ArticlePDF Available

Heavy Metals Analysis of Local and Exotic Poultry Meat.

Authors:
Okoye C.O.B. at University of Nigeria
Okoye C.O.B.
Aneke A.U.
Aneke A.U.
Aneke A.U.
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
Cynthia Nkolika Ibeto at University of Nigeria
Cynthia Nkolika Ibeto
Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha at University of Nigeria
Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Download full-text PDFDownload full-text PDFDownload full-text PDF
Read full-text
Download citation

Abstract and Figures

Owing to the pollution status of the environment by heavy metals especially through fossil fuels combustion, this study was carried out to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in chicken parts and also the feeds they consume. Chickens are one of the main sources of protein for the south east population and heavy metals may enter the dairy production system in a variety of ways. These include atmospheric deposition (possible by burning of fossil fuels), land application of inorganic fertilizers, biosolids, agrochemicals, and animal manures. These heavy metals have several toxic effects on the body. However the essential elements such as zinc and copper are beneficial to health at proper concentration. Exotic and local chickens namely layers, cockerels, broilers and local and some feeds were obtained from the main market in Nsukka and Enugu towns. After which the liver, gizzards and muscles were removed from the chickens. The samples of the liver, gizzards, muscles and also the feed were prepared by wet digestion for heavy metals analysis by Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations in ug/g of the heavy metals were in the range of 1.78 to 15.32, 9.7 to 147.07, 15.82-47.79 and 0.03 to 2.29 cadmium, lead, copper and zinc respectively. The high concentrations of the toxic metals obtained show a certain level of pollution of the environment. Efforts should be made in minimizing fossil fuels combustion and the use of alternative renewable energy such as biodiesel and bioethanol production and utilization should be promoted.
Figures - uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Content may be subject to copyright.
Chicken me
at.pdf
Content uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha on Jun 19, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Chicken me
at.pdf
Content uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha on Jun 19, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Chicken me
at.pdf
Content uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Janefrances Ngozi Ihedioha on Jun 19, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
... Cd concentration results agree with studies done by Oforka et al. (2012), Nigeria; Cd means in chicken liver and muscles were 0.0457 and 0.0162 µg/g, respectively; Abbas (2017), Cd means (µg/g) in broiler chickens were 0.075, 0.056, and 0.054 in liver, thigh, and breast, respectively; and Reda et al. (2021), Ismailia province, Egypt. Results were lower than the study conducted by Okoye et al. (2011), Enugu State; Cd concentrations were 5.57 and 10.30 µg/g in chicken liver and muscles, respectively; Badis et al. (2014), Cd concentations were 1.39 and 1.49 µg/g in North and South areas of Algeria, respectively; Mahmoud and Abdel-Mohsein (2015), Cd concentations were 1.41, 0.24 µg/g in liver samples and 0.88 and 2.44 µg/g in muscles samples of broiler farms from Assiut and Qena, respectively, and Mottalib et al. (2018), Bangladesh; Cd concentrations mean were 0.243 and 1.092 µg/g in broiler breast and liver, respectively, and higher than the study done by Wang et al. (2020), Jilin Province, China; broiler Cd concentration was 0.003 µg/g. ...
... Pb residues were significantly higher in chest muscles than thigh muscles and liver (Table 1). Results were in agreement with the study conducted by Mahmoud and Abdel-Mohsein (2015); the Pb mean was 2.75 µg/g in broiler farms and lower than the study done by Okoye et al. (2011), Nigeria; Pb concentrations were 26.29 and 45.05 µg/g in the liver and muscles of different chicken types, respectively; and Badis et al. (2014), Algeria; Pb concentrations were 8.80 and 8.18 µg/g in the North and South areas, respectively. Results in the current study showed that poultry muscle Pb concentration was higher than the liver level, which agrees with the study done by Mahmoud and Abdel-Mohsein (2015) but disagrees with studies conducted by Oforka et al. (2012) and Reda et al. (2021), who showed that internal organs of poultry accumulated more Pb than muscles. ...
