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Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl from Iran
Abstract
The essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) was isolated by of the aerial parts of the plant, with a yield of 0.25%. The chemical composition of volatile oil was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. The main components were germacrene-D (13.2%), β-phellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%), myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%) and Z-β-ocimene (5.8%).
... The decoction of the leaves and flowers is being used by the tribal people of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari for treatment of skin infection, menorrhagia and anti-bacterial [9]. Phytochemical investigations established the presence of various mono-and sesquiterpenes in its essential oils [10,11] and phenylethanoid glycosides, verbascoside and lavandulifoliaside in the plant extract [12]. This genus contains different natural product classes, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes [13][14][15], saponins [16], flavonoids, bioflavonoids, glycosides and phenolic acid [17]. ...
... This genus contains different natural product classes, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes [13][14][15], saponins [16], flavonoids, bioflavonoids, glycosides and phenolic acid [17]. The essential oil of aerial part of S. lavandulifolia was also analyzed by GC/MS method and germacrene-D (13.2%), βphellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%), myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%), as well as Z-β-ocimene (5.8%) reported as main components of the essential oil [11]. The main components in the essential oil of S. byzantine were identified piperitenon (9.9%), 6,10,14-trimethyl pentadecan-2-one (6.4%) and n-tricosane (6.4%) [18]. ...
... In 2004, Sajjadi and Somae reported the major compounds of essential oil of S. inflate were germacrene D (16.9%), bicyclogermacrene (16.6%), -pinene (11.3%), phellandrene (9.8%), -pinene (5.6%) and spathulenol (3.2%) [34]. 79 compounds were identified representing 98.2% by Javidnia et al., 2004, in the essential oil of S. lavandulifolia, which major components were germacrene D (13.2%), phellandrene (12.7%), -pinene (10.2%) and pinene (8.4%) [11]. Hadipanah et al. (2015) reported 17 compounds for S. lavandulifolia with the major components -pinene (49.24%), pinene (22.52%), -phellandrene (11.71%), copaene (6.70%) and -myrcene (2.20%) [35]. ...
Stachys L. one of the biggest genus of the Lamiaceae family comprises about 200-300 species. In this research, aerial parts essential oil composition and content of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) at different stages (vegetative, full flowering and initial fruiting stages) is reported. The oils obtained by water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia were affected by plant growth stages. The chemical composition varied in three harvesting times. It was found that the maximum obtained essential oil was in the flowering stage. Totally, 31 constituents with the range of 0.10-34.11% in the vegetative, 27 constituents with the range of 0.06-36.35% in the flowering stage and 27 compounds with the range of 0.06-37.2% in the initial fruiting stages were identified. The highest compounds were related to the vegetative stage (34 compounds) that representing 63.74% of oil. In this study, the highest amount of essential oil constituents in the vegetative stage belonged to germacren D (34.11%), n-decane (3.84%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.62%), in the flowering stage, germacren D (36.87%), borneol (4.3%), cis-thujone (4.24%), bicyclogermacrene (4.16%) & n-decane (3.88%) and in the stage of initial fruiting, germacren D (37.2%), borneol (4.76%), -caryophyllene (4.20%), cis-thujone (4.16%) & bicyclogermacrene (3.99%).
... The previous reports mostly introduced high sesquiterpene groups in different Stachys species including S. alopecuros with high caryophyllene (33.2%), germacrene D (7.6%) and α-humulene (Venditti et al., 2013); S. tymphaea with high amount of germacrene D (30.0%) and (E)-b-farnesene (12.4%) (Venditti et al., 2014); S. annua with high germacrene D (9.2%), and spathulenol (8.5%) content (Venditti et al., 2015) and S. sericantha (Kaya et al., 2017) with high caryophyllene oxide content. In respect to chemotaxonomic point of view, many of European Stachys species possess high amount of germacrene D. This compound has been considered as biosynthetic precursor of many sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as well as the major compound in many Stachys species belonging to different taxonomic sections (Radulovic et al., 2007), while in the present research, S. lavandulifolia was poor in respect to germacrene D. The results of the present research were in agreement with Morteza-Semnani et al. (2006) but in contrast with Javidnia et al. (2004) report in respect to germacrene D content in S. lavandulifolia. According to Bhattacharjee (1980) report, S. lavandulifolia has been categorized in the section of Zietenia. ...
... According to Bhattacharjee (1980) report, S. lavandulifolia has been categorized in the section of Zietenia. However, the comparison of the present research data with previously published ones revealed different ranges of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes in this section (Javidnia et al., 2004;Morteza-Semnani et al., 2006) that make it difficult to introduce the special compound as the representative for this section. ...
... Pearson correlations suggest significant correlations between essential oil compounds in the studied genotypes. These results can be exploited in future selection programs to produce cultivars that are potentially suitable for breeding purposes (Javidnia et al., 2004). According to PCA analysis, the studied genotypes were divided into three groups that matched those obtained from cluster analysis. ...
... The composition of the volatiles is known only for a few species; for example, studies proved that the volatile oil of members of S. lavandulifolia Vahl (sect. Zietenia) consists mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids and terpene esters [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] . The result of new study showed that the essential oil of Stachys mialhesi de Noé has antioxidant, antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects in laboratory animals. ...
... It can also be a natural source of isoscutellarein 7-O-(2″-O-6″′-O-acetylβ-D-allopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. Germacrene-D, the dominant compound of the essential oil of Stachys inflate Benth, was reported as the major components of the volatile oils of S. lavandulifolia Vahl, Stachys laxa Boiss and Stachys obtusicrena Boiss [17,20,24] . In a different report, the major components in Stachys tibetica essential oil were aciphyllene (66.415%), fenchyl alcohol (8.897%), α-pinene (8.188%) and caryophyllene oxide [25] . ...
... (w/w). As previously reported [16][17][18] , the yield (w/w) of the obtained essential oil of S. lavandulifolia Vahl ranged from 0.25% to 0.8%, based on dry weight. Also, the yield of the oils extracted from other species was: 0.18% from Stachys setifera ssp. ...
Knowledge of population diversity is a main prerequisite and the first step in plant breeding and domestication. Essential oils from different species of Lavandula L. (Lamiaceae) are extensively used in cosmetics, hygiene products, and alternative medicines. The essential oils of Lavandula × intermedia leaves collected from ten regions from the Zagros regions, Western Iran were investigated for their chemical components and oil yield diversity. The hydrodistillated essential oil analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Results indicated differences (p ≤ 0.05) among the various populations of L. × intermedia for essential oil yield. The major components of the essential oils from various populations of L. × intermedia were 1,8-cineole (31.64–47.94%), borneol (17.11–26.14%), and camphor (8.41–14.4%). In conclusion, the main source of variability in chemical composition and oil yield seemed to be a difference in environmental conditions.
... The essential oil of D. cneorum shows strong activity against several microorganisms and low activity against Proteus mirabilis 44 . The oil extracted from the roots of D. mucronata is effective against E. coli and B. subtilis while extracts of stems and leaves are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 45 . Cytologically the family of Thymelaeaceae is homogeneous, the genres Daphne, Edgeworthia and Wikstoemia, have a basic chromosome number of x = 9 46,47 ; Daphne pontica and D. Mezereum have a diploid chromosome number 2n = 18 48 . ...
... The methanol extract of D. cneorum exhibits strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and low activity against Proteus mirabilis 44 . The ethanolic extract of the roots of Daphne mucronata showed an antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, while the extract of stems and leaves are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 45 . On samples of Megres population we counted a chromosome number of 2n = 18 for D. gnidium, the same results are reported in Spain 47,50 . ...
