The alarming rise of youth unemployment rates following the recent economic
turmoil has challenged national as well as European labour market policies. With
more than 5.5 million young people in the EU struggling to find jobs, there is an
urgent need to develop strategies for combatting youth unemployment, in order to
avoid a lost generation of European youths threatened by lasting disadvantages in
terms of labour market and social position.
Against this background, the Robert Bosch Stiftung has commissioned the present
study from the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in Mannheim. Its aims
are to survey the development of youth unemployment in Europe, to identify the
relevant institutional and economic drivers and to discuss the necessary courses of
action to achieve a better integration of young adults into the labour market.
While the study covers the perspective of the EU member states as a whole, it strongly
focusses on southern European countries, which are especially suffering from the
current youth unemployment crisis. Its core part is comprised of three country
reports which detail the situation in Italy, Spain and Portugal, and review current and
potential future policy initiatives that could help in reducing youth unemployment.
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... The successive crises contribute to the deteriorating situation of the youngest participants of the labor market. At the macroeconomic level, failing to integrate the young generation implies a loss of production, productivity and probably also innovation potential (Berlingieri et al. 2014). The situation of young people depends strongly on the processes of globalization, the supply of jobs, qualifications and, obviously, periods of economic prosperity. ...
... It has recorded a particularly strong increase in youth unemployment rate. According to (Berlingieri et al. 2014) in Spain the transition rate into permanent jobs is very low. This is the result of high employment protection of permanent workers and the liberalization of the use of temporary contracts in the nineties. ...
... Especially that the conducted analyses confirm that not only low-qualified young workers face the problem in entering the labor market. The difficulties among young people with integrating into the labor market are the reflection of skills mismatch and spatial mismatch (Berlingieri et al. 2014), (Bal-Domańska and Sobczak 2018). The Pompei and Selezneva 2019 results show that after the outbreak of the crisis and in countries with high education mismatch, there is an additional reduction in unemployment risk for highly educated people. ...
The presented article follows the research mainstream of econometric analyses focused on the assessment of correlations between youth unemployment rate and market and macroeconomic determinants, including economic growth and productivity of the economy, its structure in terms of NACE Rev.2 sections as well as the labor market tools. The research addresses 28 European Union (EU) countries. The analysis period covers the years 2008–2018. The econometric methods dedicated to panel data were used. The research results confirm the importance of the general economic condition as well as the development of knowledge-based economy for the improvement of the youth situation in the labor market. With regard to the economy structure, the development of manufacturing section importance turned out to be a major factor in female youth unemployment rate reduction. The growing importance of the construction sector translated into a decline in the unemployment rate among young men.
... De fet, la literatura ha destacat els bons resultats obtinguts en aquells programes en què es dóna una orientació i assessorament personalitzat als joves (Berlingieri et al., 2014;Caliendo i Schmidl, 2016;Heyes, 2014;Wulfgramm i Fervers, 2015). També s'ha destacat l'èxit obtingut en aquelles mesures en què la seva aplicació es fa a mida de les necessitats de cada jove (tailored support), tant en relació amb les seves característiques sociodemogràfiques com en relació amb les seves circumstàncies personals (Berlingieri et al., 2014;Kluve et al., 2016). ...
... De fet, la literatura ha destacat els bons resultats obtinguts en aquells programes en què es dóna una orientació i assessorament personalitzat als joves (Berlingieri et al., 2014;Caliendo i Schmidl, 2016;Heyes, 2014;Wulfgramm i Fervers, 2015). També s'ha destacat l'èxit obtingut en aquelles mesures en què la seva aplicació es fa a mida de les necessitats de cada jove (tailored support), tant en relació amb les seves característiques sociodemogràfiques com en relació amb les seves circumstàncies personals (Berlingieri et al., 2014;Kluve et al., 2016). D'altra banda, la literatura també destaca l'èxit dels programes comprensius i de caràcter multidimensional, que impliquen una combinació i articulació flexible de diferents mesures orientades a superar la situació d'atur (Kluve, 2014;Kluve et al., 2016;Martin i Grubb, 2001). ...
