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Do cellular phones dream of civil war? The mystification of production and the consequences of technology fetishism in the Congo

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... 5 With support from a Smithsonian Consortia Grant for a project entitled Fixing Connections: The Art & Science of Repair, Joel Kuipers (George Washington University) and I led a research team composed of Jacqueline Hazen (PhD student at New York University), Briel Kobak (PhD student at the University of Chicago), and Amanda Kemble (PhD student at the University of Michigan) on cellphone repair over the course of eighteen months (2012-2014). 6 Different nodes of cellphone supply chains have come into view as anthropologists have examined the labour and social worlds of extraction (Smith & Mantz, 2006;Mantz, 2008;Smith, 2011;, manufacture (Ngai, 2005;Smith & Mantz, 2006;Lüthje et al., 2013), infrastructures related to the use of mobile telephony (Parks & Schwoch, 2012;Parks & Starosielski, 2015), and the impacts of their disposal (Lepawsky & Billah, 2011;Tong & Wang, 2012;Lepawsky, 2015;. 7 YouTube videos are one platform within a wider array of media through which individuals communicate and sell their materials. ...
... 5 With support from a Smithsonian Consortia Grant for a project entitled Fixing Connections: The Art & Science of Repair, Joel Kuipers (George Washington University) and I led a research team composed of Jacqueline Hazen (PhD student at New York University), Briel Kobak (PhD student at the University of Chicago), and Amanda Kemble (PhD student at the University of Michigan) on cellphone repair over the course of eighteen months (2012-2014). 6 Different nodes of cellphone supply chains have come into view as anthropologists have examined the labour and social worlds of extraction (Smith & Mantz, 2006;Mantz, 2008;Smith, 2011;, manufacture (Ngai, 2005;Smith & Mantz, 2006;Lüthje et al., 2013), infrastructures related to the use of mobile telephony (Parks & Schwoch, 2012;Parks & Starosielski, 2015), and the impacts of their disposal (Lepawsky & Billah, 2011;Tong & Wang, 2012;Lepawsky, 2015;. 7 YouTube videos are one platform within a wider array of media through which individuals communicate and sell their materials. ...
Chapter
Focusing on the virtually constituted community of scrappers through their digital publics (online forums, websites and youtube videos), in this chapter I examine how expertise is performed and value materialized through the scrapping of cellphones. Thinking through the performances of these women and men as they work to create digital publics of shared expertise, as well as the transforming materialities that scrappers are endeavoring to harness and understand through their craft, I touch on how the boundaries between self and object, and between truth and ficture, are blurred. In the process I demonstrate how in re-enlivening our e-waste, scrappers are striving to remake themselves.
... The materiality of these devices along different points of its supply chain has also begun to garner anthropological attention. Scholars have looked at the extraction of rare earths and other minerals involved in the production of electronics (Smith and Mantz 2006;Mantz 2008;Smith 2011Smith , 2015Padel and Das 2010;Sheller 2014), as part of the unpacking of their "resource materialities" (Richardson and Weszkalnys 2014). 4 This work is complemented by ethnographies of the labor involved in the manufacture of cell phones alongside other electronics in dispersed settings around the globe (Ngai 2005;Smith, Sonnenfeld, and Pellow 2006;Lüthje, Hürtgen, and Sproll 2013;Qiu 2016), and the infrastructure involved in cell phone use (Redfield 2000, Barker 2005, Parks and Schwoch 2012. ...
... Inside, platinum, tungsten, tin, gold, copper, and silver are found in the circuitry; the cases are made of aluminum alloys; the batteries typically consist of lithium cobalt oxide and carbon graphite (Wagner 2015). Many of these materials are available only in extremely limited quantities, and distributed along a precarious, dangerous, and even morally problematic supply chain that involves a range of individuals (see Limer 2013, Mantz 2011, Smith and Mantz 2006, Smith 2015; see also Hockenberry and Mantz, this issue). ...
... The confl ict is said to have claimed more than fi ve million lives ( Polgreen 2008 ). It is a matter of some academic debate as to whether mineral wealth drove confl ict or whether confl ict drove the extraction of minerals, but it is clear that traffi cking in minerals necessary for the production of digital technologies was essential to these war efforts and complicit in the human and ecological toll exacted through that war ( Clark 2002 ;Cross 2005 ;IPIS 2002 ;Jackson 2002 ;Mantz 2008aMantz , 2008bMoyroud andKatunga 2002 Nzongola-Ntalanja 2002 ;Reno 1999 ;Smith 2011 ;Smith and Mantz 2006 ;Turner 2007Turner , 2013. ...
... As Jim Smith and I have argued elsewhere ( Smith and Mantz 2006 ), the emergence of coltan and other minerals has played a crucially parallel role in the facilitation of the contemporary digital age within which we now fi nd ourselves. Cell phones and other digital technologies emerged fi rst in the 1970s and 1980s as highly specialized products oriented fi rst to military needs and then to luxury markets. ...
