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Inhibitory Effect of Ginger Extract on Candida albicans

Authors:
Zahra Atai at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Zahra Atai
Atapour Manijeh
Atapour Manijeh
Atapour Manijeh
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Mohseni Maryam
Mohseni Maryam
Mohseni Maryam
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Abstract and Figures

Problem statement: To investigate the antifungal activity of zingiber offcinale (Ginger) on Candida albicans this study was designed based on laboratory investigations. Approach: Candida albicanse (PTCC 5027, ATCC...) was obtained from Iranian microbial collection and was confirmed by Germ Tube formation test. Ethanolic ginger extract was prepared. The antifungal activity of the extract was determined using Agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extract was effective on Candida albicans (2 mg mL1) at the concentration of 1:5. Conclusion/Recommendations: The study indicates that ginger extract might be promising in treatment of oral candidiasis.
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American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 (6): 1067-1069, 2009
ISSN 1546-9239
© 2009 Science Publications
Corresponding Author: Zahra Atai, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
1067
Inhibitory Effect of Ginger Extract on Candida albicans
1
Zahra Atai,
2
Manijeh Atapour and
3
Maryam Mohseni
1
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2
Clinical Laboratory Doctor, Neuroscience Research Center,
Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3
Dentist, Farhangian Dental Clinic, Khajoo Street, Kerman, Iran
Abstract:Problem statement:The fungal infections could be life-threatening in immunocompromised
patients. Candida albicans is the most frequent fungi in the oral cavity. Approach: The first step for
treatment could be done using topical antifungal agents. Nystatine is a choice for mentioned usage but
there are some problems in its using including: unfavorite taste, frequency of usage, etc. Finding better
replacements is the subject of many studies. Results: This study was carried out to find an alternative
for Nystatine. The study was designed based on laboratory investigations to investigate the antifungal
activity of zingiber offcinale (Ginger) on Candida albicans. Candida albicanse (PTCC 5027,
ATCC10231) was obtained from Iranian microbial collection and was confirmed by Germ Tube
formation test. Ethanolic ginger extract was prepared. The antifungal activity of the extract was
determined using Agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test.
Conclusion/Recommendations:The results showed that the ethanolic extract was effective on
Candida albicans (2 mg mL
−1
) at the concentration of 1:5. The study indicates that ginger extract
might have promise in treatment of oral candidiasis.
Key words: Zingiber officinale, antifungal activity, Candida albicans
INTRODUCTION
The incidence of serious infections caused by
yeast, particularly species of Candida, has increased
dramatically during the past decade. Oral candidiasis,
formerly dismissed as an simple infection occurring in
denture wearers, is now one of the most common
opportunistic infections in immunocompromised
patients such those undergoing chemo therapy, HIV-
infected persons and transplant recipients
[1,2]
.
There are topical and systemic antifungal agents
that may be indicated to control oral candidiasis, but,
the development of resistance is an emerging trend that
may threaten their clinical effectiveness
[1-4]
. For
millions of people that traditional medicine serves as
the only opportunity for health care, plants are vital
sources. Safety and lower side effects of many herbal
extracts have also suggested them as sources of new
pharmaceuticals
[5-8]
. History of ginger and its
applications are well documented
[9,10]
. It has been in
medical use since ancient times. Ginger is listed in
modern pharmacopoeias and repertories and has a wide
range of confirmed pharmacological properties
[11-13]
.
More recently studies have shown the antifungal
properties of ginger extract, Gingerol
[13]
.
In this study the antifungal activities of ethanolic
extract of the rhizomes of “zingiber officinale” on
Candida albicans was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The fungi used in this study, Candida albicans
(PTCC 5027 and ATCC 10231), was purchased
from Iranian microbial collection (Tehran, Iran).
Candida albicans was cultured and maintained on
subouraud’s dextrose agar medium at 30°C. Inoculums
of yeast like fungi were prepared for disc diffusion
assays. Sterile 705 mm diameter paper discs (3M, USA)
were impregnated with 2 mg (10 µL) ethanolic plant
extract, allowed to air dry and placed face down on the
inoculated agar surface. Nystatin solution 100000U/CC
used as positive control. Discs impregnated with 10 µL
of 1% normal saline and allowed to air dry served as
negative control. Plates were then incubated at 30°C in
dark for 48 h, after which the diameter of the fungal
Am. J. Applied Sci., 6 (6): 1067-1069, 2009
1068
growth inhibition zone was measured. The well
containing the highest dilution of ginger extract that
still showed a zone of inhibition around it was
considered to be MIC
[14,15]
.