La recerca que aquí es presenta defensa la importància del paper del capital social, entès com el conjunt de relacions que faciliten l'accés directe e indirecte a recursos valuosos per a les persones a l’hora d’aconseguir millors oportunitats d’inserció laboral.
La recerca busca estudiar el paper que tenen les polítiques actives d'ocupació en la generació i mobilització de capital social útil per trobar una ocupació entre el col·lectiu de joves amb menys oportunitats d’inserció laboral
... The services sector affects the economic growth directly through its increasing contribution to the output, employment and trade and indirectly through productivity growth and creating linkages with other parts of the economy (Baumol, 1967;Clark, 1940;Fisher, 1935). In servicesbased economies, services are not used only as final product but also as an intermediate input that is used to link different economic activities and make the economy function smoothly (Berlingieri et al., 2014). The growing importance of services sector and its impact on different parts of the economy has made this sector as the primary source of growth and job creation even in developing countries (Ghani and O'Connell, 2014). ...
The current study is a bid to explore the dynamic effects of Innovation, FDI, and trade openness on services sector in selected developed and developing economies for the period of 1992 to 2016. For computing the empirical findings, this study deploys the static as we all dynamic panel data estimation approaches. The results reveal the significant role of GDP per capita and FDI in the growth of services sector. However, the services sector incurs the detrimental repercussions on the account of trade liberalization. These findings also demonstrate that, in both samples of economies, the services sector does not respond to the productivity differential. Furthermore, innovation exhibits a significant association with the growth of services sector in the case of developing economies.
... Particularly in the context of high youth unemployment in other European countries, the German youth labor market has been perceived as a role model (Berlingieri et al., 2014;OECD, 2014). Low youth unemployment and smooth labor market integration of youth are observed and credited to the dual vocational education system. ...
Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit staatlichen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Übergangs Schule-Beruf von Schülerinnen und Schüler der Real- und Hauptschulen in Deutschland. Kapitel 2 gibt einen Überblick über die ökonomische Berufsbildungsforschung. Wir stellen fest, dass noch Forschungslücken bezüglich junger Schulabgänger und langfristigen Arbeitsmarktergebnissen bestehen. Es werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse einer Fallstudie zu kurzfristigen Effekten einer Berufsorientierungsmaßnahme vorgestellt. Angesichts der noch bestehenden Erkenntnislücken skizzieren wir ein Konzept für ein regional geclustertes Übergangspanel. Kapitel 3 analysiert auf Basis eigener Befragungsdaten die Teilnahme an Berufsorientierungsmaßnahmen an weiterführenden Schulen und ihre Wirkung auf die Berufsplanung. Die Teilnahme hängt vom Schulzweig, sowie vom Schul- und Klassenkontext ab, während persönliche Merkmale kaum relevant sind. Die Wirkung von Berufsberatung hängt vom Anbieter der Beratung ab. Kapitel 4 untersucht die mittelfristige Wirkung einer Berufsorientierungsmaßnahme auf Arbeitsmarktergebnisse von Hauptschülerinnen und -schülern. Wir beobachten eine Verzögerung beim Eintritt und Abschluss der Berufsausbildung. Trotz der Verzögerung bestehen keine Unterschiede bei der Abbruchwahrscheinlichkeit und der Art der Berufsausbildung. Aber wir finden kleine, negative Effekte auf Beschäftigung und kumulative Verdienste innerhalb von sechs Jahren nach der Schule. Teilnehmende verbringen auch mehr Zeit in Arbeitslosigkeit. Kapitel 5 analysiert die alternativen Übergangswege nach der Hauptschule in ihrem Effekt auf die Art der Berufsausbildung. Ich zeige, dass ein verzögerter Übergang in Ausbildung kein Nachteil sein muss. Allerdings stehen die ökonomischen Vorteile einer geringeren Zufriedenheit mit der Berufsausbildung gegenüber. Die Teilnahme an Berufsvorbereitenden Maßnahmen führt nicht zu einer anderen Art der Ausbildung als der direkte Übergang, aber zu einer geringeren Zufriedenheit.