... in the liver of six brands in the study (Table 2). This study's results were compared with those reported by Okoye et al. (2011), whose Cu mean was 26.29 and 45.05 µg/g in different chicken liver and muscles, respectively; Alturiqi and Albedair (2012)'s Cu range was (2.31-7.79 µg/g). ...
Health risk assessment of metals in chicken meat and liver in Egypt
Article
Full-text available
This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of metals such as aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), barium (Ba), bismuth (Bi), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) in 360 samples of poultry meat and liver from six brands (A, B, C, D, E, and F) in Assiut, Egypt; compare these concentrations with Egyptian and world permissible limits; and determine their safety for human consumption according to health risk assessment. Chest, thigh muscles, and liver were collected randomly from Assiut city markets, and the concentration of heavy metals was measured in the central laboratory of the faculty of agriculture at Assiut University using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All the analyzed samples were positive for the tested metals and were far below the allowed maximum permissible limits except for Pb and Fe, which exceeded the Egyptian Organization for Standardization (EOS) permissible limits with 33% and 67%, respectively, as well as Pb and Cd, which exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits with 94% and 17%, respectively. Health risk assessment revealed the safety and minimum health risk for human consumption of metal residues in poultry tissues and liver using estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and target cancer risk (TR). Even though the THQ and HI values were significantly lower than 1.0 during our study, heavy metal monitoring in poultry products and byproducts is required for human security and safety.
View
... It is approved that those metals can cause toxicity and malfunctions (30)(31)(32). The contamination with heavy metals could be different from one element to another (33)(34)(35), mostly influenced by the type of environment, soil, geographical area and animal species (36,37). ...
Influence of Cooking by Boiling on Lead and Cadmium in Meat and Liver of Chickens
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2024
Heavy meals are widely known as environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, heat stability, long staying in the atmosphere, and their capability to accumulate in the body. The current experiment investigates the concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), which are considered heavy metals in the liver and meat of fresh and imported frozen chicken, by studying the effect of cooking process using the boiling method. A total of 80 samples were randomly collected and examined: 40 frozen (10 from each of the liver and meat) before and after cooking) and 40 fresh (10 from each the liver and meat) before and after cooking) from different regions in AL-Karkh Province, Baghdad. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry device was used to evaluate the concentration of Pb and Cd. The results revealed that, in the concentration of Pb in the frozen cooked liver was significantly higher 321.8 ppm in comparison to fresh uncooked liver was 84.20 ppm. In contrast, meat samples indicated that neither cooking nor storage significantly affected the concentrations of Pb. The results also indicated that Cd concentration in meat tissue was significantly higher in fresh cooked (133.7 ppm) compared to frozen cooked (24.30 ppm). For correlation, a non-significant correlation between Pb and Cd concentration at the 0.05 level in liver and meat before and after cooking was recorded. The present study concluded that cooking by boiling method which is a traditional method that is used in Iraqi kitchens, can cause an increase in Pb, and Cd concentration. High concentrations of Pb or Cd in meat and liver may come from the environment, food consumed by chickens, cooking procedures, pans used, and sources of water may affect metal concentrations‎‎‎.
View
... (liver) and 0.343±0.015 (gizzard) by Okoye et al. [54] in Awka southeast Nigeria, 1.41 μg g -1 by Mahmoud and Abdel-Mohsein [33] in Egypt, and 1.49 ug g -1 (liver) by Badis et al. [55] in Algeria. Pb is known for its toxicity to humans, as its intake has no human benefits. ...
