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Conflicting perspectives in the development of Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm
Abstract
The transformation of the former industrial and harbour area around the Hammarby Lake in Stockholm is one of the biggest urban development ventures in Europe. The project comprises 200 hectares, 9,000 new apartments, 400,000 sqm of new floor area for business; new canals and quays, a water-lock, several bridges and a tramway. Together with those employed the area will comprise about 30,000 people when completed around 2012. As part of the 1996 Stockholm bid for the Olympics 2004 a far-reaching environmental program was worked out. The bid was not successful, but the ambitious environmental program remained with some modifications. This paper focuses on the conflicting perspectives in the development of Hammarby Sjöstad. To a large extent the paper is based on the author's role as a member of the City Council with responsibilities for town planning during the period 1994-2002 (four years as part of the political majority and four years in opposition). Although the author uses his experience as a politician (for the Left party) the paper is written by employing normal scientific principles 2 . 1 Prof Emeritus of Built Environment Analysis, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm; dickurba@infra.kth.se. 2 Almost all the availabledocuments on Hammarby Sjöstad fail to provide information about the political controversies in planning the area. The main explanation for this deficiency is probably the fact that these documents have been written by municipal civil servants who are afraid to write something that may offend either of the political blocs in the City. By ignoring the differences in perspectives the reasons for changes in policy become obscure. Figure 1. The Hammarby area before transformation, with the informal small-scale industrial area of Lugnet in the foreground and the Luma bulb factory in the back-ground.
... Architects Arthur von Schmalensee and Eskil Sundahl designed the complex in the late 1920s, and its architecture represents early architectural modernism at its best. The factory is now transformed into a conference centre, offices and dwellings (Johansson & Svane, 2002, Vestbro, 2005. A big part of the area was originally occupied by small enterprises in temporary shacks of corrugated steel. ...
... The Swedish professional architectural journal ''ARKITEKTUR'' has published 19 articles about Hammarby Sjöstad during the last 8 years. Hammarby Sjöstad has been selected as a case in many academic case studies both by senior researchers and students on advanced level (e.g., Bylund, 2006;Engberg & Svane, 2007;Faller et al., 2010;Johansson & Svane, 2002;Pandis & Brandt, 2009;Poldermans, 2005;Svane, 2007;Vestbro, 2005; Figure 5). ...
... When the right wing coalition took over in 1998, the status of the environmental program was changed from binding to recommended. Different ideologies about urban qualities and attitudes to local services also had an influence on the project (Vestbro, 2005). The environmental program was to weaken during the time of the area's development. ...
The chapter addresses the role of case-based reasoning in the field of architecture and planning.
... V bistvu je bil pod spomeniškim varstvom zaščiten samo en stavbni kompleks. To je nekdanja tovarna žarnic Luma, ki danes deluje kot zasebni konferenčni center (Vestbro 2004). Na neki način je to celo olajšalo in pocenilo gradnjo popolnoma nove soseske, saj ni bilo treba obnoviti in energetsko sanirati velikega števila starih poslopij. ...
... Namen je bil omogočiti dovolj veliko število dostopnih najemnih stanovanj za gospodinjstva z nizkimi dohodki. Takrat vodilna levo usmerjena politična opcija je vztrajala pri občinskem lastništvu stanovanj, desno usmerjena pa je želela pospeševati prodajo javnih zemljišč zasebnim nepremičninskim vlagateljem (Vestbro 2004). Novoizvoljeni konservativni mestni svet Stockholma je leta 1998 spremenil koncept trajnostne soseske Hammarby in zamenjal načrtovano lastniško strukturo Hammarby Sjöstada, tj. ...
... Gentrifikacijo Hammarby Sjöstada je še dodatno poglobila postopna odprava (od leta 1980 naprej) stanovanjskih subvencij na Švedskem (Vestbro 2004;intervju z Björnom Cederquistom 2014). Soseska ima danes relativno homogeno socialno strukturo prebivalstva. ...
