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A Survey of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Donkeys (Equus asinus) in Khartoum State, Sudan
Abstract
In a field survey 1200 donkeys from Khartoum State during a complete year (one hundred animals per month) were examined parasitically for the presence of helminthes parasites by assessment of faecal eggs and culture identification of larvae. Generally 70.1% of the examined animals harbored a parasitical infection. Six nematode genera were encountered in donkeys, among them Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (70.5%) reported for the first time in Sudanese donkeys. Strongylus sp. (35.8%), Cyathosyomes (36.7%), Parascaris equorum (10.7%), Trichostrongylus axei (12%), and Strongyloide westeri (3.4%). The incidence of infection with one species (53.2%) was found higher than that of mixed infection (46.7%). According to severity of infection, 58.6% of the infected animals showed mild infection, while 21.9% and 19.5% of them showed moderate and severe infection, respectively. In the current study, cold season encouraged higher incidence of gastrointestinal nematodes (72.5%), more so than hot (69.3%) and rainy seasons (68.5%). Other results obtained, showed that hot season revealed higher mean EPG count (1198.7±558.3) ranging from 100 to 17700, followed by the rainy season with mean epg (961.21±120.3) ranging from 100-13500, and cold season with mean epg (888.6±297.5) ranging from 100 – 13300.
... Tis fnding was higher than the reports of [21], who reported a prevalence of 44.55% in donkeys and 48.2% in horses. However, the current study's results were lower than the reports of [7], which reported a prevalence of 87.8% in donkeys and 66.7% in horses from Gondar, the reports of [22], which revealed 100% and 99% prevalence in donkeys and horses, respectively, from East Shewa-Adaa, and another study that reported a higher prevalence of 99.15% in Sudan [23]. Te higher prevalence in donkeys might be attributed to differences in feeding and deworming activities, while the lower prevalence in horses could be due to their predominantly being cart horses in the study area, which are less exposed and sometimes completely restricted from pasture and grazing. ...
... However, there was no signifcant diference in the prevalence of strongyle parasites in the equines from diferent origins of the study area. Tis is similar to the fndings of [23]. Tis may be due to the similarity in the agroecology of the study areas, the epidemiology of the parasites, and the management systems used for the equine species. ...
Eimeria species are a prevalent coccidian parasite impacting chicken production, leading to substantial economic losses in Ethiopia’s poultry sector. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria species, assess associated risk factors, and identify prevalent Eimeria species and gross lesions.
Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to May 2024 in the South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. 516 chickens were randomly selected and examined for coccidian oocysts using the flotation technique. Patho-anatomical examinations were performed on 60 positive chickens to identify the various Eimeria species of chicken further. Binary logistic regression was utilized to calculate the odds ratios for associated risk factors.
The overall prevalence of chicken coccidiosis in this study was 20.3% (105/516). Age (AOR = 0.46, P = 0.001) and breed (AOR = 1.73, P = 0.023) were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of coccidiosis (P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant associations were observed with sex, study area, or management practices (P > 0.05), although the management system was considered a confounding factor. The most important identified Eimeria species were E. tenella (21.95%), E. brunetti (19.51%), E. acervulina (17.07%), E. necatrix (14.63%), and E. maxima (4.88%).
These findings indicated that Eimeria-caused coccidiosis is a growing challenge to poultry production in South Gondar, highlighting the need for targeted control measures and improved management practices.
... Tis fnding was higher than the reports of [21], who reported a prevalence of 44.55% in donkeys and 48.2% in horses. However, the current study's results were lower than the reports of [7], which reported a prevalence of 87.8% in donkeys and 66.7% in horses from Gondar, the reports of [22], which revealed 100% and 99% prevalence in donkeys and horses, respectively, from East Shewa-Adaa, and another study that reported a higher prevalence of 99.15% in Sudan [23]. Te higher prevalence in donkeys might be attributed to differences in feeding and deworming activities, while the lower prevalence in horses could be due to their predominantly being cart horses in the study area, which are less exposed and sometimes completely restricted from pasture and grazing. ...
... However, there was no signifcant diference in the prevalence of strongyle parasites in the equines from diferent origins of the study area. Tis is similar to the fndings of [23]. Tis may be due to the similarity in the agroecology of the study areas, the epidemiology of the parasites, and the management systems used for the equine species. ...
