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L'éruption de l'Eyjafjoll (2010, Islande).

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Michel Detay at Schematics Ltd
Michel Detay
  • Schematics Ltd
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Abstract and Figures

Après 187 ans de sommeil, l’Eyjafjöll s’est réveillé le 20 mars 2010. Jusqu’au 14 avril, l’éruption était caractérisée par des manifestations effusives d’une dizaine de fontaines de lave de style hawaïen. Le 14 avril, la fissure s’est brutalement allongée pour atteindre 2 à 3 km de long, rejoignant ainsi les cratères historiques de l’Eyjafjöll, intéressant alors des zones sous-glaciaires de l'Eyjafjallajökull. Cette nouvelle phase éruptive, devenue explosive, provoqua d’une part un important nuage de cendres qui a atteint 11 000 mètres d’altitude le 14 avril et, d’autre part, plusieurs épisodes de débâcle glaciaire (jökulhlaup) nécessitant d’évacuer 600 personnes. Cette éruption a provoqué une paralysie aérienne sans précédent. Le 19 avril, on dénombrait 63 000 vols annulés, 6 millions de voyageurs bloqués et un coût pour l’aviation civile de 186 millions d’euros par jour. Nous présentons le contexte structural de l’éruption, puis nous rappelons les principales caractéristiques des éruptions historiques de l’Eyjafjöll et envisageons les développements possibles : débâcle glaciaire, réveil du Katla. Nous rappelons quelques évènements historiques qui donnent des ordres de grandeur et éclairent les risques potentiels. Nous discutons de l’impact de l’éruption sur les hommes et le cheptel en Islande puis envisageons son effet sur le climat. Enfin, nous concluons sur le fait qu’il ne s’agit que d’une petite éruption, sorte de répétition, avant l’émergence d’évènements de bien plus grande envergure.
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Dans ce numéro :
HOMMAGE AU PROFESSEUR ROBERT BROUSSE
L’ISLANDE ET L’EYJAFJÖLL - L’ERTA ALE - LE VANUATU...
ISLANDE MARS-AVRIL 2010
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BSFDA>A9;CG7D7@63@F5A?BF767>SHA>GF;A@67E?39?3E3G5AGDE
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Éruption
Eldgjá
Durée
3-6 ans ?
Nombre
d’épisodes
éruptifs
Hauteur
colonne
(km)
Volume
téphras
(km3)
Volume
lave
(km3)
Surface
recouverte
(km2)
Longueur
coulées
(km)
Émissions
de SO2
(Mt)
15 14 1,4 18,1 781 70 219
Laki 8 mois 10 7-13 0,4 14,7 599 65 122
*34>73G   'G7>CG7E S>S?7@FE 67 EK@F:TE7 CG3@F 3GJ SDGBF;A@E 67 >b>69<O  7F 6G "3=;  6b3BDTE
* *:AD63DEA@7FAE=G>6EEA@?A6;8;S#FBAGD?;>>;A@E67FA@@7E

L’éruption du Laki, 1783-84
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8KK<@E;I<   D;< C8M< G8I J<:FE;< *E
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J<IYG8E;@KVKI8M<IJC LIFG< F::@;<EK8C<GIF
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MFHLZI<EKC8-YMFCLK@FE=I8EX8@J<<E
L’éruption de l’Eldgjá, 934-40
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CLK@FEMFC:8E@HL<:FEEL<?@JKFI@HL<D<EK+FLI
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Le Katla
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C@Y<JV;<>@>8EK<JHL<J:FLCY<J;j<8L;<>C8:<<K;<
9FL<JGIF;L@K<JG8ICj8:K@M@KYMFC:8E@HL<JFLJ
>C8:@8@I<'8;<IE@ZI<YILGK@FE;L&8KC88GIF;L@K
LE<Z=G>:>3GB <JK@DY<EKI< <K  DJ
JF@K;<LO=F@JC<;Y9@K;<CjD8QFE<
Les jökulhlaup
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;YM<IJ<D<EK9ILK8C;<Cj<8LG8IM@;8E><9ILJHL<
;L C8: >C8:@8@I< $C Jj8>@K ;jLE< =FID< ;< >3:3D
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;jFI@>@E<MFC:8E@HL<
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Cj PA8=AaCCJFEKI<JKYJ;<=8@9C<J8DGC@KL;<J9@<E
HLj@CJ8@<EK<EKI8]EYCjYM8:L8K@FE;<:<EK8@E<J;<
G<IJFEE<J <K C8 :FLGLI< ;< C8 IFLK< GI@E:@G8C<
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CjYILGK@FE ;L &8KC8 C< I@JHL< ;< <Z=G>:>3GB
;<M@<E;I8@K KFLK 8LKI< :FDG8I89C< V :<CL@ ;L
"I@DJMaKE <E  '<  J<GK<D9I<  C<
"I@DJMaKE J@KLY 8L :hLI ;L 18KE8AaBLCC <JK
<EKIY<EYILGK@FEGIF;L@J8EKLE<Z=G>:>3GB ?@JKF
I@HL< '< 18KE8AaBLCC C@KKYI8C<D<EK eC< >C8:@<I
;<JI@M@ZI<J f<JKC<GCLJ>I8E;>C8:@<I;j LIFG<
8M<:J<J BDi JF@KC8K8@CC<;<C8FIJ< i<K
LE<YG8@JJ<LI;<>C8:<;<V  D
'jYILGK@FEJFLJ>C8:@8@I< GIFMFHL8C8=FEK<;L
>C8:@<IJLILE<?8LK<LI;< DC<CFE>;jLE<=@J
JLI<;< BD;<CFE>L<LI<K;< D;<C8I><'<
C8:F::LG8EKC<:<EKI<;<C8:8C;<I8;<M8@K8@EJ@>IFJ
J@IGFLI8KK<@E;I<LEMFCLD<:I@K@HL<;< BD