Exposure to Metal Accumulation in Chicken Giblets and Human Health Risk in Lokoja, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
When consumed, the toxic heavy metals in chicken giblets pose a grave risk to humans. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to measure the concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Pb) in the liver, gizzard, and kidney of chickens from the Lokoja poultry market. Except for lead, which slightly exceeded the FAO/WHO limit of 0.1 mg kg-1, the metal concentrations found were all within the threshold limit. The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) were used to assess the risks that humans would face from consuming the chicken giblets. The Nigerian population's daily consumption of the metals under study was found to be less than the allowable dietary intake levels established by several international organizations. The giblets' estimated HI, which accounts for all the metals present, is 1.05E-01, meaning that the current intake level of consuming the giblets is safe. The carcinogenic risk associated with hazardous metals exhibits values below the 10-4 US-EPA reference limit, except for Cr. The risk due to Cr can be classified as a tolerable risk as Cr values were marginally above the threshold limit. The result indicated that Cr (56% in gizzard and 67% in liver) exposure was the main contributor to the overall cancer risk from the lifetime ingestion of Lokoja chicken giblets. The findings could not be regarded as cause for concern since the values of EDI, HQ, HI, and CR calculated were below their respective reference limits. It suggests that heavy metal exposure through the intake of Lokoja chicken giblets is not likely to cause potential health risks to consumers.
View
... Distances away from the anthropogenic sites were similar to that of soil and water. Some were collected concurrently in the same location with the soil or water samples (Akan et al., 2010;Iwegbue et al., 2008;Okoye et al., 2011;Oloruntoba & Nathaniel, 2019). ...
Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils, Water, and Food in Nigeria from 2000–2019: A Systematic Review on Methods, Pollution Level and Policy Implications
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
  • WATER AIR SOIL POLL
Heavy metal pollution is a silent killer and has become a pervasive issue in various regions worldwide, particularly within developing nations such as Nigeria. This study undertook a thorough examination of 120 scholarly articles published from 2000 to 2019, aimed at evaluating the prevalence of heavy metal pollution in soils, aquatic environments, and food sources including crops, meat, and dairy products. Methodologies employed for sample collection and metal quantification were critically assessed, alongside an extensive discussion on the concentrations, sources, and levels of contamination observed. The investigation revealed elevated concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and arsenic (As) across all examined locales, with average metal concentrations surpassing World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) guidelines for soil. Furthermore, higher metal concentrations were detected in surface and well waters, whereas borehole groundwaters were relatively pollution-free. Analysis of food crops, meat, and milk demonstrated metal concentrations exceeding WHO/FAO standards across all urban areas studied. Contrary to expectations of lithogenic toxicity, the primary sources of contamination were identified as anthropogenic, stemming from dumpsites, landfill sites, mining operations, runoff and seepage from automotive repair workshops, petroleum hydrocarbon spills, and effluents from industrial plants. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis revealed significant soil contamination with Fe and Cd, classified under extremely serious and moderate contamination levels, respectively. This comprehensive review highlights the necessity for viable and clear policy interventions to mitigate heavy metal pollution and advocates for the rigorous monitoring and control of industrial activities.
View
... Sources of contamination by this element result from human activities; car and generator exhaust; and human activities in large factories, which cause high air pollution with Pb. In addition, bad fertilizers reach crops, animals, and human tissues as mentioned [15]. The presence of these metals can create worries due to accumulative effects on the consumers' organs and can lead to metal toxicity as referred to by [16]. ...
Estimation of heavy metals in fresh camel meat in Samawah city as a human food hygiene
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2022
Background: Meat is considered a good source of animal vitamins, minerals, and proteins in some parts of the world, such as the Arabian Peninsula, India, and the Middle East. Measuring metal concentrations in camel meat is therefore essential for preventing food safety threats, which in turn protect consumers. Camel meat can be contaminated with heavy metals that may pose problems for human health and food safety. Methods: In this study, a determination of the concentrations of heavy or toxic metals that may be harmful to human health was made in camel meat obtained from different sources and butcher shops over a period of time in Samawah city. A total of 100 samples from different locations in Samawah city were collected for measurement each week using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results: This was a positive sign for ensuring human health since camel meat was not polluted in any of the tested samples.
View
... mg/kg. All the values in the studied samples were below the permissible limit (150 mg/kg) set by the Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) (Okoye et al., 2011a). The mean concentration of Zn in different studied poultry samples was far lower than the maximum acceptable concentration of Zn indicating the safe consumption of the poultry items considering the level of Zn. ...
Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Assessment of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in poultry feeds, consumer chickens and eggs in Bangladesh
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Considering the potential health hazardous effects, the distribution and deposition of heavy metals and trace elements including Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb in different tissues (skin, brain, liver, meat, and bone) of broiler and layer chickens, their feeds, litter, and eggs were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after nitric/perchloric acid digestion. The samples for this study were taken from four poultry industries located at Sreepur upazila of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. The observed levels of heavy metals and trace element contents in different studied samples were to be in the range of 0.143±0.001 to 7.324±0.004 mg/kg for Mn, below the detection limit (BDL) to 324.43±0.003 mg/kg for Fe, 0.451±0.002 to 4.329±0.005 mg/kg for Cu, 0.014±0.001 to 7.413±0.003 mg/kg for Zn, 0.082±0.002 to 7.806±0.002 mg/kg for Cr, 0.112±0.002 to 1.581±0.002 mg/kg for Cd, and BDL to 34.775±0.004 mg/kg for Pb. Although some elements were found at a lower concentration in feed samples, they were found at a higher level in various parts of the examined chickens, eggs, and litter which may be resulted from other sources such as drinking water, soil, and the surrounding environment of the poultry industries. The brain contained a maximum amount of Cd, Cr, and Pb in comparison to other studied tissues of poultry. Most of the chicken body parts showed an excess level of Cr than the recommended guidelines. The Cu and Zn contents were usual in studied egg samples, whereas Mn, Fe, Cd, Cr, and Pb were found higher than their tolerance limits which are highly alarming for public health and demand regular governance and monitoring.
View
... mg/kg. All the values in the studied samples were below the permissible limit (150 mg/kg) set by the Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) (Okoye et al., 2011a). The mean concentration of Zn in different studied poultry samples was far lower than the maximum acceptable concentration of Zn indicating the safe consumption of the poultry items considering the level of Zn. ...
Assessment of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in poultry feeds, consumer chickens and eggs in Bangladesh
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
Considering the potential health hazardous effects, the distribution and deposition of heavy metals and trace elements including Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb in different tissues (skin, brain, liver, meat, and bone) of broiler and layer chickens, their feeds, litter, and eggs were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) after nitric/perchloric acid digestion. The samples for this study were taken from four poultry industries located at Sreepur upazila of Gazipur district of Bangladesh. The observed levels of heavy metals and trace element contents in different studied samples were to be in the range of 0.143±0.001 to 7.324±0.004 mg/kg for Mn, below the detection limit (BDL) to 324.43±0.003 mg/kg for Fe, 0.451±0.002 to 4.329±0.005 mg/kg for Cu, 0.014±0.001 to 7.413±0.003 mg/kg for Zn, 0.082±0.002 to 7.806±0.002 mg/kg for Cr, 0.112±0.002 to 1.581±0.002 mg/kg for Cd, and BDL to 34.775±0.004 mg/kg for Pb. Although some elements were found at a lower concentration in feed samples, they were found at a higher level in various parts of the examined chickens, eggs, and litter which may be resulted from other sources such as drinking water, soil, and the surrounding environment of the poultry industries. The brain contained a maximum amount of Cd, Cr, and Pb in comparison to other studied tissues of poultry. Most of the chicken body parts showed an excess level of Cr than the recommended guidelines. The Cu and Zn contents were usual in studied egg samples, whereas Mn, Fe, Cd, Cr, and Pb were found higher than their tolerance limits which are highly alarming for public health and demand regular governance and monitoring. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (3), 128-141
View
Identifikasi Logam Berat pada Ayam Broiler: Heavy Metal Identification in Broiler Chickens
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
Kandungan logam berat seperti Timbal dan Kadmium pada daging ayam dapat mengindikasikan bahwa telah terjadi kontaminasi logam berat pada makanan terutama daging ayam. Pencemaran logam berat ini dapat bersifat bioakumulasi terhadap manusia karena manusia merupakan salah satu bagian dalam proses rantai makanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Mengetahui konsentrasi logam Timbal dan Kadmium pada ayam broiler di Kota Palangka Raya. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional study dengan sampel penelitian yaitu paha, dada dan hati ayam broiler yang dijual di beberapa tempat di Kota Palangka Raya. Sampel paha, dada dan hati ayam diukur menggunakan Spctrofotometer Serapan Atom di Laboratorium Kesehatan Daerah Banjarmasin Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Pengolahan dan analisis data disajikan secara deskriptif dengan membandingkan dengan standar baku mutu yang belaku seperti SNI No 7389 Tahun 2009. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Konsentrasi Timbal (Pb) pada paha, dada dan hati ayam yaitu 0,23 mg/kg; 0,18 mg/kg; dan < 0,002 mg/kg dan konsentrasi Kadmium (Cd) pada paha, dada dan hati ayam yaitu < 0.0015 mg/kg; < 0,0015 mg/kg; dan 0,21 mg/kg. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah Konsentrasi Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada paha, dada dan hati ayam memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan SNI No 7389 Tahun 2009. Konsumen sebaiknya memperhatikan pola konsumen ayam broiler untuk menghindari kontaminasi logam berat sebagai efek dari bioakumulasi akibat proses rantai makanan.