Equines play a significant role in the economy of the country. Besides their importance, equines face several challenges mainly helminth infections. Of these strongyle parasites are the most common, particularly in the study area. Thus, a cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to July 2022 to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors and to identify the genera of equine strongyle parasites in and around Bishoftu. A total of 364 equines were randomly selected from five different areas and subjected to coprological examination using the floatation technique to detect strongyle-type eggs. A pooled faecal sample was cultured and subjected to modified Baerman techniques to identify the genus of strongyles. The overall prevalence of strongyle parasites was found to be 56.6% with an occurrence rate of 54.7% in horses and (65.2%) in donkeys. According to the present study, the two important genera identified were Strongylus and Cyathostomum. A higher prevalence of strongyle parasites was recorded in poor body condition (64%), adult (59.3%), female (70.7), and Kality (22%). Among the potential risk factors analyzed, the body condition score of the equines was significantly associated with strongyle infection (χ2 = 76.536 and p≤0.001), while sex, species, age, and origins were not significantly associated with the prevalence of infection (χ2 = 2.644 and p=0.266), (χ2 = 2.404 and p=0.121), (χ2 = 0.609 and p=0.435), and (χ2 = 3.205 and p=0.524), respectively. In conclusion, strongyle parasites pose a major health problem for equines in the study area. They should focus on improving housing, increasing welfare awareness, implementing seasonal deworming, and enhancing the feeding practices of equines.
... In the current study, the prevalence of strongyles was 37.74%, which is lower than the findings of Ayele et al. [34] in Dugda Bora districts, Zerihun et al. [11] in Sululta and Gefersa, Yoseph et al. [35] in Wenchi, and Mulate [36] in highlands of Wollo province, who reported a prevalence of 100%, and elsewhere Wannas et al. [37] in Al Diwaniyah Governorate and Seri et al. [38] in Sudan reported a prevalence of 99.15%. Conversely, the current findings were higher than the report of Worku and Afera [39] in Kombolcha town and Mathewos et al. [27] in Hawassa, who reported a prevalence of 32.6% and 6.07%, respectively. ...
Gastrointestinal (GIT) parasites cause sickness and mortality in working donkeys, reducing their productivity. A cross-sectional study was done in the Damot Gale district of southern Ethiopia from November 2020 to June 2021 to determine the frequency of donkey GIT nematode parasite infection and to examine its related risk factors. Overall, 514 simple randomly selected donkeys from peasant associations were sampled for the coprological examination of gastrointestinal nematode infection. The flotation technique was employed to identify parasite eggs in feces. The total prevalence of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes was 71.79% (95% CI: 67.73-75.52). The most prevalent nematodes were Strongyles (37.74%), Parascaris equorum (11.28%), Strongyloides (7.20%), and combined infections of Strongyles and Parascaris (14.01%) and Strongyles and Strongyloides (1.56%). The association between the prevalence of parasitic GIT nematode infections and body conditions score was statistically significant (p<0.05). Comparatively, donkeys with semi-intensified systems were five times (OR=5.36) and those with medium body condition were twice (OR=1.94) had a higher risk of infection than donkeys with intensive systems and good body condition scores, respectively. In conclusion, the current study indicated that gastrointestinal nematode parasites of donkeys are highly prevalent in the study area. Thus, regular deworming, proper housing, and feeding management were recommended to improve the health and productivity of donkeys in the research area.
... Donkeys were also 100% positive for strongyle eggs, which is in line with the findings of Ayele et al. (2006) in Dugda Bora districts, Zerihun et al. (2011) in Sululta and Gefersa, Yoseph et al. (2001) in Mulate (2005) in highlands of Wollo Province, who reported a prevalence of 100%, and Wannas (2012) in Al Diwaniyah Governorate and Hassan et al. (2004) in Figure 3. Prevalence of polyparasitism in donkeys of the study area. ...
Background
Gastrointestinal parasites are the cause of morbidity and mortality in working donkeys and reduce their working performance.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to July 2021 to assess gastrointestinal parasite infection in working donkeys in Shashemane and the surrounding district. A total of 395 donkeys were randomly sampled for the study, and an examination was conducted using faecal egg count and the Baermann technique.
