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A Taxonomic Revision of the Saki Monkeys, Pithecia Desmarest, 1804
Abstract and Figures
For more than 200 years, the taxonomy of Pithecia has been floating on the misunderstanding of a few species, in particular P. pithecia and P. monachus. In this revision, historical names and descriptions are addressed and original type material is examined. For every museum specimen, all location, collection, and museum data were recorded, and photographs and measurements of each skin, skull, mount, or fluid specimen were taken. The revision is based on work conducted in 36 museums in 28 cities from 17 countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Japan, resulting in the examination of 876 skins (including mounts and fluids), 690 skulls, and hundreds of photographs taken by the author and by colleagues in the field of living captive and wild sakis of all species, and through internet searches. Per this revision, there are 16 species of Pithecia: five currently recognized, three reinstated, three elevated from subspecies level, and five newly described.
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... New data extending the areas of occurrence have been published for the titi monkey Plecturocebus cinerascens by Noronha et al. (2007a, b), the owl monkey Aotus vociferans by Vidal et al. (2013), the Amazonian marmosets Mico emiliae by Andrade et al. (2018), M. melanurus by Gusmão et al. (2020), the gracile capuchin monkey Cebus unicolor by Gusmão et al. (2017), and another titi monkey, Plecturocebus baptista, which has had its distribution significantly enlarged across the area of its congener P. hoffmannsi, which are now known to occur sympatry in this area (Printes et al. 2018;Rocha et al. 2019). Recent rediscovered species include the tamarin Leontocebus cruzlimai by Sampaio et al. (2015) and the saki monkey Pithecia vanzolinii by Nunes and Serrano-Villavicencio (2017), the latter inspired to search for it following the publication of Marsh (2014). These are from the Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas, respectively, with the previous last record for the latter being in 1956. ...
... Taxonomic revisions and updates have resulted in an increase in the number of Neotropical primate taxa, for example in the genera Saguinus (see Gregorin and Vivo 2013), Tamarinus (see Lopes et al. 2023), Pithecia (see Marsh 2014;Serrano-Villavivencio et al. 2019), and titi monkeys (see Garbino 2013;Byrne et al. 2016). Boubli et al. (2018) raised the two Cebuella subspecies to species. ...
... Gregorin and Vivo (2013) revalidated the species Saguinus ursulus, separating it from Saguinus niger, with S. ursulus restricted to the right margin of the Rio Tocantins and S. niger to the left. Marsh (2014) published an extensive revision of the genus Pithecia based on morphological characters. Prior to this study there were six recognized saki monkey taxa in Brazil, the revision proposed six further taxa for the region. ...
Our aim is to provide an update about what we know and do not know about primates in Brazilian Amazonia, as well as to highlight key threats and to identify research and conservation priorities. Here, we provide a history of primatology in the Brazilian Amazon and a literature review of primate research locations there between 1968 and 2018. Most of the 558 studies identified occurred along the larger navigable rivers, with interfluvial terra firma forests relatively neglected and insufficiently surveyed. Population surveys are needed in the interfluvia of the larger rivers, such as the Tapajós-Xingu interfluvium, and headwaters of the larger rivers and their tributaries near the borders of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, as well as in northern parts of Mato Grosso and Pará. Even noninterfluvial areas such as coastal eastern Amazonia are in urgent need of inventories. Despite much recent progress, we still need to invest in more genetic research along with traditional ecology. The high deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon warns that efficient measures to curb forest loss must be implemented in the short to medium term to avoid the extinction of primate populations and species, since 36 primates there are now ranked as threatened with extinction.
... The range of Mittermeier's saki monkey (Pithecia mittermeieri) (Primates: Platirrhini) was originally proposed to extend throughout the region east of the Madeira River up to the Juruena River as well as along the entire Guaporé River (Marsh, 2014). It had been suggested by Miranda-Ribeiro (1914), Hershkovitz (1987) and Sampaio et al. (2012) that the taxon that corresponds to the modern P. mittermeieri also exists east of the Juruena River. ...