The chemical composition of essential oil isolated from Daphne gnidium and D. laureola by hydrodistillation, was analysed by GC and GC/MS. A total 31 compounds representing 85.2% of the oil were identified in D. gnidium, and 47 components representing 91.3% of the total oil in D. laureola. The chemical composition of D. gnidium and D. laureola, is very different, the only common component is palmetic acid. D. gnidium is characterized by palmetic acid, Eicosene, linoleic acid and Dodecane. While D. laureola contains the major products; palmitic acid, thymol, Dremenin, phytol acetat, tritriacontane and α-pinene. The essential oil of D. gnidium has low activity against Escherichia coli and no effect on Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The essential oil of D. laureola of the two populations showed low activity against Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli, while Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae show significant resistance to this oil. The population of D. gnidium and D. laureola studied showed a diploid chromosome number 2n = 2x = 18.
... Stachys is represented by thirty-one species in the Iranica generic flora. Many regions of Iran, Iraq, and Anatolia are habitats for Stachys lavandulifolia [180]. ...
The consumption of animal products, including meat and meat products, has increased globally with increased household income. Spoilage by microbes, autolytic enzymes, and lipid oxidation can cause the deterioration of meat and meat products, which has a considerable economic and environmental impact. Meat curing, which includes the addition of salt, nitrite, and sometimes nitrate to fresh meat cuts, enables a preservative effect by removing moisture and reducing the water activity of the meat. Nitrates and nitrites have been traditionally used as curing agents in the production of cured meat products. Sodium and potassium nitrates and sodium and potassium nitrites are used in meat curing because they stabilize red meat color, inhibit some spoilage and food poisoning anaerobic microorganisms, delay the development of oxidative rancidity, and contribute to flavor development. The beneficial effects of adding nitrates and nitrites to meat products are the improvement of quality characteristics and microbiological safety. However, several studies have indicated that nitrates and nitrites intake should be limited owing to their potential carcinogenic effect on humans. Therefore, the consumer demand for natural or nitrate- and nitrite-free meat products remains high. There is a need to find alternative natural plant material that provides alternative antioxidant and antimicrobial activities since they are noncarcinogenic and reliable; they can substitute or reduce nitrates and nitrites with minimal or no quality compromise of sensory attributes and shelf-life. Hence in this overview, we focused on Persian indigenous herbs, their essential oil and extracts' chemical composition, and their relation to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity to find out how the essential oils and extracts of the herbs can be applied to meat and meat as a natural substitute.
... Stachys genera is classified in Lamiaceae family which has been reported widely for their phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as some biological properties [10][11][12][13]. The major compounds of S. lavandulifolia were determined by some previous reports [14,15]. Best of our knowledge there is no comprehensive research on the literature about phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. ...
The identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. var. brachydon Boiss. by LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography- tandem Mass Spectrometry) technique is the main purpose of the current study. The high concentrations of quinic acid (2534±12 ppb) and chlorogenic acid (1882±92 ppb) were detected by LC-MS/MS.. Another goal of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant activities of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plant material. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were determined by using five different in vitro methods including; ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric ions Reducing Antioxidant Power), CUPRAC (Cupric ions Reducing Antioxidant Power), and ferric thiocyanate methods. The results revealed that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. lavandulifolia leaves have good antioxidant potential with high phenolic content.
... They are well known for their flavoring and therapeutic effects. It contains hydroxyl and phenolic compounds such as polyphenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenoids (34). Due to the presence of flavonoid compounds, it changes the function level of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis. ...
Introduction: Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) has a rich background and has introduced various plants with abortive or emmenagogue activity since ancient times. However, many of them are unknown in modern medicine, and a few trials have been conducted describing their efficacy and safety. These plants may be helpful for the management of incomplete abortion, with potentially lower side effects than chemical agents. Objectives: This review introduced these plants and their potential efficiency to link traditional and modern medicine and suggested further studies. Methods: The search strategy for citations in this narrative review was performed in two steps. At first, medicinal plants used as abortifacient or emmenagogue to manage incomplete abortions or retained products of conception were searched and extracted in the most famous TPM literature, including Al-Qanun Fi at-Tibb, Tuhfat-al-Momenin, and Makhzan-ul-advia. The next step was searching electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the same keywords and herbal plants between 1970 and 2021. The overlapped plants between the manual and electronic search were found and briefly described. Results: In TPM literature, 88 plants with abortifacient activity were found, of which 47 were used to manage incomplete abortions or retained products of conception. Also, in the electronic database search, 14 plants were found to have abortifacient or emmenagogue activity. Among them, six plants, including Sesamum indicum L. (Sesame), Commiphora myrrha (myrrh), Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna), Opopanax chironium L. (Jooshir), Plumbago rosea (Shitraj or Stumbag), and Juniperus sabina (Abhal), overlapped with the manual search results. The abortifacient or emmenagogue activity and properties of all these 14 plants were described. Conclusions: The properties of many traditional plants with abortifacient activity are unknown in modern medicine; however, they should not be used in pregnant women. Nonetheless, they may have the power to be entered into modern medicine. Identifying their pharmacology and action mechanisms may be helpful to introduce them as a potential alternative to chemical agents in the management of induced or incomplete abortion with possibly lower side effects.
... The relative amount of the individual components in the total extracted oil was expressed as a percentage of peak area relative to the total peak area. A literature search was conducted using a combination of NIST MS 12 Research and literature 13,14,15 . The components of the extracted oil were also identified from their retention indices as described by Van den Dool and Kratz 16 relative to n-alkanes (C 7 -C 30 ). ...
This study was performed to investigate the chemical composition of essential oil in the lea- ves of Eucalyptus globulus from the Saïda region, southwest Algeria, as this has not been investigated to date. We investigated the essential oil composition through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The extraction of essential oil by hydrodistillation provided a yield of 2.64 %. A total of 75 compounds were identified, among which the dominant constituents were p-cymene (20.24 %), spathulenol (14.10 %) and eucalyptol (11.30 %). Other notable compounds identified in the extracted essential oil were phellandrene, cryptone, β- thujene, cuminal, elixene and phellandral (2.54 % - 5.10 %). This is the first time that p-cymene has been reported as a major constituent of Algerian E. globulus.
... Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, scutellarine, stachyflaside, vitexin), quinones, iridoids (harpagide, harpagoside, acetylgarparide, ajugol, and ajugoside), phenolic acids, diterpenoids (stachysic acid, abietatriene, annuanone, stachylone) were detected in aqueous-alcohol extracts from various Stachys species. In the composition of essential oil, D-germacrene, β-fellandren, αand β-pinenes, myrcene were detected [60,170,171]. Flavonoid glycoside apigenin-7-glucoside is present in S. tibetica aqueous-alcohol extracts, acipylene (66.4%), fenchyl alcohol (8.9%), α-pinene (8.2%) caryophyllene oxide (4.7%), menthol (1.7%) and geraniol (1.3%) are in the essential oil [172]. S. betoniciflora aerial parts contain flavonoids, apigenin derivatives, stachidrin nitrogen base, iridoids, essential oil [173]. ...
The aim of this work is to review and analyze the data published in the modern scientific literature obtained in pharmacological, pharmacognostic
and pharmacotechnological studies of various types of raw materials obtained from members of the family Lamiaceae L., which were
sources of biologically active substances, pharmaceutical substances, total extracts and the drugs – with a neurotropic activity.
Materials and methods. For the review, we used the information of scientific literature from open and accessible sources of the last twenty
years, located in the scientific and technical libraries of institutions, as well as in electronic databases: Elibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka,
GoogleAcademy, J-Stage. The search inquiries were: the species of the family Lamiaceae (Russian and Latin), the samples of medicinal
plant materials based on them as well as the names of the drugs and biologically active substances obtained from these raw materials.
Results. When working with the sources of scientific information, the main attention was paid to pharmacologic tests performed during the
studies on laboratory animals and proving the presence of neurotropic activity in the studied objects – essential oils and extracts from plant
raw materials: aqueous, aqueous alcoholic, and methanol ones. It has been established that the potential of the therapeutic and preventive
application of pharmaceutical substances and drugs based on the medicinal plant materials obtained from 30 genera members of the Lamiaceae
family, remains unrealized despite the close attention of various researchers.
Conclusion. This review comprised 71 species from 30 genera. Despite the significant level of the previous study presented in the analysis
of this publication, an enormous potential of this family’s species remains unexplored. In the future, they can be of both – pharmacognostic
and practical interest, in particular, in creation of new medicinal preparations of the neurotropic action based on them.
