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Bienestar subjetivo en la vida adulta y en la vejez: Hacia una psicología positiva en América Latina

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Este artículo se centra en una perspectiva positiva de la psicología, para analizar el bienestar subjetivo durante la adultez y la vejez. Revisa diversas concepciones, indicadores y correlatos, tanto sociodemográficos, como socioculturales del bienestar subjetivo; presenta alternativas de evaluación del mismo, e investigaciones internacionales y, sobre todo, brasileñas sobre el particular. Hace énfasis en procesos psicológicos asociados con el funcionamiento del self (sí mismo) como regulador, mediador y motivador del bienestar subjetivo. Finalmente, aboga por invertir esfuerzos en la investigación sistemática del bienestar subjetivo y del bienestar psicológico, con el ánimo de conocer su efecto sobre los procesos de adaptación de las personas durante el ciclo vital.

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... En términos generales, el BS ha sido difícilmente operacionalizado por lo que su medición ha sido altamente compleja. Respecto de los instrumentos para medir el BS, Liberalesso (2002) ofrece una revisión de doce de ellos, la que, junto con la revisión que aquí se presenta, permite sugerir que la Escala de Felicidad de la Universidad Memorial de Newfoundland (MUNSH) de Kozma y Stones (1980) aparece Newfound-land como la más apropiada para el estudio de la felicidad en poblaciones de adulto mayor. Dentro de las características teóricas y conceptuales que convierten al MUNSH en una medida adecuada para el estudio del BS, se considera como principal fortaleza su amplia e integradora base teórica y empírica, así como también su especificidad y adecuación para el estudio de la población adulto mayor respecto a los otros instrumentos existentes, los que por lo general se caracterizan por ser medidas generales resumidas que no consideran los efectos ni las característi-cas asociadas al ciclo de vida que el adulto mayor experimenta (Faruk, 2009;Kozma et al., 1992;Liberalesso, 2002). ...
... Respecto de los instrumentos para medir el BS, Liberalesso (2002) ofrece una revisión de doce de ellos, la que, junto con la revisión que aquí se presenta, permite sugerir que la Escala de Felicidad de la Universidad Memorial de Newfoundland (MUNSH) de Kozma y Stones (1980) aparece Newfound-land como la más apropiada para el estudio de la felicidad en poblaciones de adulto mayor. Dentro de las características teóricas y conceptuales que convierten al MUNSH en una medida adecuada para el estudio del BS, se considera como principal fortaleza su amplia e integradora base teórica y empírica, así como también su especificidad y adecuación para el estudio de la población adulto mayor respecto a los otros instrumentos existentes, los que por lo general se caracterizan por ser medidas generales resumidas que no consideran los efectos ni las característi-cas asociadas al ciclo de vida que el adulto mayor experimenta (Faruk, 2009;Kozma et al., 1992;Liberalesso, 2002). El MUNSH fue diseñado expresamente para adultos mayores y combina ítems de otras escalas referidos a afectos momentáneos (propios de la Escala de Balance Afectivo [ABS] de Bradburn, 1969), con ítems de afectos a largo plazo (propios de la Escala Moral del Centro Geriátrico de Philadelphia [PGC] de Lawton, 1975 y del Índice de Satisfacción con la Vida [LSI-Z] de Neugarten, Havighurst & Tobin, 1971). ...
... En lo concerniente a género y SV, felicidad, autoestima, soledad, salud y edad subjetiva, Pinquart y Sorensen (2001) han hecho una de las pocas revisiones cuyo resultado es que las mujeres mayores reportan menor bienestar y un autoconcepto menos positivo que los hombres, en todas las medidas (excepto en edad subjetiva). En Brasil, Liberalesso (2002) muestra que las mujeres puntúan algo más alto en satisfacción global con la vida que los hombres y que, para ambos sexos, a más edad y mayor educación, mayor satisfacción vital. Otros estudios de esta autora señalan que las mujeres que viven solas no se sienten aisladas ni en soledad, consideran que vivir solas es una contingencia del ciclo de vida individual, que los amigos son más efectivos que los parientes, y que sus relaciones recientes son más relevantes que las antiguas. ...
Article
El objetivo es adaptar y validar preliminarmente la escala de Felicidad del Memorial University of Newfounland (MUNSH) en adultos mayores chilenos. Trescientos adultos de 65 años y más (M=72,8; DS=5,71; Maule, Chile), respondieron el MUNSH, la Escala de Satisfacción Vital de Diener (ESV) y, para validez convergente, la Escala Geriátrica abreviada de Depresión de Yesavage (EGADY). El MUNSH presenta consistencia interna (Cronbach) de 0,90 y correlaciona, apoyando su validez convergente, con ESV (r = 0,623) y con EGADY (r = -0,746). Un análisis factorial para el MUNSH produce una estructura multifactorial con un factor principal explicativo del 31,7% de la varianza. Se discute resultados por género y edad, y se entrega baremos por sexo para el uso del instrumento.
... Esta evaluación tiene en cuenta la calidad de su vida, las expectativas, las aspiraciones y el nivel favorablemente alcanzado de cada aspecto o característica. Asimismo, Liberalleso (2002) menciona que la evaluación que hace cada uno según sus propios criterios conlleva la satisfacción con la vida. La satisfacción con la vida es un juicio sobre cómo se considera la propia vida en su totalidad. ...
... En efecto, no existe un único enfoque para la cuantificación de confiabilidad y la precisión de los resultados; por lo tanto, la elección de estos análisis y técnicas es estimada por los investigadores. De acuerdo con los ítems, el instrumento mide cómo se siente y cómo evalúa una persona su vida en los diferentes dominios de ésta, en relación con sus expectativas, aspiraciones y objetivos, así como las acciones que realiza de manera favorable para su vida (Clemente Carrión et al., 2000) según sus propios criterios (Liberalleso, 2002). En efecto, en cuanto a los reactivos se observó que tienen propiedades psicométricas adecuadas acorde a lo reportado por Atienza et al. (2000) y Pavot y Diener (1993), y que estos ítems miden el mismo constructo en los diferentes grupos. ...
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Esta investigación tuvo como propósito analizar las evidencias de validez de la estructura interna y confiabilidad/precisión de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) en una muestra de 948 participantes del Estado de México, de los cuales 585 son mujeres y 363 hombres, con un rango de 15 a 78 años. Se empleó la swls de Diener et al. (1985), de cinco reactivos. La aplicación se realizó usando lápiz y papel (instrumento impreso), y la participación fue voluntaria, anónima y confidencial. Se llevaron a cabo un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Para obtener los índices de confiabilidad del instrumento se calculó el alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald. Los resultados confirman la propuesta del modelo de Diener para medir la satisfacción con la vida y muestra la confiabilidad y precisión de los resultados del instrumento con una varianza total explicada de 58.33% y un alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald de .865; los valores de ajuste y desajuste del modelo fueron adecuados.
... Por una parte, la felicidad subjetiva, que es el componente afectivo del bienestar subjetivo, se refiere a todas aquellas emociones positivas o sentimientos de satisfacción y, a su vez, las posibilidades que las personas tienen para acceder a una vida favorable y positiva (Marinić & Brkljačić, 2008), y por otra, la satisfacción vital, que es el componente cognitivo del bienestar subjetivo y se refiere a la valoración positiva que la persona tiene de su propia vida, ya sea a nivel general como específico (Diener, 1994;García, 2002;Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999;García-Viniegras & González, 2000;Liberalesso, 2002), siendo los elementos de funcionamiento más cercanos a la vida personal del individuo los que influyen en mayor medida sobre su bienestar (Moyano-Díaz & Ramos, 2007). ...
... En relación al bienestar subjetivo en sus dos dimensiones, felicidad subjetiva y satisfacción vital, se apre-cia, en relación a la primera de ellas, que las mujeres de la muestra manifiestan un nivel alto de desarrollo (21,45 puntos), lo que repercute directamente a que son capaces de dar a conocer sus emociones y sentimientos de satisfacción con una disposición de optimismo que les permite considerar su vida como un elemento agradable que les permite ser felices, tal como lo plantean Marinić y Brkljačić (2008). Por otro lado, en relación a la segunda dimensión, satisfacción vital, también existe un nivel alto de desarrollo (27,85 puntos) en las mujeres de la muestra acerca de la valoración que hacen de su propia existencia, hecho que ha sido tratado en varias investigaciones anteriores (para mayor información, ver Diener, 1994;García, 2002;Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999, García-Viniegras & González, 2000Liberalesso, 2002). Aún así, ambos niveles podrían mejorar en mayor medida, logrando en lo posible los valores más altos (para felicidad subjetiva 28 puntos y para satisfacción vital 35 puntos) si se tiene como base un adecuado desarrollo de la autoestima y autoconcepto, la capacidad de relacionarse con otras personas de manera efectiva y teniendo el conocimiento de lo que implica emprender un negocio, puesto que las mujeres lograrían sentirse más felices y satisfechas con su situación sociolaboral. ...
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Se elabora una propuesta de intervención en bienestar subjetivo, autodeterminación, habilidades sociales y capacidad emprendedora en mujeres microempresarias con discapacidad intelectual a partir de un diagnóstico realizado en 20 mujeres con discapacidad intelectual. Se administró una batería de cinco instrumentos compuesta por la escala de satisfacción con la vida de Diener et ál. (1984), escala de felicidad subjetiva de Lyubomirsky y Lepper (1999), escala de autoconcepto de la Rosa y Díaz (1999), cuestionario de habilidades sociales de Goldstein (1999) y cuestionario de emprendimiento de Spencer y Spencer (1993). Los principales resultados descriptivos indican que las mujeres de la muestra manifiestan altos niveles de desarrollo de su autoconcepto (autodeterminación) (x= 382,6; σ=53,32), habilidades sociales (x= 91,6; σ=6,65) y bienestar subjetivo, tanto en felicidad subjetiva (x= 21,45; σ=3,96) como en satisfacción vital (x= 27,85; σ=5,79) y niveles moderados de su capacidad emprendedora (x= 65,85; σ=5,66). Se obtuvo un adecuado nivel en todas las variables en las mujeres de la muestra, enfocando la propuesta de intervención en potenciar sus habilidades y competencias, desarrollando conocimientos paralelos que apoyen a los ya existentes.