... It had been suggested by Miranda-Ribeiro (1914), Hershkovitz (1987) and Sampaio et al. (2012) that the taxon that corresponds to the modern P. mittermeieri also exists east of the Juruena River. However, this distribution was not followed by Marsh (2014), who instead restricted its distribution to the region west of this river. The name Pithecia mittermeieri is deployed here, despite questions about the validity of the Pithecia taxonomy of Marsh (2014) raised by Serrano-Vilavicencio et al. (2019). ...
... five individuals, including one juvenile and four adults and subadults in the second. Subsequently, locality records available in Sampaio et al. (2012), Marsh (2014), Gusmão and Santos-Filho (2015) and Orsini et al. (2017) were compiled along with those from the current study in order to produce a map with all known records for the species (Fig. 1). The corresponding updated species occurrence records are provided in Table 1. ...
... Pithecia aequatorialis Hershkovitz, 1987 Monotípica / monotypic Saki ecuatorial / Equatorial Saki (Tirira, 2017(Tirira, , 2023 61. Pithecia milleri J. A. Allen, 1914 Monotípica / monotypic Saki de Miller / Miller's Saki (Marsh, 2014) 62. Pithecia napensis (Lönnberg, 1938) Monotípica / monotypic Saki del Napo / Napo Saki (Marsh, 2014) Familia Atelidae ...
... Pithecia aequatorialis Hershkovitz, 1987 Monotípica / monotypic Saki ecuatorial / Equatorial Saki (Tirira, 2017(Tirira, , 2023 61. Pithecia milleri J. A. Allen, 1914 Monotípica / monotypic Saki de Miller / Miller's Saki (Marsh, 2014) 62. Pithecia napensis (Lönnberg, 1938) Monotípica / monotypic Saki del Napo / Napo Saki (Marsh, 2014) Familia Atelidae ...
We present a new update of the official list of mammals of Ecuador. We follow a taxonomic order for the supra-generic categories, but alphabetical for the lower levels. We incorporate and point out the taxonomic changes that have occurred since the last version published in December 2023. For the elaboration of this list we kept a constant review of the scientific publications generated and the taxonomic changes occurred. The current version of the list of mammals of Ecuador includes 471 native species belonging to 13 orders, 53 families and 214 genera; among the main changes is the addition of two species to the Ecuadorian fauna (Cyttarops alecto and Lontra annectens); also noteworthy is the revalidation of the genus Pudella (instead of Pudu), the synonymization of the genus Vicugna with Lama and the taxonomic changes of other species (Saimiri macrodon, Oecomys galvez, O. paricola, Myotis osculatii, M. oxyotus, Leopardus pardinoides, and Lontra longicaudis). The mammalian orders with the highest species richness in Ecuador are Chiroptera (182), Rodentia (134), Artiodactyla (41) and Carnivora (37). We also document 27 additional species that are expected or potential for the Ecuadorian fauna. In addition, we list the subspecies (143) that correspond to the mammals of Ecuador, endemic species (62), extinct (3), recorded in the Ecuadorian Antarctic zone (11) and those introduced into the country (17).
... For observational records, the species identifications are based on the phenotype of the specimens. The identifications follow the latest review of the taxonomy and distribution of neotropical primates (Mittermeier et al., 2013) and the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2022). All the records were transformed into decimal degrees using the speciesLink geographical coordinate converter (http://splink.cria.org.br/conversor?criaLANG=en, last access: 15 January 2023) and plotted on a map using QGIS (2023). ...
... Based on current knowledge of the taxonomy and distribution of neotropical primates (Mittermeier et al., 2013;IUCN, 2022), our records clarify the range and population dynamics of eight species: Alouatta puruensis Lönnberg, 1941, A. discolor (Spix, 1823, Ateles chamek (Humboldt and Bonpland, 1811), At. marginatus (St.-Hilaire, 1809), Plecturocebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg, 1807), P. hoffmannsi (Thomas, 1908), P. baptista (Lönnberg, 1939), and Saimiri collinsi Osgood, 1916. One of our records of Alouatta puruensis is on Table 2). ...