... In some Southern European countries, more than half of all young adults are unemployed, a situation that was made even worse by the last financial crisis. This entails problems of a psychosocial nature, but can also have devastating consequences for the countries concerned-and the European Union itself [7] in a post-Brexit context, due to the social tensions that can arise from unemployment. In Spain, in particular, youth unemployment rates double those of the adult population and affect more than half of the population [8]. ...
A relentless stream of social, technological, and economic changes have impacted the workplace, affecting young people in particular. Such changes can be a major source of stress and can cause a threat to health and well-being. The aim of this paper is to understand the importance of work-related events and changes in the psychological distress and life satisfaction of young workers in Spain. A transversal study was carried out on a sample comprising 509 men and 396 women aged between 26 and 35 years old. The results showed that there were no differences between the men and women in the number of work-related events and changes experienced in the last 12 months, nor in terms of job satisfaction. The results from the multiple regression analysis showed that a greater number of work-related events and changes experienced during the last 12 months were associated with increased psychological distress and reduced life satisfaction amongst men, but this was not the case for women. Although job satisfaction was independent from the men and women’s psychological distress when self-esteem and social support was included in the regression equation, greater job satisfaction was associated with greater life satisfaction for both men and women. It concludes that work-related events and job satisfaction are important for the health and well-being of young people, even though a larger number of work-related events and changes is associated with increased psychological distress and reduced life satisfaction for men only.
Companies assume responsibility for society by responding
to and shaping both emerging and longstanding
developments and megatrends. The private sector response
to recent developments involving the migration of massive
numbers of refugees toward Germany underscores this role.
A survey conducted from December 2015 to January 2015
of 600 German companies with 250 or more employees
conducted by the Bertelsmann Stiftung in cooperation with
the Cologne Institute for Economic Research (IW Köln)
reveals that 74 percent of these companies have committed
to assisting refugees with direct aid, primarily in the form
of material donations. Furthermore, 60 percent of the
companies surveyed are offering their help through two or
more measures. About 50 percent of companies surveyed
engage in measures targeting the integration of refugees
into the job market. In doing so, many companies (62%)
offer internships allocated for refugee applicants. The quick
mobilization of resources demonstrates the effectiveness
with which companies can act in assuming responsibility
for societal challenges. However, long-term ongoing trends
such as demographic change, digitization, globalization
and social inequality require the sustainable cooperation
of actors across all sectors of society, that is, the private,
public and nonprofit sectors. Indeed, we already see this
cooperation in effect with regard to durable measures
targeting issues such as integration, diversity, education,
health, regional development, and the compatibility of
family and work.
When committing to social objectives such as improving
education and health, and the compatibility of family
and work, many companies design activities that can be
integrated into their core business. These activities are
often designed to facilitate the flexible organization of
working hours, develop people’s skills or improve work environments
and thereby make them less physically
demanding to employees.
When it comes to integration, diversity and regional
development, company activities must be transparent and
draw on cooperation. Sharing experiences with integrating
different groups into a company and working closely
together with external partners are promising means of
improving the impact of engagement and enhancing the
engagement of other stakeholders. About 20 percent of
Germany’s larger companies consider other companies and
interest associations to be their most important strategic
partners with regard to social engagement.
The study shows that companies are overall committed to
addressing both emerging and longstanding challenges
to society. In fact, most of the companies surveyed have
allocated personnel to manage social responsibility
activities. However, the study also shows that the
organization and coordination of these activities and
measures require optimization. Just 10 percent of the
companies surveyed feature a clear assignment of tasks to
specific staff with the requisite responsibility. In addition,
few companies actively seek feedback on their measures.
