focusing on mechanisms that enhance its function and appearance. Materials and Methods A literature review was conducted using medical databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles were retrieved in English using keywords such as “physical activity,” “skin health,” “effects of exercise on skin,” “anti-aging effects of physical activity,” and “antioxidant properties of exercise” in various configurations. Description of the state of knowledge: Regular physical activity positively affects skin health by improving microcirculation, stimulating collagen synthesis, hydrating the stratum corneum, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Exercise also supports the skin barrier function and may alleviate the course of dermatological conditions such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Additionally, physical activity improves sleep quality and mental well-being, which indirectly benefits skin health. The potential of facial exercises to enhance aesthetics is also noted, though their effectiveness requires further research. Despite numerous benefits, some forms of activity, such as swimming, may negatively affect the skin barrier due to exposure to irritating chemical substances. Conclusion: In summary, physical activity has a multidimensional impact on skin health, supporting its protective functions, appearance, and anti-aging properties. However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms and efficacy of specific types of exercise.
... 40,41 In addition, poor quality of sleep over a long period of time has been found to be associated with skin aging and poor skin barrier function. 42 The molecular mechanisms of skin aging have been summarized as follows: oxidative stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening, microRNA regulation, advanced glycation end product accumulation, genetic mutations, and chronic inflammation. 43 Histologically, skin aging is characterized by epidermal and subcutaneous atrophy, flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction, degeneration of collagen and elastin fibers, and reduction of the cutaneous vascular system, with other hallmarks including wrinkles, roughness, loss of elasticity, and hyperpigmentation. ...
Background
Skin aging is the most obvious feature of human aging, and delaying aging has become a hot and difficult research topic in aesthetic medicine. The accumulation of dysfunctional senescent cells is one of the important mechanisms of skin aging, based on which a series of anti-aging strategies have been generated. In this paper, from the perspective of cellular senescence, we utilize bibliometrics and research review to explore the research hotspots and trends in this field, with a view to providing references for skin health and aesthetic medicine.
Methods
We obtained literature related to this field from the Web of Science Core Collection database from 1994 to 2024. Bibliometrix packages in R, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Origin, and Scimago Graphica were utilized for data mining and visualization.
Results
A total of 2,796 documents were included in the analysis. The overall trend of publications showed a continuous and rapid increase from 2016–2023, but the total citations improved poorly over time. In this field, Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Experimental Gerontology are core journals. Kim J, Lee JH, Lee S, Rattan SIS, Chung JH and Kim JH are the core authors in this field. Seoul National University is the first in terms of publications. Korea is the country with the most publications, but USA has the most total citations. Top 10 keywords include: gene-expression, skin, cellular senescence, cell, oxidative stress, antioxidants, in vitro, fibroblasts, mechanism, cancer. Current research trends are focused on neurodegeneration, skin rejuvenation, molecular docking, fibrosis, wound healing, SASP, skin barrier, and antioxidants. The core literature and references reflect topics such as the major molecular pathways in the aging process, and the relationship with tumors.
Conclusion
This field of research has been rapidly rising in recent years. Relevant research hotspots focus on oxidative stress, fibroblasts, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Anti-aging strategies targeting cellular senescence hold great promise, including removal of senescent cells or attenuation of SASP factors, corresponding to senolytics and senomorphics therapies, respectively.
... It was mentioned that poor sleeping, also, affects skin aging as chronic poor sleep quality is associated with increased signs of intrinsic aging and diminished skin barrier function (12). ...
... . Oyetakin-White et al.(2015) , . (Kang, 2013). . ...
Recently, women in their 30s and 40s are paying attention to making their skin appear whiter and cleaner through pigmentation treatments such as laser toning. For the effectiveness of the procedure and rapid recovery, follow-up care after the laser procedure is also necessary. Through this study, we tried to find out the efficacy of skin health behavior according to the care method after the laser procedure. Skin health behavior (daily life habits, dietary habits, sleep habits, and the presence or absence of cosmetic health supplements) was compared and analyzed by dividing the study subjects receiving vitamin care, ultrasound care, and cryo care for women in their 30s and 40s into three groups. A total of 300 questionnaires were surveyed for a week from August 5 to August 11, 2022, using PCs and mobile phones, and a total of 300 copies were collected. As a result of the study, ultrasound and cryo care alternately dominated the post-care process evaluation and skin improvement satisfaction, while vitamin care was continuously at the bottom. On the other hand, in terms of skin health behavior, overall, ultrasound, cryo, and vitamin care groups scored high. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that it will become the cornerstone of clinical data to be used in the future by developing a skin whitening program through personalized skin counseling in the practice of hospitals and clinics.
... Previous studies have shown that sleep deprivation or poor-quality sleep has negative effects on the condition of the skin, including reduced skin moisture, compromised skin immunity, increased skin inflammation, and impaired skin barrier function. Consequently, these factors contribute to accelerated skin aging and pigmentation (Oyetakin-White et al., 2015). ...
Sleep is crucial for preserving both physical and mental health, including skin health. Presently, there is a burgeoning interest in the use of herbal and natural ingredients to mitigate the adverse effects of sleep disorders. In this 4‐week, randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial, 70 subjects with sleep disorders were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or a Poria cocos, Ziziphus spinose, and GABA (PZG) supplement (10 mL per day). Total sleep duration was detected by wrist actigraphy, and sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Skin conditions were evaluated based on assessments of skin hydration, glossiness elasticity, color, severity of wrinkles, and skin roughness. After 4 weeks, the total sleep duration significantly increased by 12.96% (p = .006) and the PSQI score notably decreased by 59.94% (p = .000) compared to the baseline. Notably, compared to the baseline conditions, skin hydration, radiance, elasticity, firmness, wrinkle severity, and roughness were significantly improved in the PZG group. In addition, the PZG group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the placebo group in terms of changes from baseline in total sleep duration, PSQI score, skin hydration, wrinkle severity, and skin roughness. The present results demonstrated that the combined intake of herbs and GABA can improve sleep quality and enhance skin health without adverse effects.
... The effects of sleep on the skin have been shown to occur in individuals with poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation. These individuals typically exhibit higher TEWL, reduced skin barrier function, and cosmetic changes [11,53,54]. These studies were cross-sectional or included results reported immediately after stressful exposure, and the effects of long-term stressful exposure on the skin are not clear. ...
Background
The skin is an important organ of the human body and has moisturizing and barrier functions. Factors such as sunlight and lifestyle significantly affect these skin functions, with sunlight being extremely damaging. The effects of lifestyle habits such as smoking, diet, and sleep have been studied extensively. It has been found that smoking increases the risk of wrinkles, while excessive fat and sugar intake leads to skin aging. Lack of sleep and stress are also dangerous for the skin’s barrier function. In recent years, the impact of exercise habits on skin function has been a focus of study. Regular exercise is associated with increased blood flow to the skin, elevated skin temperature, and improved skin moisture. Furthermore, it has been shown to improve skin structure and rejuvenate its appearance, possibly through promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis and affecting hormone secretion. Further research is needed to understand the effects of different amounts and content of exercise on the skin.
Objective
This study aims to briefly summarize the relationship between lifestyle and skin function and the mechanisms that have been elucidated so far and introduce the expected effects of exercise on skin function.
Methods
We conducted a review of the literature using PubMed and Google Scholar repositories for relevant literature published between 2000 and 2022 with the following keywords: exercise, skin, and life habits.
Results
Exercise augments the total spectrum power density of cutaneous blood perfusion by a factor of approximately 8, and vasodilation demonstrates an enhancement of approximately 1.5-fold. Regular exercise can also mitigate age-related skin changes by promoting mitochondrial biosynthesis. However, not all exercise impacts are positive; for instance, swimming in chlorinated pools may harm the skin barrier function. Hence, the exercise environment should be considered for its potential effects on the skin.
Conclusions
This review demonstrates that exercise can potentially enhance skin function retention.
... In particular, the anamnestic collection was focused on factors relevant to skin aging, such as cigarette smoking habits and insomnia. In fact, insomnia is known to affect the body's stress response and hormonal balance, which, in turn, can accelerate skin aging processes [25]; likewise, cigarette smoke is a well-documented source of oxidative stress, known to accelerate the aging process in skin cells, being associated with collagen degradation, wound healing impairment, and change in cutaneous elasticity and texture [26]. ...
