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Abstract

Methods: The study was carried out among adolescents attending secondary schools from two cities; (Enugu and Abakiliki located in south eastern part of Nigeria) within age range of 10-19 yr. A structured self administered questionnaire developed from self esteem scores was used for data collection. Pearson’s chi-square was used to test for relationship between categorical variables while student t- test was used to test significant relationship between continuous variables. Test of significance was set at p<0.5. Results: The self esteem questionnaire used was classified into two major questions with several sub questions. The first group is about self confidence, self fulfillment and self worth and confidence, the second group include depression, hopelessness, loneliness, and suicidal thoughts. We enrolled 507 adolescents in this study. The mean age of all participants was 16.3 (1.2) yr. Total mean self esteem score for all respondents is 15.77±2.769. Low self esteem was observed in 3.6% of the respondents with 4.3% of females and 2.5% of Males. Low self esteem is mostly seen in older adolescents aged 18-19 (44%) and rare among (adolescents less than 11 yr (0%). Low self esteem was more common among the female respondents in all the age ranges. Conclusion: Self esteem is high among adolescents, though this is may be overemphasized as more research is needed in this area. Keywords: Self esteem; adolescents; secondary schools

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... [48] Low self-esteem makes adolescents view themselves as inadequate, worthless, unlovable, and incompetent. [49] We noted that drug abuse negatively correlated with self-esteem (i.e., those who abuse drugs have lower self-esteem). This is consistent with a Pakistani study that reported an association between drug abuse and low self-esteem in a sample of older adolescents. ...
... [50] It has been postulated that adolescents with low selfesteem engage in substance use as a way of coping with negative feelings regarding themselves. [28,49] In multiple linear regression analysis, drug abuse was significantly associated with age, PIU, suicidality, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. All the psychological variables along with the age of the respondents in our study collectively explained 22% of the variance in the dependent variable (DAST-10). ...
... Studies from developed countries have reported that PIU among adolescents is a major contributor to the variances regarding psychoactive substance abuse among the adolescent population. [17,51] Some authors [49,52] The results of our regression analysis seem to show that there is a need for more studies to investigate other variables that may potentially contribute to drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents. ...
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Background Drug abuse is a global public health problem that is associated with increased psychiatric morbidity and mortality. Objectives This study assessed the prevalence of drug abuse and its relationship with problematic Internet use (PIU), suicidality, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among high school adolescents. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 1304 Nigerian high school adolescents recruited through the multistage stratified sampling method. The participants completed a study-specific sociodemographic questionnaire, a 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-Short Form-6 (PIU-SF-6), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Suicidality module, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Results The prevalence rate of drug abuse was 49.8%. Adolescents who abused drugs had higher mean scores on PIU, suicidality, depression, and anxiety scales and lower scores on the self-esteem scale. All these variables cumulatively accounted for approximately 22% of the total variance in the DAST score. Conclusions Drug abuse is still prevalent among Nigerian adolescents, with a significant association with PIU, suicidality, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. All these variables may provide the template for psychological and social interventions that are specifically targeted to the management of drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents.
... There were no significant differences among age groups and sex, which has also been reported in a previous meta analysis study (Kling, Hyde, & Showers et al., 1999). Also, our results are similar to studies that have been done among similar population in Nigeria (Chinawa, Obu, & Manyike et al., 2015). ...
... The majority of our participants held very high positive attitude about themselves, which is quite common among Nigerian adolescents (Chinawa et al., 2015). Despite the high positive attitude, a large majority wanted more respect within their environment. ...
... Overall, there were no significant differences in self-esteem across age groups and sex. A run through our results showed that self-esteem picked at ages 15-16 years but declined in late teens (17-18), similar to earlier reports in Nigeria (Chinawa et al., 2015). However, our study showed females reporting higher self-esteem than previously reported (Chinawa et al., 2015). ...