'1 )d ($ M*+ ,%"$%"%'+
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
FeO*
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
P2O5
TOTAL
Téphras
du
22 mars
47,27
4,60
13,27
14,56
0,18
5,01
9,47
3,07
0,80
0,71
98,94
7,00
4,61
12,91
14,62
0,25
4,69
9,38
3,14
0,78
0,81
98,18
Écart
type Katla
1918 Écart
type
0,15
0,08
0,07
0,09
0,04
0,15
0,04
0,04
0,01
0,03
0
0,54
0,06
0,06
0,17
0,01
0,13
0,10
0,13
0,01
0,04
0
*34>73G   &D7?;TD7E 3@3>KE7E 67E FSB:D3E 67 >bSDGBF;A@ 67
>bK<38<Z>>6b3BDTE);9?3DEEA@%7F3>

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L’EYJAFJÖLL
Volcanologie prévisionnelle: simulation de risques volcaniques ultimes au Japon
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Mar 2018
Alors que la physique du processus nous empêche de prédire les paramètres d’une éruption volcanique, la puissance de l’outil mathématique et la sophistication des méthodes probabilistes nous permettent néammoins d’appréhender le risque volcanique. Après avoir jeté les bases de quelques indices fondamentaux (VEI, magnitude, fréquence d’occurrence, intensité) nous envisageons la probabilité d’occurrence et la quantification de risques volcaniques ultimes. Nous développerons deux exemples : éruption de magnitude 8,4 sur l’île de Kyūshū et celle d’une éruption plinienne du mont Fuji semblable à celle de Hoei en 1707. Enfin, à partir des exemples de Fukushima Daiichi (2011) et de l’Ontake San (2014) nous discuterons des dommages collatéraux et de l’écart entre le niveau de sophistication mathématique et l’impréparation coupable des autorités. Un grand écart entre principe de précaution et réalité de terrain.
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Pourquoi les volcans ?
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Feb 2014
Introduction à la volcanologie et à l'hydrovolcanologie. Rappel de cours pour les élèves de 4e et de Terrminale S et perspectives de recherches dans les domaines de la volcanologie.
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Volcanospéléologie en ISLANDE perspectives scientifiques et émergence du géotourisme
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2011
Les tunnels de lave islandais apparaissent dans les sagas dès le XIIIe siècle mais leur étude scientifique est très récente. La prise de conscience de l’intérêt des tunnels de lave n’a réellement eu lieu que depuis une trentaine d’années. Nous retraçons les grandes étapes des découvertes de ce monde souterrain particulier qui a inspiré les hommes, du voyage au centre de la Terre à la naissance de la volcanospéléologie. Nous présentons un rapide état des connaissances en matière de tunnels de lave et de spéléothèmes (lavacicles) volcaniques. Nous jetons alors les bases de la contribution de la volcanospéléologie aux géosciences. Enfin, nous présentons une dizaine de tunnels de lave islandais remarquables avant de conclure sur le développement du géotourisme et l’intérêt croissant suscité par les zones volcaniques et géothermales auprès des voyageurs.
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Islande - splendeurs et colères d’une île
Book
Full-text available
  • Jan 2010
"Partez à la découverte d'une nature à l'état brut, entre feu et glace" Mars 2010 : après 200 ans de sommeil, le volcan islandais Eyjafjöll entre en éruption et provoque une paralysie sans précédent d’une partie de l’Europe. La situation géographique particulière de l’Islande, île perdue dans le nord de l’océan Atlantique, en fait une des zones les plus actives de notre planète, avec plus de 200 volcans et 600 sources d’eaux chaudes. Véritable île « extraterrestre », l’Islande fascine. Au-delà du saisissement, comment comprendre les geysers ? les tunnels de lave ? les aurores boréales ? Et pourquoi cette île jeune, qui doit son existence à l’activité de ses volcans, est-elle aussi explosive? Illustré des magnifiques photographies des auteurs, ce livre propose un voyage naturaliste et émerveillé dans un des derniers sanctuaires de la nature en Europe, au cœur de paysages extraordinaires, d’une faune exceptionnelle et d’une flore surprenante. Il fournit des explications claires sur les phénomènes naturels propres à cette terre de feu et de glace. Il comporte également des conseils photographiques qui renseigneront utilement tout voyageur photographe.