Extracts was prepared by blending approximately
500 g of the preserved plant material in 99%
ethanol (1:3 (W/V) ratio). The mixture was filtered
and the filtrate was retained and the residue was again
stored in fresh ethanol and processed as above. The
filtrates were collected and the solvent was rotary
evaporated at 45°C to near dryness, whereupon the
extract was freeze-dried for 48 h to achieve complete
dryness.
The process yielded approximately 35-45 g of
dried extract. The dried extract (200 mg) was
reconstituted in 1 mL of 99% ethanol for a final
concentration of 10 mg mL
−1
for antifungal disk assays.
Data were analyzed by ANOVA test.
RESULTS
The ginger extract was effective in inhibiting the
growth of Candida albicanse. The positive control
(Nystatin) produced significantly sized inhibition
zones with Candida albicans, while the negative
control produce no observable zones. The inhibitory
zone was measured with respect to the extract
concentration in 24 and 48 h. This assay showed that
the inhibitory zone was reduced while decreasing the
concentration (Fig. 1).
There was significant difference between the
extract and Nystatin in their inhibition activity in
comparison with Candida albicanse (p<0.01).
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the ginger
extract was obtained for the concentration at 2 mg mL
−1
(1:5 dilution).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1
1/5
1/25
1/125
1/625
1/3125
1/15625
Extract dilution (mg dL)
Inhibitory zone (mm
2
Ginger 24 h
Ginger 48 h
Nystatin 24 h Nystatin 48 h
Fig. 1: Inhibitory zone in comparison with dilution
DISCUSSION
Members of the Zingiberaceae family are
important in traditional medicine for the treatment of
many diseases such as inflammation, morning
sickness in pregnancy and many infective diseases.
Significant antifungal activities were evident with
extracts from members of the Zingiberaceae
[16-18]
. This
study showed that the extract of rhizomes of
Z.officinale has pronounced inhibitory activities against
Candida albicans. This result is comparable with other
studies
[5,9,10,12]
suggesting that different antifungal
agents are present in the Ginger extract. In the ginger
rhizome there are several components which have
antibacterial and anti fungal effects. The gingerol and
shagelol identified as more active agents
[13]
.
Ginger extract containing Gingerol inhibits the
growth of many bacteria and fungi in vitro and the
activity might be contributed to the preventive effects
of its different agents
[13,18-21]
.
Recent studies have focused on the effect of Ginger
on the oral bacteria and fungi. Park et al. showed that
crude extract of the ginger can inhibit the growth of oral
bacteria in vitro
[23]
which is in good agreement with our
results.
CONCLUSION
Antifungal activity of the ginger extract has been
reported before
[1-13]
. Our study focused on the effect of
ginger extract on the oral species of Candida (Albicans)
and showed the significant anticandidal effect the
extract. Although species belonging to the
Zingiberaceae family are generally regarded safe for
human consumption
[22]
, further bio-assay guided
analysis and clinical trial studies are required to
approve it as an anti fungal agent for oral species. Our
results suggest the ginger components as promising
candidates for development of antifungal agents for
topical applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to thank the Kerman
University of Medical Sciences (vice chancellor for
research) for sponsorship of the field research (Grant
number: 83/53).
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Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
This study involved extracting the of alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid isolated from Capsicum frutescens L. fruits on Candida albican ,. It also involved test a phytochemical screen and determine the percentage yield of the alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid, Capsicum annuum L . was collected from the Karbala City, that approximately 24 hours to extract using Soxhlet apparatus with 400 ml of Methanol Alcohol Solvent in a 1000 ml Flask, and evaporation by rotary evaporation 40C° for drying, and storage at 4C° until use, indicate results that Percentage yield of Alcohol and volatile oils extracted was (3.8% and 4.1%), showing alcohol extract that high positive reaction with used reagent, Alkaloid, Phenol, Glycoside, and Flavonoid, Saponin and tannin. While volatile oil extract revealed positive results for Alkaloid, Glycoside, Flavonoid, tannin and Phenol while and Saponin indicate negative results. The antifungal effects of alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid depended on different concentration, The alcohol extract’s inhibition zone measured 11.12 mm and had a 20 mg/ml concentration, while concentration 40 mg/ml was inhibition zone 12.34mm while concentration 80 mg/ml was inhibition zone 13.65mm, while concentration 100 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.76 mm, while The inhibition zone of volatile oil extract was 12.76 mm in concentration 0.5 mg/ml, while concentration 0.1 mg/ml was inhibition zone 14.75mm, while concentration 1 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.76, while concentration 2 mg/ml was inhibition zone 18.65 mm, Alkaloid’s inhibition zone measured 12.34 mm at concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 14.13 mm in those of 5 mg/ml. while concentration 10 mg/ml was inhibition zone 15.98mm, while concentration 15 mg/ml was inhibition zone 20.12 mm. The aim from this study is to determine the best extract (alcohol extract, volatile oil and alkaloid ) isolated from Capsicum frutescens L. fruits on Candida albican .
