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Midiendo el sistema solar en el aula
Abstract
AbstractIn this work we discuss classical geometrical models that allow us to estimate the distances from the Earth to theMoon, the Sun, and the diameters of the Sun and the Moon in relation to the Earth diameter. We also indicate how toobtain the distance from the Sun to the rest of the planets and the need of elliptical orbits for the planets. Our aim wasto answer the questions: How do we know this? Why do we support this idea? The experimental technique to carry outthese estimations makes use of digital images of eclipses available through Internet or taken with a digital cameraduring a lunar eclipse. The measured astronomical distances and sizes are consistent with best values obtained forthese magnitudes. This activity is accessible to beginner university students and High school students. The proposedtechnique illustrates a way of combining classical methods with modern technologies.
... Historical methods used to measure the local Universe are common place in Astronomy and Physics textbooks 12 . Moreover, many efforts to use them as educational tools in the classroom have also been devised and published [13][14][15][16][17][18] . Today a plethora of advanced and accessible technological devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital cameras and precise clocks, are opening a new door to the realm of "do-ityourself-science". Almost all of these personal electronic devices come today with a GPS receiver, fast internet connections and precise clocks synchronized to international time systems. ...
In July 5th 2014 an occultation of Mars by the Moon was visible in South
America. Citizen scientists and professional astronomers in Colombia, Venezuela
and Chile performed a set of simple observations of the phenomenon aimed to
measure the speed of light and lunar distance. This initiative is part of the
so called "Aristarchus Campaign", a citizen astronomy project aimed to
reproduce observations and measurements made by astronomers of the past.
Participants in the campaign used simple astronomical instruments (binoculars
or small telescopes) and other electronic gadgets (cell-phones and digital
cameras) to measure occultation times and to take high resolution videos and
pictures. In this paper we describe the results of the Aristarchus Campaign. We
compiled 9 sets of observations from sites separated by distances as large as
2,500 km. We achieve at measuring the speed of light in vacuum and lunar
distance with uncertainties of few percent. The goal of the Aristarchus
Campaigns is not to provide improved values of well-known astronomical and
physical quantities, but to demonstrate how the public could be engaged in
scientific endeavors using simple instrumentation and readily available
technological devices. These initiatives could benefit amateur communities in
developing countries increasing their awareness towards their actual
capabilities for collaboratively obtaining useful astronomical data. This kind
of exercises would prepare them for facing future and more advanced
observational campaigns where their role could be crucial.
... Ancient methods used to measure the local Universe are common place in Astronomy and Physics textbooks 10 . Moreover, many efforts to use them as educational tools in the classroom have also been devised and published [11][12][13][14][15][16] . Today t plethora of advanced and accessible technological devices such as smartphones, tablets, digital cameras and precise clocks, is opening a new door to the realm of "do-ityourself-science" and from there to the possibility of measuring the local Universe by oneself. ...
We present the results of measuring the geocentric lunar distance using what
we propose is the simplest method to achieve a precise result. Although lunar
distance has been systematically measured to a precision of few millimeters
using powerful lasers and retroreflectors installed on the moon by the Apollo
missions, the method devised and applied here can be readily used by
nonscientist citizens (e.g. amateur astronomers or students) and it requires
only a good digital camera. After launching a citizen science project called
the Aristarchus Campaign, intended to involve astronomy enthusiasts in
scientific measurement of the Lunar Eclipse of 15 April 2014, we compiled and
measured a series of pictures obtained by one of us (J.C. Figueroa). These
measurements allowed us to estimate the lunar distance to a precision of 3%. We
describe here how to perform the measurements and the method to calculate from
them the geocentric lunar distance using only the pictures time stamps and a
precise measurement of the instantaneous lunar apparent diameter. Our aim here
is not to provide any improved measurement of a well-known astronomical
quantity, but rather to demonstrate how the public could be engaged in
scientific endeavors and how using simple instrumentation and readily available
technological devices such as smartphones and digital cameras, any person can
measure the local Universe as ancient astronomers did.
