Content uploaded by Shu Wang
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Shu Wang on Nov 18, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Location Based Services for Mobiles :Technologies and Standards
Abstract
Location based services (LBS) for mobile are the services supported by cellular networks to provide users with various location sensitive applications, including E911, Friendfinder, personalized advertisement, etc. LBS is accelerating the convergence of 3C (computer, communication and consumer electronics). One key aspect of LBS markets is the explosive growth of GPS (Global Positioning System) markets, which is estimated at USD 37.9 billion in 2017 and anticipate to reach USD 146.4 billion by 2025 at a CAGR pace of 18.4% (by Grand View Research, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/gps-market). The driving force behind of the growth of LBS market includes IoT devices, auotomous driving, regulator’s mandates, the development of more efficient location technologies and the expanding of LBS from network operator to third service provider. The rapid development and widely adoption of assisted GPS (AGPS) is also believed to one of the keys to the success of LBS market, which are bringing huge revenue opportunities for wireless network operators and service providers.
In this set of slides, the state of art of mobile network assisted GPS and location based services (LBS) will be explored in terms of technologies, standards and implementations. There are four main topics to be discussed. Within the first part, an introduction to AGPS and LBS concepts is presented along with an overview of the growing LBS market. Two examples of LBS, E911 and telematics, are emphasized. In the second part, after a survey of wireless location technologies, an overview of GPS history and system architecture is presented. Along the explanation of GPS positioning, the error sources and signal link budget of GPS positioning are analyzed. It is then concluded that it is necessary to improve GPS positioning sensitivity and accuracy for ensuring the success of LBS. An overview of AGPS techniques is discussed thereafter. In the third part, the implementation of mobile network assisted GPS is presented after an overview of the location services provided by mobile networks. The architecture and operation of the network-dependent LBS control plane of cdma2000 and UMTS networks are reviewed, respectively. A survey of the related standards by OMA, 3GPP and 3GPP2 is given. Finally, the challenges, further works and standard activities for mobile network assisted GPS and LBS are presented.
In summary, the slides are intended to provide a comprehensive overview of mobile LBS for a wide array of audiences, including LBS services providers, application developers, marketing managers and system researchers, etc. It includes not only the background information and standards activities but also some hand-on development examples.
Tentative Content Outline
I. Introduction to Location Based Services
o The LBS definition and a historical review
o An overview of LBS market and its recent development
o LBS examples: E911, E211, Telematics, IoT and Autonomous Driving
o Mobile LBS standards
II. Wireless Positioning Technologies and AGPS
o Overview of wireless positioning techniques
o GPS architecture and positioning
o GPS error sources and link budget
o GPS and Galileo
o Assisted GPS, RTK and PPP
III. Mobile Network Assisted GPS and LCS
o LCS requirements
o LCS standards in mobile networks
o Mobile network assisted GPS
o Mobile network and OpenRTK
IV. Challenges for AGPS and Mobile Location Services
o Regulations
o Standardization
o Market and implementation
... In a 3D situation ( x, y, z) four APs at least must be used to have a unique solution. TOA measurements are transformed into circular equations, by solving these equations the coordinates of the mobile will be inferred [157]. TOA circular equations are solved using NLS and LLS similar to RSS range-based positioning, as shown in Fig. 1 TOA circular equations are solved using NLS and LLS similar to RSS range-based positioning. ...
... Possessing three TOA measurements will formulate two TDOA measurements; however, the third equation will depend on the other equations and hence does not provide new information. To have a unique solution, four APs measurements are used [157]. Possible locations for the mobile will be located on a hyperbola [157]. ...
... To have a unique solution, four APs measurements are used [157]. Possible locations for the mobile will be located on a hyperbola [157]. The intersection of two hyperbolae will find the location [157], as shown in Fig. 2. ...
This paper introduces a review article on indoor localization techniques and technologies. The paper starts with current localization systems and summarizes comparisons between these systems in terms of accuracy, cost, advantages, and disadvantages. Also, the paper presents different detection techniques and compare them in terms of accuracy and cost. Finally, localization methods and algorithms, including angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), and recived signal strength (RSS) are introduced. The study contains concepts, requirements, and specifications for each category of methods presents pros and cons for investigated methods, and conducts comparisons between them.
... Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have received significant attention in both academia and industry due to the growth of wireless communication infrastructure and the everincreasing demand for location-based services (LBSs) [1][2][3][4]. Currently, more than 80% of the world's population owns a smartphone [5], it is estimated that most people spend around 80% of their daily lives indoors [6], and 74% of smart device owners are active users of smartphone location-based applications [7,8]. ...
