Content uploaded by Theo Dawson
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Theo Dawson on Dec 28, 2019
Content may be subject to copyright.
Content uploaded by Theo Dawson
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Theo Dawson on Sep 24, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
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O&%1!%1#!":.!%/!K#%#37&*#!%1#&3!K#M#H/87#*%'H!81'L#!'*K!RDS!L0W7&%%#K!%/!'!$/783#1#*L&M#!'*'HQL&L!/T!%1#&3!
$/*%#*%+![1#*!W/%1!'*'HQL#L!1'M#!W##*!$/78H#%#K(!'*'HQL%L!W#I&*!'*!&%#3'%&M#!83/$#LL!/T!3#$/*L%30$%&*I!%1#!
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51#3#!'3#!L#M#3'H!L%#8L!&*!%1&L!83/$#LLF!
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L0W%1#7#L(!'*K!/3K#3#K!'$$/3K&*I!%/!%1#!K#M#H/87#*%'H!81'L#L!&*!O1&$1!8'3%&$0H'3!$/*$#8%&/*L!O#3#!
T/0*K(!'*K!!
D+ p#%!%1#!&*%#I3&%Q!/T!%1&L!&*M#*%/3Q(!#V8H/3&*I!/%1#3!8/LL&WH#!%1#7'%&$!$/7W&*'%&/*L!/T!$/*$#8%L(!#*L03&*I!
%1'%!#V#78H'3L!3#83#L#*%!%1#!$/*$#8%L!O&%1!O1&$1!%1#Q!'3#!'LL/$&'%#K(!'*K!W#I&**&*I!%1#!83/$#LL!/T!
&K#*%&TQ&*I!K#T#*L&WH#!H#'3*&*I!L#g0#*$#L+!
,+ :%!%1&L!8/&*%(!'*'HQL%L!W#I&*!30W3&$!'*K!L#g0#*$#!$/*L%30$%&/*(!O1&$1!3#g0&3#L!&K#*%&TQ&*I!$H#'3!#M&K#*$#!
/T!$/*$#8%0'H!H#'3*&*I!L#g0#*$#L(!'*K!K#L$3&W&*I!1/O!L8#$&T&$!$/*$#8%L!K#M#H/8!/M#3!%&7#+!!
J#HQ&*I!08/*!%1#!#78&3&$'H!L#g0#*$#L(!K#M#H/87#*%'H!%1#/3Q(!'*K!4*/OH#KI#!'W/0%!3#H'%#K!H#'3*&*I!L#g0#*$#L(!
'*'HQL%L!'%%#78%!%/!#V8H'&*!O1Q!/*#!T/37!/T!'!$/*$#8%!7&I1%!T/HH/O!'*/%1#3!&*!'*!#78&3&$'H!L#g0#*$#+!5'WH#!<!
&HH0L%3'%#L!%1#!TH/O!/T!%1&L!O/34+!U#I&**&*I!O&%1!#V#78H'3L!%1'%!'3#!'LL/$&'%#K!O&%1!8'3%&$0H'3!L0W!%1#7#L!'*K!
81'L#L(!'*'HQL%L!I3'K0'HHQ!%#'L#!/0%!$1'&*L!/T!%1#7'%&$'HHQ!3#H'%#K!$/*$#8%&/*L!%1'%!L8'*!%1#!%'3I#%#K!
K#M#H/87#*%'H!3'*I#+!_&3L%(!'*'HQL%L!K#L$3&W#!%1#!$/*$#8%L!3#83#L#*%#K!WQ!I3/08L!/T!L&7&H'3!#V#78H'3L!R'L!
L1/O*!&*!%1#!L#$/*K!$/H07*!/T!5'WH#!<S+!?*$#!%1#L#!K#L$3&8%&/*L!1'M#!W##*!$/78H#%#K(!'*'HQL%L!#V'7&*#!1/O!
%1#Q!'3#!3#H'%#K!%/!/*#!'*/%1#3!'$3/LL!H#M#HL!R'L!L1/O*!&*!%1#!%1&3K!$/H07*!/T!5'WH#!<S+![1#*!%1&L!83/$#LL!&L!
