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Pakistan Veterinary Journal Serum Ovarian Steriod Hormones and Some Minerals Concentration in Pregnant Nili-Ravi Buffaloes with or without Pre-Partum Vaginal Prolapse

Authors:
Muhammad Saleem Akhtar at Bahauddin Zakariya University
Muhammad Saleem Akhtar
Laeeq Akbar Lodhi at University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Laeeq Akbar Lodhi
Ishfa Ahmad at Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
Ishfa Ahmad
Z I Qureshi
Z I Qureshi
Z I Qureshi
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Abstract

The present study was designed with the objective to determine the hormones (estradiol, progesterone) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium) in serum of buffaloes suffering from pre-partum vaginal prolapse. A total of 200 buffaloes were included in this study, half of these were suffering with pre-partum vaginal prolapse (affected group) between 7 th to 10 th months of gestation while the remaining were normal pregnant buffaloes (healthy group). Blood samples were collected to procure serum from each animal. Serum hormones and minerals were determined by ELISA technique and direct colorimetric method, respectively. The mean serum estradiol and magnesium concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.01) whereas progesterone, calcium and phosphorus concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.01) in buffaloes suffering with pre-partum vaginal prolapse as compared to healthy pregnant buffaloes. It was concluded that the serum hormones (estradiol and progesterone) and minerals (magnesium, calcium and phosphorus) concentrations differ between the vaginal prolapse affected and healthy buffaloes. ©2012 PVJ. All rights reserved To Cite This Article: Akhtar MS, LA Lodhi, I Ahmad, ZI Qureshi and G Muhammad, 2012. Serum ovarian steriod hormones and some minerals concentration in pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes with or without pre-partum vaginal prolapse. Pak Vet J, 32(2): 265-268.
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Pakistan Veterinary Journal
ISSN: 0253-8318 (PRINT), 2074-7764 (ONLINE)
Accessible at: www.pvj.com.pk
Serum Ovarian Steriod Hormones and Some Minerals Concentration in Pregnant Nili-Ravi
Buffaloes with or without Pre-Partum Vaginal Prolapse
M. S. Akhtar*, L. A. Lodhi1, I. Ahmad1, Z. I. Qureshi1 and G. Muhammad2
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; 1Department
of Theriogenology; 2Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: drsaleem46@hotmail.com
ARTICLE HISTORY
ABSTRACT
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
September 08, 2011
January 13, 2012
January 15, 2012
Key words:
Buffalo
Calcium
Estrogen
Phosphorus
Progesterone
Vaginal prolapse
The present study was designed with the objective to determine the hormones
(estradiol, progesterone) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium
and potassium) in serum of buffaloes suffering from pre-partum vaginal prolapse. A
total of 200 buffaloes were included in this study, half of these were suffering with
pre-partum vaginal prolapse (affected group) between 7th to 10th months of gestation
while the remaining were normal pregnant buffaloes (healthy group). Blood
samples were collected to procure serum from each animal. Serum hormones and
minerals were determined by ELISA technique and direct colorimetric method,
respectively. The mean serum estradiol and magnesium concentrations were
significantly higher (P<0.01) whereas progesterone, calcium and phosphorus
concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.01) in buffaloes suffering with pre-
partum vaginal prolapse as compared to healthy pregnant buffaloes. It was
concluded that the serum hormones (estradiol and progesterone) and minerals
(magnesium, calcium and phosphorus) concentrations differ between the vaginal
prolapse affected and healthy buffaloes.
©2012 PVJ. All rights reserved
To Cite This Article: Akhtar MS, LA Lodhi, I Ahmad, ZI Qureshi and G Muhammad, 2012. Serum ovarian steriod
hormones and some minerals concentration in pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes with or without pre-partum vaginal
prolapse. Pak Vet J, 32(2): 265-268.