Keywords: Literature review, Lamiaceae L., herbal medicine, medicinal plant materials, extract, herbal formulation фитопрепарат, medicinal
preparation, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, stress, neurotropic activity, anxiolytic effect, sedative action, antidepressant action, GABA-α-receptors,
benzodiazepine receptors
... Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, scutellarine, stachyflaside, vitexin), quinones, iridoids (harpagide, harpagoside, acetylgarparide, ajugol, and ajugoside), phenolic acids, diterpenoids (stachysic acid, abietatriene, annuanone, stachylone) were detected in aqueous-alcohol extracts from various Stachys species. In the composition of essential oil, D-germacrene, β-fellandren, αand β-pinenes, myrcene were detected [60,170,171]. Flavonoid glycoside apigenin-7-glucoside is present in S. tibetica aqueous-alcohol extracts, acipylene (66.4%), fenchyl alcohol (8.9%), α-pinene (8.2%) caryophyllene oxide (4.7%), menthol (1.7%) and geraniol (1.3%) are in the essential oil [172]. S. betoniciflora aerial parts contain flavonoids, apigenin derivatives, stachidrin nitrogen base, iridoids, essential oil [173]. ...
The aim of this work is to review and analyze the data published in the modern scientific literature obtained in pharmacological, pharmacognostic and pharmacotechnological studies of various types of raw materials obtained from members of the family Lamiaceae L., which were sources of biologically active substances, pharmaceutical substances, total extracts and the drugs – with a neurotropic activity.
Materials and methods. For the review, we used the information of scientific literature from open and accessible sources of the last twenty years, located in the scientific and technical libraries of institutions, as well as in electronic databases: Elibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Cyberleninka, GoogleAcademy, J-Stage. The search inquiries were: the species of the family Lamiaceae (Russian and Latin), the samples of medicinal plant materials based on them as well as the names of the drugs and biologically active substances obtained from these raw materials.
Results. When working with the sources of scientific information, the main attention was paid to pharmacologic tests performed during the studies on laboratory animals and proving the presence of neurotropic activity in the studied objects – essential oils and extracts from plant raw materials: aqueous, aqueous alcoholic, and methanol ones. It has been established that the potential of the therapeutic and preventive application of pharmaceutical substances and drugs based on the medicinal plant materials obtained from 30 genera members of the Lamiaceae family, remains unrealized despite the close attention of various researchers.
Conclusion. This review comprised 71 species from 30 genera. Despite the significant level of the previous study presented in the analysis of this publication, an enormous potential of this family’s species remains unexplored. In the future, they can be of both – pharmacognostic and practical interest, in particular, in creation of new medicinal preparations of the neurotropic action based on them.
... Stachys genera is classified in Lamiaceae family which has been reported widely for their phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as some biological properties [10][11][12][13]. The major compounds of S. lavandulifolia were determined by some previous reports [14,15]. Best of our knowledge there is no comprehensive research on the literature about phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. ...
The identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. var. brachydon Boiss. by LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography- tandem Mass Spectrometry) technique is the main purpose of the current study. The high concentrations of quinic acid (2534±12 ppb) and chlorogenic acid (1882±92 ppb) were detected by LC-MS/MS.. Another goal of the study is to evaluate the antioxidant activities of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plant material. The antioxidant potentials of extracts were determined by using five different in vitro methods including; ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric ions Reducing Antioxidant Power), CUPRAC (Cupric ions Reducing Antioxidant Power), and ferric thiocyanate methods. The results revealed that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. lavandulifolia leaves have good antioxidant potential with high phenolic content.
... The oil yield for S. obtusicrena, S. Lavandulifolia, S. setifera ssp. Iranica, S. chrysantha, S. candida, S. byzantine, S. annua, S. tymphaea were 0.145% [2], 0.25% [15], 0.18% [14], 0.18%, 0.12% [34], 0.25% [24], 0.014%. [40], 0.04% (w/w) [39], respectively. ...
Prevotella intermedia is associated with periodontal diseases and endodontic infections. Periodontitis can be suppressed by utilizing the antiseptics, which target the infectious bacteria. The member of Stachys sp. has been used traditionally in the form of decoction or infusion for management of infectious diseases. The subject of this article was to evaluate the chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of Stachys koelzii essential oil and its main components against Prevotella intermedia. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used to determine the chemical composition. The antimicrobial effects of S. koelzii essential oil was evaluated by micro-broth dilution assay. Time kill curve assays, leakage of cytoplasmic materials and anti-biofilm effects were determined. Its cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay. Essential oil with main components of α-pinene, trans-caryophyllene and 1,8-cineole inhibited P. intermedia with MIC and MBC values of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL. Its biofilm formation was higher than α-pinene, followed by trans-caryophyllene and 1,8-cineole. Essential oil and its main components increased the leakage of cytoplasmic components. Essential oil showed cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell lines with IC50 0.06 mg/mL. The cytotoxic effect of α-pinene on healthy cell lines was higher than essential oil. S. koelzii essential oil can be used in mouthwash formulations and its efficacy should be evaluated in large clinical studies.
... The studies of Javidnia et al. (2004) found that germacrene-D (13.2%), β- phellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%), myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%), and Z-β- ocimene (5.8%) are the main components of Stachys lavandulifolia, however, Morteza- Semnani et al. (2005) identified 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (9.3%), α-pinene (7.9%), and hexadecanoic acid (5.2%). In both studies, α-pinene was found to be the main compound. ...
This study was conducted to determine volatile oil components for leaf and flowers of Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica Rech. and Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. in different reaping periods, such as pre-flowering, flowering, and post-flowering by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) after solid phase micro extraction (SPME). To achieve this aim, leaf and flower samples were collected from Tınaztepe Cavern province of Seydisehir, in 2015 and 2016. A total of 62 components were determined for Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica, with benzaldehyde (46.34%), β-caryophyllene (11.23%) and (E)-2-hexenal (8.50%) being the main components. Additionally, 55 volatile components were found for S. lavandulifolia, and the main components were β-phellandrene, myrcene, and α-pinene at 27.71%, 11.56% and 11.20% respectively.
... Based on recent studies on this herb, 79 compounds were identified, representing 98.2% of the essential oil, in which the major components were germacrene-D (13.2%), β-phellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%), myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%), and Z-β-ocimene (5.8%). In another study, spathulenol (35.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (25.6%) were the main components of the oil [135]. Another study revealed the existence of α-thujone (0.3%-32.3%), ...
Recently, numerous side effects of synthetic drugs have lead to using medicinal plants as a reliable source of new therapy. Pain is a global public health problem with a high impact on life quality and a huge economic implication, becoming one of the most important enemies in modern medicine. The medicinal use of plants as analgesic or antinociceptive drugs in traditional therapy is estimated to be about 80% of the world population. The Lamiaceae family, one of the most important herbal families, incorporates a wide variety of plants with biological and medical applications. In this study, the analgesic activity, possible active compounds of Lamiaceae genus, and also the possible mechanism of actions of these plants are presented. The data highlighted in this review paper provide valuable scientific information for the specific implications of Lamiaceae plants in pain modulation that might be used for isolation of potentially active compounds from some of these medicinal plants in future and formulation of commercial therapeutic agents.
... The accessions 7, 15 and 19 due to lowest essential oil percent and yield clustered as group B. The accessions 8, 9, 10, 16 and 17 clustered into group C, for the high values of essential oil content and yield. These results of correlation will help for future selection program in order to produce cultivars, which have suitable potential for breeding purposes (Javidnia et al., 2004). ...