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Introduction: Much research have focused on self–esteem and substance use among adolescents. Little is known about the relationship between self esteem and social acceptance of colleagues who are known as substance users. The study explored this relationship among high school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done using structured questionnaires and case description scenarios among 221 high school students in several public senior secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Results: Study revealed that majority of the participants were more willing to socially accept and be intimate with colleagues who take alcohol in almost all the case scenarios. Colleagues who abused marijuana and cocaine were more socially acceptable to majority of the participants in many case scenarios than those who abused nicotine. Choice of association with colleagues who abused substances was not related to self-esteem. Conclusion: Social acceptance of substance users among adolescents may be influenced by the perception of socially desirable qualities and not necessarily the substance use. Social associations with substance users may be limited to the school environment. Social acceptance of substance user was related to self esteem evaluation of participants.
... According to statistics, there has been an 18% increase in self-esteem in New Zealand. Chinawa et al. reported that 3.6 % of adolescents in Nigeria suffer from low self-esteem [18]. In Akolechy's (2011) review on high school adolescents in Sabzevar, 14% of them were determined to have a satisfactory level of self-esteem [19]. ...
... The adverse effects of low self-esteem include depression, anxiety, suicide, eating disorders, invasive behaviors, and drug abuse [29]. It is noteworthy that in the literature review, the prevalence of low self-esteem was found to be 3.6%, among Nigerian adolescents, and it was reported to be 18% in New Zealand [18]. In Forthes's (2014) study, 56% of adolescents had low self-esteem [27]. ...
... In concurrence with the findings of the present study on the absence of gender differences in selfesteem among secondary school students, Chinawa et al (2015) found no significant gender difference in self-esteem scores among adolescents aged between 11 and below to 19. Also in line with our findings, Chinawa et al (2015) found a lower self-esteem scores among females than their male counterparts. ...
... In concurrence with the findings of the present study on the absence of gender differences in selfesteem among secondary school students, Chinawa et al (2015) found no significant gender difference in self-esteem scores among adolescents aged between 11 and below to 19. Also in line with our findings, Chinawa et al (2015) found a lower self-esteem scores among females than their male counterparts. This highlights the need to use psychoeducational platforms and materials to enhance the self-esteem of secondary school adolescents to prevent them from being enticed into vices like terrorism. ...
... [11] A Nigerian report showed that low self-esteem was prevalent among the Nigerian young population. [12] A more recent data report indicated a 53% of the same population experience low self-esteem. [13] Given the prevalence, and how the schoolchildren perceive themselves, the possible psychological intervention that will be children-focused to treat those emotional and behavior-related disturbances are yet to be investigated in the Nigerian context. ...
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Background: Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses studies have called for moderators of treatment outcomes and their main effect with regard to disadvantaged populations. In view of that, this study investigated the impacts and moderators of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) on the self-esteem and irrational beliefs of Schoolchildren in Ebonyi State Nigeria. Methods: A group randomized controlled design was utilized to assign 55 schoolchildren to the treatment group and 55 schoolchildren to waitlisted control group. Two self-report measures (Self-Esteem Scale and Children Adolescent Scale of Irrationality) were used to assess the participants. There were pretest, posttest, and follow-up tests given at different intervals to ascertain the baseline, main effect, and long-term effects of the treatment. The data collected were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of covariance statistic. Results: The results of the 2-way analysis of covariance demonstrated a difference between participants in the waitlisted control group at the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test and a positive improvement in schoolchildren with illogical beliefs as a result of exposure to REBT intervention. It was discovered that the REBT intervention changed schoolchildren's self-esteem and irrational views into rational ones. A later test result supported the intervention's consistent and significant effects in lowering illogical beliefs and raising students' self-esteem. The results also showed that there is no connection between gender and group membership. Conclusion: This study suggests that REBT is a significant treatment strategy that reduces irrational beliefs and improves the self-esteem of primary school children. Based on these outcomes, further studies should replicate the study in other cultures with such a disadvantaged group.