Koncept trajnostne soseske je izrazito holističen ter upošteva konstantno ravnovesje med okoljskimi, socialnimi in ekonomskimi težnjami. V monografiji je sedem reprezentativnih evropskih trajnostnih sosesk podrobno analiziranih po identificiranih trajnostnih gradnikih, razvrščenih v štiri stebre trajnostnega urbanega razvoja: družbeno-ekonomska uravnoteženost, trajnostna raba naravnih virov, trajnostni promet in urbanistični elementi trajnostnega razvoja. Rezultati obsežne raziskave omogočajo inovativen vpogled v strukturo trajnostne urbane skupnosti in njene manifestacije skozi urbano formo. Podrobna predstavitev in interdisciplinarna analiza najuspešnejših evropskih trajnostnih sosesk razgrinjata nove razsežnosti, nove perspektive trajnostnega urbanizma. Z analizo gradnikov trajnostnega urbanega razvoja, ki se izražajo oz. aktivirajo v vsakdanjem življenju, lahko dobimo nazornejšo predstavo, kako ti zaživijo v urbanem okolju. Trajnostne soseske predstavljajo možen zgled za mesta 21. stoletja. Čeprav so bile v Evropi implementirane številne trajnostne soseske, pa so te specifične urbane tvorbe še vedno skoraj povsem neznane v Sloveniji. Tudi zaradi tega so v monografiji podrobno analizirane in predstavljene, da bi tako omogočili lažji prenos inovativnih trajnostnih urbanih rešitev v slovenska mesta.
... Esta área tornou-se altamente poluída. No entanto, tal situação não foi vista como um grande obstáculo, ou seja, foi considerada como uma razão para tratar eficazmente a água e o solo contaminado e remover as substâncias tóxicas (Boden in Vestbro, 2004). ...
... De referir que, ao nível do desenho urbano, propuseram preservar os recursos naturais valiosos, assim como os corredores verdes existentes ou compensar os perdidos pela criação de novos espaços verdes e de "ecoducts" (Vestbro, 2004). Para reforçar a perspectiva de desencorajamento do carro privado foi prosseguida uma política de baixo número de lugares de estacionamento, o desenvolvimento de uma rede de percursos pedonais, ciclovias e espaços de aparcamento para as bicicletas (Johansson & Svane, 2002;Vestbro, 2004). ...
... De referir que, ao nível do desenho urbano, propuseram preservar os recursos naturais valiosos, assim como os corredores verdes existentes ou compensar os perdidos pela criação de novos espaços verdes e de "ecoducts" (Vestbro, 2004). Para reforçar a perspectiva de desencorajamento do carro privado foi prosseguida uma política de baixo número de lugares de estacionamento, o desenvolvimento de uma rede de percursos pedonais, ciclovias e espaços de aparcamento para as bicicletas (Johansson & Svane, 2002;Vestbro, 2004). ...
Com a crescente ênfase sobre as preocupações ambientais e uma progressiva consciencialização ecológica, surge o desenvolvimento sustentável na procura de um modelo alternativo. Por conseguinte, em alguns países do Norte da Europa iniciam-se na década de 90 do século XX experiências, ainda em curso, definidas por Barton como projectos urbanos de demonstração que valorizam os discursos sobre desenvolvimento sustentável, sendo a escala local a incubadora para a prática. Esses projectos são os ecobairros. Ou seja, a determinação de uma resposta aos problemas ambientais, dentro de um marco local, é reclamada pelo ecobairro (Barton, 1998; Verdagues, 2005; Martins, 2005). O processo de intervenção no espaço urbano preexistente define-se por regeneração urbana. Esta tem como objectivos a requalificação de edifícios e do espaço público, assim contribuindo, para a melhoria do ambiente urbano construído. A resposta aos problemas ambientais através da regeneração urbana é possível e considera-se que o ecobairro deve ser um elemento conceptual a integrar nesta, para que assim se responda às questões do desenvolvimento sustentável com um claro objectivo ecológico. Como regenerar o espaço urbano para um ecobairro, ou seja, que princípios orientadores se deverão aplicar ao desenho urbano, surge, então, como questão natural. Considerando as pree-xistências urbanas como matriz de partida para o desenho urbano, questiona-se qual ou quais as correcções urbanas que são necessárias para a aplicação de princípios ambientais. Posto isto, fal-ta estabelecer os princípios orientadores que se associem ao desenho urbano para projectar bair-ros, na perspectiva de que estes serão uma base de trabalho para resolver na prática uma apro-ximação entre ecologia urbana e desenho urbano e, assim, os problemas relacionados com o ambiente/cidade. RESUMO: Durante os anos 90 do século XX surge o ecobairro, como projecto-piloto de respos-ta na prática às preocupações da sustentabilidade ambiental e aplicado à regeneração urbana. Neste trabalho apresentam-se Vesterbro (Copenhaga-Dinamarca) e Hammarby Sjöstad (Esto-colmo-Suécia) como casos de estudo, ecobairros que se formalizam através da regeneração urbana e têm como suporte a concretização de um urbanismo sustentável à escala local. Como regenerar um bairro tendo como premissa o ecobairro, ou seja, que princípios orientadores deve-rão aplicar-se ao desenho urbano, surge, então, como questão natural. Considerando as pré exis-tências urbanas como matriz de partida para o desenho urbano, questiona-se qual ou quais as correcções urbanas que são necessárias para a aplicação de princípios ambientais que definimos. Estes princípios ambientais, orientadores do processo de desenho da regeneração urbana, repor-tam-se a elementos relativos ao verde urbano, orientação solar, densidade urbana, usos urbanos, mobilidade, energia, água, resíduos e aos materiais a utilizar.