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a commercial plant that used for various purposes in medicinal, cosmetic and food industries. Agro-morphological and chemical diversities of 20 accessions of Iranian cumin were evaluated. The samples were phenotypically diverse, which plant height, lateral branches number per plant, flower umbels number per plant, seeds (fruit) number per plant, 1000-seed weight and fruit yield were characteristics with the significant variation among studied accessions. The average content of fruit yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield of different cumin accessions were 400.2 kg ha⁻¹, 2.1% (w/w), and 8.3 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. In total, 23 components were identified in the essential oils, that γ-terpinene (26.53–37.81%), cumin aldehyde (9.45–20.66%), cumin alcohol (1.63–15.22%) and β-pinene (8.32–13.84%) were the major components of all samples, however, a significant variation among the accessions was observed for the quantity and quality of majority constituents. Among accessions, the Yazd accession (accession 17) showed the highest contents of essential oil, essential oil yield and cumin aldehyde. Number of flower umbels, seeds and lateral branches per plant significantly correlated with fruit yield. Cumin aldehyde showed the negative correlations with γ-terpinene and β-pinene. Morphological characters did not have significant correlations with essential oil content and its chemical components. In this study, it was obvious that the dendrogram based on morphological traits was mostly differed from the one based on phytochemical variables that showed a high potential of studied accessions for breeding programs.
... The AA EO components were identified on the basis of their retention indices on an Rtx-5 MS capillary column under the same operating conditions as GC, relative to a homologous series of nalkanes (C 8 -C 20 ); structures were computermatched with the Wiley 7, NIST 08, and FFNSC 1.2 spectral libraries, and their fragmentation patterns were compared with literature data 2,3,4,8,11,14,17,18,19 . ...
This study reports on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium L. leaves AA EO collected in Brazil against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs were determined by the broth dilution method in 96-well microplates. AA EO was inactive against most of the investigated oral pathogens, but it displayed moderate activity against Streptococcus mutans MIC = 250 μg/mL and very promising activity against Streptococcus mitis MIC = 62.5 μg/mL. Gas chromatography GC FID and gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC-MS revealed that camphor 1, 19.0 %, E-caryophyllene 2, 9.3 %, eucalyptol 3, 6.8 %, germacrene D 6.7 %, and α-cadinol 6.5 % were the major chemical constituents of AA EO. However, when tested alone, compounds 1, 2, and 3 were inactive MIC > 1000 μg/mL against all the studied microorganisms.
... Recent studies by Yılmaz et al. (2013b) showed some positive effects of dietary herbal supplements on physiological conditions of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Wood betony, Stachys lavandifulia Vahl belonging to family Lamiaceae, is grown in many parts of Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Georgia (Javidnia et al., 2004). Such fresh and dried areal parts as leaves and flowers, as well as roots have been taken advantage of, as traditional drugs for treatment of wounds and bruises, mouth ulcers, gum inflammations (Ody, 1997) and treating arthritis and respiratory inflammatory disorders (Rezazadeh et al., 2009). ...
The Effect of different levels of Wood Betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract, as complement in feed, on the performance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio was evaluated. The fish (44 +/- 0.62 g) was assigned to four treatments, three replicates each. The fish was fed on normal diet with no WB (control) vs. diet containing 2, 4 and 8% of WB extract. Fish were successively fed on the diet, 2% live body weight, three daily for 70 days. The results revealed that final weight, mean weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly improved by increasing WB levels in the diet. The highest growth performance and the lowest feed conversion ratio were recorded for 8% WB treatment. No significant changes were observed in the proximate whole body composition among different groups. Hemoglobin content and hematocrit value increased significantly in the second group in comparison with the others (P< 0.05). The highest serum total protein (5.05 +/- 1.4 g dl(-1)) and globulin (2.47 +/- 0.3 g dl(-1)) were recorded in the fish fed on the highest dose of WB (8%). Inclusion of 2% of WB in the diet reduced serum triglycerides (317.44 +/- 89 mg dl(-1)) and cholesterol (141.51 +/- 35 mg dl(-1)) in comparison with control (P< 0.05). It could be concluded that feeding common carp with the diet enriched with WB extract could enhance growth rate, improve some hematological and biochemical characteristics with no adverse effects on body composition.
... Among different compounds, herbal components received much attention in aquaculture industry during the last decade for different purposes such as growth promotion, immunostimualtion, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, aphrodisiac as well as appetite stimulators (Citarasu, 2010;Chakraborty and Hancz, 2011). Wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Laminaceae) is a native plant growing in many parts of the middle east and eastern parts of the Europe in different countries including Iran, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Turkey and Georgia (Javidnia et al., 2004). Several WB components such as leaves, flowers and roots (fresh or dried) have been used as traditional drugs to improve bruises, gum inflammation, wounds, arthritis and respiratory inflammatory disorders (Ody, 1993). ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of wood betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance and some immune responses in common carp, Cyprinus carpi. Different concentrations of the WB extract 0, 2, 4 and 8% (g per 100 g of diet) were added to commercial diet. Each treatment was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish having average initial weight of 44 +/- 0.62 g for 10 weeks. The results showed that final weight, food conversion ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor were significantly improved by WB in a dose dependent manner, where the best growth parameters were achieved in the group of fish receiving the highest concentration of WB (P<0.05). Feeding fish at 2 and 4% W/W by WB in the diet improved lysozyme activity, ACH(50) and 1gM levels significantly in comparison to the control (P<0.05). Group of fish fed on 4% WB in the diet had the best levels of the immune characteristics (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to feed common carp with WB to improve growth and non-specific immunity.
... However, little information is available on the effects of herbs on stress responses in fish (Xie, Liu, Zhou, Su, He, Pan, Ge & Xu 2008;Shahsavani, Baghshani & Alishahi 2010). Wood betony (Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl) which has been belonged to family Lamiaceae, is grown in many parts of Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Armenia as well as Georgia (Javidnia, Mojab & Mojahedic 2004). Fresh and dried areal parts such as leaves, flowers and roots have been used as traditional drugs for treatment of wounds and bruises, mouth ulcers, gum inflammations (Ody 1997) as well as treating arthritis and respiratory inflammatory disorders (Rezazadeh, Zaringhalam, Manaheji & Kebryaeezadeh 2009). ...
The effects of four different levels of wood beto-ny (WB) (Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl) extract (0, 2, 4 and 8% W/W in the diet) were investigated on some serum enzymatic activities and acute stress response of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). After 10 weeks post feeding, two groups of fish (0 and 8% WB) were subjected to handling and crowding stress and the stress responses including serum cortisol, glucose and some electrolytes (Na + , K + and Ca +2) levels were assayed. The results revealed that the fish fed on 8% WB had significantly lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine transaminase (ALT) compared to the control group (P<0.05). Although cortisol and glucose levels were increased significantly shortly after stress (P<0.05), the elevation level was significantly lower for fish fed on 8% WB (P < 0.05). In control group, sodium level decreased (P < 0.05) at 3 h post stress but did not show any change in 8% WB (P > 0.05). The potassium and calcium levels showed insignificant fluctuations post stress (P>0.05). Dietary inclusion of WB seems to improve liver function and response to acute stress in juvenile common carp.
... Based on recent studies on this herb, seventy-nine compounds were identified, representing 98.2% of the essential oil, in which the major components were germacrene-D (13.2%), β-phellandrene (12.7%), β-pinene (10.2%) myrcene (9.4%), α-pinene (8.4%) and Z-β-ocimene (5.8%). In another study spathulenol (35.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (25.6%) were the main components of the oil (12). Another study revealed the existence of α-thujone (0.3% -32.3%), ...
Context:
In modern phytotherapy, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl., a type of Stachys also known as Mountain Tea (Chay-e-Kouhi) has been widely studied based on its botanical and therapeutic characteristics over the recent decades.
Evidence acquisition:
The present study investigated morphology, botanical characteristics, and some therapeutic activities of this plant and compares them with those of Marmazad, as the traditional equivalent of Stachys in traditional iranian medicine (TIM), to evaluate the similarities between Stachys and Marmazad.
Results:
In this study by exploring morphology, botanical properties and therapeutic activities of Stachys from modern botany and Marmazad in TIM, comparing them and considering similarities between those botanical properties and some of therapeutic activities this outcome was drawn that what had been known as Marmazad in TIM nowadays is equal to Stachys or Chay-e-Kouhi in modern botany.