Chapter
For nearly two decades, the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been the site of a protracted confl ict that has claimed millions of lives and exacted harrowing amounts of social and ecological damage. At the center of this confl ict is the extraction of and trade in minerals that are essential to producing most of the electronic products we now associate with the digital age (notably mobile phones, but also microprocessors, gaming consoles, and a range of other electronic and digital technologies). Various state-sponsored and independent militias have long fought to control the production and circulation of these minerals, often through extra-legal means (forced labor, theft, intimidation, terror), as mining has proved lucrative enough to allow them to buy arms to further their military objectives. Beginning around 2001, a number of journalists, international organizations, and academics started to draw attention to the circulation of these “blood minerals.” At fi rst, the moral hazards associated with these supply chains largely focused on the ecological affects: the slaughter of endangered gorilla and elephant populations, as well as deforestation in a critical rainforest region. Later, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) emphasized that rape had reached epidemic levels as dozens of militias marched into village after village throughout the Congo’s eastern provinces. Legislators and other government offi cials fi nally took notice and were persuaded by a handful of NGOs to sponsor a bill and hold congressional hearings on the matter, though Congolese stakeholders were noticeably absent in those discussions. The resulting policy initiative made its way into law as Section 1502 the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, which directs the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to ensure that American companies exercise due diligence in acquiring confl ict-free minerals for use in the manufacture of their products. Similar legislation is pending in Europe. Yet many of the objectives of this policy initiative have proven counterproductive (and in fact have exacerbated the confl ict), as regulatory uncertainties have emboldened smuggling regimes and forced an even larger segment of the trade underground (Mantz In Press; Mantz 2011).
... The bill was originally introduced in 2009 following more than a decade of pressure by human rights and environmental groups concerned with the devastation of the Congo and its inhabitants in the world's deadliest conflict since World War II. Columbite-tantalite (coltan, as it is commonly known), abundant in the eastern region of the Congo 1 (which holds significant quantities of the world's reserves 2 ), was being wrenched from the ground as fast as warring militias could force rural Congolese to mine it (Clark 2002;Cross 2005;IPIS 2002;Jackson 2002;Mantz 2008aMantz , 2008bMoyroud and Katunga 2002;Nzongola-Ntalanja 2002;Reno 1999;Smith 2011;Smith and Mantz 2006;Turner 2007Turner , 2013. One of the reasons the 2008 financial crisis (which prompted Dodd-Frank) occurred so rapidly was because of a pervasive shift in international trade behavior over the last couple of decades: markets have gradually shifted from being located within spatially fixed marketplaces or in long-term investments to being absorbed within an elaborate global economy dependent on the dominance of instantaneous electronic transactions. ...
... you need francs to live until tomorrow, but you need dollars to be an agentive subject-that is, to be constituted as a "person" with mobility in the newly emerging post-war DRC. A primary example Jim Smith and I have invoked numerous times (Smith and Mantz 2006, Mantz 2008a, Smith 2011) is bridewealth. The raiding of cattle during the war created a need for other forms of social investment that could be transferred at marriage, which apart from its instrumental value in lending political stability to village relations Congolese view also as symbolically important to the crafting of enduring futures. ...
Article
For nearly 20 years, the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo has endured massive human and ecological casualties, marked by harrowing tales of atrocities at the hands of various state and non-state actors. At the center of all this conflict is the extraction of and trade in minerals (such as coltan) essential to produce most of the electronic products we now associate with the digital age (mobile phones, gaming consoles). Some regard the calculus for the global exchange in these products as simple: militias that control these minerals (often through theft or forced labor of miners) buy arms to further their campaigns of terror. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, which requires American companies to exercise due diligence in ensuring that minerals used in the manufacture of their products are conflict-free, emerged out of those presumptions. But for thousands of Congolese involved in the production and trafficking of its mineral wealth, minerals represent the potential for enduring social networks and positive economic and social futures. Based on ethnographic data collected
... Thinking through tangible anthropocenic formations forces us to articulate direct linkages: holes in the ground and human/biological/zoological calamities at specific sites within the DRC and Indonesia, toxic waste seepage at smelting and component manufacturing sites in the United States and China (among a broader set of sites) directly led to this black box sitting at a recording studio in the anglophone first world. Adopting such a global accounting (Smith and Mantz 2006) is imperative for understanding the ontology of recorded and amplified music and its technologies, and clarifies whether adopting yet more extractivist technologies is 'worth it' in relation to the purported sociopolitical and aesthetic gains of this music. Whilst the Anthropocene transpires at a planetary scale, it is not experienced the same by everyone, just like the uneven resource and monetary flows that are constitutive of the Anthropocene to begin with: ...
Article
Understanding how recorded and amplified stage musics contribute towards producing the Anthropocene necessitates attending to complex transnational flows of material, capital and labor, and how they coalesce into technological objects. This is complicated by the wide array of sites, practices and knowledges involved during various stages of the production process, from initial resource extraction, to smelting, component manufacturing, technology assembly, and distribution. To develop a suitable technological ethics, and to understand what happens to environments and to human, animal and plant lifeworlds, requires one to resist abstraction and undertake a global accounting of resource ecologies with recourse to planetary-scale political economy. Towards this goal, I provide a partial account of an early 2000s mic preamp, a mundane but nonetheless fetishised recording studio technological object. I focus on two metals, tin and tantalum, that are primarily extracted for electronics manufacturing, and two building blocks of electronics, solder and capacitors, which are essential for making contemporary electronics.