... Escala de Satisfação com a vida: proposta por Neri (2002), com questões sobre satisfação global com a vida, satisfação em comparação com os outros da mesma idade e seis itens sobre a satisfação referenciada aos domínios memória, capacidade funcional e de solução de problemas, amizades e relações familiares, ambiente, acesso a serviços de saúde e meios de transporte. Cada questão apresentou como opções "Pouco" (valor 1), "Mais ou menos" (valor 2) ou "Muito" (valor 3). ...
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Resumo Objetivo Investigar os fatores associados ao desempenho igual ou superior ao percentil 95 no Miniexame de Estado Mental de pessoas idosas com 80 anos e mais. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e quantitativa, conduzida com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 101 idosos cognitivamente saudáveis, residentes no Distrito Federal e avaliados por escalas de humor, suporte social, desempenho funcional e saúde. Resultados Análises estatísticas bivariadas indicaram que os longevos com melhor desempenho cognitivo no Miniexame de Estado Mental, quando comparados aos participantes com desempenho abaixo ao percentil 95, apresentaram melhor autopercepção de saúde, maior satisfação com a capacidade de resolução de tarefas cotidianas, avaliação mais positiva do suporte social geral e relacionado ao domínio de ter com quem conversar quando se sente sozinho. Conclusão O elevado desempenho cognitivo global na velhice se associa à saúde percebida, à satisfação em relação ao desempenho funcional e ao suporte social.
... Satisfaction With Life Scale: proposed by Neri (2002), with questions on overall satisfaction with life, satisfaction compared to others of the same age, and six items pertaing to satisfaction related to the domains of memory, functional capacity and problem-solving, friendships and family relationships, environment, access to health services, and means of transportation. Each question had response options of "A Little" (value of 1), "Somewhat" (value of 2), or "Very Much" (value of 3). ...
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Objective To investigate the factors associated with performance equal to or higher than the 95th percentile in the Mini Mental State Examination of elderly people aged 80 years and over. Method This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research conducted with a convenience sample composed of 101 cognitively healthy older adults residing in Brazil's Federal District, assessed by scales that measure mood, social support, functional performance, and health. Results Bivariate statistical analyses indicated that older individuals with better cognitive performance in the Mini Mental State Examination, when compared to participants with performance below the 95th percentile, showed better self-perceived health, greater satisfaction with the ability to perform daily tasks, and a more positive evaluation of general social support and in the domain of having someone to talk to when feeling lonely. Conclusion High global cognitive performance in old age is associated with perceived health, satisfaction with functional performance, and social support.
... • Escala para Medida de Satisfação com a Vida (NERI, 2002;LEÃO JÚNIOR, 2003): avalia o bem-estar subjetivo, indicado por satisfação referenciada em três domínios -saúde e capacidade física; saúde e capacidade mental; e envolvimento social, sendo essas medidas avaliadas utilizando como parâmetro a si mesmo e outras pessoas da mesma idade A avaliação continha 12 itens e é feita de forma escalar ("muito pouco satisfeito" a "muitíssimo satisfeito"). ...
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Este estudo transversal investigou os fatores psicológicos preditores da percepção de suporte social que auxiliam o idoso na fuga da solidão e do declínio funcional e cognitivo. Participaram 186 idosos (≥ 60 anos), residentes do município de Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Mini Exame do Estado Mental, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, o Questionário de Propósito de Vida, a Escala para Medida de Satisfação com a Vida e a Escala de Suporte Social Percebido. A análise dos dados foi conduzida por meio da Correlação de Pearson e da Análise de Regressão Múltipla (p < 0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que as cinco variáveis independentes (cognição global, sintomas depressivos, sintomas de ansiedade, propósito de vida e satisfação com a vida), explicaram 20% da variância da percepção de suporte social dos idosos. No entanto, somente a satisfação com a vida (β = 0,25, p < 0,05) e a cognição global (β = 0,21, p < 0,05) apresentaram predição positiva sobre a percepção de suporte social. Concluiu-se que a cognição e a satisfação global são fatores protetores da percepção de suporte social que auxiliam o idoso na fuga da solidão e do declínio funcional e cognitivo.
... For path analysis, the numerical variable was used for overall self-reported health by adding up all domains ranging from 10 to 30 points. Answers for each domain were categorized as follows: very little/ little; more or less; and very satisfied/extremely (Neri, 2002). Cronbach's alpha for the scale is 0.741. ...
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This study aims to estimate the prevalence of overall satisfaction with life regarding sense of purpose in life, morbidities, and self-reported health, and to identify their direct and indirect associations among the domains in community-dwelling older adults. The research has a cross-sectional design, and we evaluated 419 older adults. Morbidities were assessed using a dichotomous question; self-reported health and satisfaction with life were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale; and sense of purpose was assessed using the Ryff and Keyes 10-item scale. An analysis of structural equations was conducted using Path Analysis. The relationship between morbidities and overall satisfaction with life was mediated by self-reported health; purpose in life mediated the relationship between self-reported health and overall satisfaction with life. Beyond managing chronic illnesses, subjective assessments of health and well-being are key to successful aging.
... A satisfação com a vida foi avaliada pela pergunta "O/a senhor/a está satisfeito/a com sua vida?" elaborada por Neri 26 . As opções de resposta foram 1-"muito pouco", 2-"pouco", 3-"mais ou menos", 4-"muito" ou 5-"muitíssimo". ...
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Resumo Objetivos Investigar a associação entre neuroticismo e satisfação com a vida e apoio social em pessoas idosas casadas; além de verificar se a satisfação com o casamento e com as relações familiares e de amizade são mediadoras dessas associações. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados do estudo Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros (FIBRA). Participaram 94 pessoas idosas recrutadas em domicílios residenciais. Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico; a escala NEO-PI-R-Neuroticismo, integrante do Inventário dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade; cinco itens semanticamente adaptados da ISEL (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List), e itens únicos escalares (com cinco pontos cada um) para as variáveis satisfação com as relações conjugais, familiares e de amizade e para satisfação com a vida. Foi realizada análise de equações estruturais via análise de caminhos. Resultados a amostra foi composta em sua maioria por homens (54.6%) que relataram estar muito ou muitíssimo satisfeitos com a vida, o casamento, as amizades e os relacionamentos familiares. Pessoas idosas com menores escores de neuroticismo apresentaram maior satisfação com a vida, o casamento, as amizades e os relacionamentos familiares. Maior satisfação com o casamento e com as amizades relacionaram-se diretamente com mais apoio social. Satisfação com os familiares e com os amigos mediaram a associação entre neuroticismo e satisfação com a vida. Conclusão Indivíduos com níveis mais altos de neuroticismo estão menos satisfeitos com seus relacionamentos e com a vida. Pesquisas longitudinais são necessárias para explicar as relações observadas.
... Satisfaction with life was measured using the question "How satisfied are you with your life?", as devised by Neri 26 . Responses were 1-"highly dissatisfied", 2-"dissatisfied"; 3-"neither satisfied nor dissatisfied", 4-"satisfied", or 5-"highly satisfied". ...
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Objectives To investigate the association between neuroticism and life satisfaction and social support in married older people; in addition to verifying whether satisfaction with marriage and with family and friendship relationships are mediators of these associations. Method A cross-sectional was study carried out with data from the Fragility in Older Adult Brazilians (FIBRA) study. A total of 194 older people recruited from residential households participated in the survey. Instruments used included a sociodemographic questionnaire; the NEO-PI-R-Neuroticism scale from the Big Five Personality Inventory; five items semantically adapted from the ISEL (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) and single items rated on scales (five points each) for the variables satisfaction with marital, family, and friendship relationships and for satisfaction with life. Structural equation modelling via path analysis was performed. Results The sample comprised individuals who were predominantly men (54.6%), and that reported being satisfied or highly satisfied with life, marriage, friendships, and family relationships. Participants with lower neuroticism scores had higher satisfaction with life, marriage, friendships, and family relationships. Greater satisfaction with marriage and friendships was directly associated with better social support. Satisfaction with family members and friends were variables mediating the association between neuroticism and life satisfaction. Conclusion Individuals with higher levels of neuroticism are less satisfied with their relationships and with life. Longitudinal research is needed to explain the relationships observed.
... O presente estudo verificou quais são os indicadores de bem-estar e seus benefícios relativos à idosos que participam de um programa de educação permanente. Os indicadores de bem-estar foram medidos pela escala da escada de Satisfação Global com a vida, proposta por Neri (2002). Revelando que os idosos apresentam boa satisfação com a vida, pontuando a partir do degrau oito da escala. ...
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The goal of this study was to check the well-being indicators and analyze the benefits of older people in participating in a permanent education program. Cross-sectional study with 138 older people from UnATI-EACH/USP. Gender, age group, schooling, housing arrangement, time of participation in UnATI, number of activities performed were evaluated. The assessment of cognition, satisfaction with life and depression, was used Mini-Mental State Examination, Global Life Satisfaction Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. The effects of participation in UnATI-EACH/USP were evaluated by open question. 76.81% showed general satisfaction with life and 86.23% did not consider themselves depressive. In Bardin's analysis, three categories were obtained related to the benefits of participating in UnATI: psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships, health, and functionality. The data showed that there are benefits of continuing education provided by programs designed for this purpose, especially in relation to psychological well-being, functionality, and sociability in older people.