Conclusions:
The achieved findings from this comparison between botanical characteristics and therapeutic activities of Stachys based on modern researches and those of Marmazad by referring to traditional manuscripts revealed significant similarities between them. Also, there were some applications mentioned for Marmazad in TIM which could help new researchers in modern phytotherapy to deal with those dimensions of this herb which are not worked out yet.
... It is also showed that S. lavandulifolia mainly comprises germacrene-D, betaphellandrene, beta-pinene, myrcene and alpha-pinene (Javidnia et al., 2004). Phytochemical and pharmacological studies have suggested that flavonoids presented in ethanolic extract and stachys fractions are responsible for the antisecretory and cytoprotective action of stachys (Delazar et al., 2005;Karioti et al., 2010). ...
... Flavonoids, quinines, iridoids, phenolic acids and diterpenoids are reported as secondary metabolites of different species of this genus (Duru et al., 1999). Germacrene-D, beta pinene, alpha pinene, myrcene and beta phellandrene have been reported to be the main compounds of the essential oil S. lavandulifolia (Javidnia et al., 2004). In Iranian folklore medicine, S. lavandulifolia is claimed to be effective for the treatment of infection, asthma, inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatism (Sajjadi and Amiri, 2007). ...
Objectives: Stachys lavandulifolia is commonly used for many health problems including anxiety. A couple of reports indicate that this plant might have an abortifacient effect on pregnant women. Here we examined this effect on pregnant mice.
Materials and methods: Incremental doses of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg of the extracts
or normal saline (control group) were injected intraperitoneally to the pregnant mice between 7th to 12th days of pregnancy. On day 16, uterine tubes were resected and absorbed fetuses were counted.
Results: Our study showed that the different average of absorbed fetuses between treated and control groups is significant (P < 0.05). S. lavandulifolia changes the activity level of hypothalamus-pituitary gland-gonad axis due to flavonoid compounds. Also, S. lavandulifolia decreases
progesterone concentration resulting in a significant difference between treated and
control groups (P < 0.05) and gives rise to failure in fetus survival and consequently, abortion. The length and weight of fetuses decreased in treated groups and there was a significant difference between treated and control groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Owing to the possible abortive effect of Stachys lavandulifolia, it is highly recommended to use it cautiously during pregnancy.
The genus Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) comprises more than 300 species as annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs, spread in temperate regions of Mediterranean, Asia, America, and Southern Africa and several species have been used in the traditional medicine of many countries. Section Stachys, one of nineteen sections of genus Stachys, is divided in two subsections: Sylvaticae and Circinatae. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts of Stachys durandiana Coss., endemic of Morocco, and belonging to subsection Circinatae, was analysed by GC-MS. No report has been previously published on this species. The result showed the presence of large quantity of monoterpene hydrocarbons (73.3%), being α-pinene (38.0%) β-pinene (14.8%), and limonene (11.1%) the principal constituents. Furthermore, a complete review on the chemical composition and biological properties of all the other Stachys taxa, belonging to section Stachys, studied so far, was carried out.
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl known as "mountain tea", is a perennial flowering plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family and is widespread in Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Turkey and Turkmenistan. S. lavandulifolia is widely used in traditional medicine for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties. This plant has different chemical compounds classes including terpenoids, iridoids, flavonoids and phenylethanoids that have been isolated from the aerial parts of it. This review covers the plant botany, traditional medicinal uses and chemical composition of S. lavandulifolia, along with its biological and pharmacological activities including clinical trial data. The information of this review article was obtained from different scientific databases such as Google scholar, Science Direct, Hindawi, SID, Scopus, PubMed, and ACS as well as traditional Persian books. Pharmacological and clinical studies, especially Anxiolytic activity and anti-inflammatory on the plant are relatively low, so these studies are suggested in the future. Also, phytochemical investigation on root of the plant is necessary.
Introduction:
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are neurodegenerative disorders that affect a great number of people around the world, seriously compromising the quality of life of individuals, due to motor and cognitive damage. In these diseases, pharmacological treatment is used only to alleviate symptoms. This emphasizes the need to discover alternative molecules for use in prevention.
Objective:
Using Molecular Docking, this review aimed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's and anti- Parkinson's activity of linalool and citronellal, as well as their derivatives.
Methodology:
Before performing Molecular Docking simulations, the compounds' pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated. For Molecular Docking, 7 chemical compounds derived from citron- ellal, and 10 compounds derived from linalool, and molecular targets involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's pathophysiology were selected.
Results:
According to the Lipinski rules, the compounds under study presented good oral absorption and bioavailability. For toxicity, some tissue irritability was observed. For Parkinson-related targets, the citronellal and linalool derived compounds revealed excellent energetic affinity for α-Synuclein, Adenosine Receptors, Monoamine Oxidase (MAO), and Dopamine D1 receptor proteins. For Alzheimer disease targets, only linalool and its derivatives presented promise against BACE enzyme activity.
Conclusion:
The compounds studied presented high probability of modulatory activity against the dis- ease targets under study, and are potential candidates for future drugs.
Bu araştırmada, Tunceli’ de doğal olarak yetişen endemik Stachys tundjeliensis Kit Tan & Sorger bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımlarından su distilasyonu ile elde edilen uçucu yağ bileşenlerinin tespiti yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile bitkinin uçucu yağ bileşenlerini tespit ederek tür ve cinsin taksonomisine katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma materyali 2021 yılında Tunceli-Ovacık arasında çiçekli olarak toplanarak kurutulup hazır hale getirilmiştir. 100 g bitki örneğinden su distilasyonu yöntemi ile Clevenger aparatı kullanılarak 3 saat distile işlemi sonucu uçucu yağ elde edilmiştir. Analiz için GC/MS (Gaz Kromatografi/Kütle Spektrometresi) cihazı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen uçucu yağda toplam 29 bileşen belirlenmiştir. Okaliptol (%28.9), timol (%14.3), 4 karvomethanol (%12.5), d-piperiton (%11.2), pinen (%6.3) ve terpineol (%5.7) yüksek orandaki bileşenlerdir. Bu bileşenlerden okaliptol/timol kemotip olarak düşünülebilir.
The morphological and essential oil diversity of Stachys lavandulifolia populations from the west and northwest of Iran were evaluated. The results showed a significant difference between the populations for nearly all the evaluated traits. The broadest variation ranges were recorded for the auxiliary shoot length, leaf length in the main branch, and the number of flowers in the inflorescences. Furthermore, cluster analysis divided 13 populations into four separate groups. GC/MS analysis verified the presence of 28 components comprising up to 94/4% of the oils. The dominant constituents were α-pinene (1.07–34.87%), (E)-caryophyllene (0.45–25.99%), germacrene D (3.36–20.61%), Δ-cadinene (2.82–19.90%), bicyclogermacrene (1.72–12.08%) α-terpineol (0–11.86%), α-muurolol (0.31–11.50%), p-cymene (0.67–9.67%), β-elemene (0.63–9.31%), and sabinene (0.32–6.29%). The results revealed that natural habitats and the related geo-climatological cues influenced morphological traits and oil composition. Considering the substantial environmental variations and the broad diversity, there would be a rich selection pool for the traits of interest. The populations are a step forward in the breeding programs for the highlighted essential oil constituents needed by the pharmaceutical and related industries. Furthermore, with the future comparative study of the populations from all Iranian territories and the neighboring countries, we will have a realistic idea of the coming conservational and exploitation programs.
The genus Stachys is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, and contains about 300 species worldwide and represented by 72 species in the flora of Turkey. Also, Stachys annua subsp. annua var. annua is widely used in Turkey and among the local people the species known as "dağ çayı". Herbal tea prepared by the method of infusion with the leaves of this plant is used in traditional medicine for colds and diabetes. In addition, it has been used as an antipyretic in Anatolia for many years. The rich essential oil components contained within the plant add a pleasant smell to herbal teas and diterpenoids are an important component of essential oil. In this study, the volatile components of the Stachys annua subsp. annua var. annua plants were investigated which collected from the Anzer (1533 m) and Cimil (1750 m) plateau of Rize at the time of flowering. The proportion of essential oils of the plant harvested during the full flowering period and the aromatic components in the essential oil of the plant were determined using the SPME (Solid Phase Microextraction) method in a Gas Chromatography (GC-MS) device. Almost 30 different components were found as a result of the analysis. The main components were found as germacrene-D (18.82%) and camphor (13.82%) in Anzer plateau and germacrene-D (25.2%) and camphor (13.82%) in Cimil plateau.