The so-called arc of deforestation is a major agricultural and industrial frontier in southern Amazonia and northern Cerrado of Brazil. As arboreal mammals, the primates in this region are therefore threatened by forest loss and fragmentation. At the same time, knowledge about the taxonomic diversity and distribution ranges of these taxa is incomplete, which might hamper efficient conservation measurements. New species have been recently discovered in this region, and their ranges remain imprecise because only a few occurrence records are available for each species. Here we present 192 new records of 22 species and subspecies of Alouatta, Aotus, Ateles, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Leontocebus, Pithecia, Plecturocebus, Saimiri, and Sapajus, collected in 56 different localities during 10 field expeditions across the arc of deforestation between 2015 and 2018. Based on these new records, we extend the ranges of Alouatta puruensis, Ateles chamek, and Saimiri collinsi; identify potential hybridization zones between A. puruensis and A. discolor, and between At. chamek and At. marginatus; redefine the range of Plecturocebus moloch; and clarify the ranges of P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi. Moreover, these results and the dataset are valuable for further research on, for example, species distribution and habitat use modeling, for assessing species extinction risks, and for supporting efforts for the conservation of species increasingly threatened on a global deforestation frontier. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH (DPZ). 2 R. Costa-Araújo et al.: A dataset of new occurrence records of primates from the arc of deforestation, Brazil
... We cannot with any certainty exclude the presence of a second species of saki monkey, Pithecia rylandsi, or Lagothrix lagothricha. Pithecia rylandsi has been recorded at various locations surrounding the Las Piedras tributary (Marsh 2014), and there are no clear geographical boundaries between those sites and our study area. According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2022), L. lagothricha also occurs along the Las Piedras River (Marsh et al. 2021). ...
Several mammal inventories have been reported from the lowland Amazon of Madre de Dios, Peru, but few have been reported for the Las Piedras River. Here we present a list of mammal species from the Las Piedras River. Over a period of seven years (2013–2020), we recorded the presence of mammal species, excluding bats and small rodents, using camera traps and opportunistic sightings. Our study area was near the Huascar-Las Piedras River confluence, 58 km north of the Madre de Dios River and covering an area of 22,430 ha. We recorded 60 species belonging to seven orders, 26 families, and 53 genera, including novel records for the Las Piedras tributary. Notable records reported include Leopardus cf. tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776), Saguinus imperator subgrisecens (Lönnberg, 1940), Cebuella niveiventris (Lönnberg, 1940), Cyclopes thomasi (Linnaeus, 1758), Coendou ichillus Voss & da Silva, 2001, and Caluromys lanatus (Olfers, 1818).
... Los monos voladores o sakis, comprenden las especies de menor tamaño entre los Pitheciines y son considerados habitantes típicos de los bosques de varzea, igapó y tierra firme en la Amazonía (Rylands, 1988;Rylands y Mittermeier, 2009). Pithecia milleri, descrita como una especie separada de P. monachus en 1914 por Allen, fue remitida a subespecie de P. monachus por Hershkovitz (1987), criterio aceptado para las poblaciones de Colombia por Defler (2004); siendo elevada de nuevo al estatus específico por Marsh (2014). Es poca la información que en la actualidad existe sobre esta especie, considerada a la fecha en la categoría Datos Deficientes (DD) por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (Marsh, 2015); dicho desconocimiento, sumado a la degradación por deforestación de los ambientes que ocupa en la porción de su distribución en Colombia, son las principales amenazas para este taxón. ...