... Subjective well-being (SWB) as part of quality of life (in its subjective dimension) expresses the degree of satisfaction people have with specific or global aspects of their existence, where positive moods prevail [1]. In this context, satisfaction with life (SWL) is a cognitive component of SWB and is defined as the positive valuation a person makes of their life in general or of specific domains (for example, family, studies, work, health, friends, free time) [2][3][4]. Since food is an essential component for good health and a high quality of life [5], there is increasing interest in the literature to address the relationship between SWB and food consumption [6][7][8]. Food, as a specific domain of life, can be valued according to satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL), which refers to a person's assessment of their food and eating habits [9]. ...
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The objectives of this study were to distinguish family profiles based on the level of satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) of mothers, fathers, and adolescents, and to characterize the profiles based on the three family members’ diet quality and nutritional status, family’s eating habits, parental feeding practices, parent’s nutritional knowledge, and sociodemographic characteristics. Questionnaires were applied to a sample of 300 two-parent families with adolescent children, aged between 10 and 17 years, in Temuco, Chile. The questionnaires used were: satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL); adapted healthy eating index (AHEI); family eating habits questionnaire (FEHQ); and the nutritional knowledge subscale. They also answered questions about eating habits and provided data to determine BMI and sociodemographic characteristics. Four different profiles were identified with respect to SWFoL: “Families satisfied with their food” (50.6%); “Fathers and mothers moderately satisfied with their food, children satisfied” (23.2%); “Families extremely satisfied with their food” (16.6%); and “Fathers and mothers satisfied with their food, children extremely dissatisfied” (9.7%). The profiles demonstrated heterogeneity in SWFoL. Higher levels of SWFoL (mothers, fathers and adolescents) were associated with healthier eating habits. These results contribute to new studies that enable understanding of how families’ healthy eating habits are part of improving quality of life.
... Este concepto es central en la ética y la religión, pero también en la medicina, la política, la sociología y la psicología. No obstante, durante mucho tiempo los psicólogos y las psicólogas ignoraron la felicidad humana para consagrarse preferentemente a analizar la infelicidad humana (Neri, 2002). ...
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Resumen Introducción: La dinámica familiar es esencial en el desarrollo psicológico en adolescentes y tiene una considerable influencia sobre su bienestar. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación de la dinámica funcional o disfuncional de la familia con el bienestar subjetivo de adolescentes e identificar sus factores protectores. Método: Estudio transversal analítico con la aplicación de la Prueba Psicológica de la Dinámica Familiar en Adolescentes, el Inventario de Bienestar Subjetivo en Jóvenes y un cuestionario de factores asociados. Resultados: Participaron 102 adolescentes, hallándose mayor bienestar subjetivo en una dinámica familiar funcional. Los factores pro-tectores resultantes en el análisis fueron: buena relación familiar, ausencia de hacinamiento, buena salud, bue-na alimentación, percepción de apoyo familiar y presencia de hermanos. Discusión: La dinámica familiar fun-cional y los factores protectores encontrados guardan una asociación significativa con el bienestar subjetivo en los adolescentes, lo que refuerza la importancia de la familia en esta etapa del desarrollo. Abstract Introduction: Family dynamics is essential in the psychological development of adolescents, and it has a high influence on their well-being. Objective: To analyze the association of functional or dysfunctional family dynamics with the subjective well-being of adolescents from a technical high school. Method: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, in which the Psychological Test of Family Dynamics in Adolescents, the Inventory of Subjective Well-being in Young People, and a questionnaire of associated factors were applied to 102 adolescents. Results: There was a greater subjective well-being in adolescents with a functional family dynamics. The factors that showed a relationship in the analysis were the good family relationship, the absence of overcrowding , good health, good nutrition, family support, and presence of siblings. Discussion: Functional family
... Posteriormente, en 1965, Cantril identifica el bienestar con la satisfacción personal producto de la evaluación de los factores contextuales con los que interactúa el individuo (Neri, 2002;Oramas et al., 2006). De otro lado, Bradburn y Caplovitz (1969( , citado en Oramas et al., 2006 construyeron un enfoque de bienestar basado en la disposición de ánimo y afecto-felicidad, entendida esta última como el equilibrio positivo entre las experiencias buenas y malas que afronta el individuo. ...
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Los esfuerzos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud por trascender los modelos biomédicos y comportamentales para la explicación de la salud han resaltado el bienestar como elemento clave en esta tarea. La inclusión del concepto de bienestar en las definiciones de salud mental ha provocado, en muchas ocasiones, la utilización de ambos conceptos como sinónimos, sin embargo, difícilmente el bienestar por sí solo puede dar cuenta de la salud mental de una persona. Este artículo de reflexión tiene como objetivo presentar el concepto de capacidad desde el campo del desarrollo humano, como respuesta a las limitaciones que presentan los modelos de bienestar, y los aportes que tendría su utilización en la construcción de una definición de salud mental a partir del enfoque socioeconómico y en la consolidación de una estrategia de promoción de la salud mental.
... Talvez esta crise pandémica enquanto incidente crítico grave para todos os seres humanos, seja a oportunidade para nos assumirmos como seres emocionais, especialmente, no desempenho da função docente. A mudança de paradigma que poderá estar subjacente a estas mudanças drásticas pode, a meu ver, trazer alguns benefícios para todo o processo de aprendizagem, recordando-nos a importância que cada um de nós tem como ser social e emocional.IntroduçãoA partir das últimas décadas do século XX o interesse pela maior compreensão dos aspetos positivos que tornam a vida humana "uma experiência digna de ser vivida"(Neri, 2002), que determinam e influenciam as relações prazerosas do homem (consigo mesmo, com o outro, com o meio), tem crescido no âmbito de várias ciências. Nesse contexto, na área da Educação pode-se constatar, a partir dos anos de 1990, um aumento significativo de pesquisas sobre a felicidade, a qualidade de vida no trabalho, a satisfação e o bem-estar dos professores.O bem-estar docente tem sido utilizado por vários pesquisadores, com diferentes conceituações mas que apresentam vários pontos de convergência. ...
... Investigaciones previas realizadas por Mella et al. (2004) y Meléndez, Tomás y Navarro (2008) coinciden con estos resultados, manifestando que, a medida que aumenta la edad, la satisfacción vital disminuye, por lo que se considera que los menores tienden a una mayor satisfacción con la vida que los adultos. Esto es concordante con que el bienestar varía de acuerdo a la edad (Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002), siendo los adultos los que evalúan más negativamente su vida (Liberalesso, 2002). Otras investigaciones contradicen los resultados expresando una relación directa entre la satisfacción vital y la salud (Concepción, 2015); sin embargo, en este caso no parece haber una afectación del bienestar debido a la enfermedad. ...
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El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el Bienestar Hedónico y Bienestar Eudaimónico en pacientes oncológicos infanto-juveniles en Córdoba, Colombia. La investigación fue de corte transversal, de alcance descriptivo-correlacional. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener para medir Bienestar Hedónico y de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff para Bienestar Eudaimónico a una muestra de 30 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer en la ciudad de Montería. Los resultados arrojaron niveles óptimos de Bienestar Eudaimónico y Hedónico en los pacientes. Las dos variables presentaron, en general, correlaciones bajas con excepción de la dimensión de Autoaceptación de la escala de Ryff que presentó una correlación moderada y positiva con Satisfacción con la vida. En conclusión, se hace necesario continuar investigando otras variables que pueden moderar esta relación. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in childhood and juvenile cancer patients in Córdoba, Colombia. The research was cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational. Diener's Satisfaction with Life questionnaires were applied to measure Ryff's hedonic well-being and psychological well-being for eudaimonic well-being to a sample of 30 patients diagnosed with cancer in the city of Montería. The results showed optimal levels of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being in the patients. In general, the two variables presented low correlations with the exception of the Self-acceptance dimension of the Ryff scale, which presented a moderate and positive correlation with Satisfaction with life. In conclusion, it is necessary to conduct further research on other variables that can moderate this relationship.
... Life satisfaction was evaluated through a questionnaire containing an item about satisfaction with life as a whole, an item about satisfaction comparing the other individuals of the same age, six items about satisfaction, relating to memory domains; functional and problem-solving capacity, friends and family relations, environment, access to health services and means of transportation (Neri, 2002). Each item was composed of a scale from 0 to 3 points, whose sum ranged from 1 to 24. ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the link between multi-generational household arrangements (uni-, bi- or tri-generational) and sociodemographic variables, functional performance, mood, social support and life satisfaction in cognitively healthy elderly individuals. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. A total of 107 elderly individuals from the Federal District were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Mini Exame do Estado Mental (Mini-Mental State Examination), the Scales of Basic, Instrumental and Advanced Activities of Daily Living, the Perceived Social Support, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Bivariate statistical analysis indicated that tri-generational arrangements were associated with being female, being a widowed individual and having more children; and uni- or bi-generational arrangements were associated with a greater life satisfaction in comparison to people of the same age, a bigger participation in cultural activities and driving an automobile. These findings indicate that, for elderly individuals, living arrangements are associated with family composition, life satisfaction and social engagement.
... Global life satisfaction was assessed by the question: "Are you satisfied with your life today?" The possible answer choices were "little," "somewhat," or "very" (Neri, 2002). ...
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This study investigates the association between participation in four domains of physical activity, social activities, and global life satisfaction among 2344 community-dwelling older adults (72.3 ± 5.5 years; 65.6% female) in Brazil. Comparison analyses were performed on the frequencies, and statistical analysis also included univariate and hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Of all the physical activity domains analyzed, only leisure-time physical activity was found to be associated with global life satisfaction. There was also a positive association between global life satisfaction and social activity participation. We conclude that the specific domain in which activity is performed interferes with one’s perception of his or her life.