INTRODUCTION
Buffalo, the thrifty, versatile, adaptable and
productive domestic animal has drawn national and
international attention in the last few decades and is
contributing significantly towards the rural economy of
Pakistan. The buffalo has been a poor breeder due to
having poor fertility in the majority of environment
conditions under which they are raised (Barile, 2005;
Rushdi, 2010; Akhtar et al., 2010; Tajik et al., 2010). This
is manifested mainly as late maturity, long postpartum
anoestrous intervals, poor expression of estrus, poor
conception rates (CR) and long calving intervals (Singh et
al., 2000). Although, buffalo is of high economic
importance for farmers in Pakistan, the reproductive
performance is poor due to various diseases of
reproductive system, including genital prolapse.
Among pre-partum reproductive disorders, vaginal
prolapse is considered to be the major problem causing
substantial monetary losses to the farmers. In Pakistan,
among the prevalence of various reproductive disorders,
repeat breeding showed the highest prevalence (15.69%),
followed by anestrous (9.74%), genital prolapse (7.73%),
abortion (5.99%), retained placenta (2.58%), uterine
torsion (2.39%) and dystocia (2.06%) in buffaloes
(Rabbani et al., 2010). Incidence of chronic prolapse or
eversion of prolapsed mass is considered to be due to
weakness of uterine ligaments and vaginal tissue,
relaxation particularly in pluripara animals and excessive
deposition of perivaginal fat of hereditary predisposition
(Noordsy, 1994; Dharani et al., 2010).
Various etiological factors considered to be
contributing to pre-partum vaginal prolapse include
hormone imbalance or deficiency of serum minerals
(Ahmed et al., 2005). The concentrations and role of some
macro-elements, like calcium and phosphorus, in
buffaloes with pre-partum vaginal prolapse is well
documented (Sah and Nakao, 2003; Akhtar et al., 2008).
The role of calcium in maintaining the adequate tonicity
of vaginal musculature and thus in preventing the
occurrence of vaginal prolapse is also well understood.
However, no reports are available on serum
concentrations of ovarian steroid hormones, like estradiol
and progesterone and sodium, potassium in animals of
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(2): 265-268.
266
same species with pre-partum prolapse of the vagina. It
was hypothesized that the deficiency or excess of ovarian
steroid hormones and electrolyte concentrations in the
blood contribute to the occurrence of pre-partum vaginal
prolapse in buffaloes. The present study was, therefore,
designed with the objective to determine the hormones
(estradiol, progesterone) and minerals (calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium)
concentrations in serum of the buffaloes suffering from
pre-partum vaginal prolapse and to compare them with
their healthy counterparts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental area: The present study was conducted on
Nili-Ravi buffaloes in district Bahawalpur and
Muzaffargarh. The district Bahawalpur is located between
latitude 29° and 59°N, longitude 73° and 19°E, while the
district Muzaffargarh is located between latitude 30° and
20°N, longitude 71° and 5°E.
Experimental animals: A total of 200 buffaloes between
7th to 10th month of gestation were included from
experimental area, out of these half were suffering with
pre-partum vaginal prolapse (affected group) while the
remaining were normal pregnant buffaloes (healthy
group). These animals were were kept under similar
management conditions. All buffaloes were clinically free
of diseases, ranging from 5 to 9 years of age with parity
ranged from 2 to 6. In both groups, gestation period was
divided in three parts, i.e. below 8th, from 8th to 9th and
above 9th months of gestation. In each group; 34, 30 and
36 buffaloes were belonging to the period below 8th
month of gestation, from 8th to 9th month and above 9th
month of gestation, respectively.
Serum collection and analysis: Blood samples without
anticoagulant were collected from each animal from May
to September, 2006 for the collection of serum which then
stored at -20oC until analysis. Serum estradiol and
progesterone concentrations were determined by using
ELISA technique. Estradiol and progesterone were
determined by using commercially available kits i.e. Bio-
Check, Inc. Serum calcium was determined by direct
colorimetric method by using a commercially available kit
(Cat # 606635; Wiener Lab, Argentina) whereas
phosphorus was determined by using the commercially
available kit (Cat # 600074438; Dia Sys GmbH-
Germany). Magnesium (Cat # 0512110), sodium (Cat #
0602010) and potassium (Cat # 0509010) were
determined by using commercially available kits
(Centronic GmbH-Germany).
Statistical analysis: The values (mean±SE) of hormones
and minerals of two experimental groups were subjected
to two factor completely randomized design (Steel et al.,
2006). The values were considered significant at P<0.01.