... [3] Nigerian students did exhibit low self-esteem, although it was more prevalent in female students than in their male counterparts. [4] Over the past 10 years, the abilities of graduates have steadily declined. [5] Student scholastic progress is highly influenced by self-esteem. ...
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Background: This study determined the efficacy of rational career intervention on career self-esteem of students of Agricultural education programmed in Universities in Southeast Nigeria. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 54 students. The sampled students were allocated to 2 (treatment and control) groups using the sequence allocation software package. Students in the treatment group were counseled through a rational career intervention programmed that lasted for 12 sessions while similar students in the control group were not treated. The 2 groups of students were then assessed 3 times based on a career self-esteem scale. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of variance and partial eta square statistical tools. Results: The study's findings indicated a strong impact of rational career intervention on career self-esteem levels. The findings also showed that group and gender interaction effects had a substantial impact on the professional self-esteem scores of students in agricultural education. The findings also indicated a statistically significant relationship between time and students career self-esteem in agricultural education. The findings also showed that the group and time interaction effect had a substantial impact on the professional self-esteem scores of students in agricultural education. The follow-up findings showed that the rational career intervention has a long-term impact on career self-esteem among students in Agricultural Education. Conclusion: It was concluded that rational career intervention is useful in improving self-esteem among students of agricultural education in universities in Southeast Nigeria. It was then recommended that year-1 students should be counseled immediately after registration.
... A minority of the study participants (8.7%; n = 34) tested as having low self-esteem. Previous studies reported moderate self-esteem among adolescents of different nationalities, including Nigerian [18] , Columbian [19] , and Saudi Arabian [20] . ...
Article
Background The psychological impact of malocclusion, social acceptance, self-esteem, and the development of personality traits are considerations that can affect the demand for orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of malocclusion severity and self-perceived smile and dental aesthetics on self-esteem among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods This analytical cross-sectional study was performed among 393 adolescents (210 females and 183 males) at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index, whereas self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Smile analysis was performed on photographs of posed smiles, whereas photographs of posed smiles and intraoral frontal view with teeth in centric occlusion were rated with the Visual Analog Scale for self-perception of smile and dental aesthetics. A comparison of variables among self-esteem groups was made using the ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests, whereas an association among all variables was examined using the correlation coefficient. Stepwise regression analysis examined the effects of independent variables on self-esteem. Results A significant correlation was found between self-esteem and self-perceived smile (r = 0.294; P < 0.001) and dental aesthetics (r = 0.212; P < 0.001). Adolescents with high self-perceived smile (mean ± standard deviation, 7.66 ± 2.20) and dental aesthetics (6.68 ± 2.58) had higher self-esteem than participants with low self-perceived smile (4.75 ± 2.73) and dental aesthetics (4.36 ± 2.29). Self-perceived smile aesthetics had the most predictive impact on self-esteem. Conclusions The results showed that self-perception of smile and dental aesthetics is a significant factor that influences self-esteem among adolescents.
... Likewise, a longitudinal study by Erol and Orth (2011) on self-esteem development ranging from 14-30 years of age revealed that the self-esteem increases rapidly during adolescence and increases slowly with the growing age. Moreover, a study by Chinawa et al. (2015) on the level of self-esteem of adolescents age group ranging from 10 to 19 years established that selfesteem was higher in the age group of 10-17 years but lower in older adolescents (aged 18-19). ...