Essential oils are fragrant and oily mixtures, mostly consisting of monoterpenoids or sesquiterpenoids, used in medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic, insecticidal, medicinal ve cosmetic purposes. In addition, they provide aroma and preservation in the food industry. Essential oil composition in plants varies depending on plant organ, environmental factors such as the harvest time, extraction method, ecotype, climate, edaphic factors, altitude and topography, genetic factor and their interaction. Essential oils obtained from plants have many important activities according to their active ingredients. The phenolic components contained in essential oils take an active role in the realization of various reactions in both the plant development process and human metabolism or it acts as a trigger for these reactions to take place. In peppermint essential oil the main components are menthol, menthon, isomentone, 1,8-sineol, 1-5% limonene, while in thyme essential oil are carvacrol, linalol, p-cymene, thymol and ß-caryophylde. Linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, borneol are dominant in lavender essential oil. The constituents of laurel essential oil are 1,8-sineol, α-terpinyl acetate sabin, α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, and medicinal sage components are α- and β- tuion, camphor, sineol and borneol. Essential oil components have been observed to exhibit antiviral activity in humans against a wide variety of viruses such as Hepatitis-A virus, Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus type-2 (HSV-2), influenza A (H1N1), enveloped mumps viruses (MV), immunodeficiency virüs (HIV), rotavirus (RV), yellow fever virus and avian influenza. It has been revealed that studies have been conducted on the antiviral effects of essential oils on plants, mostly against tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. The studies conducted are on the mechanisms of action of essential oils and the treatment of viral infections, and there is no up-to-date and comprehensive information on the interaction between essential oil components and antiviral effects. Therefore, further studies are required on the antiphytoviral activity of essential oils and their constituents, and the essential oil concentrations that should be used.
Background: Skin eruption is a disease that is because by skin necrosis and adolescence and youth depression. Some species of Staphylococcus are agents of this disease. There isn’t an effective drug for curing this disease. Many medicinal plants (e.x. Stachys inflata Benth.) have anti-bacterial compounds and they can be used as a drug to cure skin eruption disease.
Objective: This research was done to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Stachys inflate extract. Methods: In this study, the anti-bacterial effect of water, alcoholic, phenolic extracts of Stachys inflate (Labiatae.) on Staphylococcal skin eruption was Investigated. Effect of different concentrations extracts of Stachys inflata leaf, stem, and flower were tested by adding in the medium culture of Staphylococcuses of skin eruption before autoclaving, and bacteria were added in medium culture after autoclaving. Results: The results showed that some concentrations of water extracts of Stachys inflata flower and leaves have strong anti-microbial effects. They deleted complete Staphylococcuses of skin eruption in growth medium. Conclusion: Anti-bacterial activities of Stachys inflata were analogous with ampicillin, and then some were better.
Keywords: Anti-bacterial activities, Stachys inflata, Staphylococcuss, Skin eruption
Stachys species belonging to Lamiaceae family have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical compositions and antibacterial, anti-tyrosinase activities of the essential oil of Stachys macrostachya. The essential oil was prepared by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The antibacterial activity of essential oil was performed by the disc diffusion and microdilution broth method against five Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was evaluated by minor modifications of Masuda's method. According to the results of GC analyses, twenty-three compounds were identified representing 91.9% of the total volatile composition. The main compounds were germacrene D (12.2%), globulol (10.9%), α-pinene (9.7%), and valencene (7.6%). The present study showed that the tested essential oil of S. macrostachya exhibited antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC 62.50 μg/mL) and tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 22.86 ± 0.82 μg/mL). These results suggest that the essential oil could be exploited as a potential source of natural antimicrobial agents of this bacterium as well as tyrosinase inhibitors.
Stachys species (hedgenettle or woundwort) are important medicinal plants known for their flavor and fragrance. They are widely consumed in Europe and Asia as aromatic herbal teas. In this work, essential oils (EOs) of three popular Stachys herbs namely Stachys inflata Benth., S. lavandulifolia Vahl., and S. byzantina K. Koch were investigated for their chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and health benefits. The major volatile components of S. inflata were identified as germacrene D (21.6 %) and β-pinene (15.6 %). S. lavandulifolia contained mainly germacrene D (22.5 %) and α-pinene (15.5 %) whereas S. byzantina showed hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (25.7 %) and valeranone (17.1 %) as major volatile constituents. EOs exhibited promising reducing power in cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (58−204 mg Trolox equivalents/g EO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (32−104 mg Trolox equivalents/g EO) assays. Moreover, the metal chelating activity of EOs was determined from 15 to 36 mg EDTA equivalents/g EO. S. inflata showed anti-Alzheimer’s disease effect through inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes (5.2–7.8 mg galantamine equivalents/g EO). All samples had a strong antidiabetic effect (α-glucosidase inhibition) with values ranging from 4.47 to 4.62 mmol acarbose equivalents/g EO. Also, remarkable anti-obesity (lipase inhibition with 88−159 mg orlistat equivalents/g EO) and anti-hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase inhibition with 24−35 mg kojic acid equivalents/g EO) potential were observed for Stachys EOs. These findings showed that EOs of hedgenettle (betony) plants could be employed in the preparation of formulations to be used in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical products due to their valuable antioxidant, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, and skin-care effects.
Objectives:
Wounds are physical injuries that cause a disturbance in the normal skin anatomy and function. Also, it has a severe impact on the cost of health care. Wound healing in human and mammalian species is similar and contains a complex and dynamic process consisting of four phases for restoring skin cellular structures and tissue layers. Today, therapeutic approaches using herbal medicine have been considered. Although the benefits of herbal medicine are vast, some medicinal plants have been shown to have wound healing effects in different experimental studies. Therefore, the current review highlights information about the potency of herbal medicine in the experimental surgical skin wound healing.
Materials and methods:
Electronic database such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Medscape were searched for Iranian medicinal plants with healing activity in experimental surgical skin wounds. In this area, some of the most important papers were included.
Results:
There are numerous Iranian medicinal plants with skin wound healing activity, but clinical application and manufacturing are very low in comparison to the research volume.
Conclusion:
In normal instances, the human/animal body usually can repair tissue damage precisely and completely; therefore, the utilization of herbs is limited to special conditions or in order to accelerate the healing process.
Background: Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl is a herbaceous plant distributed in the west and south western Asia. Despite of the wide medicinal uses, there are some reports on toxicity potential of this plant. In present study we attempted to evaluate the toxicity and to characterize the cytotoxic principles of S. lavandulifolia. Methods: Brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) was used to evaluate the general toxicity of the extracts and essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of S. lavandulifolia. Phytochemical constituents of the active extract were investigated using various chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. GC and GC-MS were also used to analyze the plant essential oil. GC and GC-MS were used to analyze the plant essential oil. Cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated using MTT assay method. Results: In brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), chloroform extract and the plant essential oil exhibited the most toxicity against Artemia salina larvae (LD50: 121.8±5.6 and 127.6±14.7 µg ml-1, respectively). GC and GC-MS analyses of essential oil led to the characterization of forty compounds of which α-bisabolol (23.85%) and thymol (17.88%) were identified as the main constituents. Nine flavonoids, Pachypodol (1), chrysosplenetin (2), kumatakenin (3), velutin (4), penduletin (5), viscosine (6), chrysoeriol (7), hydroxygenkwanin (8) and apigenin (9) were isolated from the chloroform extract of S. lavandulifolia. Among the isolated compounds, chrysosplenetin (2), a polymethoxylated flavonoid, was found as the most toxic compound toward MDA-MB-23 and HT-29 cells, with IC50 values of 88.23 and 116.50 µg ml-1, respectively. Furthermore, chrysosplenetin (2), kumatakenin (3) and viscosine (6) with selectivity indices of 2.70, 2.59 and 3.33, respectively, showed higher preferential toxicity against MDA-MB-23 cells in comparison with tamoxifen (SI:2.45). Conclusion: This study reports methoxylated flavonoids as compounds which could be involved in toxicity of S. lavandulifolia. The results of MTT assay also suggest some of these compounds as appropriate candidates for anti-cancer drug development research.
Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder that defined by chronic hyperglycemia for the deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance. Hyperglycemia could induce non-enzymatic glycation of proteins. It has been suggested that some traditional plants can improve blood glucose and inhibit glycation process. This work evaluates and compares the anti-glycation activities of four Iranian plant extracts in vitro.
Methods: The methanolic extract of “Fumaria officinalis, Stachys lavandulifolia, Salvia hydrangea and Rosa Damascene” was prepared in three different concentrations. Phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The multistage glycation markers- fructosamines (early stage), protein carbonyls (intermediate stage) and β aggregation of albumin were investigated in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ glucose systemt.
Results: All plants showed the high potency of scavenging free radicals and glycation inhibition in the following order: Fumaria officinalis> Rosa Damascene> Stachys lavandulifolia > Salvia hydrangea. There was a significant correlation between antioxidant and anti-glycation activity. Also, the antioxidant and anti-glycation capacity of extracts correlated with total phenolic and flavonoids content.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the studied plants are good sources of anti-glycation and antioxidant compounds and, these properties can primarily attributable to phenolics, particularly flavonoids.
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (wood betony) extract on growth performance, hemato-biochemical and innate immunity parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout). A basal diet was supplemented with 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 8% of S. lavandulifolia extract to obtain four experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of 16 ± 0.5 g. After 10 weeks of feeding trials, fish fed on diets of 2% and 8% S. lavandulifolia extract had the heaviest weight and highest specific growth rates and average daily growth. The red blood cell count was significantly higher in fish fed with 2% S. lavandulifolia. Meanwhile, the mean erythrocyte cell volume and mean erythrocyte cell hemoglobin content of fish on the 4% S. lavandulifolia diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets (P > 0.05). Compared to the control diet, white blood cell counts and hemoglobin increased with doses of S. lavandulifolia (up to 4% and 2% respectively). Among the biochemical parameters: blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels were greatest in fish fed 2% and 8% of S. lavandulifolia extract (P > 0.05); while the highest globulin levels were found in fish fed on 4% of S. lavandulifolia. Serum immunoglobulins, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity increased with increasing herbal inclusion of S. lavandulifolia in the diet. These results suggest that dietary S. lavandulifolia supplementation could enhance the growth performance and innate parameters of rainbow trout.
http://ecophytochemical.gorganiau.ac.ir/article_33217_3039.html
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl is an herbaceous wild plant native to Iran which is traditionally used in Iranian folk medicine as a mild sedative tea for reducing anxiety and for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Our previous study on ethyl acetate extract of S. lavandulifolia proved anti-anxiolytic activity and so the present study was designed to determine chemical components of this biologically active fraction. The extract was prepared using maceration method. Column chromatography and medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) was used respectively to separate the fractions. Finally, some evaluated fractions were used for high pressure liquid (HPLC) and peak shaving recycle technique to achieve more purification. Separated compounds were determined using NMR analysis and mass spectroscopy. Six compounds have been isolated from ethylacetate extract of aerial parts of S. lavandulifolia including four flavonoids (apigenin, kumatakenin, penduletin and 4ʹ, 7-dihyroxy- 3, 5, 6-trimethoxy flavone), a labdan diterpenoid (labda-13-en-8, 15-diol), and an iridoid.
Background: Rhus coriaria was growth in some areas of Iran. Fruit powder is used as a flavor in foods. Fruits are used as traditional drug, too. Some researches have isolated some phytochemicals from thye herb. There isn't any report about identification of the essential oil of this plant. Objectives: Identification of the essential oil of seeds and leaves from Rhus coriaria. Methods: The essential oil of frits and leaves from R. coriaria was obtained by hydrodistillation, separately. The oils were analyzed by GC/MS. Method of identification was based on comparison of mass spectra with standard and using of retention indices. Results: Yields of essential oil extraction from both leaves and fruits of sumac were about 0.2%. 65 Components in leaves and 54 components in fruits were identified. Major component of the oils was β-caryophyllene (32.2% in leaves and 20.2% in fruits). Other major components in leaves are caryophyllene oxide, cembrene and ?-humulene in leaves; and cembrene, (E, E) 2, 4-decadienal and ?-terpineol in fruits. Discussion: The sumac leaves and fruits have essential oil which extractable by hydrodistillation and the essential oils are identifiable and determinable by GC/MS technique. The major components of both essential oils are identical. Conclusion: The result of our study is the same of other researchers on the plants in other countries. β-caryophyllene and cemberene which identified as major components in our samples, had identified in other research as major components of sumac essential oil, previously.
Introduction & Objective: In recent years, investigations on different species of Stachys have shown that extracts or components of this species exert various pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aerial parts of the hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavanduifolia Vahl in male mice.
Materials & Methods: In this experimental study which was conducted at Payam-e-Noor and Shahid Beheshti Medical University in 2009-2010, the analgesic effects of Stachys lavanduifolia Vahl in mice were studied, using the formalin and tail immersion tests. Also, the anti-inflammatory effects of this plant was studied in mice, using xylene-induced ear edema . Male NMRI mice, weighing, 20-25 g, were assigned into five groups: negative control (received 0.5% of aqueous solution of Tween 20), positive control in formalin test (received morphine, 10 mg/kg), positive control in xylene test (received dexamethason 15 mg/kg), and experimental groups. Experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected by 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extracts of Stachys lavanduifolia Vahl. Data were analyzed using SPSS software using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test.
Results: Results showed that all doses of Stachys lavandulifolia extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), significantly (p
Stachys lavandulifolia is used as the herbal tea in gastrointestinal disorders. It is believed that this plant has beneficial curative properties. However, more studies are needed to determine the toxic effects of plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 100 adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into 5 groups of 20; including one control and 4 experimental groups, and injected i.p saline or Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl extract (50,100,150 and 200 mg/kg) for 1 month. Then sampling was done from half of the animas of each group. The left animals in each group were held without injection for one more month and then sampling was done. In the groups that Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl extract were used for one month, a mild degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cell was observable. However, in the second month of the study, the histologic lesions were significantly more (P<0.05). Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl extract has renal tubular toxicity and this toxicity may continue even following drug discontinuation. However, further studies need to evaluate renal complications of this drug in human.
Stachys lavandulifolia is a native plant that has been used as an anxiolytic and sedative in Iranian folk medicine. In Iran, 34 species of this genus are present, among which 13 are endemic. The plant is known as Chay-e-kohi in Persian and its English name is betony. It is used as herbal tea in gastrointestinal disorders. Tea made from the whole plant or leaves is used for its sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic and emmenagogic activity. The decoction of leaves and flowers is used by the tribal people of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari for the treatment of skin infection, menorrhagia and as an antibacterial agent. Also, the aerial part of Stachys lavandulifolia has been used by tribal people of Ilam Province West Iran, as carminative, sedative and cardiotonic, and for treatment of rheumatism, indigestion and headache. The essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia from Zagros Mountains, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Southwest Iran were analysed by GC and GCMS. The major components of Stachys lavandulifolia oil were β-phellandrene (37.93%), α-thujene (23.76%), benzaldehyde (6.28%), β-myrcene (4.41%), γ-elemene (3.98%) and bicyclogermacrene (2.64%).