Background: Laser-assisted drug delivery is a promising strategy that enhances topical treatment by increasing cutaneous permeation and reducing side effects. In cosmetic settings, the efficacy and safety profiles of a treatment must meet the need of a painless procedure with fast recovery. In this context, Q-switched laser appears promising as it can open cutaneous pores without creating a carbonisation barrier. Methods: A split-face study on patients presenting for cosmetic procedures at IDI-IRCCS, Rome (30 September–18 October 2023), was conducted. Pan-facial Q-Switched laser was followed by a topical biostimulator applied on half of the face. Post-procedure local reactions were recorded together with patients’ perceptions. Cutaneous elasticity and hydration were assessed at baseline and three-week follow-up. The Skindex17 questionnaire evaluated the procedure’s impact on patients’ life quality. Also, participants and physicians expressed satisfaction with the treatment. Results: The procedure was well tolerated by patients; local reactions include transitory erythema, superficial bleeding, and oedema, none of which had an impact on daily life. An improvement in skin quality was documented objectively and subjectively by patients and physicians. Conclusion: Q-switched lasers emerge as promising devices for drug delivery, especially for cosmetic reasons. Indeed, the low risk of local reactions together with a remarkable increase in cutaneous permeation make this a suitable strategy for cosmetic procedures.
... Those who slept well recovered from erythema considerably better 24 h after being exposed to UV radiation. When compared to bad sleepers, good sleepers also reported feeling far better about their physical appearance and attractiveness [80] ( Table 4). ...
The purpose of this paper is to review the specialized literature to highlight the effects produced by energy drinks in terms of skin health. To carry out this review, we consulted previous articles with descriptive cross-sectional designs, case series, and individual case reports published between 2000 and 2023. Therefore, while caffeine acute consumption among adults can have beneficial effects, in children, it can cause health problems like overnight breaks, headaches, and dulled cognition since their organs are still developing and their endocrine system is not yet stable. Despite the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of caffeine from energy drinks, their excessive consumption among adolescents can cause disorders like high systolic blood pressure, agitation, nausea, anxiety, osteoporosis, heart palpitations, poor sleep quality, and stomach ulcers. Among athletes, taurine supplementation has been proven to improve exercise capacity in cold weather conditions. Also, vigilance, attention, and reaction time were all improved by caffeine consumption. Caffeine administration in low doses caused a risk of cardiovascular disease. It was effective in treating migraines in children, but raised systolic blood pressure, and contributed to skin healing in adolescents. On the other side, taurine prevents obesity among children, causes positive effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in adolescents, helps shield the skin from damaging oxidative stress among students, and impacts exercise capacity in athletes. Significant increases in serum levels of uric acid, creatinine, BUN, ALT, and ALP caused by chronic intake of EDs indicated different degrees of injury to the kidneys and liver. Furthermore, the effects on the cardiovascular system could be worse if taurine and caffeine are combined. Caffeine alone does not significantly decrease sleep as much as a taurine/high caffeine ratio. On the other hand, a low ratio does.
... Circadian misalignment/disruption of the biological sleepwake clock due to late chronotype or sleeplessness could result in metabolic dysregulation, (Erren et al., 2016;Kecklund and Axelsson, 2016) obesity, stress, type 2 diabetes, and arterial hypertension (Merikanto et al., 2013). Sleep is also associated with alertness, intrinsic skin aging, mental health, and healing (Lo et al., 2014;Oyetakin-White et al., 2015). An increasing number of disease-related genes, such as CyP2A6 and MEIS1, (Dai et al., 2019;Jansen et al., 2019) and loci are linked with sleep-behavioral traits. ...
... In addition to direct skin stressors, there are at least two indirect factors that may negatively impact the skin health of flying personnel. Studies in the general population [9,10] have shown that poor sleep quality and low sleep efficiency, which are common among APs [11,12], can lead to an increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and decreased skin barrier functionality. Furthermore, psychological stressors, which are prevalent in the aerospace industry [13], may also impair the skin's epidermal barrier, resulting in reduced stratum corneum (SC) hydration and elevated TEWL [14,15]. ...
Introduction
Concerns are growing in the aviation industry about occupational skin diseases like malignant melanoma (MM) among airline pilots (APs), due to the unique working environment that exposes them to various skin stressors.
Aim
To compare five skin biophysical parameters in a group of 40 male APs, each matched in terms of age and service tenure (minimum of 5 years) with a control group of 40 male office workers (OWs). Considering the potential role of dermokine (DMKN) in skin barrier dysfunction and the pathogenesis of MM, we further analyzed the serum levels of this molecule and correlated them with the measured skin parameters.
Material and methods
Stratum corneum skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum content, erythema index (EI), and melanin index (MI) were quantified by non-invasive instruments in the cheek region. Serum DMKN levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.
Results
Compared with OWs, the skin of APs exhibited a decrease in hydration levels in the stratum corneum, coinciding with a higher TEWL. However, there was no significant variance in sebum content between the groups. MI was notably higher in APs than in OWs, as was EI. In APs, serum DMKN levels were independently associated with MI (β = 0.56, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
We found a significant link between the profession of an airline pilot and changes in skin biophysical parameters. Further research into the interplay between serum DMKN levels and the risk of MM in APs is warranted.
... Individuals with poor sleep quality exhibit an increase in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to those with good sleep quality, consequently leading to the damage of skin barrier (43). Sleep disorders contribute to an elevation in oxidative stress, resulting in alterations in skin homeostasis and the disruption of inflammatory pathways, ultimately leading to the dysfunction of the skin barrier (44,45). ...
Background
Sensitive skin (SS) is a condition characterized by hyperreactivity. Impacting around 37 percent of the worldwide population and exerting an influence on the quality of life for affected individuals. Its prevalence rate has increased due to factors such as elevating stress levels and deteriorating environmental conditions. The exposome factors influencing SS have extended from demographic, biological attributes, and lifestyle to external environments. Built environments (BEs) have demonstrated as root drivers for changes in behaviors and environmental exposure which have the potential to trigger SS, but the review of the associations between BEs and SS is currently lacking.
Objective
This review aims to achieve two primary objectives: (1) Examine exposome factors that exert influence on SS at the individual and environmental levels. (2) Develop a theoretical framework that establishes a connection between BEs and SS, thereby offering valuable insights into the impact of the built environment on this condition.
Methods
An extensive literature search was carried out across multiple fields, including sociology, epidemiology, basic medicine, clinical medicine, and environmental research, with a focus on SS. To identify pertinent references, renowned databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI were utilized.
Results
SS is the outcome of interactions between individual attributes and environmental factors. These influencing factors can be categorized into five distinct classes: (1) demographic and socioeconomic characteristics including age, gender, and race; (2) physiological and biological attributes such as emotional changes, skin types, sleep disorders, and menstrual cycles in women; (3) behavioral factors, such as spicy diet, cosmetic use, alcohol consumption, and physical exercise; (4) natural environmental features, including climate conditions and air pollution; (5) built environmental features such as population density, green space availability, road network density, and access to public transportation, also have the potential to affect the condition.
Conclusion
The importance of interdisciplinary integration lies in its ability to ascertain whether and how BEs are impacting SS. By elucidating the role of BEs in conjunction with other factors in the onset of SS, we can provide guidance for future research endeavors and the formulation of interventions aimed at mitigating the prevalence of SS.
... Trong một nghiên cứu về chứng mất ngủ, Oyetakin -White và cộng sự phát hiện rằng căng thẳng có thể làm suy giảm đáng kể sự tăng sinh và biệt hóa thượng bì, và kết luận rằng chất lượng giấc ngủ kém làm tăng các dấu hiệu của lão hóa da nội sinh như các nếp nhăn mảnh, thay đổi sắc tố và giảm độ đàn hồi của da. 4 Điều này được lý giải bởi mối liên hệ giữa hệ thống thần kinh và da. Trên da có các receptor của các hoóc môn, các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh,… Khi cơ thể căng thẳng sẽ tăng tiết các môn như cortisol, epinephrin, norepinephrin… và tác động lên hệ thống nội tiết -thần kinh ở da, gây đứt gãy các sợi collagen và sợi đàn hồi trên da, từ đó gây ra các biểu hiện của lão hóa. ...