L0$$#LLT0H(!#'$1!*#O!/T!H#M#H!/T!0*K#3L%'*K&*I!$'*!W#!L##*!%/!W0&HK!08/*!%1#!$/*$#8%&/*L!/T!%1#!83#$#K&*I!H#M#H+!
51#!T0HH!83/$#LL!/T!3'%&/*'H!3#$/*L%30$%&/*!&L!K#L$3&W#K!7/3#!%1/3/0I1HQ!#HL#O1#3#!RN'OL/*C50*&4(!D;;Bc!
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Table 1: The physics of energy—“What is happening to the energy of the ball as it hits the
floor?”
Exemplar
Conceptions
Sequence description
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#*#3IQ!&L!7/%&/*c!#*#3IQ!
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7/M#!
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7/M#7#*%+!!
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$/*$#8%&/*L!/T!4&*#%&$!#*#3IQ!R%1#!#*#3IQ!/T!
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#*#3IQ!#V'78H#+!51#L#!L#g0#*$#L(!'H/*I!O&%1!%1#!/3I'*&Z#K!#78&3&$'H!&*M#*%/3Q!/T!$/*$#8%&/*L!'*K!#V#78H'3L(!
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#*#3IQ!%3'*LT#3G%3'*LT/37'%&/*+!!
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83/WH#7+!5'WH#!D!L1/OL!/*#!/T!-!30W3&$L!RT/3!4&*#%&$!#*#3IQ(!8/%#*%&'H!#*#3IQ(!T/3$#L!RI3'M&%QS(!O/34(!#*#3IQ!
%3'*LT/37'%&/*(!'*K!#*#3IQ!$/*L#3M'%&/*S!0L#K!%/!L$/3#!L%0K#*%!3#L8/*L#L!%/!'*!&%#7!%1'%!'L4L!L%0K#*%L!%/!
!
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#78&3&$'H!&*M#*%/3Q!/T!$/*$#8%&/*L!'*K!#V#78H'3L(!O&%1!%1#!8'3%&$0H'3!K#M#H/87#*%'H!81'L#!K03&*I!O1&$1!&%!
W#$'7#!$/77/*!&*!L%0K#*%!8#3T/37'*$#L+!
Table 2: Rubric choices for kinetic energy—falling ball scenario
Codes
Score
(
J(
K(
L(
M(
N(
9#*%&/*L!#*#3IQ!W0%!T'&HL!%/!#V8H'&*!1/O!&%!3#H'%#L!%/!%1#!83/WH#7!
t!
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!
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"#'3*&*I!3#L/03$#L!
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H#'3*&*I!3#L/03$#L+!A033&$0H07!L8#$&'H&L%L!O/34!%/!$3#'%#(!$/78&H#(!'*K!$03'%#!L0W`#$%CL8#$&T&$!H#'3*&*I!
3#L/03$#L+!51#!7'%#3&'HL!'3#!%1#*!/3I'*&Z#K!&*!%#37L!/T!%1#!$/78H#V&%Q!/T!%1#&3!%'L4!K#7'*KL!'*K!%1#&3!
$/*$#8%0'H!T/$0L(!'HH/O&*I!%1#7!%/!W#!H&*4#K!%/!30W3&$CK#3&M#K!L$/3#L!'*K!K#H&M#3#K!&*!3#'H!%&7#!%/!%#'$1#3L!'*K!
L%0K#*%L+!51#L#!H#'3*&*I!3#L/03$#L!'3#!&*%#*K#K!%/!L088/3%!W/%1!%#'$1#3!'*K!L%0K#*%!H#'3*&*I(!'*K!T/L%#3!
&*$3#'L&*IHQ!#TT#$%&M#!%#'$1&*I!'*K!H#'3*&*I+!!!!
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_03%1#37/3#(!'L!'H3#'KQ!7#*%&/*#K(!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!W/%1!#K0$'%&M#!'*K!L%'*K'3K&Z#K+!:HH!8#3T/37'*$#L!'3#!