View
Determination of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Local and Imported Chicken Meat Found in Hilla Province Markets
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2024
This study was carried out in Hilla province, the chicken samples were collected of both local and imported chicken, the concentration of eight heavy metals (iron, copper, zinc, nickel, manganese, cadmium, lead and chromium) were measured in all samples in order to find if the concentrations of these metals were within or exceeded the permissible limit, The samples were analysis by used the Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer. The result show that for iron, copper, Zinc, nickel, manganese, cadmium, lead and chromium the concentrations were ranged from 70.66 - 81.33 ppm, 0.34 - 0.71 ppm, 6.06 - 8.21 ppm , 6.13 - 8.02 ppm, 0.213- 0.51ppm, 0.276 - 0.833 ppm, 0.733 -1.39 ppm and 0.37 - 0.716 ppm respictively . Generally, the highest heavy metal concentration was recorded in Iraqi house breading chicken. While the lowest concentrations of almost all measured heavy metal in Iraqi Farm breed in chickens.
View
Evaluation of Heavy Metal Levels in Chicken Using Indeterministic Analysis: A Study Conducted in Localities of Lahore, Pakistan
Preprint
Full-text available
  • Jul 2023
The poultry industry is a significant source of animal protein, vitamins, and minerals, particularly through the consumption of chicken meat. A study conducted in Lahore collected 100 samples each of chicken liver, chicken feed and water to investigate the presence of Arsenic and selected heavy metals. The analysis revealed contamination above safe limits, with Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Cadmium (Cd) being the most prominent metals detected. Neutrosophic statistics proved to be a more informative approach for data analysis. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and mitigating heavy metal contamination in the poultry industry to ensure the safety and quality of poultry products.
View
STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN FEED MATERIALS AND COMPOUND FEED FOR PIGS AND POULTRY IN BULGARIA
Article
Full-text available
A total of 152 samples of feed ingredients and compound feed for pigs and poultry was analysed for concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, arsenic and mercury using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The data showed lead and cadmium levels in compound feeds for pigs and poultry in Bulgaria were higher compared to current European official regulations: 33.9% for lead and 20.34% for cadmium in studied samples. One third of analysed plant feed ingredients used in the production of compound feed had a cadmium content of 1 and over 1 mg/kg, vs. maximum allowed concentration of 1 mg/kg. As a whole, the average content of nickel, arsenic and mercury in compound feed for pigs and poultry, used in Bulgaria, is not disturbing. The monitoring of these elements' content is necessary as well, although not at the same level as, for instance, for lead and cadmium.