Mục tiêu: Khảo sát các yếu tố liên quan tới tình trạng lão hóa da tại bệnh viện Da liễu Trung ương. Phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang tiến hành trên 150 đối tượng lão hóa da tại Bệnh viện Da liễu Trung ương từ tháng 7/2021 đến tháng 10/2022. Các thông tin thu thập bao gồm: giới tính, tuổi, tuýp da theo phân loại Fitzpatrick, mức độ lão hóa da theo phân loại Glogau, các đặc điểm lão hóa da trên lâm sàng theo thang điểm SAS (Skin aging scale), các yếu tố liên quan bao gồm: thời gian tiếp xúc ánh sáng mặt trời, mức độ stress, thói quen sử dụng kem chống nắng, thói quen sinh hoạt (tập thể dục, uống café, uống trà, hút thuốc lá, thức khuya). Kết quả: 150 đối tượng bao gồm 69 nam và 81 nữ, với độ tuổi trung bình là 40,59 ± 9,37 tuổi. Không có sự khác biệt về điểm SAS trung bình giữa các nhóm có thời gian tiếp xúc với ánh sáng mặt trời, tần suất sử dụng kem chống nắng, tần suất tập thể dục, uống cà phê, uống trà, hút thuốc lá, thức khuya khác nhau (p>0,05). Có sự khác biệt về SAS trung bình giữa các nhóm đối tượng có mức độ stress khác nhau (p<0,05). Nữ giới có biểu hiện nếp nhăn và chùng da – chảy xệ cao hơn đáng kể so với nam giới. Kết luận: Stress làm nặng lên tình trạng lão hóa da. Biểu hiện nếp nhăn và chùng da – chảy xệ ở nữ giới cao hơn so với nam giới. Cần tiến hành nghiên cứu với cỡ mẫu lớn hơn để kết luận mối liên quan giữa lão hóa da và một số yếu tố khác: thời gian tiếp xúc ánh nắng mặt trời, thói quen sử dụng kem chống nắng, thói quen sinh hoạt...
... Factors contributing to this perception may include drooping eyelids, red and swollen eyes, dark circles, pale skin, increased wrinkles, and downturned mouth corners [4]. These effects of sleep loss on facial appearance, in conjunction with accelerated intrinsic skin aging and less effective skin barrier function due to sleep loss [5], could suggest that sleep-deprived individuals may be perceived as older than they actually are. ...
This study aimed to investigate the impact of acute sleep deprivation on the perceived age appearance of individuals, with a particular focus on subjective sleepiness. The study involved 380 anonymous raters who participated in an online survey. The raters were shown photographs of a Caucasian man, aged 48.2 years, and were asked to estimate his age. The results demonstrated that after 42.6 h of continuous wakefulness, his estimated age was 2.9 years older than his actual age ( p < 0.001). Additionally, the study revealed that the sleepier a rater felt during the survey, the older they perceived the man to be ( p < 0.05). These findings suggest that sleep loss may impact upon how old someone is perceived to be, and that sleepiness may affect how raters estimate the age of others. However, it is important to replicate these findings in diverse populations, including women, individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, and individuals of various age groups who experience sleep loss.
... 32 Skin Cancer-Altered circadian rhythms resulting in changes in melatonin levels, changes in circadian rhythmrelated gene pathways, and immunologic changes have been proposed as possible contributing mechanisms for the observed increased risk for skin cancers in military and civilian pilots. 33,34 One study showed that UV-related erythema resolved quicker in well-rested individuals compared with those with short sleep duration, which could represent more efficient DNA repair given the relationship between UV-associated erythema and DNA damage and repair. 35 Another study looking at circadian changes in the repair of UV-related DNA damage showed that mice exposed to UV radiation in the early morning had higher rates of squamous cell carcinoma than those exposed in the afternoon. 36 However, a large cohort study using data from the Nurses' Health Study II did not support a positive connection between short sleep duration and skin cancer; rather, it showed that a short sleep duration was associated with a decreased risk for melanoma and basal cell carcinoma, with no effect noted for squamous cell carcinoma. ...
Short sleep duration is common among US adults and is even more common among people working in protective services and the military. Military service predisposes members to disordered sleep due to the rigors of deployments and field training. In this article, we explore possible mechanisms by which sleep deprivation may affect the skin. We also review the potential impacts of sleep deprivation on specific topics in dermatology, including atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, alopecia areata, physical attractiveness, wound healing, and skin cancer.
... Sleep deficiency/sleep disorders speed up aging (Carroll and Prather 2021). Indeed, chronic poor quality sleep is associated with accelerated intrinsic skin aging because lack of sleep prevents the body from properly restoring skin itself (Oyetakin-White et al. 2015). However, the accelerated aging associated with sleep deficiency goes beyond cosmetic changes. ...
Among the circadian clock-controlled downstream processes and activities, the sleep–wake cycle ranks at the top as it displays the most overt daily changes. While the molecular genetic mechanism underlying the circadian clock has been largely elucidated, our understanding of sleep regulation, to some degree, remains ambiguous. It was posited that a circadian drive promotes sleep and wakefulness in a time-specific manner, while a homeostatic drive facilitates sleep. In this chapter, we focus on circadian roles in sleep, with a particular attention to the roles of circadian clock genes in sleep regulation. We also discuss the effects of circadian misalignment and sleep disorders on aging. It is emphasized that the neural and genetic pathways that link circadian input signals to the sleep output should be investigated in the future.
... However, people in the recent decades have suffered from poor sleep due to life pressure, irregular pattern of sleep and so on. Poor sleep do not only affect the working performance and mood of the next day, but also are associated with long-term impact on health and diseases such as immune system maturation [1], cardiovascular risks [2], skin aging [3], type II diabetes [4], energy metabolism [5]. For instance, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies showed the short duration of sleep (≤5-6 h/night) might increase the relative risk of development of type 2 disease by 28% [4]. ...
... Oyetakin-White et al. also studied the difference in skin aging between good sleepers and poor sleepers using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. They concluded that good sleepers had a lower aging score [15]. ...
Sleep shortage is a major concern in modern life and induces various psycho-physical disorders, including skin problems. In cosmeceutics, females are aware that sleep deprivation worsens their facial skin tone. Here, we measured the effects of sleep deprivation on facial skin yellowness and examined yellow chromophores, such as bilirubin and carotenoids, in blood serum as potential causes of yellowness. Total sleep deprivation (0 h sleep overnight, N = 28) and repeated partial sleep deprivation (4 h sleep for 5 consecutive days, N = 10) induced significant increases in facial skin yellowness. The higher yellowness was sustained even after both sleep deprivation types stopped. However, circulating levels of yellow chromophores were unchanged in the total sleep deprivation study. Neither circulating interleukin-6 nor urinary biopyrrin levels were affected by total sleep deprivation, suggesting that apparent oxidative stress in the body was not detected in the present total deprivation protocol. Facial redness was affected by neither total nor repeated partial sleep deprivation. Therefore, blood circulation may play a limited role in elevated yellowness. In conclusion, facial skin yellowness was indeed increased by sleep deprivation in our clinical studies. Local in situ skin-derived factors, rather than systemic chromophore change, may contribute to the sleep deprivation-induced elevation of facial skin yellowness.
... The SCINEXA score was used in several studies to evaluate skin aging, such as the influence of air pollution [66,67], chronic poor sleep quality [68], and even genetic variants associated with skin aging [69,70]. ...
Skin type classification is important because it provides guidance for professionals and consumers to recommend and select the most appropriate cosmetic products and skin care protocols and it is also important in clinical research. Several methods have been proposed for classifying skin typologies such as non-invasive bioengineering tools (examples: Corneometer® and Sebumeter®), visual and tactile methods (subjective methods that evaluate skin appearance, texture, temperature, and abnormalities), artificial intelligence-based tools and instruments (examples: visual rating scales, and self-report instruments). Examples of known visual rating scales used to classify skin aging are the Griffiths Photonumeric Scale, the Glogau Scale, and the SCINEXA Scale. The Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype Classification and the Baumann Skin Type System are some of the self-report instruments used for skin type classification. Despite the diversity of methods to classify skin type and degree of skin aging, data on instruments are scarce and not adequately compiled. Validation in larger samples and with individuals of different ethnicities and geographic locations is needed to promote a more universal use. Visual rating scales and instruments are interesting tools that allow the skin to be promptly and efficiently examined, without using costly or complex equipment, and are very useful in a clinical or self-assessment context.
Dear students, future cosmetologists,
The teaching material we present uses data from research and websites on current topics in the field of aesthetics and cosmetology such as anti-aging treatments, skin rejuvenation, body shaping and fat reduction, tattoo removal as well as treatments for slimming and body shaping. These are primarily new insights based on the application of hardware devices used in cosmetology practice around the world. In each separate topic, the indications, the necessary qualifications and permits for the use of the device, the method of dosing, the side effects and all that are based on medical documentation from published professional papers are processed.
Medical science is clearly moving forward, we must follow new knowledge, both in terms of effects and side effects when applying certain cosmetic treatments. As uncommercial as it may seem, medical ethics should be observed when applying these treatments. Guided by the principle of doing no harm, we are moving forward towards the application of ethics on a scientific basis.
Every research offers new dimensions in our practical work, this textbook offers just that, education for medical persons, education for practitioners and facts for education for clients, because not everything presented is always harmless.