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Many factors have been suggested, debated and instituted across the schools toward enhancing the quality of learning. However, the psychological aspect of learners rarely come up as an issue of discussion though various researches has pointed that improving the psychological aspect of learners can have a profound effect on the overall success and well-being of learners. One prominent psychological aspect of learners is self esteem that can have a significant effect on the way learner engages in activities, deals with challenges and connects with others. It also has an influence on learner's motivation to learn competently and willing to face challenges. Therefore, this study examines the effects of adolescents' socioeconomic status on their self-esteem at school. The study was conducted on the 61 adolescents from grade six to eight studying in three different schools in central Bhutan. A sequential mixed method based on survey, students' reflections and interview were used to collect the data. Descriptive statistical techniques and Pearson correlation were used analyzed the quantitative data. The qualitative data was inductively analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis. The findings showed the significant positive correlation between the self-esteem and socioeconomic status indicators such as father's education level, family monthly income and modes of travel to reach. Findings also indicated that adolescents' school context experiences such as low academic achievement, interpersonal relationship with their teachers and peers, participation in co-curricular activities, friends undermining their intelligence was reported to be affecting their self-esteem at school. Further, finding suggest that adolescents' school experience was influenced by their SES that ultimately affecting their self-esteem at school. The findings from this study suggest that education stakeholders in Bhutan need to understand how the adolescents' school context experiences and socio-cultural aspects could impact the students' self-esteem and emotion at school. While there has been some indication in this study that school context experiences and socio-cultural aspects impacting the students' self-esteem and emotions, further research needs to carried out to explored this issue and accordingly addressed. Otherwise, the poor self-esteem and negative emotions at adolescence age period is link to later mental health and its related behaviour, poor educational attainment and economic participation, and well-being.
... Single-parent family children refer to children under the age of 18 who are raised by their father or mother alone due to the divorce of their parents or the death of one party, or other reasons, and who do not have the ability to live independently [5]. Defects in family structure and absence of parent education make children from single-parent families face huge challenges in psychological development and social adaptation [16,51], specifically showing more problems in self-esteem, social anxiety, anti-social behavior [8,38,47]. If researchers want to use the PANSI scale to explore the actual differences in suicidal ideation between different groups, it is necessary to ensure that the scale has the invariance of cross-group measurement [13]. ...
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Abstract Backgrounds The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) Inventory is a widely used self-report questionnaire which is designed to comprehensively evaluate the protective factors and negative risk factors associated with suicidal behaviors among adolescents. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the PANSI in a non-clinical sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods Participants (N = 1198) were Chinese middle school students aged 11–17 years (44.8% boys and 51.9% girls, 3.3% missing values) in Guizhou Province. All participants completed the Chinese version of the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (PANSI-C), the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE), and the suicide probability scale (SPS). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlations, and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis tests were conducted thereafter. Results The results showed that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the two subscales of the PANSI-positive suicide ideation and the PANSI-negative suicide ideation were .696 and .915, respectively. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit of the two-factor model as the best fitting model [Chi-square goodness of fit = 703.859, p
... Scholars have identified self-esteem as one of the most widely researched constructs in social sciences and social psychology (Batchman et al., 2011;Bleidorn et al., 2016;Robins et al., 2012). This may be due to its perceived relevance to the psychosocial well-being of people (Chinawa et al., 2015;Kohn, 1994). Self-esteem is a person's overall perception of his/her selfworth (Rosenberg et al., 1995); a subjective evaluation of a person's overall worth and value (Robins et al., 2012). ...
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The burden of sexual abuse remains a global reality and it is known to affect adolescents’ psycho-social well-being. The current study aimed at determining the unanimity findings on the relationship between sexual abuse and self-esteem among adolescents as well as the concomitant determinants of self-esteem among sexually abused adolescents. To achieve this, a systematic search of PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, African Journals Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar was conducted to identify studies that focused on the outcomes of sexual abuse on the self-esteem of adolescents. Based on this, a simple synthesis of basic findings of the selected studies was conducted. A total of 7,278 studies were identified out of which only eight studies from Africa, Asia, Europe and North America met the selection criteria. With three research questions guiding the study, findings reveal that sexual abuse is prevalent among the study participants. It also revealed an inverse relationship between sexual abuse and self-esteem among he adolescents. Furthermore, three categories of co-determinants of self-esteem among sexually abused adolescents were observed namely socio-demographic determinants; parental and family determinants as well as nature of abuse. The overriding deduction from these studies is that sexual abuse impacts negatively on the self-esteem of adolescents. These findings have implications for Sustainable Development Goals. Since this study has established that sexual abuse impacts negatively on the self-esteem of adolescents, drivers of SGD 3 should, among other things, intensify campaigns against adolescents’ sexual abuse and make psychological intervention by counselling psychologists, available to victims.