... Sin lugar a dudas, la calidad de vida y el desarrollo son preocupaciones que se vinculan con el problema de la migración, y van más allá, al relacionar la perspectiva subjetiva no sólo con la satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar social de segmentos específicos de población (Neri, 2002, p. 56), sino que tienen que ver también con el desarrollo de capacidades, el ejercicio de la libertad para elegir y concretar realizaciones con los recursos disponibles. Ravallion y Lokshin (1999, p. 34) plantearon que entre los economistas existe una contradicción evidente, pues por un lado asumen que las personas son los mejores jueces para evaluar sus condiciones de vida, y por el otro, se resisten a tomar en cuenta sus apreciaciones, por considerarlas poco confiables por su carácter subjetivo. ...
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El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la relación entre las remesas, la percepción de la calidad de vida y el desarrollo humano en mujeres receptoras de remesas en Totolapan, Morelos. Para ello se utilizaron datos obtenidos de un cuestionario de desa-rrollo humano que incluyó las dimensiones circunstancias, ca-pacidades y funcionamientos. A partir del análisis de los datos se elaboró una escala de desarrollo humano y calidad de vida percibida. Los resultados muestran que la auto-percepción es positiva, pero está condicionada por la consideración de que la alimentación es el factor de mayor peso en este proceso. Palabras clave: Mujeres | Calidad de vida | Desarrollo humano | Remesas | Enfoque de capacidades. The objective of the study is to analyze the relationship among remittances , perception of quality life and human development in women receiving remittances in Totolapan, Morelos. To achieve the objective, data were obtained from a human development questionnaire which it considered the circumstances, functioning and capabilities dimensions. From the analysis of the data a scale of human development and perceived quality of life was elaborated. The results show that self-perception is positive, but is conditioned by the consideration that food is the most important factor in this process.
... Diversos autores (García-Viniegras & González, 2000;Liberalesso, 2002) plantean que la Calidad de Vida incluye al bienestar como componente subjetivo y a su vez éste está conformado por elementos cognitivos y afectivos. El componente cognitivo del Bienestar Subjetivo sería la Satisfacción Vital (SV), definida como la valoración positiva que la persona hace de su vida en general, o de aspectos particulares de ésta (familia, estudios, trabajo, salud, amigos, tiempo libre), siendo los dominios de funcionamiento más cercanos e inmediatos a la vida personal de los individuos los que tendrían mayor influencia sobre el bienestar personal (Ardila, 2003). ...
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Introduction. The first year of college is characterized by a significant change in the student environment. Sensorial demands are greater and he or she must be adapted to an unprotected environment and in constant change, a situation that can lead to higher levels of stress and social anxiety. Objective. We explored the relationship between social interaction difficulties and life satisfaction in college population; and we analyzed gender differences in these variables. Method. Forty students, selected randomly from the first course of college population of Occupational Therapy, Kinesiology and Speech Therapy of a chilean university, participated in the study. Self-questionnaires on Social Skills, Social Anxiety and Life Satisfaction were applied to the sample. Results. Significant inverse relationship between Social Anxiety and Social Skills, and between Social Anxiety and Life Satisfaction, were found. Women had higher levels of Social Anxiety. We discuss the implications of these results.
... Para la ciencia psicológica es todo un desafío poder explicar por qué algunas personas se sienten más satisfechas con la vida que otras y qué factores se relacionan con el bienestar psicológico. Liberalesso (2001) plantea que es más importante la percepción del propio sujeto sobre su vida que las condiciones objetivas en las que se desarrolla esta, y explica que el sentido de bienestar psicológico refleja la evaluación personal sobre el conjunto y sobre la dinámica de las relaciones entre otros aspectos. ...
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El bienestar psicológico parece estar asociado con hábitos de vida saludable, con variables de personalidad positivas y ausencia de síntomas clínicos relevantes. Este estudio pretende: (1) describir las diferencias de género y edad en las variables: hábitos de vida, variables psicológicas positivas y variables clínicas; (2) analizar correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas y el bienestar psicológico; (3) investigar las variables predictivas del bienestar psicológico. Se trabajó con 1.075 participantes de ambos sexos entre 13 y 18 años, 514 varones (47.8%), 542 tenían entre 13-15 años (50.4%. Fueron evaluados con la Escala de bienestar psicológico; Encuesta de hábitos de vida; Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (1965); Escala de autoestima corporal; Inventario de síntomas psicopatológicos SCL 90-R. Los resultados confirman diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los hábitos de vida, con puntuaciones superiores los varones y los de menor edad. En las variables de personalidad positivas los varones superan significativamente a las mujeres y en las negativas a la inversa. Se confirma que a mejor rendimiento académico, más ejercicio físico, mejor alimentación, sueño y menor consumo de tabaco, alcohol y drogas, mayor bienestar subjetivo. A puntuaciones más elevadas en variables positivas mayor bienestar psicológico. Predice el 56% del bienestar psicológico: autoconcepto, baja depresión, buena calidad del sueño, autoestima corporal, baja emocionabilidad y alto rendimiento académico.
... Com base nos estudos de Baltes (1970de Baltes ( , 1977de Baltes ( , 1990de Baltes ( , 1995de Baltes ( , 1997de Baltes ( , 1999 e de Neri (1985Neri ( , 1991Neri ( , 1993Neri ( , 1995Neri ( , 2002, entre outros, serão discutidos os resultados de uma investigação sobre a qualidade de vida de quem ingressa na universidade após 45 anos de idade, enfocando se há mudanças na vida desses estudantes após a freqüência à universidade, como se manifestam e se são configuradas ou não como evento que proporcionou melhoria na qualidade de vida. ...
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Os estudos acerca do desenvolvimento humano na idade adulta e no envelhecimento têm instigado o interesse de teóricos do assunto, em virtude do aumento do tempo de vida da população. Constata-se, no campo educacional, entre os anos de 1996 e 2003, um crescimento do número de pessoas que ingressaram na universidade na meia-idade. Com base no interesse em dar continuidade ao estudo sobre a entrada na universidade, o presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir a qualidade de vida de estudantes que ingressam na universidade após os 45 anos de idade; para tanto, foram revisados os estudos de Baltes (1970, 1977, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999) e Neri (1985, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002). A metodologia utilizada foi ancorada na abordagem qualitativa. Os resultados revelam que os respondentes antes de ingressarem no ensino superior vivenciaram um período de estabilidade e que, após selecionarem suas metas e otimizarem suas capacidades de reserva, apresentaram melhorias na qualidade de vida. Conclui-se, com base nos argumentos relatados pelos estudantes, que o desenvolvimento deve ser visto sob vários prismas – biológicos, psicológicos, sociais – e num processo de interação. Palavras-chave: idade adulta; desenvolvimento humano; qualidade de vida. Abstract The studies concerning human development in the adult age and aging have instigated the interest of theoreticians, in virtue of the increase of life expectancy of the population. It is evidenced, in the educational field, between 1996 and 2003, a growth of the number of people who had entered the university in middle age. On the basis of the interest in continuing the study on university entrance, the present article aims at arguing the quality of life of students who entered the university after the age of 45; therefore, the studies of Baltes (1970, 1977, 1990, 1995, 1997, 1999) and Neri (1985, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002) were revised. The used methodology was anchored in the qualitative approach. The results reveal that, before entering superior education, the respondents had deeply lived a period of stability and that, after selecting their goals and optimizing their capacities of reserve, had presented improvements in their life quality. One concluded, on the basis of the students’ arguments, that the development must be seen under some conditions biological, psychological, social and in a process of interaction. Keywords: adult age; human development; quality of life.
... All this is usually omitted, because it is seen as inaccessible or irrelevant to anthropological analysis. We make anthropology of the word, but we do not make anthropology of the word related to an action and what it involves for the believer's life. 2 By virtue of the socioeconomic and health situation of most elder people, we might think that they are the age group more vulnerable as to their welfare, [2][3][4] given that the older they become, the lower their income and the higher the risk of chronicle disease and/or accidents. However, the socioeconomic and health factors do not completely account for welfare. ...
... O bem-estar subjetivo relaciona-se diretamente com benefícios nos resultados em saúde e no decréscimo de comorbilidades 17 . De forma geral, o bem-estar subjetivo representa um somatório das qualidades que tipificam a vida de qualquer indivíduo na sociedade, associando-se à felicidade e à satisfação com a vida 18,19,20 . ...
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Introdução: o bem-estar subjetivo se refere a como as pessoas se sentem e avaliam suas vidas. Largamente insinua-se que uma pessoa com altas taxas de bem-estar subjetivo encontra-se satisfeita com a vida e possui altas taxas de afetos positivos e relativa falta de afetos negativos. Objetivo: estimar a prevalência do bem-estar subjetivo de mulheres participantes de um programa social, bem como seus fatores associados. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico, transversal e analítico, no qual a amostra contou com 321 mulheres participantes de um programa social, com idades diversas, do Polo 1 (entre os 29 estudados). As características sociodemográficas e aquelas relacionadas à saúde foram consideradas variáveis independentes, assim como o bem-estar subjetivo foi a dependente. As variáveis foram avaliadas por frequências absolutas e relativas, e a magnitude da associação entre elas foi avaliada pela Razão de Prevalência bruta e ajustada, estimada mediante o modelo de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: a maioria das mulheres analisadas era casada (52,4%) e com obesidade (70,3%) e bem-estar subjetivo acima da média (62,8%). As mulheres com 40 anos ou mais apresentaram maior probabilidade de deter melhores índices de bem-estar subjetivo (RP=1,32), enquanto mulheres obesas apresentaram menor probabilidade de apresentar índices satisfatórios de bem-estar subjetivo (RP=0,77). Conclusão: mulheres com idade mais elevada apresentaram maior probabilidade de melhores índices de bem-estar subjetivo, enquanto obesas apresentaram menor probabilidade de índices satisfatórios de bem-estar subjetivo.
... Foi utilizado um questionário para avaliar a intensidade de satisfação com a vida referenciada a domínios 22 . Os domínios avaliados foram: satisfação com a vida atual; satisfação com a vida atual, comparado com outras pessoas da mesma idade; satisfação com a memória; satisfação com a capacidade para fazer coisas de todo dia; satisfação com as amizades e relações familiares; satisfação com o ambiente que vive; satisfação com o acesso aos serviços de saúde; satisfação com os meios de transporte. ...