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'$3/LL!'*Q!3'*I#!/T!L0W`#$%L!/3!$/*%#V%L+!51&L!&*$3#'L#L!%1#!8/O#3!/T!N&L$/5#L%L!'L!3#L#'3$1!&*L%307#*%L+!
@M#*%0'HHQ!%1#Q!O&HH!Q&#HK!H'3I#!H/*I&%0K&*'H!K'%'W'L#L!%1'%!O&HH!'HH/O!3#L#'3$1#3L!'*K!'K7&*&L%3'%/3L!%/!$/*L%30$%!
&*$3#'L&*IHQ!3#T&*#K!'$$/0*%L!/T!1/O!L%0K#*%L!H#'3*!&78/3%'*%!L4&HHL!'*K!$/*$#8%L!'*K!O1'%!4&*K!/T!%#'$1&*I!
83'$%&$#L!'3#!7/L%!H&4#HQ!%/!L088/3%!/8%&7'H!H#'3*&*I+!!
[#!1'M#!K&L$0LL#K!1/O!*#O!%#$1*/H/I&$'H!8/LL&W&H&%&#L!'3#!$1'*I&*I!%1#!L1'8#!/T!#K0$'%&/*(!'*K!%#L%&*I!&*!
8'3%&$0H'3+!:L!%1#!%#$1*/H/I&$'H!W'L#!/T!/03!#K0$'%&/*'H!83'$%&$#L!1'M#!%3'*LT/37#K(!L/!1'L!%1#!W3/'K!T0*$%&/*!/T!
%#L%&*I+!UQ!$/7W&*&*I!'KM'*$#L!&*!%#$1*/H/IQ!O&%1!%1#!*#O!L$&#*$#!/T!H#'3*&*I(!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!'WH#!%/!T'$&H&%'%#!
M&3%0/0L!$Q$H#L!/T!H#'3*&*I!'%!70H%&8H#!H#M#HL!&*!%1#!#K0$'%&/*'H!LQL%#7+!:L!*/%#K!'W/M#(!%1&L!&L!'!8/O#3T0H!O'Q!%/!
T&%!%1#!W#L%!/T!O1'%!O#!4*/O!'W/0%!%#'$1&*I!'*K!H#'3*&*I!&*%/!%/7/33/O\L!#K0$'%&/*'H!%#$1*/H/I&#L+!)*!%1#!*#V%!
L#$%&/*!O#!83/M&K#!'*!/M#3M&#O!/T!%1#!$#*%3'H!#K0$'%&M#!'*K!7#'L03#7#*%!T0*$%&/*!/T!N&L$/5#L%L(!H//4&*I!'%!
O1'%!%1#Q!K/!T/3!L%0K#*%L(!%#'$1#3L(!#K0$'%&/*'H!H#'K#3L(!'*K!3#L#'3$1#3L+!!!
Tests that help students learn
N&L$/5#L%L!L088/3%!L%0K#*%!H#'3*&*I!WQ!I'%1#3&*I!#M&K#*$#!'W/0%!%1#!H#M#H!/T!'!L%0K#*%\L!8#3T/37'*$#(!%1#*!
83/M&K&*I!%1'%!L%0K#*%!R'*K!1&L!/3!1#3!%#'$1#3S!O&%1!3&$1!T##KW'$4!%1'%!8/&*%L!%/!%1#!L8#$&T&$!$/*$#8%L!'*K!L4&HHL!
%1'%!L%0K#*%!&L!7/L%!H&4#HQ!%/!W#*#T&%!T3/7!H#'3*&*I!*#V%+!!N&L$/5#L%L!#*I'I#!L%0K#*%L!&*!'!M&3%0/0L!$Q$H#!O1#3#&*!
%1#&3!3#L8/*L#L!83/78%!&77#K&'%#!'*K!0L#T0H!T##KW'$4!'W/0%!O1#3#!%1#Q!'3#!&*!%1#&3!H#'3*&*I!83/$#LL!'*K!O1'%!
%1#Q!'3#!7/L%!H&4#HQ!%/!W#*#T&%!T3/7!H#'3*&*I!*#V%+!!