We present a new update of the official list of mammals of Ecuador. We follow a taxonomic order for the supra-generic categories, but alphabetical for the lower levels. We incorporate and point out the taxonomic changes that have occurred since the last version published in June 2024. For the elaboration of this list we kept a constant review of the scientific publications generated and the taxonomic changes occurred. The current version of the list of mammals of Ecuador includes 475 native species belonging to 13 orders, 53 families and 214 genera; among the main changes is the addition of three new species of Andean mice of the genus Thomasomys, two of them new to science; also highlights the taxonomic revision of the nine-banded armadillos, which now includes two species for the country, one on each side of the Andes; also is important the change of the genus Handleyomys to Casiomys; additionally, the names of two species, Pudella mephistophila and Balaenoptera brydei, whose corrected names are Pudella mephistophiles and Balaenoptera edeni, have been corrected. The mammalian orders with the highest species richness in Ecuador are Chiroptera (182), Rodentia (137), Artiodactyla (41) and Carnivora (37). We also documented 38 additional species that are expected or potential for the Ecuadorian fauna. In addition, we list the subspecies (143) that correspond to the mammals of Ecuador, endemic species (64), extinct species (3), species recorded in the Ecuadorian Antarctic zone (11) and those introduced into the country (17).
Herein I confirm the presence of Pithecia aequatorialis in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The discovery of seven records, five corresponding to specimens deposited in museums and two from photographs taken in the field in the last decade, confirmed its presence in the province of Pastaza, between the Curaray River (right bank), to the north, and Bobonaza (left bank, middle course) and Conambo rivers (left bank, middle and lower course), to the south, in an altitudinal range of 180 to 405 m. These records extend the previously known distribution for the species in the Peruvian Amazon by more than 200 km to the west. I suggest carrying out further field studies to confirm the southern and western limits of the distribution of this primate.
We report results from the first systematic survey and ecological observations of primates of the Área de Conservación Privada Panguana (ACPP), located in Peruvian Amazonia between the Sira Mountains, the eastern slopes of the Andes and, the Gran Pajonal. Seven primate species (Leontocebus leucogenys, Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis, Cebus yuracus, Aotus nigriceps, Alouatta seniculus, Plecturocebus discolor, Pithecia inusta) were encountered during the study. Their group sizes were within ranges reported for the same or for related species at other sites, but tended to range at the lower end of group size values. No habitat preferences were detected except for L. leucogenys and S. boliviensis peruviensis who were more frequently encountered around or within forest gaps. Plant species or genera consumed during our observations coincide with species and genera reported from other areas, and several are also used by humans. ACPP is an important natural refuge in a landscape otherwise that is increasingly altered by human activities.
Acidentes com serpentes peçonhentas são um problema de saúde pública que anualmente vitima 2.5 milhões de pessoas, no entanto, apenas recentemente foram considerados pela World Health Organization – WHO como uma doença amplamente negligenciada por países tropicais e subtropicais em desenvolvimento (WHO, 2009). Nestas regiões, estes eventos afetam principalmente a população rural em condições precárias de tratamento por antiveneno, acarretando altas taxas anuais de invalidez e mortalidade de cerca de 250 mil vítimas com seqüelas e 85 mil óbitos (WARREL, 2010; WHO, 2009). HARRISON et al. (2009) analisando dados de acidentes ofídicos para mais de uma centena de países demonstraram relação robusta das mortes com indicadores socioeconômicos de pobreza, encontrado associação negativa entre estas mortes e o gasto público com saúde. Na maior parte, os acidentes ofídicos acometem trabalhadores agrícolas no desempenho das atividades de subsistência, sendo uma doença ocupacional que impacta negativamente a produção de alimentos e conseqüentemente, a economia destes países (WARREL, 2010; HARRISON et al., 2009; WHO, 2009).