... The opening of a General Motors sales office and the construction of the modernist complex of the Luma light bulb factory in the 1920s spurred some economic activity. For years, small and large-scale industry coexisted with offices and harbor activities, and informally constructed warehouses (Vestbro 2007). When the Hammarbyleden highway was built, the part of the bay was filled with excavated soil and rocks to serve as a new port area, but the plans never materialized. ...
... 8 HS borders the enormous Nacka Natural Reserve, one of Stockholm's "green wedges" established by the city's early regional plan of the 1930s. 9 The residential area is connected with the natural reserve through "ecoducts", wide vegetated viaducts that are designed to allow people, plants and animals to move over the Södra Länken highway (Vestbro 2007). To the degree possible, existing natural features on site were preserved and enhanced; for example much of the riparian vegetation was recreated using native reed beds. ...
... These choices resonated the idea of the "compact city" and would ensure the viability of local services, lively streets, and safety, especially given the fact that 75% of Swedish households are one or two person households (Vestbro 2007). Buildings are organized into five to seven stories high perimeter blocks, similar to the 19 th century historic center, with higher buildings located along the main streets. ...
The emergence of the sustainable development concept at the end of the 1980s triggered the intensification of the environmental sustainability discourse in urban design and planning. The vision of sustainable urbanism includes calls for limitations to urban growth, protection of sensitive areas, compact design, clean forms of transportation, low impact building construction, use of renewable resources, and healthy agreeable living environments. While there is growing agreement on the necessity of making sure that new developments comply with these mandates, there is less to say about how to do so. This thesis explores the planning processes underlying three new neighborhood developments in Sweden and Germany broadly regarded as exemplary green developments. I find that the implementation of the sustainable urbanism vision was possible through a municipality-led process with direct control of the land use, built form, and resource supply through legally binding instruments such as detailed plans and development contracts; the consistent build-up of technical capacity in both the public and private sector; and an openness to learning and adaptation. The findings confirm that local government authority in Sweden and Germany still largely reflects the notion of the benevolent state, and suggest that such a role is important for the endorsement of the value-laden notion of sustainability. Transferability of the lessons in the US context depends on the creativity of solutions that will need to tap on latent potential in the public and private sector and research institutes.
... One of the strongest factors that contributed to the project's success in terms of the environmental goals was identified as the participation of people in forming their own place of residence (For example, Vauban in Freiburg, Germany) (Sperling, 2002;Kronsell, 2013;Frey, 2010) c. In the case in which the detailed environmental plan was established later in the development process, it was found to cause conflicts with the design and implementation due to lack of proper stakeholder involvement in the process (In Hammarby Sj€ ostad in Stockholm, Sweden) (Vestbro, 2005;Pandis Iveroth and Brandt, 2011). ...
... In the Hammarby case, due to elements such as the location as well as characteristics of surrounding sites, the project has become highly popular (Vestbro, 2005) despite the regulations for ambitious environmental goals that were introduced at later stages (Pandis Iveroth andBrandt, 2011, p.1059). On the one hand, the design attributes such as large openings to make good use of the surrounding views were found to create conflicts with the environmental goals (see Box 2) of the project (Johansson and Svane, 2002, p.209). ...
... Community involvement and inputs from other stakeholders during the vision and design stages onwards, generated significant impacts with regards to end-user motivation, in the decision to become a resident and/or it influenced their lifestyle choices and behavioral patterns. Governance, as a result, was found to be more effective when a shared vision was developed and implemented that included the committed parties rather than only forcing, regulating, or encouraging implementation of predeveloped plans (Williams, 2013, p.696;Vestbro, 2005). ...
... Finally, it will focus on a number of factors that characterise the project, such as the interrelationship of its solutions, which could provide useful lessons for other similar projects in the future, including recent data on energy performance. For its evaluation of the quality and performance of the sustainability improvements the paper will draw on and discuss data that is widely available, also in the light of critical studies (Vestbro 2005, Adams et al. 2010, Pandis Iveroth & Brandt 2011, Rutherford 2013, Jernberg et al. 2015. ...
... A canal was built in the early 20th century to connect Hammarby Sjö Lake to the Baltic Sea, facilitating industrial development in the area. Rail lines were also built to enhance heavy industry such as the General Motors automotive factory and the Luma cooperative light bulb factory (Vestbro 2005). Over the years, light industry also located in this area, "activities of a type for which the City always has great difficulty planning" (Dastur 2005: 60). ...