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Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants in vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review on randomized clinical trials
Article
  • Jan 2024
Introduction Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), characterized by cheesy vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse and itching is the fungal infection of female genital tract. Candida albicans is the common causative agent for this condition followed by many non- albicans Candida species. Due to the greater concern of drug resistance in Candida species, many alternative therapeutic methods have been proposed, including the use of various plant extracts. The alternate methods are effective in treating the symptomatic cases by reducing the clinical symptoms and Candida load. The objective of this review is to explore the therapeutic effectiveness of various plant extracts in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Materials and methods A literature survey was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar to find relevant clinical trials on vulvovaginal candidiasis. After the removal of duplicates, a total of 21 clinical trials were considered to evaluate the anti- Candida activity of medicinal plant products against vulvovaginal candidiasis. Results The results of the clinical trials show that, the extracts from Curcuma longa , Zingiber officinale , Allium sativum , Zataria multiflora and Lawsonia inermis have showed potent anti- Candida activity and many other plant products were found to be as effective as the conventional drugs used. Conclusion Due to the limited number of clinical trials available, it is difficult to come to a conclusion regarding the clinical effectiveness of various plant extracts in the effective treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. So, more research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of each of these plant extracts as therapeutic alternatives to treat this condition.
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In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite
Article
  • Jan 2004
  • ORAL SURG ORAL MED O
The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of 0.2%, 1%, and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX gel and CHX liquid), against endodontic pathogens and compare the results with the ones achieved by 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 4%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). A broth dilution test was performed, and the timing for irrigants to kill microbial cells was recorded and statistically analyzed. Both 2.0% gel and liquid formulations eliminated Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in 15 seconds, whereas the gel formulation killed Enterococcus faecalis in 1 minute. All tested irrigants eliminated Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia in 15 seconds. The timing required for 1.0% and 2.0% CHX liquid to eliminate all microorganisms was the same required for 5.25% NaOCl. The antimicrobial action is related to type, concentration, and presentation form of the irrigants as well as the microbial susceptibility.
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Screening of Zingiberaceae extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
Article
  • Nov 2000
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of 13 Zingiberaceae species from the Alpinia, Costus and Zingiber genera were screened for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of most of the extracts was antibacterial with only the methanol extract of Costus discolor showing very potent antifungal activity against only Aspergillus ochraceous (MID, 15.6 microg per disc). All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity comparable with or higher that of alpha-tocopherol.
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Structures of antifungal diarylheptenones, gingerenones A, B, C and isogingerenone B, isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale
Article
  • Dec 1990
  • PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Four new diarylheptenones, 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one (gingerenone A), 7-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hept-4-en-3-one(gingerenone B), 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one (isogingerenone B) and 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hept-4-en-3-one (gingerenone C) have been isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, and their structures established by spectral methods and some chemical transformations. The results indicate the similarity in the metabolic fates of the curcuminoid constituents to those of the arylalkanoids (dehydrogingerdione → gingerol → shogaol) of zingiberaceous plants. Gingerenone A exhibited a moderate anticoccidium activity in vitro and a strong antifungal effect to Pyricularia oryzae.
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A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and Ibuprofen in osteoarthritis
Article
  • Jan 2000
Alternative medicine is used extensively by patients with chronic pain due to e.g., osteoarthritis. Only few of these drugs have be tested in a controlled setting and the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ginger extract, one of the most popular herbal medications. Ginger extract was compared to placebo and Ibuprofen in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee in a controlled, double blind, double dummy, cross-over study with a wash-out period of one week followed by three treatment periods in a randomized sequence, each of three weeks duration. Acetaminophen was used as rescue medication throughout the study. The study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (European Guideline for GCP). A ranking of efficacy of the three treatment periods: Ibuprofen>ginger extract>placebo was found for visual analogue scale of pain (Friedman test: 24.65, P< 0.00001) and the Lequesne-index (Friedman test: 20.76, P< 0.00005). In the cross-over study, no significant difference between placebo and ginger extract could be demonstrated (Siegel-Castellan test), while explorative tests of differences in the first treatment period showed a better effect of both Ibuprofen and ginger extract than placebo (Chi-square, P< 0.05). There were no serious adverse events reported during the periods with active medications. In the present study a statistically significant effect of ginger extract could only be demonstrated by explorative statistical methods in the first period of treatment before cross-over, while a significant difference was not observed in the study as a whole.