N&L$/5#L%!3#L0H%L!'3#!3#$/3K#K!&*!'!K&I&%'H!H#'3*&*I!3#$/3K!%1'%!&L!L077'3&Z#K!&*!%1#!N&L$/5#L%!J#8/3%!A'3K!RL##!
_&I03#!<S+!51&L!3#8/3%!$'3K!L1/OL!%1#!L$/3#!3#$#&M#K!T/3!#'$1!%#L%!#M#*%!R3#83#L#*%#K!/*!%1#!3#8/3%!$'3K!WQ!'!
!
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&*!'HH!%#L%#K!L0W`#$%L!/*!%1#!L'7#!L$'H#+!23/I3#LL!$'*!W#!%3'$#K!&*!&*K&M&K0'H!L0W`#$%L!'*K!$/78'3&L/*L!$'*!W#!
7'K#!'$3/LL!L0W`#$%L+!51#!3#L0H%!&L!'!$070H'%&M#!8&$%03#!/T!'!L%0K#*%L\!I3/O%1!&*!L#M#3'H!L0W`#$%L!/M#3!%&7#+!)*!
'$%0'H!/*H&*#!N&L$/5#L%!3#8/3%!$'3KL(!#'$1!%#L%!#M#*%!&L!'HL/!H&*4#K!%/!'!K#%'&H#K!3#8/3%!'W/0%!%1#!L%0K#*%\L!
8#3T/37'*$#!/*!%1'%!8'3%&$0H'3!N&L$/5#L%+!
Tests that help teachers teach
N&L$/5#L%L!'HL/!#*I'I#!#K0$'%/3L!&*!'!M&3%0/0L!$Q$H#!/T!H#'3*&*I+!5#'$1#3L!'3#!&*M&%#K!%/!H#'3*!T3/7!N&L$/5#L%L!&*!
'!M'3&#%Q!/T!O'QL+!_&3L%(!O1#*!%1#Q!0L#!30W3&$L!%/!L$/3#!8#3T/37'*$#L(!%#'$1#3L!1'M#!'*!/88/3%0*&%Q!%/!3#TH#$%!
08/*!8'%%#3*L!&*!L%0K#*%!8#3T/37'*$#+!:T%#3!%#L%L!'3#!L$/3#K(!%#'$1#3L!'3#!83/M&K#K!O&%1!&*K&M&K0'H!'*K!
L077'3Q!3#8/3%L!%1'%!#V8H'&*!O1#3#!L%0K#*%L!'3#!H/$'%#K!/*!%1#!8'%1!%/!'$1&#M&*I!H#'3*&*I!I/'HL+!51#L#!3#8/3%L!
'3#!H&*4#K!%/!M#%%#K!H#'3*&*I!3#L/03$#L!'*K!H#LL/*!8H'*L!%1'%!'3#!4#Q#K!%/!L%0K#*%L\!H#M#HL!/T!8#3T/37'*$#+!
J#8/3%L!'*K!%#'$1&*I!3#L/03$#L!'3#!K#L&I*#K!%/!83/M&K#!'!O&*K/O!&*%/!%1#!H#'3*&*I!83/$#LL!&%L#HT(!'HH/O&*I!
#K0$'%/3L!$/*%&*0'HHQ!%/!&783/M#!%1#&3!I3'L8!/T!1/O!H#'3*&*I!0*T/HKL!&*!%1#&3!K/7'&*]'*K!1/O!%1#Q!$'*!
L088/3%!L%0K#*%L!'H/*I!%1#!O'Q+!!
Tests that help leaders understand and develop schools
51#!N&L$/5#L%!&*T3'L%30$%03#!1'L!W##*!K#L&I*#K!%/!L088/3%!M&3%0/0L!$Q$H#L!&*!O1&$1!#K0$'%&/*'H!H#'K#3L!$'*!
7/*&%/3!1/O!8/H&$&#L!'*K!#K0$'%&/*'H!83'$%&$#L!'TT#$%!L%0K#*%!H#'3*&*I+!_/3!*#'3HQ!'!$#*%03Q(!#K0$'%&/*'H!H#'K#3L!