This paper appraises the development of Hammarby Sjöstad, an eco-district located in the south of Stockholm. As a refusal of the previous unsustainable development, Hammarby Sjöstad is now well known for being built to the highest environmental standards. Since the 1990s, the area has been re-developed into a sustainable and innovative district, with mixed-use space and a low environmental impact. The main goal was to create a residential neighbourhood based on sustainable resource usage, simultaneously minimising energy consumption and waste production, while maximising resource saving and recycling. Hammarby therefore promotes efficient environmental management, with low-carbon development, renewable energy and well-integrated public transportation. It also strongly supports climate change reduction and a sustainable energy future by promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy. The building process has adopted an innovative sustainability technology, maximizing light and enhancing the views of water and green spaces. Likewise, the city has given great emphasis to sustainable and long-lasting materials such as wood, glass, steel and stone, showing the application of the modern architectural program that Hammarby promotes. The case study also reveals the powerful role of strong public sector leadership in ensuring high quality development. In fact, the project was based and delivered through a process of state-led consensus integration between all parties and at all levels. A major result of this successful integrated planning approach is the Hammarby Model, which deals with energy, fresh water and waste.
... Moreover the project sought to expand the inner city across the water. The project comprises 200 hectares of brown field with 9,000 newly constructed apartments, 400,000 sq m of new residential area (Vestbro 2005). Moreover, new canals, quays, places for business and tramways were included. ...
... Moreover, canals, lakes were important factors to produce representative design, where the main issuewater -was used as the major starting point for urban planning. To this end, the U-shaped blocks provided the best solution for views on water for a maximum number of households (Vestbro 2005). (Fig. 5). ...
In the 21st century it is sought to go from overuse and wasting to temperate and abstemious use. Not without reason such terms as ‘sustainable’ and ‘eco-’ are more and more visible and emphasized in all spheres of human activity, including architecture and urban planning. Loud words ‘eco quarter’, ‘eco neighborhood’, ‘eco city’ and similar recently have expanded from theory to practice – in building and territory planning. Ecology principles, such as sustainable transport, water, materials, zero waste, land use culture, satisfaction about the living environment and else, may be understood, valuated and used very widely – from ecological living, farming and manufacturing to ecological planning. Of course, all these aspects are quite easily understood in theory and it is possible to image them in new and currently built towns, but quite hard in historical objects.
Santrauka
XXI amžiuje bandoma nuo perdėto vartojimo ir švaistymo pereiti prie nuosaikaus ir saikingo vartojimo. Neveltui „sustainable“ ir „eco“ terminai vis labiau girdimi ir akcentuojami visose žmogų liečiančiose srityse, taip pat ir architektūroje bei urbanistinio planavimo srityje. Skambūs žodžiai „eco quarter“, „eco neighbourhood“, „eco city“ ir kiti pastaruoju metu išsiveržė iš teorinės plotmės į praktinę – teritorijų, pastatų planavimo sritį ir po truputį įgauna realų pavidalą. Ekologiniai principai, tokie kaip darnus transportas, vanduo, medžiagos, nulinė tarša, žemės naudojimo kultūra, pasitenkinimas gyvenamąja aplinka ir t. t., gali būti suprantami, vertinami ir naudojami labai plačiai – nuo ekologiškos gyvensenos, gamybos, ūkininkavimo iki ekologiško planavimo. Žinoma, visus šiuos aspektus lengva suvokti teorinėje plotmėje, įmanoma įsivaizduoti naujai kuriamuose miestuose ar jų dalyse, naujai statomuose pastatuose, tačiau gan sudėtinga sukurti jau pastatytuose ir seniai naudojamuose objektuose.
Raktiniai žodžiai: ekologinis planavimas; ekologinė kaiminystė; teritorijų planavimas; darnioji plėtra; gyvenamoji aplinka; ekologija
... However, this component was eventually discounted from the policy, engendered by the shift in political power from the socialists to conservatives in the city's municipality (Vestbro, 2005;cited in Rutherford, 2008). ...
... Gaffney et al. (2007) has criticised the project's lack of intra-generational equity and homogenous design, both of which are explained by the shifts in political power that have led to changes in the project goals, depending on the ruling political policies and views. Vestbro (2004) also observed that those who chose to live in Hammarby Sjöstad were more interested in living near the city centre than they were in the environmental aspects of the development. According to CABE Space (2012: 7), 'Hammarby Sjöstad has succeeded beyond expectations in attracting families with children. ...