About 50 percent of the companies surveyed evaluate their
activities systematically in order to gather information
regarding impact and efficiency. Improving how social
responsibility within companies is governed could enhance
corporate social responsibility’s public visibility and its
reputation.
This paper analyzes the determinants and consequences of youth unemployment in Honduras. The study is based on the estimation of error correction models that express youth unemployment in terms of real sector variables. The results indicate that exports, remittances and self employment reduce youth unemployment, while the expansion of the service sector increases it; other results show that youth unemployment is susceptible to economic activity in the other Central American countries, specifically to economic growth in Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Youth unemployment exerts negative impacts on Honduras’ productivity and on economic growth. The study also highlights the role of education on preventing youth unemployment and the importance of designing a Youth Agenda that would comprise several initiatives that are of special value to Honduran youth. It is hoped that these results would motivate policy makers and society in general to increase investments in the human capital areas so that youth avoid falling into the traps resulting from unemployment.
This study will discuss possible effects of the widespread use of part-time work in the framework of the regulation, which is enacted in late 2016 in Turkey, and gives civil servant and worker women the right to work part-time and in the case of motherhood. On November 8, 2016, according to the regulation published in the official gazette number 29882, in addition to the existed maternity rights, part-time work option was also provided under the condition of both parents were working. According to the regulation after all rights were used, one of the parents, dad or mother can work as part time. According to the regulation, when the child arrives in elementary school age (66 months), the civil servant or the worker parent will be able to work part-time. This is one of the very positive step for females who wants to be a mother and have doubts to do it. This study will try to make clear expected effects of this new regulation on female workers and civil servants who wants to be mother.
Z Ekonomik ve sosyal etkilerden en çok etkilenen dezavantajlı gruplardan bir tanesi de genç-lerdir. Çalışma kapsamında, genç işsizliğinin ve NEET'nin (ne istihdamda ne eğitimde ne de yetiştirmede) yıllar içerisindeki görünümü sosyal, ekonomik ve politik unsurların etkile-riyle farklı refah rejimlerinde yer alan ve giderek yaşlanan bir kimliğe bürünen İtalya, İn-giltere ve İsveç'in yaklaşım farklılıklarına odaklanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada yöntem olarak meta-sentez analizi kullanılmıştır. Öncelikle verilere dayalı olarak durum aktarımı yapılmış ve veriler arasında bağlantı kurularak etraflı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, gençlik grubunun aile yapısı ve demografik dönüşüm bağlamındaki yeri, önemi ve olası etkilerini işsizlik ve NEET olma çerçevesinde farklı refah rejimlerindeki ülke örnekle-riyle ortaya koymaktır. İncelenen ülkelerde, yaşlanma olgusu temelinde İtalya'da güneyli aile tipinin korumacı yapısının gençler üzerindeki değişimi ekonomik ve sosyal yönden gö-rülmüştür. İngiltere'de son yıllarda azalma olsa ada yaş grupları arasında NEET statüsü açısından ciddi ve çözüm gerektiren farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. İsveç'te eğitim olanakla-rının genişlemesine bağlı olarak eğitimde kalınan sürenin gençler için olumsuz yanları ol-duğu gözlenmiştir.
Long-term unemployment has been discussed in academic studies as a cause for both scarring effect on young people and their future. In this context, examining differences between long-term unemployed youth and adults requires a perspective that consolidates an analysis of demographic and work-related factors; however, there are a limited number of systematic works distinguishing long-term unemployment between youth and adults. To address this gap, this study aims to present a logistic regression analysis that examines the differences between youth and adults in the relationship between long-term unemployment and demographic and work-related variables, by using the micro-data from 2016 Turkish Household Labour Force Survey. The results of the study reveal that the lack of qualifications and work experience and the desire to work in full-time jobs and in semi-skill occupations, as well as the inter-regional disparities in terms of economic development, are the main driving factors that increase the likelihood of young people becoming long-term unemployed. Also, a university or postgraduate degree does not guarantee young people protection against long-term unemployment.