RESULTS
The mean serum estradiol concentrations were
significantly higher (P<0.01) in buffaloes suffering with
pre-partum vaginal prolapse as compared to healthy
pregnant buffaloes in different periods of gestation (Table
1). Mean serum estradiol concentrations in vaginal
prolapse affected buffaloes differed non-significantly in
different periods of gestation. In healthy group buffaloes
the estradiol concentrations differed non-significantly
through different periods of gestation (Table 1).
The mean serum progesterone concentrations were
significantly lower (P<0.01) in vaginal prolapse affected
buffaloes in comparison with healthy group buffaloes in
different periods of gestations. The serum progesterone
concentrations differed non-significantly within vaginal
prolapse affected group buffaloes and healthy group
buffaloes through different periods of gestation (Table 1).
The mean serum calcium and phosphorus
concentrations were considerably lower (P<0.01) in
buffaloes suffering with pre-partum vaginal prolapse as
likened to healthy pregnant buffaloes in different periods
of gestation. Mean serum calcium and phosphorus
concentrations in vaginal prolapse affected buffaloes
differed non-significantly in different periods of gestation.
In healthy group buffaloes the calcium and phosphorus
concentrations differed non-significantly over different
periods of gestation (Table 2).
There was non-significant difference in magnesium
concentrations during different periods of gestation in
healthy and vaginal prolapse affected buffaloes. The mean
serum magnesium concentration were significantly higher
(P<0.01) in buffalo with vaginal prolapse during different
periods of gestation in comparison with healthy pregnant
buffaloes. The serum sodium and potassium
concentrations differed non-significantly during different
periods of gestation in healthy and affected buffaloes.
Table 1: Serum estradiol and progesterone (Mean±SE) of healthy and
vaginal prolapse affected buffalo during different periods of gestation
Estradiol (pg/ml) Progesterone (ng/dl)
Period of gestation
Affected Healthy Affected Healthy
Below 8 month (n=34) 170.4±4.8a 86.2±3.7b 2.6±0.1a 4.8±0.3b
From 8 to 9 month (n=30) 171.9±5.3a 88.7±4.1b 2.6±0.9a 4.8±0.9b
9 months to term (n=36) 172.1±6.3a 88.2±4.7b 2.6±0.4a 4.7±0.7b
Values sharing different superscripts in the same row of a parameter
differ significantly (P<0.01).
Table 2: Serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodioum and
potassium (Mean±SE) of healthy and vaginal prolapse affected buffalo
during different periods of gestation
Mineral Animal
group
Below 8
month (n=34)
From 8 to 9
month (n=30)
9 months to
term (n=36)
A
ffected 6.70±0.09a 6.68±0.12a 6.64±0.15a Calcium (mg/dl)
Healthy
9.31±0.17b 9.33±0.22b 9.30±0.16b
A
ffected 3.10±0.11a 3.06±0.08a 3.09±0.07a Phosphorus (mg/dl)
Healthy
6.01±0.13b 5.98±0.12b 5.99±0.16b
A
ffected 2.33±0.01a 2.35±0.01a 2.33±0.02a Magnesium (mg/dl)
Healthy
2.17±0.02b 2.15±0.01b 2.17±0.01b
A
ffected 133.6±1.12a 133.9±1.19a 133.9±1.16a
Sodium (mmol/l)
Healthy
133.1±1. 09a 134.11±1.15a 133.5±1.07a
A
ffected 4.56±0.07a 4.55±0.09a 4.55±0.14a Potassium (mmol/l)
Healthy
4.49±0.23a 4.53±0.18a 4.53±0.13a
Values sharing different superscripts in the same column of a parameter
differ significantly (P<0.01).
DISCUSSION
Pre-partum prolapse of vagina is frequently observed
complication of late pregnancy in buffalo. Estrogen and
progesterone play an important role in maintaining
pregnancy (Thota et al., 2003). A disturbance in their ratio
may lead to gestational abnormalities.
Pak Vet J, 2012, 32(2): 265-268.