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Resumo O envelhecimento da população é uma tendência mundial e chamou a atenção para as políticas de incentivo à vida produtiva e de adiamento da aposentadoria. Assim, cabe ampliar a compreensão dos efeitos do trabalho sobre os indicadores de saúde e bem-estar na velhice. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação da permanência no mercado de trabalho com fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos e de satisfação com a vida em idosos. Utilizou-se a base de dados do Estudo FIBRA-RJ que inclui idosos (idade > 65 anos) clientes de uma operadora de saúde, residentes na zona norte do município do Rio de Janeiro. Dentre os 626 participantes, 82 (13,1%) mantinham atividade de trabalho remunerado. Os resultados da regressão logística múltipla mostraram que as chances de permanecer trabalhando eram maiores para homens; para aqueles com 9 anos ou mais de estudos; com alta renda; sem condições clínicas crônicas incapacitantes e aqueles com maior satisfação com a vida. Este estudo confirma a associação das atividades de trabalho na velhice com melhores condições sociais e de saúde física. Além disso, observou-se que a manutenção das atividades de trabalho estava associada com a maior satisfação com a vida independente das características socioeconômicas e clínicas na velhice.
... Sobresalen trabajos como el de Emilio Moyano Díaz y Nadia Ramos (2008) en el que relacionan el bienestar subjetivo con la salud; o lo abordado desde un enfoque experimental en adultos mayores institucionalizados, de los que se tomaron en cuenta variables como la satisfacción y la actitud hacia el envejecimiento a través de series temporales breves (Valdés, M. y J. Rodríguez, 2003); asimismo, se han encontrado datos de interés en el trabajo de José Ángel Vera Noriega, Teresa Iveth Sotelo Quiñones y Miriam Teresa Domínguez Guedea (2005) a propósito del bienestar subjetivo, enfrentamiento y redes de apoyo social en adultos mayores, principalmente en el abordaje metodológico de orden cualitativo. Otra investigación y trabajo empírico en el que se encontraron datos de interés para este trabajo fue el de Anita Liberalesso Neri (2002), en el cual describe el bienestar subjetivo desde distintos aspectos teóricos y de estructuración epistemológica, que nos ayudaron a comprender y abordar de una manera completa el fenómeno del bienestar subjetivo. ...
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El presente estudio tiene como objetivo general analizar la representación social del bienestar subjetivo que construyen los adultos mayores, específicamente entre aquellos que son beneficiarios del programa de apoyo social denominado 70 y Más. Con base en una estrategia cualitativa —descriptiva— y empleando entrevistas en profundidad, se consigue categorizar las expresiones de los adultos mayores, logrando describir la representación social a través de un análisis desde la teoría fundamentada. Esto da como resultado categorías centrales que se describen en las siguientes áreas: familia, relaciones interpersonales y salud, entre las más representativas, obteniendo así algunas recomendaciones para el mejoramiento de las estrategias de la política social en México.
... Una de las dificultades que se encontraron en lo que respecta al estudio de los entornos es 7 El término "calidad de vida global" abarca de forma holística múltiples dimensiones, como la salud, la familia, los recursos económicos, la red social, el ocio, la vivienda, el barrio y otras (Rojo-Pérez y Fernández-Mayoralas, 2011). La calidad de vida dominio-específica de las personas hace referencia a la relacionada con su salud física y mental, sus relaciones sociales y su sexualidad, entre otras (Verdugo-Alonso, Gómez Sánchez y Arias Liberalesso, 2002, pág. 58). ...
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This article presents three key aspects of the domestic life of cohabiting same-sex couples: economic contributions to household maintenance, decision-making and distribution of domestic work. Two surveys were used as sources of information, the frst carried out in 2006 in Mexico City, and the second in 2012 in four cities of the Colombian Coffee Belt (Armenia, Cartago, Manizales and Pereira). Both surveys contained questions on cohabitation over a fve-year period. Although data suggest a trend towards equity, the feminization of care still permeates the discussion and same-sex couples are not an exception.
... Life satisfaction can be defined as the positive evaluation that a person makes of his life in general terms, or of particular aspects (family, studies, work, health, friends, free time) (Diener, 1994;Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999;García-Viniegras & González, 2000;Liberalesso, 2002). This satisfaction arises through a transaction between the individual and his micro-and macrosocial environment, in addition to the current and historical elements of this environment (including material objective and social conditions) that offer certain people opportunities for personal development. ...
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The objectives of this study were to examine the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale in university students (MSLSS) (Huebner, 1998) in a sample of university students from northern, central and southern Chile, where indicators of reliability and construct validity were examined. Also, it seeks to describe the levels of life satisfaction of students and to examine differences between gender and between socioeconomic statuses. The study is quantitative with a cross-sectional descriptive-relational design. The Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale was applied to a sample of 306 university students in northern, central and southern Chile, as well as a questionnaire that collected sociodemographic variables. It was used confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the model expected from the five factors of the 40-item version of the scale. The results showed the scale had adequate psychometric behavior in this type of population, where also high satisfaction levels in overall and specific domains were found, and group differences were found by gender but not by socioeconomic status.
... Pero la calidad de vida y el desarrollo son preocupaciones que se vinculan con el problema de la migración, y van más allá al relacionar la perspectiva subjetiva no sólo con la satisfacción con la vida y el bienestar social de segmentos específicos de población (Neri 2002), sino que también tienen que ver con el desarrollo de capacidades, el ejercicio de la libertad para elegir y concretar realizaciones con los recursos disponibles. ...
... Además, las actividades más apreciadas por las personas pueden mantenerse o modificarse en el tiempo sin necesidad de que deje de experimentarse bienestar (Cantor & Sanderson, 1999, Liberalesso, 2002. Por ejemplo, si una persona tiene la oportunidad de realizar las tareas del desarrollo propias de su etapa, puede sentirse más satisfecha (como en el caso de ser abuelo a finales de la adultez media) en comparación con otra que deja de realizar alguna tarea o que se ve obligada a realizarla a destiempo (como en el caso de ser abuela en la adultez temprana o antes de los 45 años); es por eso que cumplir con una tarea en el tiempo adecuado genera mayor satisfacción. ...
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El presente artículo de reflexión teórica tiene como objetivo explorar los aspectos involucrados en el hecho de convertirse en abuelo o abuela, su función de cuidadora familiar y sus redes de apoyo (relaciones afectivas o laborales) desde una perspectiva ecológica. En Colombia, las familias valoran el rol de abuela cuidadora, particularmente en la conformación de familias extendidas, pues se convierte en un recurso social para las personas (en cuanto al cuidado de los niños) y una fuente de apoyo emocional en situaciones difíciles (separación, divorcio, maternidad adolescente, viudez, desplazamiento forzado). Además, de que se favorece un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos económicos, por un trabajo no remunerado. En cuanto al rol de la abuela como cuidadora y las ya mencionadas redes, en las cuales está involucrada o puede llegar a acceder, se destaca una posible sobrecarga en sus labores y el estrés debido al cuidado que brindan como red de apoyo familiar, aunque este hecho también puede estar relacionado con aislamiento o falta de otras redes de apoyo que cuiden de ella. Finalmente, se presentan algunas posibilidades de investigación e intervención para identificar y favorecer las redes de apoyo de las abuelas.
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El presente trabajo aborda el estilo de vida de los adultos mayores en relación con los planes de previsión, las relaciones familiares y la salud. Su propósito es visibilizar las conexiones entre el envejecimiento y otras problemáticas sociales. Se reflexiona sobre cómo estas problemáticas podrían ser tratadas mediante iniciativas y políticas públicas. En particular, se examinan los ámbitos de la residencia, el ingreso económico y la enfermedad desde una perspectiva tanto institucional como subjetiva.
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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la relación que existe entre calidad de vida y el bienestar psicológico que presentan los padres de niños diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista o sus siglas TEA del Centro Integral de Desarrollo Neurológico (CIDN) Comunica, del departamento de Cochabamba. El estudio corresponde a una investigación de tipo descriptivo correlacional con un enfoque cuantitativo, bajo un diseño no experimental, la población seleccionada para la investigación está conformada por 22 padres, los cuales tienen hijos diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista quienes asisten de manera secuencial al CIDN en la ciudad de Cochabamba. La técnica empleada para la recolección de datos e información fue la aplicación de encuestas en la que se utilizó como instrumento dos cuestionarios debidamente validados (Escala de bienestar psicológico elaborados por Ryff desde sus 6 dimensiones y la escala de calidad de vida familiar elaborado por Verdugo, Sainz y Rodríguez), tomándose como población 22 padres de familia de los niños con autismo del Centro Integral Neurológico Comunica, que accedieron a formar parte de la presente investigación. Los resultados obtenidos en torno al bien estar psicológico se encuentran dentro de una categoría moderado y en cuanto a la calidad de vida familiar, se observa un porcentaje medianamente alto. Se concluyó que si existe una correlación entre las dos variables de bienestar psicológico y calidad de vida familiar.