... ACE, bully victimization, and adolescents' concern with self-esteem are also problems in Nigeria [21][22][23][24], and mental health difficulties are a growing problem among adolescents in the country [25]. It is important to conduct more studies, using validated tools, to elucidate the correlations between variables associated with mental health problems in settings and adolescent populations in Nigeria. ...
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Objectives: We evaluated the internal consistencies and the correlation between measures of adverse childhood experiences (ACE), bully victimization, self-esteem, resilience, and social support in children/adolescents in Nigeria. Results: The Cronbach's alphas were 0.67 for the ACE Questionnaire; 0.79 for the victimization subscale of the Illinois Bully Scale; 0.60 for Rosenberg's self-esteem scale; 0.81 for Connor-Davidson resilience scale; and 0.93 for multidimensional perceived social support scale. Social support was negatively correlated with ACE (r = - 0.21) and bully victimization (r = - 0.16) and was associated with higher self-esteem (r = - 0.29) and higher resilience (r = 0.15). Likewise, higher resilience was associated with fewer ACE (r = - 0.07), higher self-esteem (r = - 0.21), and higher bully victimization (r = 0.13). Higher self-esteem was associated with fewer ACE (r = 0.25) and lower bully victimization (r = 0.16), whereas bully victimization was positively correlated with ACE (r = 0.20). The correlations were all statistically significant.
... The real challenge of Nigerian engineering education is the self-esteem lost by black race during slavery and colonialization. Josephat et al (2015), Macson J. Ahiakwo (2016) and Abdullahi, O. E. (2007) all did field research to establish that Nigerian children have low selfconfidence at post adolescence age. The post adolescence age bracket is the age at which youths undergo secondary and tertiary education. ...
Conference Paper
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The appropriateness of Nigeria's Engineering Education quality has been a subject of debate in recent times. While some people believe Nigeria's Engineering Education curriculum to be world class, some others are of the opinion that it is archaic and requires overhauling. In order to holistically criticise the Nigerian Engineering Education and suggest approaches that can be adopted towards grooming Excellent Engineers in Nigerian institutions, the engineering education of some developed countries were reviewed and compared with that of Nigeria. The outcome professes Nigerian engineering education curriculum to be world class. Hence this paper points vicious cycle of low self-esteem to be the major challenge of our engineering education and suggests strategies to break the vicious cycle of low self-esteem.
... This study supported some previous studies that reported more female respondents reported low self-esteem compared with the male respondents but was not found to be significant. 22,23 Also, studies conducted among adolescents in secondary schools in Nairobi and Europe complemented this finding where gender differences in self-esteem suggested that male adolescents had higher self-esteem than female adolescents. [23][24][25][26] This disparity in level of self-esteem in female adolescent could be attributed to decline in body image and other problems associated with puberty. ...
Article
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Poor self-esteem among adolescents poses a great challenge, which parenting styles can influence. This study examined gender differences in perceived parenting styles and self-esteem of adolescents and examined the relationship between perceived parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem among in-school adolescents in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. This study utilized a multistage sampling technique. Responses were elicited from 504 consenting pupils using the parental authority questionnaire and a self-esteem questionnaire adjusted to the Rosenberg scale. Self-esteem was scored on a (12-30) scale; scores ≥ 26 indicate high self-esteem, and scores ≤ 25 indicate low self-esteem. The mean age and self-esteem score were 14.9±1.5 years and 24.0±3.3. About one third of respondents reported parenting styles as authoritative or flexible (fathers: 36.3%, mothers: 38.9%). Pearson correlation coefficient test showed a positive significant relationship between flexible parenting style and adolescent self-esteem for fathers ( r = 0.141, p = .001) and mothers ( r = 0.137, p = .001). Research findings reveal significant association between perceived parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem.