The n-hexane (HE), dichloromethane (DC), methanol (ME), ethanol 70% (ET), and methanol with Soxlhet apparatus (MS) extracts of Stachys lavandulifolia aerial parts were screened for their potential tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity. ET and MS inhibited tyrosinase with IC50values of 33.4 and 42.8 μg/mL, respectively. The phytochemical investigation of these extracts resulted in the isolation of the known compounds monomelittoside (1), melittoside (2), 5- allosyloxy-aucubin (3), acteoside (4) and arbutin (5). The HE extract, characterized by germacrene D, β-pinene, β-myrcene, and trans-caryophyllene as main constituents, showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50value of 13.7 μg/mL while DC extract was the most active against BChE (IC50value of 143.9 μg/mL). The diterpene stachysolone (6) was isolated from this extract. The antioxidant properties were also investigated by four in vitro methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching tests).
A simple and eco-friendly procedure has been devised for the green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles, using the aqueous extract of herbal tea (Stachys lavandulifolia), a renewable and nontoxic natural phyto-exudate. The water-soluble components of the extract act as reducing agent and stabilizer. This green route does not require a surfactant or capping agent for the growth of palladium nanoparticles. The generated nanoparticles were analysed using UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and inductively coupled plasma. The palladium nanoparticles having spherical shape and dimensions of between 5 and 7 nm were employed as a homogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling reactions conducted in water under mild conditions. Good yields of products, a facile work-up, no evidence of leached palladium from the catalyst surface and smooth recovery of the catalysis by adding ethyl acetate, which could be reused at least eight times, confirm the very good efficiency of the catalytic reaction. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stachys lavandulifolia is an herb growing wild in Iran with interesting medicinal properties. In this research, the variability of morphological characters and phytochemical compositions among and within eight populations of this species was studied. Characteristics including inflorescence length, internode length, leaf shape, corolla color, state of calyx trichomes, state of leaf trichomes and corolla length were the most variable morphological characteristics among the examined populations. The phytochemical characterization revealed 45 components in the essential oils. Germacrene D and δ-cadinene were the main component with the highest contents. α-Copaene was positively correlated with δ-cadinene and limonene, while germacrene D was negatively correlated with δ-cadinene. UPGMA dendrogram constructed based on combined data of morphological variables and phytochemical compositions distinguished studied populations with high inter- and intra-population diversity. The high level of phytochemical and morphological variability among and within the studied populations suggests a breeding approach during the domestication, to gain new, promising, and homogenous cultivars, attractive for the industry and agriculture.
Adams, R. P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL
Is out of print, but you can obtain a free pdf of it at
www.juniperus.org
The essential oil composition of Stachys setifera ssp. iranica has been investigated by GC and GC–MS; 73 compounds, representing 96.7% of the oil were identified, of which pulegone (26.5%), piperitenone oxide (17.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (11.2%) were the main components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The book is in two parts: first part Essential Oil includes compositae; labiatae; verbenaceae; oleaceae; umbelliferae; myrtaceae; euphorbiaceae; rutaceae; geraniaceae; rosaceae; lauraceae; myristicaceae; anonaceae; santalaceae; moraceae; piperaceae; zingiberaceae; araceae; gramineae; and cupressaceae written in English and Japanese. Part two includes essential oil; gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry written in Japanese. (DP)
Abstract The Essential Leaf Oils Of Origanum Syriacum Var. Aegyptiacum and Stachys Aegyptiaca (Lamiaceae), Were Prepared By Hydrodistillation and Studied By Cgc and Gc-Ms. Among The 28 Compounds Identified In The Oil Of Origanum, Up To 83% Consists Of The Antiseptic and Flavoring Agent Carvacrol. In Addition, Carvacrol Methyl Ether and Carvacryl Acetate Are Present In Minute Amounts. The Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Fraction Accounts For Nearly 12% Of The Oil Of Which P-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, Myrceneand A-Thujene Are The Major Components. The Sesquiterpene Compounds and The Monoterpene Alcohols Occur In Rather Insignificant Concentrations. The Oil Of Stachys Aegyptiaca Consists Mainly Of 14 Monoterpene Hydrocarbons (75%), 4 Oxygenated Monoterpenes (1.1%) and 7 Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons (17%). The Dominant Compound Is Ot-Pinene.
The constituents of the essential oil of Stachys glutinosa L. were investigated for the first time. In a first part, we studied a collective oil following a methodology which combined chromatographic techniques (CC, GC) with spectroscopic techniques (MS, 13C-NMR). Sixty-four constituents (91% of the total composition) were identified. The major compounds were terpinen-4-ol (13.1%), α-pinene (10.1%), α-terpineol (8.4%), β-phellandrene (6.8%) and γ-terpinene (6.1%). In a second part, we investigated 53 oil samples obtained from individual plants collected widely in Corsica, by GC–RI and GC–MS. The essential oils of S. glutinosa displayed a wide infraspecific chemical variability. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The constituents of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Stachys obliquaL. (Lamiaceae) grown in Fethiye, western Anatolia, were investigated by GC and GC–MS analysis. A total of 31 compounds were detected, 29 of which (representing 97.1% of the total oil) were fully identified. The major components were germacrene-D (25.4%), thymol (16.4%), limonene (6.2%), borneol (4.9%), α-pinene (4.7%) and isomenthol (3.4%). Identification of the compounds was based on retention times, MS data and comparison with authentic samples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of Stachys recta L. and Stachys balansae L. have been examined by GC, GC–MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The oil of S. recta contains, as main components, oct-1-en-3-ol (33.8%), linalol (13.0%) and β-pinene (7.5%). The oil of S. balansae has β-caryophyllene (24.3%), β-pinene (24.1%) and α-pinene (16.0%) as main components. This study allowed the identification of 37 components in the oil of Stachys recta and 29 components in the oil of S. balansae. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
During screening for the development of drugs from natural products, methanolic extract of tuber of Stachys sieboldii MIQ. (Labiatae) significantly inhibited the lethal induced by KCN in mice. The methanolic extract was fractionated by column chromatography to identify the active constituents. Acteoside and stachysoside C, phenylethanoid glycoside, have a significant effect on the KCN-induced anoxia model.
The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Stachys candida and S. chrysantha were analysed with GC and GC/MS. Forty-two constituents were identified from the two oils and alpha-cadinol, manoyl oxide, caryophyllene oxide, epi-alpha-muurolol and (E)-caryophyllene were found to be the major components. Furthermore, the oils were tested against six Gram (+/-) bacteria and it was found that one of them exhibited significant antibacterial activity.
Extracts obtained from aerial parts of Stachys inflata have been used in Iranian folk medicine in infective, rheumatic and other inflammatory disorders. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory properties of total methanol extract isolated from aerial parts of Stachys inflata were investigated in two well-characterised inflammatory models in rats, carrageenan-induced paw oedema and formalin-induced paw licking. Intraperitoneal injection of the extract, 60 min before induction of inflammation, revealed a dose-related inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema over the dose range 50-200 mg/kg. In the formalin test, the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) had no effect against the first phase (0-5 min) of the formalin-induced pain, but all three doses produced a significant blockade of the second phase (P < 0.001). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was determined, and a histopathological study was carried out in paw tissue 4 h after induction of inflammation. The hydroalcoholic extract (200 mg/kg) substantially reduced MPO activity (P < 0.05), which was increased in the control group. Histological examination showed a marked reduction in tissue injury and inhibition in neutrophil infiltration in rats treated with the extract (200 mg/kg).
The different ways of describing peak positions on gas chromatograms are reviewed. The retention index is preferred to the theoretical nonane system and the relative retention.The equation given by Kováts for the calculation of the retention index in case of isothermal operation is transformed to a more general form to include also the case of linear temperature programmed operation. This generalized equation gives the same retention index for both ways of operation.
Volatile constituents of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl growing in Iran
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Ramezani M, Hassanzadeh MK and Safdarabadi DM. Volatile constituents of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl growing in Iran. Chem. Res. Communic. (2002) 15: 20-23
Chemical constituents of the essential oils of Origanum syriacum and Stachys aegyptica Composition and variability of essential oil of Stachys glutinosa L. from Corosia (France)
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Popular Medicinal Plants of Iran. Research Dep. of Health ministry press
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