This study aimed to investigate sleep quality, chronotype preferences, anxiety, and depression levels in patients diagnosed with acne vulgaris and compare them with healthy controls. This cross-sectional case-control study included 92 patients with acne vulgaris and 59 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Acne severity was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS); sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); chronotype preferences using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ); and anxiety and depression levels using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). There were no significant differences in the MEQ, BDI, or BAI scores between the two groups. The PSQI score was significantly higher in the patient group than that in the control group. Acne severity was negatively correlated with the MEQ scores and positively correlated with the PSQI scores. When the patient group was divided into three subgroups according to acne severity (mild, moderate, and severe), significant differences in MEQ and BAI scores were observed between the groups. According to the post-hoc analysis, the severe acne group had higher BAI scores, while the mild acne group had higher MEQ scores. It would be more appropriate to be aware of the potential psychiatric comorbidities of acne vulgaris and adopt a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and management process.
Background
Enlarged pores are amidst one of the top cosmetic concerns, especially among Chinese. Many small‐group studies have been conducted in understanding their prevalence and beauty relevance. Nonetheless, population‐level investigations are still lacking because of gaps in data collection and processing of large‐scale studies. Owing to the recent technological advancement enabled by artificial intelligence, databases on the scale of millions can be processed and analyzed readily.
Materials and methods
Powered by big data capabilities, revealed a number of novel trends on pore conditions among over‐a‐million Chinese participants recruited via the “You Look Great Today” mobile application. A scoring model was constructed, which demonstrated high consistency with conventional grading method from dermatologists. Environmental data (weather, air pollution, light at night satellite) were applied to correlate with pore severity.
Results
Intraclass correlations between the two scoring systems were strong, with coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.92 for different facial areas. Statistical differences in pore severity among all four facial areas (cheek, forehead, nose, and overall) were observed, with the cheek exhibiting the most severe pore condition. Interestingly, Chinese men suffer from more severe pore condition than females. Multiple environmental factors exhibited strong correlations with cheek pore severity and were statistically fitted into linear regressions. Specifically, incremental risk with Each Low Temperature, Low Humidity, And High Solar Exposure correlate to worse cheek pore conditions. Although the Pearson correlation was low between cheek pore severity and light at night, comparison between representative cities demonstrated that in geologically similar cities, higher light at night corresponds to more severe cheek pore conditions.
Conclusion
Our study is showcasing a robust and reliable AI model in facial pore evaluation. More importantly, insights uncovered using this facile approach also bear significant cosmetic ramifications in treatment of pore enlargement.
Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH), also referred to as periorbital melanosis or dark eye circles, is a common dermatological concern characterized by darkening of the skin around the eyes. This review article aims to comprehensively analyze the current understanding of POH, encompassing its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and available treatment modalities, and focusing on patients’ skin color. The review also consolidates a grading system for POH and emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis using clinical examination, assessment scores, Wood’s lamp, ultrasonography, and dermoscopy. Treatment modalities range from non-pharmacological measures to topical agents, including kojic acid, alpha-arbutin, vitamin C, vitamin E, niacinamide, retinoids, and hydrating agents. The manuscript explores the efficacy of various skin-lightening agents, such as hydroquinone, and introduces emerging treatments like caffeine, carotenoids, lactic acid, curcumin, and vitamin K. Additionally, it delves into procedural treatments like chemical peels, lasers, blepharopigmentation, mesotherapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy, fillers, autologous fat transplantation, and surgical interventions. The comprehensive approach to understanding and managing POH presented in this review aims to provide clinicians with valuable insights into the diverse therapeutic options available for this challenging cosmetic concern.
Visual cues strongly influence an individual's self-esteem and have fundamental sociopsychological functions. The color and shape of the face are important information for visual cues and are hypothesized to be correlated with each other. However, few studies have examined these relationships. Thus, this study determined the association between color and shape of the face. For this purpose, we evaluated Chinese women in their 30s and 40s (n = 166). Three-dimensional (3D) image-capture devices that provide shape morphology along with standardized photographs (color information) were used to obtain 3D images of women. The coordinates and red‒green–blue color data on the 3D images were utilized to perform principal component (PC) analysis, and shape and color PCs were generated. A canonical variate analysis was then conducted to check for significant correlations between the shape and color PCs. As a result, 6 significant correlations were found (p < 0.05). In detail, in addition to the physical correlations (i.e., steric faces or faces with protrusion of the cheek showed greater shadows, retrognathism was related to a shadow under the lower lip and vice versa), biological correlations (fatty faces showed greater redness and remarkable marionette lines; faces with age-related sagging showed greater darkness, possibly related to cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure of the skin; and robust mandibles and supraorbital ridges were related to thick eyebrows) were found. This insight can aid both medical and cosmetic practitioners in comprehending the intricate details conveyed by facial features, thereby facilitating more comprehensive diagnosis and treatment planning, including makeup.
Background
There is a growing trend of individuals wearing cosmetics while participating in physical activities. Nonetheless, there remains a need for further understanding regarding the effects of makeup on the facial epidermis during exercise, given the existing knowledge gaps.
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cosmetic foundation cream on skin conditions during physical activity.
Methods
Forty‐three healthy college students, 20 males (26.3 ± 1.5 years) and 23 females (23.1 ± 1.0 years), were enrolled in this study. Foundation cream was applied to participants on half of the face in two different areas (MT: makeup T zone and MU: makeup U zone). The other half of the face served as internal control (T: non‐makeup T zone and U: non‐makeup U zones). Skin levels of moisture, elasticity, pore, sebum, and oil were measured using a skin analysis device (Aramhuvis, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea) before and after a 20‐min treadmill exercise. Paired t ‐test and independent t ‐test were performed for skin condition measurements at pre‐ and postexercise.
Results
The skin moisture levels in both the T and MT significantly increased after exercise ( p < 0.05) (pre‐T: 24.5 ± 1.3, post‐T: 38.5 ± 3.5 and pre‐MT: 18.7 ± 0.7, post‐MT: 40.4 ± 4.8). Elasticity also significantly improved in both the T and MT ( p < 0.05) (pre‐T: 25.6 ± 1.3, post‐T: 41.5 ± 3.5 and pre‐MT: 20.0 ± 0.9, post‐MT: 41.7 ± 3.7). The size of the pores in the T zone observed a significant increase after exercise ( p < 0.05) (pre‐T: 41.7 ± 2.1, post‐T: 47.8 ± 2.4). The sebum levels in the T zone exhibited a reduction following physical activity, whereas there was a notable increase in sebum levels in the makeup zones ( p < 0.05) (pre‐MT: 2.4 ± 0.7, post‐MT:4.2 ± 0.8 and pre MU 1.8 ± 0.34, post MU 4.9 ± 0.9). The oil level was increased in the non‐makeup zones (pre‐T: 6.1 ± 1.4, post‐T: 11.8 ± 2.0 and pre‐U: 7.3 ± 1.5, post‐U: 11.9 ± 1.9; p < 0.05) and decreased in the makeup zones (pre‐MT: 13.3 ± 1.9, post‐MT: 7.4 ± 2.3 and pre‐MU: 22.1 ± 2.4, post‐MU: 3.2 ± 1.0; p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The findings suggest that using foundation cream during aerobic exercise can reduce skin oil, causing dryness. Additionally, makeup can clog pores and increase sebum production. Therefore, wearing makeup may not be recommended for people with dry skin conditions based on the results of the current study. This research offers important insights to the public, encouraging them to consider the possible consequences of using makeup while exercising.
ABSTRACT
The use of bioactive compounds derived from botanical sources
in the cosmetics industry has significantly increased. These
compounds benefit the skin in a number of ways, including
by fostering radiant, healthy skin, having antioxidant and antiageing qualities, and improving skin suppleness. By scavenging
free radicals, lowering inflammation, and promoting collagen synthesis, antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and
tocopherols are crucial for maintaining healthy skin. Ascorbic
acid, a type of vitamin C, reduces hyperpigmentation, protects
against UV-induced degradation, and aids in the production
of collagen. Vitamin C-based topical treatments have been
found to slow the signs of skin ageing.
Strong antioxidant capabilities of vitamin E, particularly
tocopherols and tocotrienols, protect the skin from oxidative
damage brought on by outside pollutants and ultraviolet rays.
These chemicals prevent lipid peroxidation, neutralize free
radicals, and maintain the skin barrier’s functionality. They
slow down the ageing process by making wrinkles and fine
lines less noticeable.
Resveratrol, green tea extract, and grape seed extract are
polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
According to studies, topical vitamin C treatment reduces
signs of ageing in human skin by increasing the production
of collagen and reducing photoaging indicators. Peptides
and polysaccharides, which are collagen boosters, are used to
promote collagen synthesis and increase skin flexibility.