Results
Out of the 395 sampled donkeys, different types of gastrointestinal parasites were identified. The parasites identified during the study were Strongyle spp. (100%), Oxyuris equi (10.1%), Parascaris equorum (23.8%), Fasciola spp. (0.3%), Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (4.6%), Strongyloides westeri (47.8%) and Anoplocephala perfoliata (0.5%). Identification of L3 larvae of GI parasites revealed that Cyathostomes spp. (96.2%), Strongylus vulgaris (92.9%), Trichostrongylus axei (90.4%), Strongylus edentatus (89.4%), and Dictyocaulus arnifieldi (49.6%) were the most prevalent. Infection with one species of helminth was more common (60.8%).
Conclusions
Thus, working donkeys in the present study area were infected with Strongyle spp. (100%), Strongyloides westeri (47.8%), Parascaris equorum (23.8%), Oxyuris equi (10.1%), Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (4.6%), Anoplocephala perfoliata (0.5%) and Fasciola spp. (0.3%) parasites. Hence, comprehensive donkey health, management, and implementation of appropriate parasite control strategies should be implemented to alleviate these problems.
... In the present study, the level of GIT nematode parasites was relatively higher in donkeys (71.43%) than horses (26.84%) which is not disagree with the study of [26][27][28] The difference in prevalence and its occurrence of parasites can be because of difference in management system, the presence and absence of veterinary clinic, season, deworming strategy and difference in agro-ecological zone in the study areas. The prevalence of GIT nematode parasites is significantly associated with risk factors such as origin of animals, body condition, and species of animal with p-value of (0.0001, 0.0001 and 0.000) respectively in line with report of [26,30] they reported (p = 0.001 and p = 0.000) for species and body condition respectively. ...
... In the present study, the level of GIT nematode parasites was relatively higher in donkeys (71.43%) than horses (26.84%) which is not disagree with the study of [26][27][28] The difference in prevalence and its occurrence of parasites can be because of difference in management system, the presence and absence of veterinary clinic, season, deworming strategy and difference in agro-ecological zone in the study areas. The prevalence of GIT nematode parasites is significantly associated with risk factors such as origin of animals, body condition, and species of animal with p-value of (0.0001, 0.0001 and 0.000) respectively in line with report of [26,30] they reported (p = 0.001 and p = 0.000) for species and body condition respectively. ...
... The nematode species encountered during the current study viz: Strongyles spp., Parascaris spp., Triodontophores spp., Oxyrius spp., and Trichomena spp. were similar to previous reports of Seri et al. (2004), Sawsan et al. (2008) and Adam et al. (2013). The pattern of co-infection observed in this study revealed that donkeys have a higher risk of exposure to multiple GIT parasites. ...
Gastrointestinal helminths (GIH) are the commonly diagnosed infections since ponies, donkeys, and horses are hosts to a wide range of helminths. It is the first qualitative and quantitative cross-sectional study conducted from February 2 to May 20, 2018, to estimate the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal nematodes in donkeys and mules in the Anseba region. For this purpose, 300 donkeys and 30 mules were examined. Fresh fecal samples were collected and subjected to standardized parasitological protocols viz; floatation and McMaster techniques to identify the parasites. Results showed that 300 (90.9%) samples from both species were positive for nematodes of different Genera. The gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes prevalence in donkeys and mules was 96 and 40%, respectively. Strongyles spp., was the most prevalent parasite in the study area, followed by; Parascaris spp., Oxyuris spp., Trichomena spp. and Triodontophores spp. Mixed-infection among the GIT parasite was also seen in the donkey. From the current study, it can be concluded that donkeys seem to be affected more than mules by GIT nematode parasites. Therefore, routine deworming procedures using broad-spectrum anti-nematode drugs should be conducted to control and prevent the diseases, and, where possible, a rotational grazing program should be implemented.
In June 2022, at the XXXII Conference of the Italian Society of Parasitology, the parallels of the main endoparasitic infections of horses and donkeys were discussed. Although these 2 species are genetically different, they can be challenged by a similar range of parasites (i.e. small and large strongyles, and Parascaris spp.). Although equids can demonstrate some level of resilience to parasites, they have quite distinct helminth biodiversity, distribution and intensity among different geographical locations and breeds. Heavily infected donkeys may show fewer clinical signs than horses. Although parasite control is primarily provided to horses, we consider that there may be a risk of drug-resistance parasitic infection through passive infection in donkeys when sharing the same pasture areas. Knowing the possible lack of drug efficacy (300 EPG may be a safe recommendation. We have highlighted the main points of the discussion including the dynamics of helminth infections between the 2 species.
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