267
The increased serum estradiol concentrations and
lowered progesterone concentrations in affected buffaloes
have been recorded during this study. The increased in
estradiol concentration has been reported in cows (Vicenti
et al., 1992) and sheep (Sobiraj, 1990) with vaginal
prolapse. There could hence be a causal relationship
between the high estrogen concentrations in the maternal
blood and the clinical picture of vaginal prolapse. The
increase in estradiol concentrations in affected animals
coupled with decrease in progesterone concentrations of
these animals may be responsible for causing relaxation
and odematization of the parturient canal resulting in
vaginal inversion and prolapse. The decrease in
progesterone concentrations has earlier been reported
(Zicarelli, 2000) in buffaloes suffering with vaginal
prolapse. The description on successful progesterone
therapy in pre-partum vaginal prolapse in buffaloes (Sah
and Nakao, 2003) and ewes (Bhattacharyya et al., 2006)
has been reported indicative of the role of low serum
progesterone concentrations in causing pre-partum vaginal
prolapse. The causes of these hormonal irregularities are
to be found partly in the dam but probably mainly in the
fetus. Nakamura et al. (2003) reported that excess
biologically inactive conjugated oesterone sulphate can be
converted in vitro into biologically active 17- β estradiol
via a 17- β-OH dehydrogenase and an aryl sulphate
present in the cells of myometrium. In vivo the origin of
large quantities of oesterone sulphate is unclear. The
prenatal rise in fetal ACTH of the adrenal cortex brings
about a rise in the hydrocortisone concentration, which in
turn causes a large increase in the placental synthesis of
oestrogen (Benediktsson, 1995). A dysfunction of this
mechanism-perhaps genetically mediated-could also be
the cause of excessively raised 17 β-oestradiol
concentrations in the maternal blood.
The serum analysis of healthy and vaginal prolapse
affected buffalo revealed that calcium and phosphorus
concentrations in the sera of affected buffaloes were
significantly lower compared with that of their healthy
counterparts. Similar findings have been reported
previously (Mandali et al., 2002) and Ahmed et al.
(2005). The calcium phosphorus ratio did not change in
the affected buffaloes, however if the serum estradiol
concentrations of the affected buffaloes are also seen in
conjunction with the calcium concentrations of affected
buffaloes it may be possible that relaxation of the
musculature by increased estradiol concentrations and
reduced tonicity of the muscles by decreased serum
concentrations of calcium may synergistically cause this
condition. The previously reported calcium and
phosphorus values in healthy pregnant dry buffalo in late
gestation are in close agreement with those recorded
during this study in the dry pregnant healthy buffaloes but
much lower in the affected buffalo (Hagawane et al.,
2009). The magnesium concentrations in sera of affected
and healthy buffaloes were also different. The serum
concentrations of magnesium were higher in affected
buffaloes and correspondingly decreased concentrations
of serum calcium in the affected buffaloes can be
explained on the grounds that where the decreased serum
calcium concentrations result in loss of tonicity of
muscles of vagina and uterus, the magnesium increases in
response to decreasing concentrations of calcium to
combat this phenomena (Radostits et al., 2010).
The serum sodium and potassium concentrations in
affected and healthy buffalo were not different; however
the serum sodium and potassium concentrations were in
normal range in both groups of buffaloes. The serum
sodium and potassium concentrations values for affected
and healthy buffaloes both are close to those reported by
Prasad (1992). The values reported by Vicenti et al.
(1992) for sodium in cows affected with vaginal prolapse
and healthy cows are also in agreement to this study but in
total disagreement for the values of potassium which were
reported to be much higher for cows.
Based on information obtained from this study, it was
concluded that the serum hormone and mineral
concentrations differed between the vaginal prolapse
affected and healthy buffaloes.
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... Various predisposing factors are associated with occurrence of genital prolapse. The severity of genital prolapse depends on the extent of involvement of various predisposing factors, which includes mainly nutritional imbalances (Kelkar et al. 1989, Ahmed et al. 2005, hereditary predisposition (Nanda and Sharma 1982), seasonal and managemental factors (Mishra et al. 1998, Akhtar et al. 2012) and hormonal imbalances (Galhotra et al. 1991). In nutritional imbalances, minerals generally play an important role. ...