Hydrocolloids, proteins, and essential oils are examples
of natural bioactive substances for radiant and healthy skin.
Aloe vera, green tea, chamomile, and lavender are some
examples of plants whose botanical extracts offer calming and
antioxidant characteristics that reduce oxidative stress on the
skin and promote a radiant complexion. Rosehip oil, lavender
oil, and tea tree oil are a few examples of essential oils with
antibacterial characteristics that can help moisturize the skin
and reduce scars and wrinkles.
Collagen boosters are crucial for keeping skin supple
and avoiding wrinkles and drooping. Collagen production
declines with age, resulting in wrinkles and drooping skin.
Polysaccharides and peptides are employed as macromolecules
to boost collagen synthesis and increase skin suppleness.
Examples of peptides that are amino acids that encourage
collagen synthesis are cupropeptides and palmitoyl pentapeptides. Polysaccharides like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate
increase hydration and elasticity, whereas retinoids boost
collagen synthesis and enhance firmness, tone, and texture.
Collagen is produced with the help of vitamin C, which also
possesses antioxidant qualities that enhance collagen molecule
stabilization and collagen fiber growth. Examples of naturally
occurring bioactive substances with calming and moisturizing
properties and resilience to environmental stresses include
proteins, hydrocolloids, and essential oils. Plant extracts with
calming and antioxidant characteristics that lessen skin oxidative
stress and enhance skin radiance include aloe vera, green tea,
chamomile, and lavender. Naturally occurring proteins include
soy, collagen, and silk. Essential oils, hydrocolloids, and natural
proteins like soy, collagen, and silk are frequently used in skin
care products to tighten the skin.
Modern skin care cosmetics come in various forms and
affect the skin in various ways. Skincare solutions can treat
many skin concerns at once by mixing a number of bioactive
components and substances. In order to protect the health
and vitality of the skin, cosmetic multiactivity is essential in
skin care products.
Dimethicone, mineral oil, and petroleum jelly are occlusive
layers that provide protective layers on the skin’s surface,
reducing water loss and boosting hydration. Free radicals are
combated, and the skin is protected from oxidative stress by
antiradical protection like vitamins C and E, green tea extract,
and resveratrol. Combining active components in multipurpose
skin care products has advantages like better hydration, fewer
wrinkles, and defense against oxidative stress. Specific skin issues
can be addressed simultaneously with targeted formulations,
offering a holistic approach to skincare.
In conclusion, bioactive substances from botanical sources
are increasingly popular in cosmetics due to their antioxidant
and anti-ageing properties.
Keywords: Phytomolecules, Bioactives, Antioxidants, Skin
Health, Aging, Collagen, UV Radiation, Vitamins, Polyphenols,
Carotenoids, Multi-Active Cosmetics.
Ultrapulse fractional CO 2 laser is effective for acne atrophic scars. Whether this effectiveness is affected by sleep quality remains unclear. Aiming to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and postoperative effectiveness, a retrospective clinical study was conducted, enrolling 83 patients with atrophic acne scar. Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire at 3 months after the end of the first treatment. The ECCA (échelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné) scale was used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness before and at 3 months after treatment. The patients were divided into a mild to moderate improvement group and a good to excellent improvement group, based on whether they achieved a 50% ECCA improvement rate. PSQI score was higher in the mild and moderate improvement group than in the good to excellent improvement group (7.6 ± 4.5 vs 3.8 ± 1.7, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that both PSQI score (odds ratio = 0.6 [95% CI = 0.5–0.8], p < 0.001) and scar type were correlated with postfractional CO 2 laser effectiveness. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that PSQI score was negatively correlated with ECCA decline score ( r = −0.6139, p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that PSQI score (area under the curve = 0.759) and scar type (area under the curve = 0.737) were all closely correlated with postoperative effectiveness, without statistical difference between their accuracies ( p = 0.647). Decision curve analysis demonstrated that both PSQI score and scar type correlated with postoperative effectiveness. Our results demonstrated that sleep quality correlates with the postoperative effectiveness of ultrapulse fractional CO 2 laser in the treatment of atrophic acne scars.
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder linked to various mental disorders, but little is known about the impact of rosacea on sleep disorders. The aim of this study is to confirm the association of rosacea with sleep disorders using a large administrative data set. This nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort study enrolled 1129 individuals with rosacea and 11 017 age‐ and sex‐matched controls without rosacea from the Korean National Health Insurance System database from 2002 to 2015. The prevalence of sleep disorder (7.8%) was significantly higher in patients with rosacea than in controls (5.81%; p < 0.001). Rosacea was associated with an increased risk of sleep disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.287 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.022–1.623]). Among a variety of sleep disorders, patients with rosacea were likely to have an increased risk of insomnia (aOR, 1.318 [95% CI, 1.002–1.743]). In subgroup analysis, female patients with rosacea (aOR, 1.297 [95% CI, 1.010–1.722]) and those with rosacea and dyslipidemia (aOR, 1.417 [95% CI, 1.062–1.891]) were at a higher risk of having a sleep disorder. Rosacea is associated with an increased risk of having sleep disorders. The management of modifiable risk factors is important for managing sleep disorders in patients with rosacea.
Introduction & Objectives:
Sleep is defined as a temporary suspension of awareness with decreased sensitivity to external stimuli and is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Sleep is vital in calibrating skin physiology, and various hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit circadian rhythmicity. This review explores the complex bi-directional relationship between sleep deprivation and cutaneous disease.
Materials & Methods:
A focused literature review was carried out utilising the following PubMed search strings, (“sleep”, “sleep loss”, “sleep deprivation”) and (“skin disease” or “psoriasis” or “eczema” or “ageing”).
45 articles were identified with each undergoing full-text review comprising peer-reviewed clinical trials, reviews, treatment guidelines, and retrospective and prospective studies.
Results:
The results of the literature review identified common themes, such as multiple studies showing an increased frequency of night-time awakenings, greater difficulty falling asleep, and decreased sleep efficiency in sufferers of atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. The authors identified pruritus as the most consistent statistical predictor of sleep deprivation. Research suggested a dual approach to optimise treatment for AD and psoriasis using intensive topical therapies coupled with sleep-directed therapies.
Chronic pain caused by skin erosions in pemphigus vulgaris and abscesses in hidradenitis (HS) suppurativa are shown to be driving forces behind sleep deprivation. Moreover, a higher incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been reported in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) compared to controls.
Very few studies explored the relationship between acne and sleep deprivation, with one study finding that subjectively worse sleep quality was associated with objectively worse acne. 52.3% of rosacea patients suffered poor sleep quality compared to 24.0% of controls, scoring higher on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Ageing is a progressive process determined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that synergistically lead to a loss of structural integrity and physiological function. Studies showed a significant reduction in skin hydration after one day of sleep deprivation and a significant reduction in skin elasticity, potentially contributing to the rate of skin ageing.
Conclusion:
A dynamic interplay of elements results in sleep deprivation impacting skin diseases, including disruption of circadian rhythmicity, altered skin homeostasis, symptoms (including pruritus and pain) and comorbidities such as OSA. Management strategies should focus on optimising disease control coupled with improving sleep hygiene.
Lifestyle health has been recognized as an evidence-based innovation that defines how everyday behaviors and routines influence the avoidance and therapy of illness and provides an important adjunctive component to overall health. Specifically, an approach with small changes over time can have a dramatic impact on the health and well-being of individuals not only, in general, but also can be applied to skin health. However, lifestyle health factors to improve skin well-being have not been discussed extensively and/or well promulgated. The narrative for this overview focuses on providing a summary for topic background information, but more importantly, presents four lifestyle factors that can improve dermal health [i.e., factor 1: nutrition—diet; factor 2: rest (sleep); factor 3: movement/physical exercise, and factor 4: social and community associations]. This was accomplished by identifying preceding journal reports/reviews covering especially the last five years (January 2018 to July 2023; 164 out of 205 references cited or 80%) using scientific search databases. The main conclusions of this overview encourage the concept that lifestyle health factors such as nutrition/diet, rest/sleep, movement/physical exercise, and community/social interactions support enhanced skin health and well-being with aging. Plus, social media interventions that aim to promote dietary, sleep and physical activity changes might be an application to improve skin health in the future.
Sleep is an under evaluated symptom when assessing patients with cutaneous disease. Consequently, the relationship between sleep deprivation and disease burden is often not considered. The focus of our review article is to explore the bi-directional relationship between sleep and cutaneous disease investigating the disruption in circadian rhythmicity and skin homeostasis. Management strategies should focus on optimising disease control coupled with improving sleep hygiene.