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Objetivo: Analizar determinar por el tipo de estudio transeccional descriptivo la percepción de bienestar subjetivo, las actitudes negativas y positivas hacia el envejecimiento de personas mayores del municipio de Celaya, Guanajuato, México. Materiales y métodos: La presente investigación es de carácter cuantitativo, con un diseño de tipo transeccional-descriptivo. Participaron 167 personas mayores, 104 mujeres y 63 hombres mayores de 60 años residentes del municipio de Celaya, Guanajuato. Los participantes reportaron no tener deterioro cognitivo y fueron capaces de responder por sí mismos los apartados de las escalas. Se utilizaron las escalas: Cuestionario PANAS de afecto positivo y negativo, Satisfacción vital de Diener y GDS de depresión abreviado. Resultados: El estudio sugiere una tendencia positiva en relación con el bienestar subjetivo, a las actitudes negativas y positivas hacia el envejecimiento, de manera general los participantes reconocieron experimentar afecto positivo con relación a sus vivencias, sus relaciones familiares, de pareja, su experiencia de vida, con el entorno. Es importante destacar que la correlación entre las escalas de afectividad positiva y negativa el valor de r de Pearson es de 0.71 que indica una correlación directa con una r² de 1. Conclusiones: Con base en los datos que arroja el estudio, se afirma que, en la percepción del bienestar sobre el propio envejecimiento, se identifican a través de actitudes negativas y positivas. Siendo estas últimas más significativas pues los participantes las reconocen como elementos clave para lograr una mejor adaptación a las circunstancias de la propia vida.
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Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
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Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
Chapter
Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
Book
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Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
Chapter
Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
Chapter
Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
Chapter
Investigar sobre el efecto de las terapias complementarias en los contextos institucionales que vivencia el adulto mayor se convierte en un gran reto para la Corporación Universitaria Remington por la tendencia mundial de aumento de esta población y a su vez la necesidad imperante de mejorar su calidad de vida (una vida más sana y de disfrute). Es necesario promocionar la salud tal y como lo señala la medicina familiar y comunitaria: prevenir, mejorar la salud y realizar un mayor control sobre la misma con el fin de alcanzar un estado adecuado de bienestar mental, físico y social, como lo expresa la Carta de Ottawa y la Ley 1315 de 2009 (Colombia).
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La evaluación de la calidad de vida se realiza en torno a factores como bienestar emocional, riqueza y bienestar material, salud, trabajo y otras formas de actividad productiva, relaciones familiares y sociales, seguridad e integración con la comunidad. Cada uno de estos elementos pueden ser analizados desde una mirada objetiva y subjetiva. Por otra parte, la satisfacción laboral se encuentra asociada con el bienestar. Es por esta razón que el propósito del manuscrito es discutir la bibliografía relacionada con la satisfacción laboral y la calidad de vida, así como su relevancia en las condiciones actuales de trabajo. En particular, los factores significativos de la vida laboral son la cultura organizacional, el sistema de valores, relaciones interpersonales, oportunidades de hacer carrera, sentido de reconocimiento personal, equilibrio entre la vida personal y el trabajo. En conclusión, la calidad de vida laboral cubre por completo las condiciones actuales del trabajo que promueven la satisfacción física, social, económica y las necesidades psicológicas de los empleados, en relación con el éxito de la organización. Palabras clave: Calidad de vida, bienestar, trabajo, satisfacción, felicidad.
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Objective: To verify the influence of physical performance on elderly mortality, functionality and life satisfaction. Materials and methods: A follow-up was performed on 900 Brazilian non-hospitalized elderly in the period 2008-2016, in which 154 deaths from natural causes were included in the survival analysis. Results: the worst grip strength (RR = 1.60; CI 95% = 1.15-2.23, p = 0.005) and gait speed (RR = 1.82; CI 95% = 1.30-2.55, p < 0.001) performances were associated with increased mortality risk. Age was a confounding factor for strength (RR = 1.06; CI 95% = 1.03-1.09, p < 0.001) and rheumatoid arthritis was a confounding factor for speed (RR = 2.02; CI 95% = 1.36-3.01, p < 0.001). The elderly with good physical performance realized more instrumental and advanced activities of daily living, and good gait performance had a significant effect on life satisfaction (F = 6.87, p = 0.009). Conclusions: good physical performance seems to be fundamental for longevity and for accomplishing daily tasks. Furthermore, good mobility can affect life satisfaction-related mechanisms.
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El propósito de este estudio es aportar evidencias sobre la relación de la inteligencia emocional, satisfacción vital y optimismo disposicional en las personas con discapacidad intelectual que asisten a un centro de día y terapia ocupacional. La muestra está compuesta por 15 sujetos (n = 15), con una edad media de 34.93 años; dt (± 12.28) y un grado de discapacidad promedio del 64.07%. Para la obtención de información se utilizan como instrumentos: Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (tmm s-24), Emotional Quotient inventory (eqi-c), Satisfaction with Life Scale (swls) y Life Orientation Test Revised (lot-r). Las evidencias muestran que los participantes son capaces de mostrar una conducta adaptativa a circunstancias adversas y, por tanto, alcanzar un alto nivel de satisfacción vital y optimismo. Existen relaciones entre algunas de las dimensiones de los instrumentos considerados (p < .05) y hay diferencias significativas a nivel estadístico entre las dimensiones de inteligencia emocional y las variables sociodemográficas grado de discapacidad y edad (p < .05). El análisis de regresión confirma la asociación positiva entre inteligencia emocional (adaptabilidad) con la satisfacción vital. Se aborda una discusión de los resultados con investigaciones realizadas en colectivos con las mismas características, concluyendo la falta de estudios que aborden inteligencia emocional, satisfacción con la vida y optimismo disposicional en colectivos con discapacidad.
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En el presente trabajo de investigación se estudian las virtudes, fortalezas y valores humanos de los alumnos y docentes de la Universidad Católica Santa Fe. Esta institución da especial relevancia al mantenimiento y la transmisión de los valores humanos. Debido a esto se considera de suma importancia el estudio de estas variables en los recursos humanos de la misma. En el campo de la psicología, tanto la Psicología Positiva como la Psicología Social presentan entrecruzamientos en el estudio de los valores, fortalezas y virtudes, por tanto se aborda este trabajo desde una perspectiva que incluye ambas ramas. Para la recolección de datos se utilizan instrumentos auto administrables; las virtudes y fortalezas se evalúan a través de la escala Capital Psíquico (Casullo, 2006) y los valores humanos por medio de la Escala de Valores de Schwartz (Portrait Values Questionnaire) en su versión adaptada a la Argentina por Casullo (2002). Se intentan establecer diferencias y similitudes entre los dos grupos de observación, relacionando los resultados con datos obtenidos en investigaciones anteriores. Los resultados del presente trabajo arrojan que tanto alumnos como docentes de la Universidad Católica de Santa Fe obtuvieron puntajes en la Escala Capital Psíquico y el Portrait Values Questionnaire similares a estudios anteriores según la edad y el nivel educativo. Se podría inferir que tanto los años vividos como la cantidad de conocimiento acumulado permiten aumentar no sólo el capital psíquico sino también los valores humanos. Se espera que la difusión de este trabajo contribuya a aumentar el número de docentes universitarios que empiecen a sentir interés por reconceptualizar su trabajo desde la perspectiva de los valores y fortalezas humanas.
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A busca por atividades que propiciem qualidade de vida, especialmente na última década, tem refletido em números que indicam o reconhecimento, por parte da população em geral, dos benefícios da atividade física no cotidiano das pessoas. Alguns dados atuais mostram um aumento significativo do número de idosos, tal como uma população local consecutivamente menos saudável e com variados problemas de saúde. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar na literatura, artigos que abordem a temática principal do estudo, ressaltando os benefícios que a prática do treinamento de força pode promover na terceira idade em relação à qualidade de vida. Foi realizada uma consulta por artigos científicos selecionados através de busca no banco de dados da Plataforma Google Acadêmico, utilizando os seguintes descritores: Qualidade de vida, Saúde, Atividade Física, Envelhecimento e Treinamento de Força, dos quais, os artigos na ordem de maior relevância com os dados necessários foram utilizados. Observou-se que o treinamento de força pode fornecer diversos benefícios para os idosos, entre eles: melhora na qualidade de vida e na autonomia funcional, aumento da força, flexibilidade, desenvolvimento motor, força máxima em membros superiores e inferiores, resistência de força, bem como melhora significativa na autoestima e fatores relacionados à satisfação.
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Intervención sobre apego; evaluando los modelos representacionales y/o el bienestar psicológico en adolescentes. Se propuso diseñar, aplicar y evaluar un grupo de psicoterapia breve enfocada en el apego, integrado por 8 jóvenes (3 femeninos y 5 masculinos), en edades entre 16 y 18 años, escogidos con un muestreo intencional no probabilístico. La investigación fue un estudio de campo, con un diseño cuasi-experimental, usando la Adolecent Relationship Scales Questionnair de Scharfe 1999, y la Escala BENSPI-J de Castullo 2002; en mediciones pre y postprueba. Se compararon resultados de los distintos momentos de medición de cada uno de los grupos, evaluando la existencia de diferencias significativas (0.05) con la prueba estadística no paramétrica de Wilcoxon, sin encontrar cambios significativos; y se hallaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables utilizando la prueba de correlaciones de Pearson. Descriptores: Adolescencia, Apego, Bienestar psicológico. Palabras claves: Modelo representacional, Modelo interno de acción.
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Globalization has boosted the demand for human capital. The world’s largest economies are increasingly concerned with attracting talent and countries have created incentives to interest non-national professional workers. The rapid dissemination and imitation of these selectivity mechanisms suggest that there is competition between countries to attract these types of immigrants. Given that statistics for Latin America show a considerable rise in flows of skilled emigrants, the question is the extent to which this has occurred in response to international competition for talent. The results from consideration of the cases of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Argentina show that the greater the share of skilled emigration, the greater the level of adjustment among migration destinations and international geographic selectivity patterns. However, changes in migration controls and discourse could affect the directions and make-up of these flows.
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Despite the explosive growth in consensual unions, and the controversy surrounding them, little research has yet been done on the factors associated with younger generations’ preference for these types of unions. This paper analyses the changes in the profle of young cohabitants in Uruguay between 1990 and 2015, using a descriptive approach based on cross-sectional information extracted from the Continuous Household Survey to look at men and women between 20 and 34 years of age. It also employs multivariate models to estimate the probability of being in a consensual union depending on different attributes. The results confrm that the increase in cohabitation is a generational phenomenon involving young people from all socioeconomic levels. There are certain social traits associated with consensual unions, however; for example, they tend to be more frequent among those with low education levels, although this social gradient tends to dissipate over time as demographic characteristics (such as age and having children) become more decisive in the choice of union type. The article concludes that broader research is needed on the characteristics and trajectories of cohabitants, which requires suitable longitudinal information and more qualitative research.