Article
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Introduction: Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors that work together to influence children's outcomes. The evolution of one's self-esteem is the family and the kinds of interaction that occur among family members. Self-esteem developed during childhood becomes the foundation for adults' self-esteem. The self-esteem of a person has the potential to make or break him/her in his/her personal and professional life
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In recent years, the prevalence of adolescent mortality due to sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unwanted pregnancy, abortion, induced pregnancy, and related issues has been documented. These tragic events can be traced to teenagers' sexual abuse experiences. This led to an investigation on the role of gender and self-esteem as mediators between parent-child relationships and sexual assault. The study adopted correlational design. A sample of three hundred adolescents were randomly sampled from the secondary schools in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data was collected using reliable instrument (Sexual Abuse Scale α=0.87; Parental-child Relationship Scale α =0.77; Self-esteem Scale α =0.73).Three research questions were raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance using Pearson's product moment correlation and path analysis with Maximum likelihood estimation. It was discovered that sexual abuse positively correlated with gender (r =.681, P<0.01) but negatively correlated with parent-child relationship (r =-.449, P<0.01) and self-esteem (r =-.310, P<0.01). From the path model the goodness of fit of the model was evaluated using χ2 statistics (0.286 < 0.3) and was found a good fit. A direct effect was also found between self-esteem and sexual-abuse (β =-0.236, p<0.01), parent-child relationship and sexual abuse (β = 0.176, p<0.01). On the other hand, an indirect effect was found between parent-child relationship and sexual abuse through gender (β = 0.603, p<0.01), which indicates that parent-child relationship increases the likelihood that a male adolescent (60.3%) will engage in sexual abuse than their female (39.7%) counterparts. Furthermore, an indirect effect was found between parent-child relationship and sexual abuse through self-esteem (β =-.236, p<0.01). Among others it was recommended that parents should build a healthy relationship with adolescents as to be able to monitor and guide them against premarital sexual behaviour, Adolescents are enjoined to avoid peers who are not willing to positive contribution to their life. School administrators and policy makers are enjoined to intensify the teaching of sex education in secondary schools in other to acquaint adolescents with the danger in sexual abuse.
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Women’s empowerment is essential in improving maternal health. We analyse the geographical variability of women’s empowerment using data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Eight indicators of empowerment were created using latent scores derived from factor analysis and used to assign the women into one of low, moderate or high category of empowerment. A geoadditive ordinal model was used to quantify the effects of demographic and geographical factors. The findings indicate that a determinant can have different effects on women’s empowerment indicator and women from majority of the northern states are less empowered based on all the indicators.
Chapter
Self-esteem has been found to be one of the most widely researched constructs in the social sciences and its relevance may be premised on its importance to the psychological well-being of individuals, including adolescents. Good health and well-being for all people of all ages and races are the principal focus of the third goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To attain the SDGs, mental health has been listed as one of the measures for health and well-being. This paper, therefore, presents a conceptual overview of self-esteem among adolescents and its dimensions in early, middle and late adolescence. Implications of the discourse for counseling practice in Nigeria and the Nigerian government in developing healthy adolescents as prescribed by SDG3 were also highlighted. The paper recommends that the government should take the lead in creating awareness of the importance of mental health among adolescents.
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Community-based green care initiative is an intervention geared towards satisfying the environmental, social, psychological, medical and material care for stimulating healthy well-being of children, adolescence and adults. Evidence-based studies have established that there is continual degeneration of self-esteem among adolescence in developing countries including Nigeria due to problems associated with unsustainable parenting styles and teaching patterns. It is in the light of this, the study examines a community-based green care initiative as a catalyst for sustainable parenting styles, teaching patterns and child self-esteem in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study adopted exploratory survey design and tested three hypotheses on the subject matter. A self-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview guide were used for data collection. Quantitative data were analysed through percentage distribution table and multiple regressions while qualitative data were analysed using direct quotes. Findings were discussed with reference to relevant empirical literatures and future research highlighted.