It is widely known that lack of sleep damages the skin. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the relationship between sleep deprivation and skin damage and to find effective treatments. We established a 28-day sleep restriction (SR) mice model simulating continuous long-term sleep loss. We found that SR would damage the barrier function of mice's skin, cause oxidative stress damage to the skin, weaken the oscillations of the skin's biological clock, and make the circadian rhythm of Bacteroides disappear. The circadian rhythm of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) receptors in the skin was disordered. After melatonin supplementation, the skin damage caused by SR was improved, the oscillations of the biological clock were enhanced, the circadian rhythm of Bacteroides was restored, and the rhythm of the receptor GPR43 of propionic acid was restored. We speculated that the improving effect of melatonin may be mediated by propionic acid produced by the gut microbiota. We verified in vitro that propionic acid could improve the keratinocytes barrier function of oxidative damage. We then consumed the gut microbiota of mice through antibiotics and found that oral melatonin could not improve skin damage. Moreover, supplementing mice with propionic acid could improve skin damage. Our research showed that lack of sleep impaired skin barrier function. Oral melatonin could improve skin damage by restoring the circadian rhythm of Bacteroides and its propionic acid metabolite. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Digital stress is a newly identified cosmetic stress that is mainly characterized by blue light exposure. The effects of this stress have become increasingly important with the emergence of personal digital devices, and its deleterious effects on the body are now well-known. Blue light has been observed to cause perturbation of the natural melatonin cycle and skin damage similar to that from UVA exposure, thus leading to premature aging. “A melatonin-like ingredient” was discovered in the extract of Gardenia jasminoides, which acts as a filter against blue light and as a melatonin-like ingredient to prevent and stop premature aging. The extract showed significant protective effects on the mitochondrial network of primary fibroblasts, a significant decrease of −86% in oxidized proteins on skin explants, and preservation of the natural melatonin cycle in the co-cultures of sensory neurons and keratinocytes. Upon analysis using in silico methods, only the crocetin form, released through skin microbiota activation, was found to act as a melatonin-like molecule by interacting with the MT1-receptor, thus confirming its melatonin-like properties. Finally, clinical studies revealed a significant decrease in wrinkle number of −21% in comparison to the placebo. The extract showed strong protection against blue light damage and the prevention of premature aging through its melatonin-like properties.
Shift work is associated with systemic chronic inflammation, impaired host and tumor defense and dysregulated immune responses to harmless antigens such as allergens or auto-antigens. Thus, shift workers are at higher risk to develop a systemic autoimmune disease and circadian disruption with sleep impairment seem to be the key underlying mechanisms. Presumably, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle also drive skin-specific autoimmune diseases, but epidemiological and experimental evidence so far is scarce. This review summarizes the effects of shift work, circadian misalignment, poor sleep, and the effect of potential hormonal mediators such as stress mediators or melatonin on skin barrier functions and on innate and adaptive skin immunity. Human studies as well as animal models were considered. We will also address advantages and potential pitfalls in animal models of shift work, and possible confounders that could drive skin autoimmune diseases in shift workers such as adverse lifestyle habits and psychosocial influences. Finally, we will outline feasible countermeasures that may reduce the risk of systemic and skin autoimmunity in shift workers, as well as treatment options and highlight outstanding questions that should be addressed in future studies.
Beauty and youth have always been a people’s desire. Cosmetic procedures can help a lot, but nowadays there is a demand for more natural and less invasive interventions to alleviate the effects of aging. Absorbable traction thread, especially Silhouette Soft®, have obtained very satisfactory and long- lasting results for the patients. In addition to repositioning the tissues of the face and neck, Silhouette Soft® suture promotes a great formation of collagen thanks to the PLLA and PLGA present in its composition, and a greater durability caused by the system of cones and knots that enhance traction, anchoring and its stability. Orofacial harmonization is showing the trend of associating varied treatments, in all layers of the face and in three dimensions, to obtain natural and excellent results.
To investigate the facial cues by which one recognizes that someone is sleep deprived versus not sleep deprived.
Experimental laboratory study.
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Forty observers (20 women, mean age 25 ± 5 y) rated 20 facial photographs with respect to fatigue, 10 facial cues, and sadness. The stimulus material consisted of 10 individuals (five women) photographed at 14:30 after normal sleep and after 31 h of sleep deprivation following a night with 5 h of sleep.
Ratings of fatigue, fatigue-related cues, and sadness in facial photographs.
The faces of sleep deprived individuals were perceived as having more hanging eyelids, redder eyes, more swollen eyes, darker circles under the eyes, paler skin, more wrinkles/fine lines, and more droopy corners of the mouth (effects ranging from b = +3 ± 1 to b = +15 ± 1 mm on 100-mm visual analog scales, P < 0.01). The ratings of fatigue were related to glazed eyes and to all the cues affected by sleep deprivation (P < 0.01). Ratings of rash/eczema or tense lips were not significantly affected by sleep deprivation, nor associated with judgements of fatigue. In addition, sleep-deprived individuals looked sadder than after normal sleep, and sadness was related to looking fatigued (P < 0.01).
The results show that sleep deprivation affects features relating to the eyes, mouth, and skin, and that these features function as cues of sleep loss to other people. Because these facial regions are important in the communication between humans, facial cues of sleep deprivation and fatigue may carry social consequences for the sleep deprived individual in everyday life.
Sundelin T; Lekander M; Kecklund G; Van Someren EJW; Olsson A; Axelsson J. Cues of fatigue: effects of sleep deprivation on facial appearance. SLEEP 2013;36(9):1355-1360.
Skin aging does not only occur by passing time alone but also by the exposure to different environmental factors. The skin aging process, which is induced by environmental factors, is named premature or extrinsic skin aging process and can be distinguished from the chronologically (intrinsic) skin aging process by characteristic skin aging signs. Well known environmental factors leading to extrinsic skin aging are sun exposure and smoking. Recently, an epidemiological study could further discover an association between air pollution and skin aging. First of all the skin aging inducing effect of sun exposure was discovered and an own term (photoaging) was given to this special field of extrinsic skin aging. Mechanistic studies have further increased our knowledge about the molecular pathways by which environmental factors contribute to extrinsic skin aging. In this regard, profound knowledge how sun exposure leads to extrinsic skin aging were gained in the last years, and additionally there are also indications how smoking and air pollution might contribute to this process. Moreover it was realized that extrinsic skin aging manifests differently between different populations. Thus, in this review we summarize the influence of the different environmental factors: sun exposure, smoking and air pollution on skin aging and further present ethnic-specific manifestations of extrinsic skin aging.
Up to 80% of people develop a cutaneous condition closely connected to their exposure to stressful life events. Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent inflammatory skin disorder with multifactorial etiology, including genetic background, environmental factors, and immune system disturbances with a strong cytokine component. Moreover, psoriasis is variably associated with sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation. This study evaluated the influence of sleep loss in the context of an animal model of psoriasis by measuring cytokine and stress-related hormone levels. Male adult Balb/C mice with or without psoriasis were subjected to 48 h of selective paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD). Sleep deprivation potentiated the activities of kallikrein-5 and kallikrein-7 in the skin of psoriatic groups. Also, mice with psoriasis had significant increases in specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12) and decreases in the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) after PSD, which were normalized after 48 h of sleep rebound. Linear regression showed that IL-2, IL-6 and IL-12 levels predicted 66% of corticosterone levels, which were selectively increased in psoriasis mice subject to PSD. Kallikrein-5 was also correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, explaining 58% of IL-6 and IL-12 variability. These data suggest that sleep deprivation plays an important role in the exacerbation of psoriasis through modulation of the immune system in the epidermal barrier. Thus, sleep loss should be considered a risk factor for the development of psoriasis.
Circadian clocks govern a wide range of cellular and physiological functions in various organisms. Recent evidence suggests distinct functions of local clocks in peripheral mammalian tissues such as immune responses and cell cycle control. However, studying circadian action in peripheral tissues has been limited so far to mouse models, leaving the implication for human systems widely elusive. In particular, circadian rhythms in human skin, which is naturally exposed to strong daytime-dependent changes in the environment, have not been investigated to date on a molecular level. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of circadian gene expression in human epidermis. Whole-genome microarray analysis of suction-blister epidermis obtained throughout the day revealed a functional circadian clock in epidermal keratinocytes with hundreds of transcripts regulated in a daytime-dependent manner. Among those, we identified a circadian transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 9 (Klf9), that is substantially up-regulated in a cortisol and differentiation-state-dependent manner. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed strong antiproliferative effects of Klf9. Putative Klf9 target genes include proliferation/differentiation markers that also show circadian expression in vivo, suggesting that Klf9 affects keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation by controlling the expression of target genes in a daytime-dependent manner.