Thesis
Full-text available
Although the aesthetics of devices such as the I-phone may not encourage consideration for what lies beneath the surface, these are also products comprised of naturally occurring materials. Despite an ongoing humanitarian and ecological crisis, particularly in the east of DRC, a dearth of academic publications exist which intrinsically link the mobile technology industry to circumstances on the ground. During this period of research my aim has been to investigate the extent to which this crisis has been paralleled or perpetuated by a boom in the manufacture of mobile technological devices and the trade in ubiquitous raw materials which originate from DRC. By tracking the plight of three particular materials (coltan, cobalt and cassiterite) as geological artefacts I have researched the extent to which a geopolitical narrative has impacted lives of people in this region. The magnitude of this trade has also been expressed in the sense that; ‘just as sugar was significant to the growth of urban industrial centres in Western Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, so too has Congolese coltan been pivotal to the digital revolution within which we now find ourselves’ (Mantz, 2008: 41). In respect of the complexities of media and in contextualising their relationship with the material world, it has been noted that ‘an attention to materiality is most fruitful where it is often deemed irrelevant, in the “immaterial” domains of electronic media’ (Fuller 2005, 2). In contextualising what is meant by the term ‘materiality of media’, one can look back at the work of early media theorists such as Marshall McLuhan whose book "Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man", published in 1964 as well as the maxim ‘the medium is the message’ have become influential in the years which have followed. Jussi Parikka’s 2015 book "A Geology of Media begins to look in more literal terms at circumstances around the physical materials from which modern media technologies are comprised. The origins and destinations of such materials may be determined by their metallurgical properties, such that ‘what moves to the forefront is a "territorial" organization, in the sense that all the segments, whether of lineage, land, or number, are taken up by an astronomical space or a geometrical extension that overcodes them’ (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987: 388). On a slightly different footing, Wendy Chun’s 2016 book entitled "Updating to Remain the Same: Habitual New Media" highlights the ways in which consumer markets in new media are manipulated to maximise profitability. Many electronics companies have maintained that their supply chains are too complex for inherent ethical issues to be addressed because of the sheer number of actors involved in moving minerals from mines in Congo all the way to the gadgets in our pockets (Prendergast and Lezhnev, 2009: 1).
Article
This article considers the uptake of Achille Mbembe’s article ‘Provisional notes on the postcolony’ (1992), the book De la Postcolonie: essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contemporain (2000) and its translated version, On the Postcolony (2001), in Congo studies. ‘Congo’ here is a shorthand for the current Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire. The article is concerned with the ways in which these two English-language texts (and their original French versions) figure in the social sciences and the humanities, specifically in the field of study relating to Zairian/Congolese society and culture. It becomes clear that the theme of mutual entanglements of commandement (power) and citizens not only influences political studies but also structures Congo scholarship on economy and governance, popular culture and erotics. The article ends with some reflections on academic writing about Congo, the limited uptake of ‘Provisional notes’ and On the Postcolony in religious studies, questions about ethics and scientific writing about political postcolonial cultures, and especially the necessity to historicize the postcolony.
Chapter
Amidst talk of a global market disaster, this article explores the social, legal, and cultural relevance of diamond mega-mining sites against a broader landscape of crisis. Specifically, it situates the economic hardships at local diamond mines within the historical debates involving political, economic and violent conflicts over Angolan sovereignty. Historically, diamond mines launched an era of corporate-planned residential settlements and domestic arrangements that are combined with strict, and at times patronizing, control of its workforce at the frontier of colonial sovereignty. In this laboratory of corporate-colonial rule, techniques of mining surveillance and the built environment were assembled and deployed in order to preserve commodity security and the organization and discipline of contracted pools of migrant and local populations. This chapter questions the contemporary resonances of this industrial-mining complex by drawing on ongoing ethnographic research at several mines in Angola. It suggests that while representing an institutional cut with the recent trajectory of Angolan diamonds, and a technological breakthrough with earlier twentieth-century mining projects, the mining compound of the new generation of mega-kimberlitic mines remains attentive to illicit circuits of commodity extraction and circulation. This situation exists because it regulates social interactions between miners and local populations. The productive value of “security”, the practice of law, and corporate techniques of control in diamond mines are considered as cultural constructs of the new rituals of corporate-state ideology. Going beyond the observation that “neo-liberal” mining projects are also models for quasi-sovereign apparatus of corporate governance. I argue instead that they act as a regime of space traversed by bodies, commodities, and immaterial forces, where notions and practices of social leverage and regulation are dialogically reinscribed betwixt and between corporate techniques of control and local idioms of social control.
Article
In this article, I examine some of the ways in which artisanal mining communities in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo experience digital age capitalism. I show how an extractive economy in tantalum, tin, and tungsten (referred to in NGO circles as the "3 Ts") shapes experiences and understandings of space, time, and value. Making use of oral narratives and other ethnographic data, I focus on the interconnections among time and price, as well as the war over price in an extractive economy characterized by great temporal uncertainty and rupture.
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