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African American adolescent females possess higher self-esteem than any other racial or ethnic adolescent female group. This article tests two popular empirically supported explanations for Black high self-esteem: contingency of self-esteem theory and the locus of control model. This article builds on past research to illustrate the specific mechanisms of self-esteem for Black and White adolescent girls. To facilitate an investigation of these theories, self-esteem was explored as a bidimensional construct consisting of self-worth and self-deprecation. The sample consisted of 453 Black and 1,902 White adolescent females. Multivariate regression analyses produced the following outcomes: The contingency of self-esteem theory and the locus of control model were not supported. A significant race by social support interaction found that even in low support situations Black adolescent females reported less self-deprecation than White females.
Article
Objectives: To assess self-esteem, loneliness and attachment styles among adolescents and examine their association with each other and with age and gender. Method: Adolescents (55 males and 55 females) from a public school in Delhi, aged 10-13 years were administered Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (School Form), Attachment Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale. Results: Adolescents aged 10-11 years reported higher self-esteem as compared to those aged 12-13 years (p<0.01). Low global, general and home-parents self-esteem were associated with high levels of loneliness. Adolescents with high self-esteem were securely attached while those with low self-esteem had preoccupied and fearful attachment. Conclusions: Adolescents studying in a public school reported high levels of self-esteem, moderate loneliness and a secure attachment style. Students with low self-esteem and feelings of loneliness may benefit from psychological intervention.
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To assess the extent to which holistic wellness factors are predictive of self-esteem, the authors administered the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories, School Form (Coopersmith, 2002), and the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers & Sweeney, 2005a) to 225 adolescents ages 15 to 17 years. Wellness factors (Coping Self, Social Self, and Creative Self) explained a significant portion of the variance in components of self-esteem (General Self-Esteem, Home-Parents Self-Esteem, and School-Academic Self-Esteem). Implications for counselors and for further research are considered.
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Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques were used to explore interactions among individual and contextual variables and their effects on initial self-esteem levels and changes in these levels across the three years of middle school in a large, diverse sample (N=1804 students attending 23 schools). Interactions among race, social class, school socioeconomic status (SES), and contextual congruity were found to be particularly influential. Low-income European-American youth consistently experienced the lowest self-esteem levels and the sharpest declines during middle school. Social incongruity appears to play a crucial role in predicting such losses. These results highlight the need for further research employing similar techniques to explore how individual and contextual factors affect the development of self-esteem over the middle school years.
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To review critically the past 10 years of research on youth suicide. Research literature on youth suicide was reviewed following a systematic search of PsycINFO and Medline. The search for school-based suicide prevention programs was expanded using two education databases: ERIC and Education Full Text. Finally, manual reviews of articles' reference lists identified additional studies. The review focuses on epidemiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment protocols. There has been a dramatic decrease in the youth suicide rate during the past decade. Although a number of factors have been posited for the decline, one of the more plausible ones appears to be the increase in antidepressants being prescribed for adolescents during this period. Youth psychiatric disorder, a family history of suicide and psychopathology, stressful life events, and access to firearms are key risk factors for youth suicide. Exciting new findings have emerged on the biology of suicide in adults, but, while encouraging, these are yet to be replicated in youths. Promising prevention strategies, including school-based skills training for students, screening for at-risk youths, education of primary care physicians, media education, and lethal-means restriction, need continuing evaluation studies. Dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and treatment with antidepressants have been identified as promising treatments but have not yet been tested in a randomized clinical trial of youth suicide. While tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of who is at risk for suicide, it is incumbent upon future research efforts to focus on the development and evaluation of empirically based suicide prevention and treatment protocols.
The implicit relationa assessment procedure as a
  • Timko
  • Alix
  • England
  • Erica
  • James Herbert
  • Foreman
Timko, Alix, England, Erica. Herbert, James. Foreman, Evan. The implicit relationa assessment procedure as a