... In nutritional imbalances, minerals generally play an important role. It has been found that animals affected with genital prolapse had low serum concentration of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium throughout gestation and after parturition as compared to healthy pregnant animals (Ahmed et al. 2005, Akhtar et al. 2012, Khamees et al. 2014, Gangwar et al. 2015. ...
... Similarly, the levels of hormones like estrogen and cortisol were found high whilelevels of progesterone were low in animals suffering from prolapse in comparison to normal animals (Akhtar et al. 2012, Noakes et al. 2019. Also the levels of various biochemicals were found disturbed in prolapse suffering animals (Gangwar et al. 2015, Sachan et al. 2019. ...
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... An important risk factor for vaginal prolapse is tissue relaxation associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure during pregnancy (Kahn et al., 2005) [4] . This condition mainly affects buffaloes due to hormonal changes that occur during the last trimester of pregnancy, specifically an increase in estrogen and relaxin production that causes relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and structures surrounding soft tissue (Akhtar et al., 2012;Wolfe et al., 2009) [1,10] . Some secondary factors have the ability to increase intraabdominal pressure such as fat accumulation in the abdomen, rumen relaxation; Large fetuses, multiple fetuses and sometimes mountainous terrain also contribute to vaginal prolapse (Drost, 2007) [2] . ...
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Article
  • Nov 2023
This study aimed to profile minerals and metabolite levels in cows solely reliant on natural pastures. Mineral plays a significant role in cattle production and reproduction. Measures of serum metabolites are good indicators in disease diagnosis and nutritional status of animals. A total of 179 blood samples were collected from cases of cows of different ages and breeds experiencing dystocia (n=50), downer cow syndrome (n=34), vaginal prolapse (n=16), retained placenta (n=13), and abortions (n=69) following reports submitted to the North-West (NWU) Animal Hospital in Mafikeng Campus. Analysis of minerals and serum metabolite were done using ICP-MSand IDEXX Catalyst Chemistry Analyser. The data were coded and analysed using the Statistical Software for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to show the distribution of the minerals and serum metabolites levels across the reproductive conditions. The results were significantly different at 5% (P <0.05). Low zinc levels were seen in cows with abortions and dystocia. In downer cow syndrome, the levels of iron, magnesium and phosphorus were high. Low Iodine levels were seen in cows with vaginal prolapse, retained placenta, abortion and dystocia. Low phosphorus levels were noted in cows with vaginal prolapse. Significant differences were seen in the concentrations of Urea/BUN, Total bilirubin, Aspartate amino-transferase (AST), ammonia and lipase. The levels of minerals and serum metabolites are significant indicators in cows presenting with different reproductive conditions and could affect production.
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... The "Prolapse or eversion," refers to the irregular repositioning of an organ from its usual anatomical location. A variety of diseases of the reproductive system, including genital prolapse, reduced reproductive performance of buffalo (Akhtar et al., 2012). Compared to other species, prolapse of the vagina alone or along with the cervix is one of the most common gestational problems in buffaloes. ...
Management of Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse with Abortion in a Buffalo: A Case Report
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
Cervico-vaginal prolapse was reported in a she buffalo aged 6 years. The cervico-vaginal prolapse is very common in buffalo but along with abortion, it was more complicated and challenging task because of continuous straining by the animal however finally removed the dead fetus and fetal membrane and repositioned the prolapsed mass successfully. The recurrence was prevented by using deep horizontal mattress technique. A good prognosis is assured with prompt replacement of prolapsed mass with sufficient care.
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... So it is imperative to link the feed high in phytoestrogen and may be one of the reasons for occurring prolapse of vagina in livestock. Moreover, the concrete scientific research reports on feeds that high in phytoestrogen with the occurrence of vaginal prolapse in animals are lacking The increasing of serum estradiol concentration with decreasing in progesterone concentration as a cause of vaginal prolapsed in affected buffalo has also been reported by Akthar et al., (2012) [3] and cow (Vincenti et al., 1992) [26] . Almost all dairy cows are usually experience subclinical hypocalcaemia within 24 hr after calving, while in some cows hypocalcaemia is more severe (Goff, 1999) [10] . ...