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Iceland Geodynamics: Crustal Deformation and Divergent Plate Tectonics
Book
  • Jan 2006
This book provides a summary of geodynamic results from Iceland that presently are found in a great number of scientific articles, but have not been collected before in a book. The ever increasing number of scientists interested in geology and geophysics of Iceland should find the book a "must" to gain knowledge about previous work and the status of knowledge about Iceland.
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A cool model for the Iceland hotspot
Article
  • Mar 2005
  • J VOLCANOL GEOTH RES
Several primary features of the Iceland region require a posteriori adaptions of the classical plume hypothesis to explain them, which erodes confidence in this model. These include the lack of a time-progressive volcanic track and the paucity of evidence for a seismic anomaly in the lower mantle. Diverse studies suggest a mantle potential temperature anomaly beneath the region of no more than 50–100 K, which is probably insufficient for a thermally buoyant plume. We suggest an alternative model that attributes the enhanced magmatism in the Iceland region to high local mantle fertility from subducted Iapetus oceanic crust trapped in the Laurasian continental mantle lithosphere within the collision zone associated with the Caledonian suture. This crust is recycled into the melt zone locally beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge where isentropic upwelling of eclogitized crust or a crust–peridotite mixture produces excess melt. The production of anomalously large volumes of melt on this part of the spreading ridge has built a zone of thick seismic crust that traverses the whole north Atlantic. A weak, downward continuation of the seismic low-velocity zone into the transition zone between the Charlie Gibbs and Jan Mayen fracture zones may correspond to a component of partial melt, too low to be extractable, that indicates the depth extent of enhanced fusibility or volatiles resulting from the recycled crust. The Iceland region separates two contrasting oceanic tectonic regions to its north and south that may behave independently to some degree. Perhaps as a result of this, it has persistently been characterized by complex and unstable tectonics involving spreading about a parallel pair of ridges, intervening microplates, ridge migrations, and local variations in the spreading direction. These tectonic complexities can explain a number of primary features observed on land in Iceland. A captured microplate that may contain oceanic crust up to ∼30 m.y. old underlies central Iceland submerged beneath younger lavas. This may account for local thickening of the seismic crust to ∼40 km there. Eastward-widening, fan-shaped extension about a west–east zone that traverses central Iceland culminates in northwest Vatnajokull and may cause the enhanced volcanism there that is traditionally assumed to indicate the center of a plume. The general locus of spreading has not migrated east as is often suggested in support of an eastward-migrating plume model. The model suggested here attributes the Iceland melting anomaly to structures and processes related to plate tectonics that are sourced in the shallow upper mantle. Similar models may explain other “hotspots.” Such models suggest a simplifying view of mantle convection since they require only a single mode of convection, that associated with plate tectonics, and not an additional second independent mode associated with deep mantle plumes.
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Seismic signs of magma pathways through the crust in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, South Iceland
Article
  • Dec 2009
Earthquakes recorded in Eyjafjallajökull between 1991 and 2006 by the SIL-network are relocated using a double-difference method and their mechanisms are analysed. Three main swarms occurred during this period, in 1994, 1996, and 1999-2000, two of which were accompanied by surface uplift. The relocated seismic distribution forms an overall pipe-like pattern beneath the northern edge of the ice cap, extends through the crust from the crust-mantle boundary and shows the feeder channel in the volcano. During the latter intrusion swarm (1999-2000) seismicity migrated southwards, towards the centre of uplift. The 1996 swarm occurred at the crust-mantle boundary and indicates a period of magma transport up into the crust from the mantle. The fourth seismic swarm, which occurred in 2009, during preparation of this report, is discussed in Appendix II.
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Éruption de l'Eyjafjöll, un volcan qui a du panache
  • Jan 2010
  • 70-76
– dETaY M. -Éruption de l'Eyjafjöll, un volcan qui a du panache. Pour la Science, 392, 70-76 (2010).
Les volcans, le climat et la Révolution française. Mémoire de L'association Volcanologique Européenne
  • Jan 1993
  • 1
  • J.-P Montagner
MonTaGnER J.-P.-Panaches chauds : mythe ou réalité ? Pour la Science, 46-54, dossier 67 (2010).-RaBaRTIn R., RocHER P.-Les volcans, le climat et la Révolution française. Mémoire de L'association Volcanologique Européenne, n° 1 (1993).
HöSKULdSSon a.-Preliminary interpretations of chemical analysis of tephra from Eyjafjallajökull volcano
  • Jan 2010
  • Sigmarsson O
  • Óskarsson N
  • B Bórdarson
  • G Larsen
SIGMaRSSon o., óSKaRSSon n., BóRdaRSon B., LaRSEn G., HöSKULdSSon a.-Preliminary interpretations of chemical analysis of tephra from Eyjafjallajökull volcano, (2010).