1'M#!0L#K!$/*M#*%&/*'H!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%L!%/!H#'3*!1/O!%1#&3!&*L%&%0%&/*L!'3#!8#3T/37&*I+!A/*%#78/3'3Q!
#K0$'%&/*'H!3#T/37!#TT/3%L!'3#!W0&H%!/*!%1#!&K#'!%1'%!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%L!$'*!W#!0L#K!%/!7#'L03#!%1#!
#TT#$%&M#*#LL!/T!*#O!8/H&$&#L!'*K!83'$%&$#L+!:L!*/%#K!&*!/03!'$$/0*%!/T!%1#!1&L%/3Q!/T!%#L%&*I(!3#$#*%!%3#*KL(!&*!
8'3%&$0H'3(!1'M#!#781'L&Z#K!%1#!0L#!/T!%#L%L!T/3!'$$/0*%'W&H&%Q!8038/L#L+!.%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%!1'M#!W#$/7#(!T/3!
W#%%#3!'*K!O/3L#(!'*!&*L%307#*%'H!8'3%!/T!7'*'I&*I!/03!L$1//H!LQL%#7L+!!!!!!!
51#L#!LQL%#7C7/*&%/3&*I!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%L!7'Q!W#!'WH#!%/!83/M&K#!'*!/M#3M&#O!/T!O1/!&L!K/&*I!O#HH!'*K!O1/!&L!
*/%(!W0%!%1&L!4*/OH#KI#!&L!K&M/3$#K!T3/7!'*Q!&*L&I1%!&*%/!%1#!H#'3*&*I!83/$#LL#L!&*!g0#L%&/*+!9/L%!%3'K&%&/*'H!
%#L%L!L'Q!*/%1&*I!'W/0%!%1#!4&*KL!/T!$/*T0L&/*L!%1'%!'3#!$/77/*!/3!'W/0%!%1#!3'*I#!/T!$/*$#8%&/*L!'*K!&K#'L!
1#HK!WQ!K&TT#3#*%!&*K&M&K0'HL!/3!I3/08L!'*K!1/O!%1#L#!'3#!3#H'%#K!%/!T0%03#!83/L8#$%L!T/3!H#'3*&*I+!:L!'H3#'KQ!
*/%#K(!N&L$/5#L%L!1'M#!'!H#'3*&*IC$#*%3&$!T/$0L!%1'%!L#%L!%1#7!'8'3%!T3/7!$/*M#*%&/*'H!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%L+!51#Q!
'3#!K#L&I*#K!*/%!/*HQ!%/!83/M&K#!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!L$/3#L(!W0%!'HL/!%/!83/M&K#!L$/3#L!%1'%!'3#!7#'*&*IT0H!'L!&*K&$#L!
/T!4#Q!H#'3*&*I!#M#*%L!'*K!%1#!#78&3&$'HHQ!K#%#37&*#K!L#g0#*$#L!&*!O1&$1!%1#Q!'3#!#7W#KK#K+!:*K!W#$'0L#!
%1#L#!L$/3#L!'3#!*/%!/*HQ!L%'*K'3K&Z#K(!W0%!$'H&W3'%#K!%/!'!L&*IH#!%1#/3#%&$'HHQ!&*T/37#K!7#%3&$(!%1#Q!$'*!W#!0L#K!
%/!7/*&%/3!H#'3*&*I!/M#3!%&7#!&*!'!O&K#!3'*I#!/T!L$1//H!L0W`#$%L(!'HH/O&*I!T/3!7#'*&*IT0H!'*K!83#$&L#!$3/LLC
L0W`#$%!$/78'3&L/*L+!!
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Tests that help researchers build usable knowledge
51#!N&L$/5#L%!&*&%&'%&M#!'&7L!%/!T'$&H&%'%#!M&3%0/0L!$Q$H#L!&*!3#L#'3$1!'W/0%!%#'$1&*I!'*K!H#'3*&*I!RN'OL/*!d!