An accessible low cost method is proposed using the pair of images of the full Moon at estimated positions of horizon and the zenith to an observer to find the distance of the Moon from the Earth and its zenith angle from an observer on Earth without using any other sophisticated technologies. The proposed method utilizes the phenomenon of the flattening of Moon at horizon and uses the pixel difference of Moon at two perpendicular directions and does not require any other information of capturing device and procedures like camera related parameters, camera angles, hour angle or any other technical devices. Further to validate the results the obtained value of zenith angle is used to find the atmospheric refractive index of the Earth. As the proposed method only requires the pixel difference of the images of the moon at two positions (horizon and zenith), it can also be applied to the open source images to obtain the distance to moon, unknown position of the Moon in terms of zenith angle to the user and the refractive index of atmosphere at a given day and location.
Parte 1 - Meteorología y mecanica
En este libro se discuten un conjunto de experimentos de física, de bajo costo, que haciendo uso de las TIC’s (Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación), resaltan los aspectos metodológicos de la física y las ciencias en general. Los proyectos están orientados a estudiantes universitarios de ciencia e ingeniería, aunque algunos pueden ser usados en escuelas secundarias. Los experimentos apuntan a que los estudiantes puedan responder las preguntas: ¿cómo sabemos esto? ¿por qué creemos en aquello? Estas preguntas ilustran la naturaleza del pensamiento científico.
En los últimos años la calidad de las computadoras personales aumentó significativamente, lo que hace posible transformar estos equipos en un mini-laboratorio de importante sofisticación. En este libro se aprovechan estas ventajas, varios experimentos propuestos aquí no requieren más equipamiento que los dispositivos que regularmente están presentes en las computadoras personales estándares. Esto posibilita que muchas escuelas y universidades, aun con muy escasos recursos, puedan realizar experimentos con interesantes desafíos y que brindan un aprendizaje significativo; a la par de estimular el goce por la investigación y las ciencias.
Espero que este texto sirva de estímulo e inspiración para que los estudiantes de ciencias y la tecnología descubran el placer por la indagación y el descubrimiento.
Bienvenidos a esta aventura del pensamiento.
We present several experiments that can be done using a digital camera or a webcam, including the shapes of shadows cast by lampshades, the trajectories of water jets, the profile of a hanging chain, and caustic figures produced by the reflection of light on mirrors of different forms. The experiments allow for a simple and direct quantitative comparison between theory and experiment.
We present a simple and inexpensive experiment that illustrates how a digital camera or WebCam can be used in thelaboratory to carry out quantitative studies on the motion of a body in two dimensions. In particular, here we studiedthe case of projectile motion in two dimensions, when the effect of friction with the air is negligible and when it is not.In the first case, the results can be explained by the standard theory described in most basic texts of introductoryphysics. When the effect of friction with air is important, it is necessary to solve the equation of motion numerically.The experimental results in both cases can be successfully interpreted in terms of the corresponding theoreticalmodels. These experiments show how a simple digital camera can be converted into a useful and inexpensivelaboratory instrument to study several physical systems. This device can be used either in the context of a basicphysics laboratory at university level or to carry out experiments in high school classrooms.
How to maintain student interest in class? Keep a collection of interesting diversionary topics on hand. One such topic: the surprising astronomical discoveries made more than 2000 years ago by the Greek mathematician, Artistarchus.
A simple indoor exercise to obtain the value of the Earth–Moon distance, in terms of the Earth’s radius, is described. The student measures on a photograph the ratio of the diameter of the Moon to the diameter of the shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse. A simple but adequate reduction of the measurement is given.
Tanto comerciales (http://www.skymaps.com/store/index.html) como gratuitos
- Existen Numerosos Programas Que Permiten Simular Un Planetario En La Computadora
Existen numerosos programas que permiten simular un
planetario en la computadora. Tanto comerciales
(http://www.skymaps.com/store/index.html) como gratuitos
(http://www.winstars.net/english/index.html).