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Antibacterial Activity of Gingerol isolated from Ginger Rhizome Against Periodontal Bacteria
Article
  • Nov 2008
  • PHYTOTHER RES
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been used widely as a food spice and an herbal medicine. In particular, its gingerol-related components have been reported to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties, as well as several pharmaceutical properties. However, the effective ginger constituents that inhibit the growth of oral bacteria associated with periodontitis in the human oral cavity have not been elucidated. This study revealed that the ethanol and n-hexane extracts of ginger exhibited antibacterial activities against three anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 53978, Porphyromonas endodontalis ATCC 35406 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611, causing periodontal diseases. Thereafter, five ginger constituents were isolated by a preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic method from the active silica-gel column chromatography fractions, elucidated their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and their antibacterial activity evaluated. In conclusion, two highly alkylated gingerols, [10]-gingerol and [12]-gingerol effectively inhibited the growth of these oral pathogens at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 6-30 microg/mL. These ginger compounds also killed the oral pathogens at a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) range of 4-20 microg/mL, but not the other ginger compounds 5-acetoxy-[6]-gingerol, 3,5-diacetoxy-[6]-gingerdiol and galanolactone.
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Ethnopharmacological investigation of Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Article
  • Dec 1989
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
An ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale was investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial and hypoglycaemic activities. In rats, the extract reduced carrageenan-induced paw swelling and yeast-induced fever but was ineffective in suppressing the writhing induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid. The extract produced blood glucose lowering in rabbits. The growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was significantly inhibited. A dose-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin release effect was observed using rat peritoneal leucocytes.
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In vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against Candida species
Article
  • Feb 1999
  • ORAL SURG ORAL MED O
Antimicrobial mouthrinses may represent a valid alternative to topical antifungal agents. However, the action of antimicrobials could be affected by the different ingredients incorporated into mouthrinse products. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal and fungicidal activities of antimicrobials alone. A broth macrodilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 antimicrobial agents against Candida species. Minimum fungicidal concentration was also determined. All antimicrobials showed antifungal activity against all tested organisms, but cetylpyridinium chloride received significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (P < .005). Cetylpyridinium chloride also showed a greater fungicidal activity than chlorhexidine digluconate and hexetidine (P< .005), whereas sanguinarine chloride appeared to be less fungicidal against most of the isolates tested. These findings suggest that cetylpyridinium chloride may be used as a topical antifungal agent. Clinical trials are now required to assess its value in the management of oral candidosis.
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Antimicrobial activity of extracts of herbal plants used in the traditional medicine of Jordan
Article
  • Apr 1999
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
Petroleum ether, ethanol, butanol, and aqueous crude extracts of the whole aerial parts of nine plants exhibited variable degrees of antimicrobial activity against four bacterial and three fungal species. Methanol and hexane extracts did not show any activity. Compared with standard antibiotics, extracts had low to moderate activity. The activity spectrum is wide against gram-positive and negative bacteria as well as fungi tested. However, the butanol extracts at 4 mg/disc of Ononis spinosa (OS), Bryonia syriaca (BS) had high moderate antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme and Candida albicans relative to miconazole nitrate at 40 microg/disc. Furthermore, higher antibacterial activity was observed though low to moderate compared with streptomycin and very comparable with chloramphenicol. Cyclaman persicum (CP) petroleum ether extracts only exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity.
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The safety of ginger extract in the rat
Article
  • Jan 2001
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
In three different studies on rats, the effects of a patented standardised ginger extract, EV.EXT 33, on blood glucose, blood coagulation, blood pressure and heart rate were investigated. EV.EXT 33 had no significant effect on blood glucose levels at the doses used. It also had no significant effects on coagulation parameters or on Warfarin-induced changes in blood coagulation, indicating that it did not interact with Warfarin. EV.EXT 33 neither decreases systolic blood pressure nor increases heart rate in the rat. As also seen from the literature, ginger is thus pharmacologically safe regarding the investigated aspects.
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