This essay delivers two main innovations with respect to the existing literature. First, and foremostmost importantly, by extending to the case of overeducation the work of Nicaise (2010) relative to the reservation wage to the case of overeducation, we propose a statistical test to discriminate between alternative theoretical interpretations of the determinants of overeducation through the Heckman sample selection procedure. Second, the essay provides the first available economic analysis of the consequences of the educational mismatch in Italy as based on AlmaLaurea data, the largest and richest data bank available in the country. The data includes a large number of university graduates enrolled in a given year before the Bologna reform and asks a large number of questions allowing us measuring among others the quality of education from high school. This wealth of information is a condition to provide the most comprehensive, accurate and reliable assessment of overeducation in the country. The educational mismatch 5 years from graduation is relatively high – at 11.4% and 8% for overeducation and overskilling, respectively – by EU standards. Ceteris paribus the parents of the mismatched have lower educational levels according to school tracking. Most humanities and social sciences degrees but also geology, biology and psychology are associated with both types of mismatch. The quality of education also correlates to the educational mismatch. We find a non-conditional wage penalty associated to overeducation and overskilling of 20% and 16% and a conditional one of about 12% and 7%, respectively. The Heckman sample selection model returns a slightly higher sample selection corrected wage penalty, supporting not only the job competition and job assignment models, but also the human capital model. Other concurrent statistical tests point to the difficulty that the educational system faces in providing work-related skills to graduates.
Questa nota organizza e rielabora una serie di articoli scientifici e di interventi di carattere divulgativo su blog e riviste on line realizzati dagli autori nel corso dell’ultimo anno. In particolare l’articolo “Alle radici del fuoricorsismo” (Aina et al. 2012a) comparso sul sito LaVoce.info e poi ripreso da Ilfattoquotidiano on line e dall’Internazionale e l’articolo “Rimediare al fuoricorsismo” (Aina et al., 2012b) pubblicato dalla Rivista IlMulino on line, nonché l’ampio dibattito con i lettori che ne sono seguiti ci hanno consentito di arricchire la nostra riflessione tenendo conto di aspetti del problema del fuoricorsismo che difficilmente potevano trovare accoglienza in analisi di stampo più strettamente accademico.
This paper investigates the effect of a new type of financial incentive in education targeted at regional authorities. Previous studies have focused on financial incentives for students, teachers or schools. We identify the effect by exploiting the gradual introduction of a new policy aimed at reducing school dropout in the Netherlands. The introduction of the policy in 14 out of 39 regions and the use of a specific selection rule for the participating regions allow us to estimate local difference-in-differences models. Using administrative data for all Dutch students in the year before and the year after the introduction of the new policy we find no effect of the financial incentive scheme on school dropout. In addition, we find suggestive evidence for manipulation of outcomes in response to the program.
Policy makers need both a handy reference guide to the regional policies of their own and other countries and a broader analysis of trends in regional policies, based on sound, comparable information. Regional Policies in OECD Countries responds to this need. It is the first systematic, comparative analysis of OECD countries’ regional policies.
The report addresses fundamental regional policy concerns, such as: problem recognition; the objectives of regional policy; the legal/institutional framework; the urban/rural framework; budget structures; and the governance mechanisms linking national and sub-national governments as well as sectors.
It begins with an overview of the regional policy today. This is followed by country profiles covering the 31 OECD members. The profiles share a common conceptual framework, allowing countries to see how their experiences measure up. The report also contains several annexes, which cover some of the countries that are candidates for accession to the OECD or with which the OECD has enhanced engagement. The annexes also cover the key topics of cross-border cooperation and trends in urban-rural linkages, especially efforts to control urban sprawl.