... They tried to put their housing policy back on track. One of their campaign promises was to stop converting rental apartments hyresrätter into cooperative-owned apartments bostadsrätter 1 (Aftonbladet, 2002; Vestbro, 2007: 39). In 2003, the market-driven developers (Skanska and HSB Bostad) faced difficulty in selling their cooperative-owned apartments. ...
This paper analyses the policy mix for urban transition by drawing on insights from studies in institutions and path dependence. It sheds new light on the role of institutions and actors in creating a policy mix for sustainable city districts, which has not been systematically addressed in the current debate on policy mix. The interaction and trade-offs between policy instruments for energy efficiency in buildings in the city district of Hammarby Sjöstad are analysed historically. The key findings are that long periods of increasing returns in existing technological systems and the institutions that have supported them have created different types of ‘lock-ins’ (behavioural, policy and industry). A systemic approach to developing a framework for policy mix analysis is necessary to address the relationship between various ‘lock-ins’. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Policy and Governance published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
... In 1997 the International Olympics Committee decided in favour of Athens, Greece, but Stockholm retained some of the strong environmental concerns for the development area. The Olympics connection also explains the awkward order in which the district was to be built: starting somewhere in the middle and then building outwards in phases (Figure 6.1; see also Brogren and Green 2003, Krantz 2005, Drangert et al. 2004, Hellström 2005, Johansson and Svane 2002, Vestbro 2005. However, the district was not launched as a single project under one project management at the outset, or at the time of the initiation of the local investment programme (according to a SLIP-Council spokesperson, see also Johansson and Svane 2002). ...
This study evaluated the actual environmental behaviours in an eco-development case study in the UK, which was designed to enable more sustainable lifestyles. Data analysis was based on the resident responses to a development-wide questionnaire survey (n = 89), household interviews (n = 12) and waste measurements. Reported energy- and water-saving behaviours were fairly common. The mean waste recycling rates (45% to 60%) were similar to local and national averages, and were below the target of 80%. The mean rates of purchasing organic food (37%), growing food (31%) and meat consumption (in 36% of all meals) indicated that the food behaviours were not more pro-environmental. Car-based modes of transportation were used for 71% of all the reported trips on average, which was higher than the national average, and the target of 55%. Despite these reported behaviours, most of the residents regarded their new lifestyles as more sustainable. This was related to the notion of energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies, rather than changes in behaviour. The findings of this study and similar studies indicated that enabling environmental behaviours in new developments is challenging. New policies need to be more holistic and support the delivery of not only well-performing buildings, but also developments that make sustainable urban living a reality.
This chapter explores the complex and contested processes and practices involved in rebundling infrastructure systems as part of ecological urbanism objectives in Stockholm. Focusing on the well-known eco-district of Hammarby Sjöstad, it traces some of the important disjunctures between vision, discourse, practice and material politics in and around the reconfiguring and integration of energy, waste and water systems, within the context of wider debates and tensions over future urban planning in the city. Across model and conception, limits and deviations in practice, and evaluation and transfer, eco-city integration and circularity is exposed as a struggle to contain and control systems, flows and engagements which are often intractable.
With rapid urbanization, climate change and population growth in the 21st century, the development of eco-cities, especially in those fast-growing populated countries such as China and India, is important to minimize human impact on the planet. Nevertheless, despite that there is a very well-designed eco-city, if residents living in an eco-city are not environmentally conscious, the eco-city is sustainable only in its tangible part – technologies and infrastructure, but not in its intangible part – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. The intangible part is important since HUMANS are the root cause of current climate change (IPCC, 2014). When the policy makers decide to build an eco-city, this paper thus argues that they should consider not only the tangible part of the city, but also consider the intangible part of eco-city – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents.
This paper provides a survey of environmental attitudes of 150 Stockholm residents living in three districts: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm and Bromma. It also reports on a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in the Stockholm eco-district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The scope of this research is the City of Stockholm.
The objectives of this research are:
(1) to find out the environmental attitudes of residents living in three selected districts of Stockholm;
(2) to understand the development of Hammarby Sjöstad and find out if residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad are particularly environmentally conscious;
(3) to provide suggestions for the policy makers (e.g. Chinese and Indian) of how to take environmental attitudes of residents into consideration when planning and developing projects such as eco-cities.
Among the findings of the research are:
(1) in the high income, educated, and political conservative Stockholm districts where I conducted my surveys, respondents in general report high levels of environmental concerns and environmentally friendly behavior;
(2) however, concerns questions relating to cars (parking restrictions, limiting or banning cars from their districts or Stockholm as a whole), opinions were very divided. There seemed to be much reluctance among many to put severe restrictions on the use of cars;
(3) in the eco-district Hammarby Sjöstad, the expression of environmental consciousness did not appear particularly different from the other districts. Many respondents in the district moved into the area for diverse reasons other than environmental ones;
(4) however, a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad has emerged in the eco-district, where comparable projects were not found in the other districts in Stockholm.