View
Heavy Metal Levels in Animal Muscle Tissue: A Case Study of Nigerian Raised Cattle
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2010
The increasing level of pollution in both aquatic and terrestrial environment with which some animals which form part of human diet are constantly in contact has been a global concern, minding the contamination of aquatic and terrestrial organisms especially in countries which are prone to severe environmental pollution due to the lack of appropriate waste management system and technologies. In Nigeria as well as several other countries, meat from cattle is the most common hence, the need to assess the level of heavy metals in cow muscle tissue. The levels of Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Cu and Fe were determined in the muscle tissue of 15 cattle at slaughter during 3 different seasons. The samples were digested and analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The values ranged from ND-14.80 mg kg-1 at the on-set of rainy season; 0.01 -3.53 mg kg-1 at the peak of rainy season and 0.005-3.90 mg kg-1 during the dry season.
View
View
Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Liver, Kidney and Meat of Beef, Mutton, Caprine and Chicken from Kasuwan Shanu Market in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2010
This study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Mg, Fe, Cr, Cd, As, Ni and Pb) in liver, kidney and meat of beef (cow), mutton (sheep), caprine (goat) and chicken, from Kasuwan Shanu Market in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria by using Perkin-Elmer Analyst 300 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The levels of heavy m etals in the liver, kidney and meat of beef, mutton, caprine and chicken ranged from 0.23 to 1.22±0.21 μg/g Cr; 0.1 to 1.34±0.23 μg/g Pb; 0.10 to 1.44±0.06 μg/g Cu; 0.98 to 4.65±0.30:g/g Fe; 0.01 to 1.09±0.26 μg/g Ni; 0.45 to 4.11±0.44 μg/g Mn; 0.07 to 0.76±0.15 μg/g Cd; 0.01 to 0.34±0.23 μg/g As and 1.10 to 6.23±0.16 μg/g Zn. The concentrations of all the metals in the liver, kidney and meat of beef, mutton, caprine and chicken were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Generally, livers and kidneys w ere found to have the highest significant levels of metals and meat the lowest levels. When compared to one another (beef, mutton, caprine and chicken), there did show significant differences. Hence, the concentrations of all the metals were within the tolerance limits with the exception of Cr and Pb, which were higher than standard limits.
View
Association of Blood Lead and Tibia Lead with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in a Community Sample of Older Adults
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2006
  • AM J EPIDEMIOL
Few studies have compared associations of blood lead and tibia lead with blood pressure and hypertension, and associations have differed in samples with occupational exposure compared with those with mainly environmental lead exposure. African Americans have been underrepresented in prior studies. The authors performed a cross-sectional analysis of 2001–2002 data from a community-based cohort in Baltimore, Maryland, of 964 men and women aged 50–70 years (40% African American, 55% White, 5% other race/ethnicity) to evaluate associations of blood lead and tibia lead with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hypertension while adjusting for a large set of potential confounding variables. Blood lead was a strong and consistent predictor of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in models adjusted and not adjusted for race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Tibia lead was associated with hypertension status before adjustment for race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (p = 0.01); after such adjustment, the association was borderline significant (p = 0.09). Propensity score analysis suggested that standard regression analysis may have exaggerated the attenuation. These findings are discussed in the context of complex causal pathways. The data suggest that lead has an acute effect on blood pressure via recent dose and a chronic effect on hypertension risk via cumulative dose.
View
Elevated Levels of Lead in Blood of Different Groups in the Urban Population of Enugu State, Nigeria
Article
  • Sep 2010
Two hundred and forty blood samples were collected from children, women, and men in urban areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. The samples were analyzed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results show the range and % detectable values were 3.9–88.1 μg/dl and 97.92%, respectively. The sample population was classified according to age groups (≤12, 13–25, and >25 years), sex, occupationally and non-occupationally exposed, pregnant women/nursing mothers and other women, and those exposed/or not exposed to some possible risk factors. This was done to find out if there is a trend within the different categories, which will help in identifying toxicity risk groups of lead in Nigeria. Children had the highest range of blood lead levels (12–88 μg/dl), with a mean level of 48.8 μg/dl. Males showed a higher mean concentration for lead than did the women in our study, while pregnant women/nursing mothers had a lower mean concentration (28.8 ± 19.8 μg/dl) of lead than the other women (32.8 ± 12 μg/dl). There was significant difference between the responses for some of the factors, showing that concentrations of lead are affected by these factors. The generally polluted environment probably has had significant impact on the lead blood burden of the Nigerian population.