The Pharma Innovation Journal 2018; 7(4): 732-734 Handling of pre-partum vaginal prolapsed in an advanced pregnant murrah she buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) followed by hypocalcaemia: A case report
Preprint
  • Sep 2021
A she buffalo of institutional livestock farm aged about 7 years and 3 rd parity with advance pregnancy presented to gynaecology clinic with complaint of vaginal prolapsed. The prolapsed mass was replaced to normal position and prior to reposition animal has been given posterior epidural anaesthesia, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic preparation as well as rope truss for a week. The green fodder Berseem which was used for routine feeding since 15 days was reduced to half. After a week, animal did not show any vaginal prolapse onwards. Later after 12 days, since report of vaginal prolapsed, animal successfully delivered a healthy male calf. A day after parturition animal became weak, anorectic, and inactive and finally went into sternal recumbency with hypothermia and ruminal stasis. The animal was tentatively diagnosed as hypocalcaemic. Blood serum calcium level showed 5.87 mg/dL. The buffalo successfully recovered after administration of calcium borogluconate together with Magnesium and Phosphorous and Dextrose solution. Excess feeding of phytoestrogenic fodder may have detrimental effects in the form of prolapsed of vagina especially in last trimester of gestational stages.
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Array of existing breeding and health care management practices followed by dairy animal owners of coastal area of south Gujarat
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
A field survey was conducted to collect the information on array of existing breeding and health care practices followed by dairy animal owners of coastal area of South Gujarat. Perusal of data revealed that the majority of respondents (98.7%) relied on behavioral signs of heat as a method of heat detection. They preferred artificial insemination process (86%) for breeding their animals. For majority of indigenous cattle & buffalo calving interval was more than 15 months (86.7%) and 16-18 months (56.7%), respectively. Majority of respondents (88.7%) were following the vaccination programme against FMD & HS for their animals. About 71% of the respondent followed the practices (dusting, spraying, injectable drugs) to control ecto-parasites. The animal shed was clean and dry for about 85.3% of the respondents. Except few overall dairy animal owners were following more scientific and organized herd management practices in the coastal area of South Gujarat.
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Effect of temperament on milking behavior and milk yield in Surti buffaloes
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2020
Present study was conducted on twenty-three Surti buffaloes maintained at Livestock Research Station under Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat with the objective to study the general temperament and its effect on milking behaviour traits and milk yield. Important milking behavioural traits like total milking time, milk flw rate and milk yield per milking were recorded at the time of each milking. All of these parameters were recorded on day 6 postpartum thereafter at fortnight interval till 90th postpartum. The collected data were compiled, tabulated and analyzed by using SAS 9.2. Perusal of data revealed that during early lactation temperament of primiparous buffaloes found to be restless-nervous type. The temperament score was signifiantly higher (p<0.05) for primiparous than multiparous animals on day 6 (3.38±0.18 vs 1.87±0.19), 20 (2.50±0.19 vs 1.60±0.16) and 34 (2.13±0.29 vs 1.47±0.16) postpartum. Milking behavior traits like liking time and milk flw rate found to be higher for animals having docile-slight restless temperament and animals having docile-slight restless temperament produced signifiantly higher (p<0.05) milk yield in 100 days (492.13±42.81 vs 328.57±28.79 kg) than animals with restless and nervous temperament.
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Haematological and Blood Biochemical Profile in Lactating Buffaloes in and around Parbhani city
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2009
  • Vet. World
Fourty buffaloes in early, mid and late lactation with a drop in a milk production were screened for haematological and blood biochemical profile. In early stage of lactation haemoglobin concentration showed lowered trend as compared to recorded means in other groups of lactating buffaloes. The mean value of TLC in dry pregnant group of buffaloes was 10.05± 0.89 X 103 / cmm showed slightly higher trend than the normal healthy control group. The blood glucose was significantly higher in dry buffaloes (52.72±4.22 mg/dl) than the early and late lactating buffaloes (48.23±3.44 mg/dl). During early stage of lactation the serum total protein values (8.36±0.47 g/ dl) was slightly elevated than the normal healthy control (8.00±0.57 g/dl). The urea nitrogen values differ significantly (P<0.05) amongst different groups of lactating buffaloes. The descending trend in the serum cholesterol concentration in dry pregnant buffaloes compared to lactating buffaloes was observed. There was drop in calcium level during early stage of lactation (8.19±0.83 mg/dl) than the normal healthy buffaloes (11.21±0.19 mg/dl). As the stage of lactation progresses the serum calcium level increased. Serum magnesium concentration in various groups of buffaloes did not differ significantly. Early lactation showed highest susceptibility for ketosis and hypocalcaemia. The metabolic disorder associated with hypophosphatemia was significantly high in dry (advance pregnant) buffaloes.