[ENGLISH]
With rapid urbanization, climate change and population growth in the 21st century, the development of eco-cities, especially in those fast-growing populated countries such as China and India, is important to minimize human impact on the planet. Nevertheless, despite that there is a very well-designed eco-city, if residents living in an eco-city are not environmentally conscious, the eco-city is sustainable only in its tangible part – technologies and infrastructure, but not in its intangible part – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. The intangible part is important since HUMANS are the root cause of current climate change (IPCC, 2014). When the policy makers decide to build an eco-city, this thesis thus argues that they should consider not only the tangible part of the city, but also consider the intangible part of eco-city – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents.
This thesis provides a survey of environmental attitudes of 150 Stockholm residents living in three districts: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm and Bromma. It also reports on a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in the Stockholm eco-district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The scope of this research is the City of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms kommun / Stockholms stad).
The objectives of this research are:
(1) to find out the environmental attitudes of residents living in three selected districts of Stockholm;
(2) to understand the development of Hammarby Sjöstad and find out if residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad are particularly environmentally conscious;
(3) to provide suggestions for the policy makers (e.g. Chinese and Indian) of how to take environmental attitudes of residents into consideration when planning and developing projects such as eco-cities.
Among the findings of the research are:
(1) in the high income, educated, and political conservative Stockholm districts where I conducted my surveys, respondents in general report high levels of environmental concerns and environmentally friendly behavior;
(2) however, concerns questions relating to cars (parking restrictions, limiting or banning cars from their districts or Stockholm as a whole), opinions were very divided. There seemed to be much reluctance among many to put severe restrictions on the use of cars;
(3) in the eco-district Hammarby Sjöstad, the expression of environmental consciousness did not appear particularly different from the other districts. Many respondents in the district moved into the area for diverse reasons other than environmental ones;
(4) however, a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad has emerged in the eco-district, where comparable projects were not found in the other districts in Stockholm.
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[SWEDISH]
I och med den snabba urbaniseringen, klimatförändringen och befolkningstillväxten under 2000-talet, är utvecklingen av eko-städer i de snabbväxande befolkade områdena som Kina och Indien viktig för att minska den mänskliga påverkan på planeten. Emellertid, om en eko-stads invånare inte är miljömedvetna så kommer en väldesignad eko-stad endast vara hållbar på sin materiella del (teknik och infrastruktur) men inte på sin immateriella del (miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare). Den immateriella delen är viktig eftersom MÄNNISKOR är grundorsaken till den nuvarande klimatförändringen (IPCC, 2014). När beslutsfattarna bestämmer sig för att bygga en eko-stad, hävdar den här uppsatsen att de inte bara bör överväga den materiella delen av staden, utan också överväga den immateriella delen av staden - miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare.
Den här uppsatsen bygger på en undersökning om miljöattityder hos 150 boende som bor i tre olika områden i Stockholm: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm och Bromma, samt beskriver ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i eko-distriktet - Hammarby Sjöstad.
Målen för denna forskning är:
(1) att ta reda på miljöattityder hos invånare i tre utvalda områden i Stockholm;
(2) att förstå utvecklingen av Hammarby Sjöstad samt ta reda på om invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad är särskilt miljömedvetna;
(3) att ge förslag till beslutsfattare (t.ex. kinesiska och indiska) om hur man tar hänsyn till miljöattityder hos invånare när de planerar och utvecklar projekt som eko-städer.
Bland forskningsresultaten finns följande:
(1) i de politiskt konservativa Stockholmsdistrikten med många välutbildade invånare med hög inkomst där jag utförde mina undersökningar rapporterar respondenterna generellt en hög nivå av miljöhänsyn och miljövänligt beteende;
(2) när det gäller frågor som rör bilar (parkeringsrestriktioner, begränsning eller förbud mot bilar i deras distrikt eller Stockholm som helhet), var åsikterna emellertid mycket uppdelade. Det föreföll att många svarande inte är villiga att sätta stränga restriktioner på användningen av bilar;
(3) invånare i eko-distrikt, Hammarby Sjöstad, verkade inte som om de var särskilt miljömedvetna. Många svarande flyttade in i distriktet på grund av olika orsaker än miljö;
(4) ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad har emellertid uppstått i eko-distriktet. Jämförbara projekt hittades inte i övriga distrikt i Stockholm.