.%#&*(!D;;bS+!U#$'0L#!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!'K7&*&L%#3#K!/*H&*#(!L%0K#*%!8#3T/37'*$#L!$/*%3&W0%#!%/!'!I3/O&*I!
K'%'W'L#!$/*%'&*&*I!3&$1!&*T/37'%&/*!'W/0%!L%0K#*%!H#'3*&*I+!9/3#/M#3(!W#$'0L#!'HH!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!$'H&W3'%#K!%/!
'!$/77/*!L$'H#(!3#L#'3$1#3L!$'*!'L4!&78/3%'*%!g0#L%&/*L!$/*$#3*&*I(!T/3!#V'78H#(!%1#!K&TT#3#*%&'H!K&L%3&W0%&/*!
/T!L%0K#*%!$'8'W&H&%&#L!'$3/LL!L0W`#$%!'3#'L(!%1#!T'$%/3L!%1'%!L1'8#!%1#!#K0$'%&/*'H!%3'`#$%/3&#L!/T!&*K&M&K0'H!
L%0K#*%L(!'*K!%1#!M'H0#!/T!&**/M'%&/*L!&*!8#K'I/IQ!/3!$033&$0H'+!51#!$'8'$&%Q!%/!#*I'I#!3#L#'3$1!g0#L%&/*L!/T!
%1&L!4&*K(!#78H/Q&*I!K'%'!T3/7!%1/0L'*KL!/T!L%0K#*%L!%#L%#K!H/*I&%0K&*'HHQ!&*!'!O&K#!3'*I#!L0W`#$%L!&L!H&4#HQ!%/!
1'M#!'!L&I*&T&$'*%!&78'$%!08/*!/03!0*K#3L%'*K&*I!/T!H#'3*&*I!'*K!%#'$1&*I+!
Discussion: toward learning-centric testing technologies
51#!N&L$/5#L%!&*&%&'%&M#!1'L!L#3M#K!'L!'*!#V'78H#!/T!O1'%!*#O!$/780%#3!%#$1*/H/I&#L!$/0HK!K/!T/3!%#L%&*I!'*K!
H#'3*&*I+!)78/3%'*%HQ(!%1&L!'883/'$1!%/!W0&HK&*I!'!L%'*K'3K&Z#K!%#L%&*I!&*T3'L%30$%03#!$/*T/37L!%/!K#L&I*!
8'3'7#%#3L!%1'%!$/K&TQ!4#Q!H#LL/*L!T3/7!%1#!H#'3*&*I!L$&#*$#L]H#LL/*L!%1'%!O#!W#H&#M#!/0I1%!%/!L1'8#!%1#!
K#M#H/87#*%!/T!*#O!%#L%&*I!%#$1*/H/I&#L+!)%!&L!O/3%1!L077'3&Z&*I!1/O!%1#!N&L$/5#L%!&*&%&'%&M#(!'L!'*!#V'78H#!/T!
H#'3*&*IC$#*%3&$!%#L%&*I!%#$1*/H/IQ(!T&%L!%1#L#!K#L&I*!8'3'7#%#3L+!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!W0&H%!83&7'3&HQ!%/!50FF#$"!
"%(.=/*2&(*7&1%($*/*2+!51#Q!'3#!'K7&*&L%#3#K!/*CH&*#!'*K!O&%1!7&*&7'H!L/T%O'3#!'*K!1'3KO'3#!3#g0&3#7#*%L(!
7'4&*I!%1#7!A$#(716&(4(/1(A1%+!51#!&K#'HL!/T!0*&M#3L'H!'$$#LL!'*K!0*&M#3L'H!K#L&I*!%1'%!&*T0L#!'!I3#'%!K#'H!/T!
#K0$'%&/*'H!%#$1*/H/IQ!'3#!H#M#3'I#K!%/!W3&*I!1&I1Cg0'H&%Q!%#L%L!%/!#M#3Q/*#+!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!W0&H%!%/!W#!
%9A%77%7!&*!%1#!$033&$0H07!'*K!$%1%4(*"&%/!%1#!83#L#*%!'*K!T0%03#!H&M#L!/T!L%0K#*%L(!7'4&*I!%1#7!1#E35"(G%5!