The report will help countries to better understand regional policies and to formulate and diffuse horizontal policy recommendations. The analysis suggests an important role for regional policies in shaping sustainable endogenous development, in particular well-developed governance mechanisms to better respond to the different opportunities and demands of regions and to improve policy efficiency.
This report is a unique source of regional policy information and of special interest to policy makers, researchers, and others engaging with regional development.
Apprenticeship varies greatly across countries, in terms of both quantity (numbers trained) and quality (skill content); and across sectors and occupations within countries, in terms of its provision and finance by employers. This chapter outlines recent advances in both areas. Some firms engage in apprenticeship training, others do not; some of those that do, invest in their apprentices, whereas others make a surplus on them. Despite the advances of the last two decades, there is as yet no "general theory" to explain the full range of financial attributes seen in practice within, let alone between, countries. Indeed recent theoretical efforts have focused excessively on specific circumstances in occupational labor markets, and neglected the potential sensitivity of their conclusions to changes in assumptions about labor markets, for both skilled workers and trainees. We also consider evaluations of the benefits of apprenticeship for individuals. Finally, the chapter considers the coordination mechanisms, principally employer bodies (associations, chambers) and employee representation and social partnership (trade unions, works councils, and joint regulatory bodies). Economic analysis indicates various ways in which such institutions may affect economic efficiency. Diversity of institutions across the countries with successful apprenticeship systems suggests, however, that there is no unique recipe for success.
In the late 1990s and into the early 2000s, Germany was often called "the sick man of Europe" (for example, Economist 2004), a phrase usually attributed to comments by Czar Nicholas I of Russia about the troubles faced by the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century. Indeed, Germany's economic growth averaged only about 1.2 percent per year from 1998 to 2005, including a recession in 2003, and unemployment rates rose from 9.2 percent in 1998 to 11.1 percent in 2005 (according to World Bank data). Today, after the Great Recession, Germany is described as an "economic superstar" (for example, in the movie "Made in Germany: Europe's Economic Superstar," http://films.com/ItemDetails.aspx?TitleId=29218). Germany's number of total unemployed fell from 5 million in 2005 to about 3 million in 2008, and its unemployment rate had declined to 7.7 percent in 2010 (according to data from Germany's Federal Employment Agency, the Bundesagentur für Arbeit). In contrast to most of its European neighbors and the United States, Germany experienced almost no increase in unemployment during the Great Recession, despite a sharp decline in GDP in 2008 and 2009 (an episode discussed in Möller 2010; Burda and Hunt 2011). Germany's exports reached an all-time record of $1.738 trillion in 2011, which is roughly equal to half of Germany's GDP, or 7.7 percent of world exports. Even the euro crisis seems not to have been able to stop Germany's strengthening economy and employment.
Although Italy and Portugal are considered to be part of the same welfare state family – the Southern European one – analysis of a key component of the welfare state, namely, unemployment policies and regulations, reveals a different evaluation. A comparative analysis of a series of specific indicators of Italian and Portuguese unemployment regimes shows that they represent two different models. Portugal appears to be a more inclusive system, closer to continental or Northern European countries than it is to Italy, or at least representing a hybrid system that combines characteristics of continental European welfare states with characteristics that are more typical of Southern European welfare states. Italy, on the contrary, is much more clearly a Southern European welfare state.
Professional competencies are a key factor in gauging how employable a graduate is. This paper demonstrates that individuals who have best developed the competencies which firms feel to be most important are more likely to be in a position to obtain a job. To this end, we have developed an indicator that measures the proximity between the relative levels of both importance and attainments. Results confirm the feeling among experts that the most relevant competencies in the labour market are predominantly of the systemic type, i.e. transferable personal competencies, to the detriment of more instrumental competencies related to capacities and graduate education. This paper clearly points to the fact that universities must change their traditional focus and make a special effort to help their students to develop those competencies that best foster employability.