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Serum biochemical reference values for female buffaloes in Egypt
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2010
The goal of the present study was to establish a reference values for serum biochemical constituents in female buffaloes in Egypt. A total number of 50 non-pregnant lactating buffaloes (above 5 years old) were included in the study. Selection criteria were established for the reference sample population, which was selected according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry on the Theory of Reference Values. Serum samples were used for measuring serum total protein, albumin, globulins, albumin/globulin ratio, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, chloride, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium levels, and for measuring serum activities of creatine phosphokinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The reference value, reference limits, 90% confidence intervals for the lower reference limit and 90% confidence intervals for the upper reference limit were calculated for each serum biochemical constituents. In conclusion, the current study established a reference values for 19 serum biochemical constituents in female buffaloes in Egypt.
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Evaluation of Trace Elements Serum Concentrations and Their Correlation Together, and with Thyroid Hormones in Water Buffalo (Bulbalus bulbalis)
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2010
To evaluate the serum concentration of manganese, copper, iron, selenium and zinc and their correlation together and with thyroid hormones in water buffalo (Bulbalus bulbalis), the serum concentrations of manganese, copper, iron, selenium and zinc and their correlation with triiodothyronine and thyroxine hormones were measured in 100 clinically healthy water buffaloes. The mean serum concentrations of manganese, copper, iron, selenium and zinc were 1.04 ± 0.09, 9.06± 0.79, 5.5 ± 0.34, 1.44 ± 0.13 and 46.78 ± 3.82 µmol/L, respectively. No significant differences were detected for measured microelements between the different age groups of buffaloes. Serum thyroxine had marginally significant correlations with manganese (r= 0.443, p= 0.065), selenium (r= -0.536, p= 0.072) and zinc (r= -0.358, p= 0.061). Also, Serum triiodothyronine had marginally significant correlations with zinc (r= -0.362, p= 0.058). Serum iron had significant correlations with copper (r= 0.21, p=0.045), zinc (r= 0.35, p#0.001) and had a marginally significant correlation with selenium (r= -0.227, p=0.069). Also, serum zinc had significant correlations with copper (r= 0.248, p=0.016) and selenium (r= -0.251, p=0.042).
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MANAGEMENT OF A SEVERE POST-PARTUM VAGINO-CERVICAL PROLAPSE IN A GRADED MURRAH BUFFALO WITH RENAULT'S TRUSS AND ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
Article
  • Dec 2010
A parous graded Murrah buffalo was brought to the Teaching Veterinary Clinics, C.V.Sc., Tirupati with severe cervico- vaginal prolapse lacerated on the ventral side of the mass. The animal was treated as per the procedure, and the lacerated area was closed with continuous Lembert and horizontal mattress using chromic catgut (No.3). Then the mass was reduced and replaced into its normal position. To prevent the recurrence, a rope truss was applied on the animal. The buffalo was treated with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs as per recommended dose. After treatment, the animal recovered uneventfully.