'*K!$'8'WH#!/T!7#3I&*I!&*%/!%1#!TH/O!/T!$H'LL3//7!83'$%&$#+!51#Q!'&K!8#K'I/IQ!%13/0I1!%1#&3!,#$9("/4%!'*K!
7/(2*#5"/.!T0*$%&/*L+!!
51#!W3/'K!I/'H!/T!W0&HK&*I!0*/W%30L&M#!%#'$1#3C#*'WH&*I!%#$1*/H/IQ!1'L!&78/3%'*%!$/*L#g0#*$#L!T/3!%#L%&*I+!
)*T/37#K!WQ!%1#!H#'3*&*I!L$&#*$#L(!*#O!T/37L!/T!%#L%&*I(!H&4#!N&L$/5#L%(!L1/0HK!7/M#!0L!%/O'3K!%#L%L!%1'%!K/!*/%!
&78/L#!08/*!%1#!%#'$1#3!'*K!L%0K#*%(!W0%!3'%1#3!$'%'HQZ#!W#%%#3!%#'$1&*I!'*K!H#'3*&*I+!U#$'0L#!N&L$/5#L%L!'3#!
5"(*7($7/C%7!'*K!Q&#HK!H'3I#!K'%'W'L#L!/T!K#%'&H#K!L%0K#*%!H#'3*&*I!3#$/3KL(!%1#Q!'3#!0L#T0H!T/3!&*T/37&*I!
LQL%#7CH#M#H!K#$&L&/*!7'4&*I!'*K!A0/17/*2&G*#E1%72%!'W/0%!H#'3*&*I!'*K!#K0$'%&/*'H!3#T/37!&*!I#*#3'H+!!
51&L!#V'78H#!L1/OL!1/O!%1#!&*%#3T'$#!/T!%1#!H#'3*&*I!L$&#*$#L!'*K!*#O!%#$1*/H/IQ!$'*!83/K0$#!%#L%L!$'8'WH#!/T!
T'$&H&%'%&*I!70H%&CH#M#H!H#'3*&*I!&*!#K0$'%&/*'H!LQL%#7L+!@7#3I&*I!%#$1*/H/I&#L!$/0HK!83/M&K#!'!0*&g0#!8/&*%!/T!
H#M#3'I#!T/3!8/L&%&M#!$1'*I#L!%/!L$1//H&*I!83'$%&$#!R.%#&*(!#%!'H+(!D;<;S+!?T!$/03L#(!*/%!'HH!%#L%&*I!7'K#!8/LL&WH#!
%13/0I1!$/780%#3!%#$1*/H/I&#L!O&HH!W#!&*!%1#!L#3M&$#!/T!H#'3*&*I+!)T!$033#*%!%3#*KL!$/*%&*0#(!%/7/33/O\L!%#L%&*I!
&*T3'L%30$%03#L!$/0HK!K#H&M#3!*/%1&*I!7/3#!%1'*!$/78H#V!T/37L!/T!%1#!1&I1CL%'4#L(!'$$/0*%'W&H&%QC/3&#*%#K!%#L%L!
%1'%!K/7&*'%#!#K0$'%&/*!%/K'Q+!)%!&L!&78/3%'*%!%1'%!#K0$'%/3L!L#&Z#!%1#!/88/3%0*&%Q!%/!L1'8#!%1#!0L#!/T!
#7#3I&*I!#K0$'%&/*'H!%#$1*/H/I&#L!&*!O'QL!%1'%!'3#!W#*#T&$&'H!%/!L%0K#*%L+!!
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51&L!K&L$0LL&/*!1'L!W##*!I0&K#K!WQ!g0#L%&/*L!'W/0%!1/O!%/!7#3I#!%1#!W#L%!/T!O1'%!O#!4*/O!'W/0%!%#'$1&*I!'*K!
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Theo
Dawson
Digitally signed by
Theo Dawson
DN: cn=Theo Dawson,
o=Lectica®, Inc., ou,
email=THEO@DEVTEST
SERVICE.ORG, c=US
Date: 2012.09.30
10:18:07 -05'00'