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Conscience de la Situation : regards croisés Aéronautique – Automobile
Abstract
Résumé Synthétique : Cet article porte sur la notion de Conscience de la Situation (Situation Awareness), concept originellement issu de l'aéronautique, mais qui prend peu à peu une place grandissante dans le domaine routier. A partir d'un rapide retour sur l'histoire de ce concept, intimement lié au processus d'automatisation du cockpit d'avion, il s'agira de procéder à ce « regard croisé » entre les deux secteurs, avec l'objectif de tirer profit de l'expérience acquise par l'aéronautique en matière d'automatisation, de Conscience de la Situation, et de Coopération Homme-Machine, afin d'accompagner les recherches actuelles consacrées au Copilotage automobile.
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As traffic participation is inherently a risky activity, traffic psychology has generated a great number of so-called risk models, i.e. models in which the risk concept plays a major role. Three of these models are attracting a great deal of attention these days: Naatanen and Summala's 'Model of driver's decision making and behaviour'. Wilde's 'Theory of risk homeostasis' and Fuller's 'Threat-avoidance model of driver behaviour'. All three models emphasize motivational aspects with regard to risk and they claim to be generally applicable to a large array of traffic situations. In an attempt to use these models for quantitative predictions in a concrete example (an overtaking manoeuvre), we found that many model components had not been defined at all, or had been defined only partially, or in a contradictory fashion. We have therefore developed our own model which allows quantitative calculations in terms of behaviour alternatives subjective probabilities of events, and utilities of the outcomes of behaviour alternatives. The concept of risk is more sharply defined as well. Further, the model explicitly takes into account that traffic tasks may be conceived as hierarchically ordered in strategic, tactical and operational task levels.
This paper discusses the ways in which automation of industrial processes may expand rather than eliminate problems with the human operator. Some comments will be made on methods of alleviating these problems within the 'classic' approach of leaving the operator with responsibility for abnormal conditions, and on the potential for continued use of the human operator for on-line decision-making within human-computer collaboration.