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[CHINESE]
随着21世纪迅速的城市化，气候变化和人口增长，尤其在中国和印度等拥有庞大人口及急速发展的国家，生态城的建设对于减低人类对地球的影响至为重要。然而，即使生态城的设计完善，如果生态城的居民不具环保意识，生态城的可持续性只能在其有形的部分（技术和基础设施），而不在其无形的部分（居民的环保态度和行为模式）。生态城的无形部份是重要的因为人类是当前气候变化的根本原因（IPCC，2014）。当决策者建设生态城时，本文认为决策者不仅要考虑生态城的有形部分，还要考虑生态城的无形部分 - 居民的环保态度和行为模式。
本文提供了一个瑞典斯德哥尔摩三个地区150位居民的环保态度调查：哈马比生态城（Hammarby Sjöstad），Östermalm和Bromma。本文还探讨了一个具规模并由哈马比生态城居民领导的环保项目。
本研究的目的：
（1）了解斯德哥尔摩三个地区居民的环保态度;
（2）了解哈马比生态城的发展情况和探讨哈马比生态城的居民是否特别具有环保意识;
（3）为决策者（如中国和印度）在规划和开发生态城等项目时如何考虑生态城居民的环保态度提供建议。
研究结果包括：
（1）在斯德哥尔摩高收入，高教育和政治保守的地区，受访者总体上显示高水平的环保意识和环保行为;
（2）然而，受访者在涉及汽车的问题上（如泊车限制，限制或禁止在区内或斯德哥尔摩内使用汽车）意见是非常分歧的。许多人似乎抗拒限制使用汽车;
（3）在哈马比生态城，居民的环保意识显现与其他地区没有什么特别的区别。除了环保因素外，受访者迁入该地区有多种原因;
（4）然而，哈马比生态城有一个具规模并由当区居民领导的环保项目。在斯德哥尔摩其他地区并没有发现类似的项目。
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Contact: kensuenck@gmail.com (any feedback is highly appreciated)
The energy, water and waste policy complete the sectoral policies presented in Chap. 5.
Sustainable urban development is based on an integrated urban policy.
The four eco-areas are among the first examples of sustainable neighbourhoods in Europe and are rich in experience that can be usefully exploited in the development of new projects as the one presented in Part III.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) claims to reduce crime and fear of crime through urban design and planning. If it does, it ought to be part of the sustainable planning and design of cities. This chapter gives an overview of the development of CPTED principles and then uses the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) guidelines to assess the case study of Hammarby Sjöstad – a residential area in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Urban planning and urban design principles are assessed from a CPTED point of view. Crime statistics as well as data on perceived safety of residents of Hammarby Sjöstad are compared with other areas in Stockholm. This chapter concludes that CPTED guidelines are met to a large degree: crime rates are relatively lower and perceived safety is higher in Hammarby Sjöstad than Stockholm’s average. Finally, the role of CPTED versus other factors when planning sustainable areas is discussed, as well as the need to strengthen the routines for consideration and suitable implementation of CPTED in a Northern European welfare society context.
This paper targets to improve understanding and explain influential factors of different planning and implementing process of two eco-cities, Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden, and Sino-Swedish Low-carbon Eco-city, China. The study is approached by examining and comparing the two eco-cities in perspectives of plans formulation, policy and regulations foundation, planning management and implementing mechanisms. Lessons from Hammarby Sjöstad are that integrative planning and management, follow-up and evaluations of implementing results, and lifestyle transitions all need to be concerned, as well as environmental technologies. In Sino-Swedish low-carbon eco-city, lack of local technologies, supporting policies and regulations, inactive cross-sector cooperation and public participation are summarized as main obstacles. To approach these, efforts are made on formulating local regulations, government documents, and coordinating cross-sector cooperation, promoting mutual learning. Finally, concluding that, besides environmental technologies, the foundation of legislations, policies and environmental objectives, integrative approaches, public awareness are key areas need to be promoted for popularizing sustainability in China.
The current literature compartmentalizes the complex issue of water and wastewater into its discrete components; technology, planning, policy, construction, economics, etc. Considered from the perspective of sustainability, however, water in the urban environment must be approached as a single resource that can be continuously reused and recycled. This book will be the first to capture all of the current work on this idea in a single, integrated, plan for designing the water-centric cities of the future. From new construction to the retrofitting of existing systems, this book presents the case for a new urban relationship to water, one with a more sustainable connection to the environment and the hydrological cycle. Through case studies of successfully planned and built systems around the world, the book will educate the reader about the need for a new approach to urban water management, and make the case that these changes are not only possible but imperative.