Skin acts as a barrier between the environment and internal organs and performs functions that are critical for the preservation of body homeostasis. In mammals, a complex network of circadian clocks and oscillators adapts physiology and behavior to environmental changes by generating circadian rhythms. These rhythms are induced in the central pacemaker and peripheral tissues by similar transcriptional-translational feedback loops involving clock genes. In this work, we investigated the presence of functional oscillators in the human skin by studying kinetics of clock gene expression in epidermal and dermal cells originating from the same donor and compared their characteristics. Primary cultures of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes were established from an abdominal biopsy and expression of clock genes following dexamethasone synchronization was assessed by qPCR. An original mathematical method was developed to analyze simultaneously up to nine clock genes. By fitting the oscillations to a common period, the phase relationships of the genes could be determined accurately. We thereby show the presence of functional circadian machinery in each cell type. These clockworks display specific periods and phase relationships between clock genes, suggesting regulatory mechanisms that are particular to each cell type. Taken together, our data demonstrate that skin has a complex circadian organization. Oscillators are present not only in fibroblasts but also in epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and are likely to act in coordination to drive rhythmic functions within the skin.
To investigate whether sleep deprived people are perceived as less healthy, less attractive, and more tired than after a normal night's sleep.
Experimental study.
Sleep laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden.
23 healthy, sleep deprived adults (age 18-31) who were photographed and 65 untrained observers (age 18-61) who rated the photographs.
Participants were photographed after a normal night's sleep (eight hours) and after sleep deprivation (31 hours of wakefulness after a night of reduced sleep). The photographs were presented in a randomised order and rated by untrained observers.
Difference in observer ratings of perceived health, attractiveness, and tiredness between sleep deprived and well rested participants using a visual analogue scale (100 mm).
Sleep deprived people were rated as less healthy (visual analogue scale scores, mean 63 (SE 2) v 68 (SE 2), P<0.001), more tired (53 (SE 3) v 44 (SE 3), P<0.001), and less attractive (38 (SE 2) v 40 (SE 2), P<0.001) than after a normal night's sleep. The decrease in rated health was associated with ratings of increased tiredness and decreased attractiveness.
Our findings show that sleep deprived people appear less healthy, less attractive, and more tired compared with when they are well rested. This suggests that humans are sensitive to sleep related facial cues, with potential implications for social and clinical judgments and behaviour. Studies are warranted for understanding how these effects may affect clinical decision making and can add knowledge with direct implications in a medical context.
Aging effects on sleep are important to consider for the practicing pulmonologist due to the increase in prevalence of major respiratory disorders as well as the normal changes that occur in sleep patterns with aging. Typically, aging is associated with decreases in the amount of slow wave sleep and increases in stage 1 and 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep, often attributed to an increased number of spontaneous arousals that occur in the elderly. Elderly individuals tend to go to sleep earlier in the evening and wake earlier due to a phase advance in their normal circadian sleep cycle. Furthermore the development of sleep-related respiratory disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea or Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA-CSR) associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) occur with increasing prevalence in the elderly. The development of such disorders is often of major concern because they are associated with systemic hypertension and cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders such as diabetes, and impaired neurocognition. The present review reflects the current understanding of the normal changes in sleep patterns and sleep needs with advancing age, in addition to the effect that aging has on the predisposition to and consequences of OSA and CSA-CSR associated with CHF.
Anecdote but no formal evidence suggests that facial appearance improves after hypersomnolent patients with obstructive sleep apnea are treated. We investigated whether masked volunteer raters can identify post- rather than pre-treatment images as looking more alert, and whether impressions are predicted by any objective changes on highly precise 3-dimensional digital photogrammetry.
Participants included 20 adults with obstructive sleep apnea on polysomnography and excessive sleepiness on Epworth Sleepiness Scales. Photogrammetry was performed before and after ≥ 2 months of adherent use of positive airway pressure. Twenty-two raters then assessed pre- and post-treatment facial images, paired side-by-side in random order.
Subjects included 14 men and 6 women, with mean age 45 ± 11 (SD) years and mean baseline apnea/hypopnea index of 26 ± 21. The 22 raters twice as often identified post-treatment rather than pre-treatment images to look more alert (p = 0.0053), more youthful (p = 0.026), more attractive (p = 0.0068), and more likely to reflect the treated state (p = 0.015). Photogrammetry documented post-treatment decreases in forehead surface volume and decreased infraorbital and cheek redness, but no narrowing of the interpalpebral fissure. Decreased deep NREM sleep at baseline, and pre- to post-treatment decrements in facial redness showed promise as predictors of improved subjective ratings for alertness.
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea are perceived to appear more alert, more youthful, and more attractive after adherent use of positive airway pressure. Objective changes in facial surface volume and color were identified. Post-treatment decrements in redness may inform subjective impressions of improved alertness.
Chervin RD; Ruzicka DL; Vahabzadeh A; Burns MC; Burns JW; Buchman SR. The face of sleepiness: improvement in appearance after treatment of sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(9):845-852.
The purpose was to identify the specific components of facial aging secondary to smoking, by comparing standardized photographs of identical twins with different smoking histories.
During the Twins Days Festival in Twinsburg, Ohio from 2007 to 2010, 79 pairs of twins were identified, in which only one twin smokes or where one twin smoked at least five years longer than their counterpart. Questionnaires were obtained and standardized photographs were taken by professional photographers. A panel of three blinded judges analyzed the twins' facial features and graded wrinkles using the validated Lemperle Assessment Scale, and ranked age related facial features on a four point scale.
Smoking twins compared to their non-smoking counterparts had worse scores for upper eyelid skin redundancy, lower lid bags, malar bags, nasolabial folds, upper lip wrinkles, lower lip vermillion wrinkles and jowls. Lower lid hyperpigmentation in the smoking group fell just short of statistical significance. Transverse forehead wrinkles, glabellar wrinkles, crows feet, and lower lip lines accentuated by puckering did not have a statistically significant differences in scores. Among twins with greater than 5 years difference in smoking duration, twins who had smoked longer had worse scores for lower lid bags, malar bags, and lower lip vermillion wrinkles.
This study details the specifics of facial aging brought on by smoking, that it primarily affects the middle and lower thirds of the face. It also demonstrates that a five-year difference in smoking history can cause notceable differences in facial aging in twins.
Lesser-quality prospective cohort or comparative study; retrospective cohort or comparative study; untreated controls from a randomized control trial; or a systematic review of these studies.
We assessed the in situ time-dependent loss of epidermal thymine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in skin types I and H after exposure to two minimal erythema doses of solar-simulating radiation on previously unexposed buttock skin. Using quantitative image analysis, we evaluated biopsy sections stained with monoclonal antibodies. We then made comparisons, in the same volunteers, with unscheduled DNA synthesis, which is a direct marker of overall excision repair. Removal of thymine dimers was slow (half-life = 33.3 h), with high levels of lesions still present 24 h post-irradiation; some lesions were still present at 7 d. In contrast, removal of 6-4 photoproducts was rapid (half-life = 2.3 h), the decay kinetics of which correlated better with the decline in epidermal unscheduled DNA synthesis (half-life = 7.1 h). These data show that as in mouse, monkey, and in vitro models, the 6-4 photolesion is repaired preferentially in human epidermis in situ. They also raise the possibility that poor thymine dimer repair may be a feature of skin types I and II, who are more prone to skin cancer than are types III and IV. There was an inverse relationship between the onset of erythema and 6-4 photoproduct repair, suggesting that this repair process initiates erythema.Keywords: DNA photodamage, DNA photolesions, DNA repair
Modern society has reported a decline in sleep time in the recent decades. This reduction can increase the morbidity and mortality of several diseases and leads to an immunosuppressive state. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and collagen, its main component, has a key role in the structure and integrity of the organism. The entire sequence of events necessary during collagen formation can be affected by endogenous and exogenous factors. A variety of studies in the literature have shown that sleep plays a role in restoring immune system function and that changes in the immune response may affect collagen production. Several studies of prolonged sleep deprivation suggest a break in skin barrier function and mucous membranes. In fact, the reduction of sleep time affects the composition and integrity of various systems. Thus, we hypothesized that lack of sleep as well as other types of stress can impair skin integrity.
There has been a considerable increase in understanding how skin ages, along with significant progress toward the correction and prevention of the visible signs of aging. However, there are still many unknown factors regarding why we age - and why we all seem to age differently. An area of high interest is the biological or intrinsic processes that affect our appearance over time. This article describes a recent discovery of a membrane bound enzyme proven to be present in skin and increases its activity as biological age increases. The enzyme is located on the external surface of both fibroblast and keratinocytes, and generates free radicals. Therefore, as we age there appears to be a biological mechanism that further increases the production of free radicals. Additionally, there appears to be a relationship between activity of the enzyme and appearance. Data showed that subjects who look younger than their biological age had lower enzyme activity and conversely, subjects who looked older than their biological age had higher enzyme activity. Free radicals are believed to be a major contributing factor in the production of fine lines and wrinkles by destroying the collagen and elastin network keeping skin supple and firm.