A friend of Charles Darwin and a social activist respected by John Stuart Mill, Alfred R. Wallace (1823–1913) was an outstanding nineteenth-century intellectual. Wallace, renowned in his time as the co-discoverer of natural selection, was a young schoolteacher when he began his exciting career as an explorer-naturalist, and set off for Brazil in 1848 with Henry Walter Bates. A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro (1853) is the stimulating and engaging result of this first expedition and a precursor to his best-selling Malay Archipelago (1869). The depth and breadth of Wallace's observations in this book as naturalist, anthropologist and geologist are remarkable, and it is tantalising to learn that half his notes and 'the greater part of [his] collections and sketches' were lost at sea when his ship was burned on his voyage home.
This volume was created initially from a symposium of the same name presented at the International Primatological Society's XVIII Congress in Adelaide. South Australia. 6-12 January 2000. Many of the authors who have contributed to this text could not attend the symposium. so this has become another vehicle for the rapidly growing discipline of Fragmentation Science among primatologists. Fragmentation has quickly become a field separate from general ecology. which underscores the severity of the situation since we as a planet are rapidly losing habitat of all types to human disturbance. Getting ecologists. particularly primatologists. to admit that they study in fragments is not easy. In the field of primatology. one studies many things. but rarely do those things (genetics. behavior. population dynamics) get called out as studies in fragmentation. For some reason "fragmentation primatologists" fear that our work is somehow "not as good" as those who study in continuous habitat. We worry that perhaps our subjects are not demonstrating as robust behaviors as they "should" given fragmented or disturbed habitat conditions. I had a colleague openly state that she did not work in fragmented forests. that she merely studied behavior when it was clear that her study sites. everyone of them. was isolated habitat. Our desire to be just another link in the data chain for wild primates is so strong that it makes us deny what kinds of habitats we are working in. However.
A world of categones devmd of spirit waits for life to return. Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift The stock-in-trade of communicating hypotheses about the historical path of evolution is a graphical representation called a phylogenetic tree. In most such graphics, pairs of branches diverge from other branches, successively marching across abstract time toward the present. To each branch is tied a tag with a name, a binominal symbol that functions as does the name given to an individual human being. On phylogenetic trees the names symbolize species. What exactly do these names signify? What kind of information is communicated when we claim to have knowledge of the following types? "Tetonius mathewzi was ancestral to Pseudotetonius ambiguus. " "The sample of fossils attributed to Homo habzlis is too variable to contain only one species. " "Interbreeding populations of savanna baboons all belong to Papio anubis. " "Hylobates lar and H. pileatus interbreed in zones of geographic overlap. " While there is nearly universal agreement that the notion of the speczes is fundamental to our understanding of how evolution works, there is a very wide range of opinion on the conceptual content and meaning of such particular statements regarding species. This is because, oddly enough, evolutionary biolo gists are quite far from agreement on what a species is, how it attains this status, and what role it plays in evolution over the long term.
This book is number two in a series for Primates in Fragments. In this volume, ten years after the first http://www.springer.com/social+sciences/anthropology+%26+archaeology/book/978-0-306-47696-9, we continue to address issues regarding primates within a fractured landscape. There are seven sections based on specific categories of primates in fragments. In the Introductory section, authors discuss the issues surrounding primates in remnant habitats as well as encourage discussion about what we mean by fragmentation on a landscape scale. In the Long-Term and Regional Studies section, authors present information on changes that have occurred during longer studies as well as changes that have occurred over regions. In the Landscape, Metapopulations and the Matrix section, authors cover topics from dry to moist forests, and from metapopulations to single species use of multiple fragments locations. In Feeding and Behavioral Ecology, authors take a closer look at the flexibility and responsiveness of primates in fragments in terms of their food choices, resource use, and behavioral changes. In Endemic, Endangered, and Nocturnal Primates authors uncover details involving critical primates living in major city centers to the heights of the Himalayas. In Genetics, Disease and Parasites authors cover topics including population viability, disease and parasite transmission between primates in fragments and humans. Finally, in the Conservation and Ecology: Threats and Management section, we synthesize information in this volume and make recommendations for the future of work in this field and the survivability of primates in fragments. © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013. All rights are reserved.