View
Manganese accumulation along Utah roadways: A possible indication of motor vehicle exhaust pollution
Article
  • Jan 1995
  • SCI TOTAL ENVIRON
An organic manganese compound is currently added to gasoline to replace tetraethyl lead as an antiknock fuel additive in the USA and Canada. Combustion exhaust gases contain manganese oxides. Manganese oxides are known to cause various deleterious health effects in experimental animals and humans. A field survey of roadside soil and plants in central Utah revealed that soil manganese concentrations in high traffic areas were up to 100-fold higher than historic lead levels. Soil manganese concentrations were highly correlated with distance from the roadway. Lead concentrations seem to have changed little from values reported twenty years ago but may have moved deeper into the soil profile. In addition, roadside aquatic plants were higher in leaf tissue manganese than herbs or grasses. Plant tissue manganese content was better correlated with plant type, traffic volume and microhabitat than with distance from the roadway. Submerged and emergent aquatic plants were sensitive bioindicators of manganese contamination. Roadside snow melt and water samples were low in manganese and lead content. We conclude that roadside soil and plants were apparently contaminated by manganese oxides from Mn-containing motor vehicle exhaust. Manganese concentrations in soil and in some plant species along impacted roadsides often exceeded levels known to cause toxicity.
View
Cadmium carcinogenesis in review
Article
  • May 2000
  • J INORG BIOCHEM
Cadmium is an inorganic toxicant of great environmental and occupational concern which was classified as a human carcinogen in 1993. Occupational cadmium exposure is associated with lung cancer in humans. Cadmium exposure has also, on occasion, been linked to human prostate cancer. The epidemiological data linking cadmium and pulmonary cancer are much stronger than for prostatic cancer. Other target sites for cadmium carcinogenesis in humans (liver, kidney, stomach) are considered equivocal. In rodents, cadmium causes tumors at several sites and by various routes. Cadmium inhalation in rats results in pulmonary adenocarcinomas, supporting a role in human lung cancer. Prostate tumors and preneoplastic proliferative lesions can be induced in rats after cadmium ingestion or injection. Prostatic carcinogenesis in rats occurs only at cadmium doses below those that induce chronic degeneration and dysfunction of the testes, a well-known effect of cadmium, confirming the androgen dependency of prostate tumors. Other targets of cadmium in rodents include the testes, adrenals, injection sites, and hematopoietic system. Various treatments can modify cadmium carcinogenesis including supplemental zinc, which prevents cadmium-induced injection site and testicular tumors while facilitating prostatic tumors. Cadmium is poorly mutagenic and probably acts through indirect mechanisms, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown.
View
An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales
Article
  • Aug 2003
  • SCI TOTAL ENVIRON
An inventory of heavy metal inputs (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg) to agricultural soils in England and Wales in 2000 is presented, accounting for major sources including atmospheric deposition, sewage sludge, livestock manures, inorganic fertilisers and lime, agrochemicals, irrigation water, industrial by-product 'wastes' and composts. Across the whole agricultural land area, atmospheric deposition was the main source of most metals, ranging from 25 to 85% of total inputs. Livestock manures and sewage sludge were also important sources, responsible for an estimated 37-40 and 8-17% of total Zn and Cu inputs, respectively. However, at the individual field scale sewage sludge, livestock manures and industrial wastes could be the major source of many metals where these materials are applied. This work will assist in developing strategies for reducing heavy metal inputs to agricultural land and effectively targeting policies to protect soils from long-term heavy metal accumulation.
View
Report of the 32nd Session of the codex committee of the food additives Contaminants. Beijing People's Republic of China
  • Apr 2000
  • 20-24
  • Fao Who
FAO/WHO, 2000. Report of the 32nd Session of the codex committee of the food additives Contaminants. Beijing People's Republic of China, 20-24 March.