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El envejecimiento demográfico en los países latinoamericanos es un fenómeno que se está desarrollando en el momento actual, lo que obliga a considerar sus efectos en diversos ámbitos que atañen a los individuos, las familias y las generaciones que las componen, las estructuras y las redes sociales que les dan apoyo, los recursos económicos y sociales que se disponen para su atención y cuidados, las condiciones de vida en general y otras facetas (CEPAL/CELADE, 2006; Garay y Montes de Oca, 2011). Todos estos dominios se relacionan de forma muy estrecha con la calidad de vida de las personas (Rojo-Pérez, Fernández-Mayoralas y Rodríguez-Rodríguez, 2015). En estudios previos se ha puesto de manifiesto que algunos aspectos de los dominios social y residencial, entre otros, conforman lo que las propias personas mayores entienden por calidad de vida (Fernández-Mayoralas y otros, 2011). Valorar estos dominios requiere de información que permita medirlos. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer qué indicadores se necesitan y qué datos hay disponibles en México y España desde una perspectiva comparada. Se ha seguido la metodología del sistema de indicadores propuestos por el Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (CELADE)-División de Población de la CEPAL. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto algunas ventajas e inconvenientes. Entre las primeras se encuentra la importancia de los sistemas estadísticos como proveedores de información de calidad para estudiar estos componentes de la calidad de vida. Entre los segundos se halla la necesidad de hacer un esfuerzo aún mayor por homogenizar las definiciones y los procedimientos de cálculo de los indicadores. Asimismo, sería deseable insertar indicadores en los que se considere la perspectiva subjetiva del individuo (indicadores subjetivos). También es notable la ausencia de una reflexión sobre el valor de los datos estadísticos como soporte para diseñar e implementar políticas públicas en estos países. Este trabajo ha de continuar con el objeto de profundizar en la evaluación de los indicadores disponibles y las fuentes de datos, así como en la viabilidad de su aplicación según los estándares del CELADE-División de Población de la CEPAL (CEPAL/CELADE, 2006).
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Resumen La Felicidad es un estado afectivo positivo caracterizado por el disfrute, la gratificación y el encuentro de sentido en la vida. El Authentic Happines Inventory (AHI) es un instrumento diseñado para medir estas tres dimensiones. En este estudio se evalúan sus propiedades psicométricas con una muestra de 802 trabajadores colombianos. El objetivo es verificar si la escala permite medir, además de la Felicidad en la Vida, la Felicidad en el Trabajo. Para ello se pidió a los participantes responder cada ítem dos veces, primero pensando en su vida en general y luego en su trabajo. Se revisó la validez convergente utilizando la Subjective With Life Scale (SWLS). La confiabilidad se estimó con el Alpha de Cronbach y se hizo un análisis factorial confirmatorio para apreciar la estructura de la escala. Estas condiciones se verificaron en las dos versiones de la prueba. Las correlaciones altas y positivas entre Satisfacción con la Vida y Felicidad (en el Trabajo y en la Vida) ofrecieron evidencia de validez convergente. El Análisis Factorial confirmatorio reveló ajuste de los datos a la estructura tridimensional propuesta y se encontró una adecuada consistencia interna. Las propiedades del instrumento indican que se trata de una escala apta para la evaluación de la Felicidad en la Vida y en el Trabajo en población colombiana trabajadora. Palabras clave: Felicidad, Felicidad en el Trabajo, Psicometría. Abstract Happiness is a positive affect, characterized by enjoyment, gratification and sense of life. The Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI) is an instrument developed for measurement these three aspects. In this study, psychometric proprieties of instrument are reviewed with a sample of 802 Colombian Workers. The objective is to verify if it is an appropriated measure of happiness at life and happiness at work. We ask participants answer each item twice, first they had to think in their life and later in their work. The Subjective With Life Scale (SWLS) was used to verify the convergent validity. Reliability was explored with Cronbach’s alpha. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was calculated to evaluate the structure of the scale. These conditions were reviewed in both, happiness and happiness at work. The high and positive correlations between SWLS and AHI are evidence of convergent validity. FCA revealed goodness of fit of tridimensional structure. The instrument have high levels of consistency. These results suggest that instrument is apt to measure happiness and happiness at work in Colombian Workers. Key Words: Happiness, Happiness at Work, Psychometric.
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The primary objectives of this article are (a) to put forth an explicit operational formulation of positive human health that goes beyond prevailing "absence of illness" criteria; (b) to clarify that positive human health does not derive from extant medical considerations, which are not about wellness, but necessarily require a base in philosophical accounts of the "goods" in life; (c) to provoke a change of emphasis from strong tendencies to construe human health as exclusively about the mind or the body toward an integrated and positive spiral of mind-body influences; (d) to delineate possible physiological substrates of human flourishing and offer future directions for understanding the biology of positive health; and (e) to discuss implications of positive health for diverse scientific agendas (e.g., stress, class and health, work and family life) and for practice in health fields (e.g., training, health examinations, psychotherapy, and wellness intervention programs).
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Discusses formulations of life course, life cycle, life structure, and the adult development of the life structure in early and middle adulthood that originated in the author's (see record 1980-20834-001) initial study of men's lives and continues in his (in press) study of women's lives. Nine developmental periods from ages 17–22 yrs to ages 60–65 yrs are outlined; the sequence consists of structure-building and structure-changing (transitional) periods. Six major issues in a structural approach to adult development are discussed. What are the alternative ways of defining a structural stage or period? What relative emphasis is given to the structures as compared to the transitional periods? How can the best use be made of the distinction between hierarchical levels and seasons of development? Are there age-linked developmental periods in adulthood? What are the relative merits and limitations of various research methods? How can the developmental perspective and the socialization perspective be brought together? (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Reigning measures of psychological well-being have little theoretical grounding, despite an extensive literature on the contours of positive functioning. Aspects of well-being derived from this literature (i.e., self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth) were operationalized. Three hundred and twenty-one men and women, divided among young, middle-aged, and older adults, rated themselves on these measures along with six instruments prominent in earlier studies (i.e., affect balance, life satisfaction, self-esteem, morale, locus of control, depression). Results revealed that positive relations with others, autonomy, purpose in life, and personal growth were not strongly tied to prior assessment indexes, thereby supporting the claim that key aspects of positive functioning have not been represented in the empirical arena. Furthermore, age profiles revealed a more differentiated pattern of well-being than is evident in prior research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Thinkers have discussed the good life and the desirable society for millennia. In the last decades, scientists offered several alternative approaches to defining and measuring quality of life: social indicators such as health and levels of crime, subjective well-being measures (assessing people''s evaluative reactions to their lives and societies), and economic indices. These alternative indicators assess three philosophical approaches to well-being that are based, respectively, on normative ideals, subjective experiences, and the ability to select goods and services that one desires. The strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches are reviewed. It is argued that social indicators and subjective well-being measures are necessary to evaluate a society, and add substantially to the regnant economic indicators that are now favored by policy makers. Each approach to measuring the quality of life contains information that is not contained in the other measures.
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A theoretical model of psychological well-being that encompasses 6 distinct dimensions of wellness (Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations with Others, Purpose in Life, Self-Acceptance) was tested with data from a nationally representative sample of adults (N = 1,108), aged 25 and older, who participated in telephone interviews. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the proposed 6-factor model, with a single second-order super factor. The model was superior in fit over single-factor and other artifactual models. Age and sex differences on the various well-being dimensions replicated prior findings. Comparisons with other frequently used indicators (positive and negative affect, life satisfaction) demonstrated that the latter neglect key aspects of positive functioning emphasized in theories of health and well-being.
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College students in 31 nations (N = 13,118) completed measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and satisfaction with specific domains (friends, family, and finances). The authors assessed whether cross-cultural variations in the strength of associations were related to societal dimensions including income and individualism. At the national level, individualism correlated -.24 (ns) with heterogeneity and .71 (p < .001) with wealth. At the individual level, self-esteem and life satisfaction were correlated .47 for the entire sample. This relation, however, was moderated by the individualism of the society. The associations of financial, friend, and family satisfactions with life satisfaction and with self-esteem also varied across nations. Financial satisfaction was a stronger correlate of life satisfaction in poorer countries. It was found that life satisfaction and self-esteem were clearly discriminable constructs. Satisfaction ratings, except for financial satisfaction, varied between slightly positive and fairly positive.
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As a means of integrating bottom-up and top-down theories of subjective well-being (SWB), a framework was proposed that, in part, posits that both objective life circumstances and global personality dimensions indirectly affect SWB through their effects on the interpretation of life circumstances. This proposition was tested both cross-sectionally and longitudinally among a sample of approximately 375 men and women. Personality was operationalized in terms of the dispositional trait negative affectivity (NA), and the life circumstance investigated was health. Strong support was obtained for the hypothesized indirect effects of NA and objective health on SWB. Implications of the integrative framework for the study of SWB are discussed.
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One area of positive psychology analyzes subjective well-being (SWB), people's cognitive and affective evaluations of their lives. Progress has been made in understanding the components of SWB, the importance of adaptation and goals to feelings of well-being, the temperament underpinnings of SWB, and the cultural influences on well-being. Representative selection of respondents, naturalistic experience sampling measures, and other methodological refinements are now used to study SWB and could be used to produce national indicators of happiness.
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The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory. Psychometric data on single-item and multi-item subjective well-being scales are presented, and the measures are compared. Measuring various components of subjective well-being is discussed. In terms of causal influences, research findings on the demographic correlates of SWB are evaluated, as well as the findings on other influences such as health, social contact, activity, and personality. A number of theoretical approaches to happiness are presented and discussed: telic theories, associationistic models, activity theories, judgment approaches, and top-down versus bottom-up conceptions.