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis and protection. As the main component of skin, collagen has a key role in providing integrity and elasticity to this organ. Several factors, including autoimmune disease, aging, and stress, can change the quantity and integrity of skin collagen. These factors impair collagen quality and consequently affect skin function. Stress seems to affect the integrity of skin collagen through glucocorticoid-mediated processes that alter its synthesis and degradation. Glucocorticoids also affect skin quality through modulation of the immune system. This review will briefly present comprehensive data from both animal and human studies delineating processes that modulate alterations in collagen in general, and will treat in more detail the consequences of stress on skin collagen.
Studies on the pathogenesis of skin ageing as well as efficacy testing of cosmetic and aesthetic measures to prevent or reverse skin ageing require - as an easy to use method - a validated non-invasive clinical score, which allows to simultaneously assess and differentiate between intrinsic (=chronological) and extrinsic (=photo-) skin ageing. Such an ideal score, however, does currently not exist.
We developed a novel skin ageing score 'SCINEXA' comprising 5 items indicative of intrinsic and 18 items highly characteristic of extrinsic skin ageing. These items were used to define an index (index(discr)) that allowed differentiating between intrinsic versus extrinsic skin ageing. In order to validate the 'SCINEXA', we asked whether it can be used to discriminate regular sunbed users, which have been chronically exposed to ultraviolet radiation and thus are prone to photoageing, from non-sunbed users, which were considered paradigmatic for intrinsic skin ageing.
For this purpose, 58 non-sunbed users and 16 regularly sunbed users were assessed. In addition to the clinical examination of the 23 score items potential confounders were considered by questionnaire.
By employing the index(discr), we were able to classify 92% of all study subjects correctly as sunbed or non-sunbed users. Specifically, an index above 2 was associated with sunbed use and thus extrinsic skin ageing, whereas an index below 2 indicated intrinsic skin ageing.
The novel 'SCINEXA' is suitable for the simultaneous assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing.
Despite the prevalence of sleep complaints among psychiatric patients, few questionnaires have been specifically designed to measure sleep quality in clinical populations. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-rated questionnaire which assesses sleep quality and disturbances over a 1-month time interval. Nineteen individual items generate seven "component" scores: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The sum of scores for these seven components yields one global score. Clinical and clinimetric properties of the PSQI were assessed over an 18-month period with "good" sleepers (healthy subjects, n = 52) and "poor" sleepers (depressed patients, n = 54; sleep-disorder patients, n = 62). Acceptable measures of internal homogeneity, consistency (test-retest reliability), and validity were obtained. A global PSQI score greater than 5 yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5% (kappa = 0.75, p less than 0.001) in distinguishing good and poor sleepers. The clinimetric and clinical properties of the PSQI suggest its utility both in psychiatric clinical practice and research activities.
This article has no abstract; the first 100 words appear below.
Dermatologists see many patients seeking help because of skin aging. Sagging and wrinkling of the skin can be the signs of time spent on the beach in younger years or on the golf course in middle years or just a visible reminder of the inescapable aging process. The problems associated with skin aging range from minor cosmetic problems to major disfigurement with profound psychosocial consequences. Cutaneous aging is a complex biologic process affecting various layers of the skin, but the major changes are seen in the dermis.¹ There are two clinically and biologically independent aging processes that occur simultaneously. The . . .
Jouni Uitto, M.D., Ph.D.
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
Although circadian rhythms have been described for many human functions, there are minimal data on circadian rhythms related to skin physiology. This study investigated the circadian rhythmicity of skin variables related to skin barrier function in humans. We measured transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum moisture, skin surface pH, and skin temperature in 16 healthy volunteers (nine men and seven women, aged 23-53 y). Subjects were sampled every 2 h in two sessions over a 24 h span. Twelve samples were obtained for each variable in the following sites: forehead, forearm, upper back, and shin. We used cosinor analysis and ANOVA to validate observed differences. Time-dependent rhythms were detected in most skin variables except in stratum corneum hydration. We found a statistically significant circadian rhythmicity characterized by cosinor analysis in transepidermal water loss, skin surface pH, and skin temperature on the forearm, forehead, and shin. Peak-trough differences occurred in all locations. The values of the same variables measured at different sites correlated positively, whereas the values of the different variables did not. These results suggest that skin permeability is higher in the evening and night than in the morning. These data may be clinically relevant in several aspects applied to skin physiology and topical drug application.
Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), based on the estimation of the water vapour gradient in an open chamber, is being used to support claims of cosmetics including product mildness, reduction in irritative skin reactions, skin hydration, skin repair, protective effect against UV damage and others. TEWL measurement can also screen ingredients that have a beneficial effect on the barrier function and offer the possibility to monitor in vivo, on human skin, the effect of topical treatment in an objective and non-invasive way. A high number of variables affecting TEWL measurements have been identified. These should be rigorously taken into consideration. To work under standardised conditions is of the utmost importance to obtain reliable and reproducible results.
Despite clear exacerbation of several skin disorders by stress, the effect of psychologic or exertional stress on human skin has not been well studied. We investigated the effect of three different stressors, psychologic interview stress, sleep deprivation, and exercise, on several dermatologic measures: transepidermal water loss, recovery of skin barrier function after tape stripping, and stratum corneum water content (skin conductance). We simultaneously measured the effects of stress on plasma levels of several stress-response hormones and cytokines, natural killer cell activity, and absolute numbers of peripheral blood leukocytes. Twenty-five women participated in a laboratory psychologic interview stress, 11 women participated in one night of sleep deprivation, and 10 women participated in a 3 d exercise protocol. The interview stress caused a delay in the recovery of skin barrier function, as well as increases in plasma cortisol, norepinephrine, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and an increase in circulating natural killer cell activity and natural killer cell number. Sleep deprivation also decreased skin barrier function recovery and increased plasma interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and natural killer cell activity. The exercise stress did not affect skin barrier function recovery, but caused an increase in natural killer cell activity and circulating numbers of both cytolytic T lymphocytes and helper T cells. In addition, cytokine responses to the interview stress were inversely correlated with changes in barrier function recovery. These results suggest that acute psychosocial and sleep deprivation stress disrupts skin barrier function homeostasis in women, and that this disruption may be related to stress-induced changes in cytokine secretion.
To investigate the relationship between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, and to elucidate the factors contributing to this relationship.
Cross-sectional study.
A total of 128 consecutive subjects referred to the sleep laboratory of our hospital for screening or treatment of OSA.
Not applicable.
The severity of sleep-disordered breathing was evaluated by polysomnography. We measured urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as an in vivo parameter of oxidative stress. Known risk factors for oxidative stress (age, obesity, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) were also investigated.
Seventy subjects had nonsevere OSA (an apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] < 30), and 58 subjects had severe OSA (AHI >or= 30). Urinary 8-OHdG excretion was significantly higher in the severe OSA group (p = 0.03). Furthermore, urinary 8-OHdG excretion was significantly correlated with parameters of sleep-disordered breathing, including AHI, the apnea index, the oxygen desaturation index (ODI), the duration of oxygen saturation < 90%, and the respiratory arousal index. However, only ODI was significantly correlated with urinary 8-OHdG excretion after adjustment for confounding factors that are considered to be related to oxidative stress.
The severity of OSA is independently associated with oxidative stress. Among various sleep-disordered breathing parameters, ODI is most closely related to oxidative stress.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a respiratory disease that is linked to heart attacks and high blood pressure. In the present study, we used the Comet assay to compare basal DNA damage and DNA damage induction by hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, and gamma-irradiation in lymphocytes from 35 OSA patients and 35 controls. We also measured the apoptosis and necrosis produced by these agents and the ability of the lymphocytes to repair the induced DNA damage. It was found that lymphocytes isolated from OSA patients had higher basal levels of DNA damage and were more sensitive to the effects of the DNA-damaging agents than lymphocytes from controls. OSA patients also had a reduced capacity to repair the DNA damage induced by the three agents, but apoptosis and necrosis were similar in OSA patients and the controls.
Drowsy driving and automobile crashes
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Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation
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Peri-orbital dark circles in Brazilian women: risk factors and hyperspectral image analysis
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Aging and sleep: physiology and pathophysiology
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Peri-orbital dark circles in Brazilian women: risk factors and hyperspectral image analysis
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