By 2012, Hammarby Sjöstad, a former large industrial harbor area in southern Stockholm, Sweden, will be a fully developed
residential district containing approximately 11,000 apartments and accommodating 35,000 people. The transformation of the
area began in 1996, and the development soon became renowned for its ambitious environmental program, inspired by Agenda 21
(United Nations in Rio declaration on environment and development. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and the Sydney 2000 Olympics in Australia (Newman in Landsc Urban Plan 44:219–226, 1999). Using results based on literature reviews, in-depth interviews, discussions with focus groups, and quantitative data, this
paper attempts to gain insight into how the environmental program influenced the planning and performance of the district
with regard to sustainable urban development. In doing so, three important conclusions were maintained that could be valuable
for similar projects concerning the planning and development of sustainable urban districts. First, the environmental program
proved vital to the development process of Hammarby Sjöstad, specifically in its drive to create a sustainable urban district.
When planning on improving the sustainability of future districts, such a program should be introduced and integrated earlier
in the planning stage of the district. Second, the metabolic flows of Hammarby Sjöstad were reduced as a result of the integrated
system—the Hammarby Model—of Hammarby Sjöstad. In order to reduce the metabolic flows in future urban districts even further,
it is important to facilitate the integration of technical innovations into existing integrated systems. Third, this case
study showed that there was a loss of valid and credible data related to the aims and goals of the environmental program of
Hammarby Sjöstad. In future urban districts, it is of the utmost importance to include a clear structure of the assessment
process in the environmental program, which would ensure the quality of gathered data and facilitate the development of even
better sustainable urban districts in the future.
KeywordsSustainability–Urban planning–Case study–Metabolism
This paper focuses on the extent to which recent infrastructure-oriented urban developments in Stockholm concord with various aspects of the ‘splintering urbanism’ thesis of Graham and Marvin. This contextualisation allows us to extend their work empirically and conceptually. In the first instance, we study a particular case of the decline of a unitary networked city (in an urban context largely absent from their book). In the second instance, we develop their notion of ‘unbundling’ to capture not just core changes in the organisation of infrastructure provision, but an overarching disjunction of the established nexus between networks, planning and social welfare in the city. This disjunction operates through interlinked transformations concerning, for example, privatisation and outsourcing in network services, separation of infrastructure planning from broader urban planning, contradictions between the environmental and social mandates of infrastructure, and a (prospective) curtailment of the redistributive, social role of essential network service provision. We conclude nonetheless that this ‘destructive’ moment of unbundling has not so far been pursued by more explicitly ‘creative’ urban fragmentation strategies, due largely to the vestiges of a socio-political consensus based around redistribution and equality. In this respect, the Stockholm case pleads for a conception of ‘splintering’ as a dynamic and multi-stage process which is not only always ongoing, unstable and incomplete, but also non-linear and open to resistance/regulation.
Annual Rings of Stockholm
- Magnus Andersson
Andersson, Magnus (ed, 1997): Annual Rings of Stockholm, Stockholmia förlag.
Hammarby Sjöstad, brochure of the City of Stockholm, Real Estate and Traffic Administration
- Åsa Bodén
Bodén, Åsa (ed, 2001): Hammarby Sjöstad, brochure of the City of Stockholm, Real Estate and Traffic Administration.
Det gröna, det sköna, det hållbara -den moderna staden Hammarby Sjöstad. Skrift i samband med park-och stadsrumsutställning i Hammarby Sjöstad 19-29 augusti
- Åsa Bodén
Bodén, Åsa (ed, 2004): Det gröna, det sköna, det hållbara -den moderna staden Hammarby Sjöstad.
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Gatu-och fastighetskontoret, Stockholm.
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En undersökning genomförd av USK på uppdrag av Miljöförvaltningen, Utrednings-och statistikkontoret
- Ivarsson
Ivarsson, Jan-Ivar (red 2005): Stadsdelsinvånarna om Miljö och miljövanor i Stockholm 2004. En
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- Christer Sanne
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People-Environment Studies -with or without Modernism? Lessons from Swedish Experiences
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- Urban
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from Swedish Experiences", 15 th conference of International Association of People-Environment
Studies, Eindoven, July 1998.
Architecture as Politics. The Role of Design and Planning for Peace and Sustainable Development, ARC•PEACE International Architects Designers Planners for Social Responsibility in collaboration with the Div. of Urban Studies/Built Environment Analysis, The Royal Institute of Technology
- Dick Vestbro
- Urban
Vestbro, Dick Urban (2002): "Modernism Versus Sustainable Development", in Vestbro, D. U. (ed):
Architecture as Politics. The Role of Design and Planning for Peace and Sustainable Development,
ARC•PEACE International Architects Designers Planners for Social Responsibility in collaboration with the Div. of Urban Studies/Built Environment Analysis, The Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm.
www.stockholm.se/hammarbysjostad (accessed in May 2004; English text available)