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Examines research literature on the quality of life (QOL) published in Canada and the US since 1975. Of particular interest are the definition and measurement of QOL, theoretical perspectives of QOL, the findings of QOL research, and the impact of this research on public policy. A brief critical assessment accompanies the discussion of each topic, and a forecast is ventured of the future of QOL research in sociology.-Authors
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Knowledge of psychological well-being persistently lags behind knowledge of psychological dysfunction. The imbalance is evident in magnitude of research-studies of psychological problems dwarf the literature on positive psychological functioning-and in the meaning of basic terms (e.g., typical usage equates health with the absence of illness). A person is viewed as mentally sound if he or she does not suffer from anxiety, depression, or other forms of psychological symptomatology. This prevailing formulation never gets to the heart of wellness; to do so, we must define mental health as the presence of the positive. To explicate the positive is, however, to grapple with basic values and ideals of the human experience. These values are no less evident in definitions of human suffering, although consensus in identification of the negative is somehow easier to achieve. Despite these challenges, much has been written, within the field of psychology and outside it, regarding the contours of positive psychological functioning.
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Most longitudinal studies of adult development end in middle or late middle age. The logistical difficulties of following up people for prolonged periods may only partially explain this gap in our knowledge. Another explanation is that most developmental researchers have not yet themselves reached old age. Their personal inexperience with this stage of life is a significant handicap in their ability to understand the questions it raises.Erik Erikson, the 95-year-old grandfather of the empirical study of normal development, is in a unique position to fill this gap in psychological research. Along with his wife and a younger colleague, he had followed up a group first encountered as parents of children studied developmentally since the 1930s. In Vital Involvement in Old Age, the three investigators present the results of their interviews with these 29 men and women, aged 75 to 95 years. Unlike the subjects of cross-sectional studies of the
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What is happiness? Why are some people happier than others? This new edition of The Psychology of Happiness provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of research into the nature of happiness. Major research developments have occurred since publication of the first edition in 1987 - here they are brought together for the first time, often with surprising conclusions. Drawing on research from the disciplines of sociology, physiology and economics as well as psychology, Michael Argyle explores the nature of positive and negative emotions, and the psychological and cognitive processes involved in their generation. Accessible and wide-ranging coverage is provided on key issues such as: the measurements and study of happiness, mental and physical health; the effect of friendship, marriage and other relationships on positive moods; happiness, mental and physical health; the effects of work, employment and leisure; and the effects of money, class and education. The importance of individual personality traits such as optimism, purpose in life, internal control and having the right kind of goals is also analysed. New to this edition is additional material on national differences, the role of humour, and the effect of religion. Are some countries happier than others? This is just one of the controversial issues addressed by the author along the way. Finally the book discusses the practical application of research in this area, such as how happiness can be enhanced, and the effects of happiness on health, altruism and sociability. This definitive and thought-provoking work will be compulsive reading for students, researchers and the interested general reader
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Using data representative of the national population 18 yrs of age and older, the author employs the major social variables of class, age, education, and income to explain variance in life satisfactions. Topics include residential environment, work experience, marriage and family life, personal resources and competence, the situation of women, and the quality of life for Blacks. Policy implications and the relationship between perceptual assessments and objective conditions are also evaluated. (61/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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"A developmental task is a task which arises at or about a certain period of life of the individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by the society, and difficulty with later tasks." Developmental tasks may arise from physical maturation, from pressures of cultural processes, or from the emerging personality, usually from the interaction of these factors. Understanding of these tasks is useful in defining educational objectives and timing educational efforts. The developmental tasks of infancy and early childhood, of middle childhood, of adolescence, early adulthood, of middle age, and of later maturity are discussed in terms of their nature, their biological, psychological, and cultural basis, and their educational implications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Affectometer 2 is a 5-minute inventory of general happiness or sense of well-being based on measuring the balance of positive and negative feelings in recent experience. Since this scale is directly derived from its parent scale, Affectometer 1, psychometric findings on the longer scale are reported along with initial data on Affectometer 2. These results indicate high reliability, high validity, and slight contamination by current mood and social desirability. Among the findings of special interest are: (a) the independence of positive and negative affect proposed by Bradburn is not confirmed; (b) well-being is highly and inversely related to neuroticism, anxiety, depression and somatic complaints; (c) the relationship of well-being to depression is curvilinear; (d) well-being scores are determined more by short-term states than long-term traits; (e) well-being can be characterized by 10 “qualities of happiness”.
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In social indicator studies, there is some controversy about the causal direction between subjective well-being and domain-specific satisfaction variables; a top-down approach is distinguished from a bottom-up approach. In this paper, the effects in both directions are estimated in a model with reciprocal relationships as a starting model. It can then be determined which of the two effects for each pair of variables is strongest and which effect can be ignored in the model. This procedure is applied to four different datasets collected in the Netherlands, and to models with different exogenous variables. Comparing the best solutions obtained for all different models and datasets, it is shown that the direction of the effects is not consistent across models and datasets. We have to conclude that it is impossible to obtain a stable solution for the model of subjective well-being in this study. As a consequence, we also have to conclude that the results from other studies cannot be trusted in which the causal order in a model of subjective well-being is tested.
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Researchers attempting to understand the experience of subjective well-being have relied heavily on self-report measurement. Recent research focused on this method has demonstrated that a number of factors, such as the current mood of the respondent and the cognitive and social context surrounding the response, can significantly influence response to items inquiring about global subjective well-being or satisfaction with life. In the present study, several measurement strategies (e.g., single-item measures, multiple-item scales, and memory search tasks) were compared with regard to their susceptibility to such influences. Although some evidence for effects due to item-placement or transient mood were found, all of the global measures of subjective well-being and life satisfaction has significant convergence with peer-reports, and the single-item measures showed good temporal reliability across a one-month interval. The data provide evidence for a significant degree of stability in subjective well-being and life satisfaction.
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A number of psychological processes (e.g. social comparison, aspirations) may explain why people differ in their satisfaction with various life domains. This study compared the impact of a number of such processes on satisfaction judgments in a sample of 149 college students. Social comparison and positive affect were strong predictors of satisfaction across most domains. Objective conditions and aspirations were predictive of satisfaction in few domains. The relevance of Multiple Discrepancies Theory (Michalos, 1983) for the present findings is discussed. Limitations of the present study are noted and suggestions for future research are offered. Researchers need to focus on the reasons underlying the predictability of different domains from different processes.
Chapter
Subjective well-being (SWB) in 55 nations, reported in probability surveys and a large college student sample, was correlated with social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nations. The SWB surveys, representing nations that include three fourths of the earth’s population, showed strong convergence. Separate measures of the predictor variables also converged and formed scales with high reliability, with the exception of the comparison variables. High income, individualism, human rights, and societal equality correlated strongly with each other, and with SWB across surveys. Income correlated with SWB even after basic need fulfillment was controlled. Only individualism persistently correlated with SWB when other predictors were controlled. Cultural homogeneity, income growth, and income comparison showed either low or inconsistent relations with SWB.
Chapter
Subjective well-being (SWB) comprises people’s longer-term levels of pleasant affect, lack of unpleasant affect, and life satisfaction. It displays moderately high levels of cross-situational consistency and temporal stability. Self-report measures of SWB show adequate validity, reliability, factor invariance, and sensitivity to change. Despite the success of the measures to date, more sophisticated approaches to defining and measuring SWB are now possible. Affect includes facial, physiological, motivational, behavioral, and cognitive components. Self-reports assess primarily the cognitive component of affect, and thus are unlikely to yield a complete picture of respondents’ emotional lives. For example, denial may influence self-reports of SWB more than other components. Additionally, emotions are responses which vary on a number of dimensions such as intensity, suggesting that mean levels of affect as captured by existing measures do not give a complete account of SWB. Advances in cognitive psychology indicate that differences in memory retrieval, mood as information, and scaling processes can influence self-reports of SWB. Finally, theories of communication alert us to the types of information that are likely to be given in self-reports of SWB. These advances from psychology suggest that a multimethod approach to assessing SWB will create a more comprehensive depiction of the phenomenon. Not only will a multifaceted test battery yield more credible data, but inconsistencies between various measurement methods and between the various components of well-being. Knowledge of cognition, personality, and emotion will also aid in the development of sophisticated theoretical definitions of subjective well-being. For example, life satisfaction is theorized to be a judgment that respondents construct based on currently salient information. Finally, it is concluded that measuring negative reactions such as depression or anxiety give an incomplete picture of people’s well-being, and that it is imperative to measure life satisfaction and positive emotions as well.
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The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of per- sonal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of ob- stacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more de- pendable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived self- efficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and be- havioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
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Four sectors comprising “the good life” are described: behavioral competence, psychological well-being, perceived quality of life, and objective environment. Each may be divided into conceptually meaningful domains capable of being measured. Assessment approaches for each sector are described and empirical evidence is presented regarding interrelationships amongthem. Nonetheless, each sector implies individual and social goals that are defensible without regard to how much the effect of change in one is reflected in change in another sector. All sectors influence the self, which in turn re-energizes the sectors.
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The covariation of resources such as money, family support, social skills, and intelligence with subjective well-being (SWB) was assessed in 195 college students. Informant ratings provided an index of resources. Self-reports, daily experience sampling, and informant reports were used to measure SWB. The authors concluded that resources taken together are moderately strong predictors of SWB. This conclusion, however, was qualified by the fact that life satisfaction was more closely related to resources than was affective well-being and that social and personal resources were in general more strongly related to SWB than were material resources. The findings also supported the hypothesis that resources correlate more strongly with SWB when they are relevant to an individual's idiographic personal strivings. A tendency was found for people to choose personal strivings for which they have relevant resources, and the degree of congruence of individuals' goals with resources was predictive of SWB.
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