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The Role of 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Controlling Foetal Glucocorticoid Exposure
Article
  • Jan 1995
Recent epidemiological data have implicated prenatal events in the development of cardiovascular disorders. Thus low birth weight strongly predicts the later occurrence of hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, syndrome X and deaths from ischaemic heart disease. The mechanism linking prenatal events and later disease is not clear, although maternal malnutrition has been advocated. We have advanced the hypothesis that glucocorticoids might be important as they retard foetal growth and programme offspring hypertension in rats. The foetus has been thought to be protected from the 2-10 times higher maternal glucocorticoid levels by the placental enzyme 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11B-HSD), which is present in many tissues and in humans catalyses the conversion of the active glucocorticoid cortisol to inert cortisone (corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rats). The precise role of 11B-HSD as a barrier to maternal glucocorticoids during prenatal life has not been fully characterised. The role of 11B-HSD in controlling prenatal glucocorticoid exposure in humans and animals has thus been examined. Two isoforms of 11B-HSD exist, type 1, a widespread NADP dependent reversible enzyme and type 2, a high affinity NAD dependent dehydrogenase found mainly in placenta and kidney. 11B-HSD was found in abundance in the ovary and placenta. The main site of immunohistochemical staining and expression of mRNA (11B-HSD-1) in the rat ovary was in the oocyte. 11B-HSD was oxidative, inactivating corticosterone. In both rat placenta in-vitro (11B-HSD-2), and human placenta in-vitro and ex-vivo (11B-HSD-2) the bioactivity was also predominantly oxidative. The lowest placental enzyme activity at term (and hence the greatest foetal glucocorticoid exposure) was found in the smallest rats with the largest placentas, i.e. those in human studies who would be predicted to develop the highest adult blood pressures (birth weight vs. placental 11B-HSD activity: n = 56; r = 0.46; p < 0.0005). A method to examine 11B-HSD function in fresh intact human placentas was developed (ex-vivo dual circuit cotyledon perfusion) which allows close approximation to the in-vivo situation. The majority of cortisol, from low to high nanomolar concentrations, infused through the maternal circulation was metabolised to inert cortisone by the time it reached the foetal circulation, although considerable individual variation was observed. 118-HSD was the only significant contributor to placental cortisol metabolism at physiological maternal concentrations and inhibition of 118-HSD with either the liquorice constituent glycyrrhetinic acid or its hemi-succinate, carbenoxolone, resulted in abolition of the glucocorticoid barrier, allowing maternally administered cortisol to pass unmetabolised through the placenta. In a prospective study, on 16 normal primiparous women whose placentas were studied with this technique, a positive and significant correlation was found between the effectiveness of 118-HSD and offspring birth weight (r = 0. 67; p < 0. 005). The relationship between placental 118-HSD effectiveness in-vivo and term cord blood osteocalcin (a sensitive marker of glucocorticoid exposure) was prospectively examined in 19 women. Cord blood levels of the bone specific protein osteocalcin were determined with radioimmunoassay. The lowest cord blood osteocalcin levels were found in the foetuses whose placental 118-HSD barrier function was poorest (r = 0.58; p < 0.02), (and had presumably had the greatest glucocorticoid exposure), suggesting that term cord blood osteocalcin levels might be a useful predictor of hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and possibly metabolic bone disease. The findings presented in this thesis represent direct evidence that 118-HSD is the barrier to maternal glucocorticoids, its effectiveness correlating with foetal growth in rats (in-vitro), in humans (ex-vivo), and in-vivo with human cord blood osteocalcin levels (osteocalcin may be a marker of glucocorticoid exposure). In the light of studies on pregnant rats in which administration of exogenous glucocorticoids or 118-HSD inhibitors reduces birth weight and programmes hypertension in the offspring, it is reasonable to propose that increased foetal glucocorticoid exposure consequent upon attenuated placental 118-HSD function may play a role in intrauterine programming of later hypertension.
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Improving reproductive efficiency in female buffaloes
Article
  • Mar 2005
  • Livest Prod Sci
Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity in female buffalo, but is greatly hampered by late attainment of puberty, seasonality of calving, long postpartum anoestrus and subsequent calving interval. Moreover, artificial insemination (AI) is seldom performed because of the weakness of oestrus symptoms and the variability of oestrus length, which makes oestrus detection very difficult.Researchers have tried to cope with each of the critical physiological aspects of buffalo reproductive performance mentioned above. In the present review, the main factors affecting the low reproductive efficiency in buffalo are examined and proposals made for its improvement, taking into account both our research work and literature results. Previous research on the changes in hormone profile during the oestrus cycle and in follicle development were used to develop models for improving reproductive efficiency. Hormonal treatments can be used: (1) to anticipate puberty in order to reduce the age at first calving; (2) to improve fertility in the low breeding season; and (3) to increase the effectiveness of AI programmes by overcoming the difficulty in oestrus detection.
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