This paper presents the application of heterogeneous transfer learning (HetTL) methods which consider hybrid feature selection to reduce the training calibration effort and the noise generated by fingerprint duplicates obtained from multiple Wi-Fi access points. The Cramer–Rao Lower Bound analysis (CRLB) was also applied to evaluate and estimate a lower limit for the variance of a parameter estimator used to analyze positioning performance. We developed two novel algorithms for feature selection in fingerprint-based indoor positioning problems (IPP) to enhance positioning performance in the target domain with the HetTL. The algorithms comprised two scenarios: (i) a principal component analysis-based approach (PCA-based) and (ii) a hybrid approach that takes both PCA and correlation effect analysis into account (hybrid scenario). Accordingly, a new feature vector was constructed by retaining only the most significant predictors, and the most efficient feature dimensions were also determined by using a hybrid-based approach. Experimental results showed that the hybrid-based proposed algorithm has the minimum mean absolute error. The CRLB analysis also showed that the number of Wi-Fi access points could affect the lower bound location estimation error; however, identifying the most significant predictors is an effective approach to improve positioning performance.
... Based on the trigger mechanism, Mobile Phone Network Data can be divided into event-driven Mobile Phone Network data and network-driven Mobile Phone Network data. For a more detailed description of the technologies and standards used to derive the position of mobile phones, see [5,12,25]. ...
The rapid development of telecommunication network has produced a large amount of spatial-temporal information of mobile phone users. GPS data are typically collected by smartphones apps, which are restricted to small samples of the population. Cellular signaling data (CSD) are usually collected by mobile network operators, which enables researchers to conduct travel behavior analysis of the entire population at a relatively low cost compared to GPS. However, extracting travel mode information from CSD is particularly challenging due to the noise data and low positioning accuracy. This paper proposes a travel mode identification framework based on CSD, which includes data cleansing and travel mode identification. In terms of data cleansing, oscillation sequence and drift data are mainly cleansed. For the oscillation sequence, this paper proposes a detection algorithm based on time window. For the drift data, this paper proposes a detection algorithm based on distance, velocity and frequency. In terms of travel mode identification, the task is divided into two dichotomous problems: motor and non-motor transport identification and public and private transport identification. Each dichotomous problem proposes an algorithm that does not rely on the ground truth dataset for model training. Finally, a ground truth dataset is constructed to verify all algorithms. The result shows that, in terms of data cleansing, the similarity between CSD after cleansing and the actual trajectory according to DTW improved by 101.13% on average. In terms of travel mode identification, the proposed method can achieve similar or even better accuracy than traditional supervised-learning algorithms (94% in motor and non-motor transport identification, 83.5% in public and private transport identification), which can be directly applied to large-scale population analysis scenarios.
... The location of the device can be determined based on the data on the latency and signal strength from the device from different base stations. The article [3] is devoted to the standards and specifications for determining the location of cellular devices. ...
According to the Digital 2021 report of the We Are Social agency, by January 2021, the population of the Earth totaled more than 7.83 billion people with a population urbanization rate of 56.4%. According to reports from previous years, the proportion of the population living in cities is steadily increasing, so it is very important to make the life of city dwellers comfortable. The article describes an approach to clustering city districts and connections between them based on features constructed according to the data of cellular operators. A demonstration of the application of this approach for clustering Moscow districts and territorial units of the Moscow region, as well as connections between them, is performed. The clustering results, as well as the approach described in the article, can be used by urbanists to build infrastructure in areas following the behavior of its inhabitants.
... In a similar vein, further research in this field mostly aims to provide classification frameworks for LBS, such as the contributions by Bernardos and Casar (2007), Giaglis, Kourouthanassis, and Tsamakos (2003), Samsioe and Samsioe (2002), and Wang, Min, and Yi (2008), highlighting the need for a strictly rule-guided market exploration. Thus, considering the generally poor implementation of LBS in media companies, as pointed out by Rau, Ehlers, and Siemens (2018), there is reason to assume that the lack of comprehensive market information is one of the main reasons for this issue. ...
By measuring the possibilities of enterprises linking location-based services (LBS) to regional and local content of interest, research found a tremendous lack of knowledge, how media enterprises – as well as content providers – in- and outside legacy media can use innovative LBS. One could presume that the absence of fulfiling market-information about current LBS proves to be a decisive factor causing a poor implementation of LBS in content-related services especially for media outlets. This contribution aims to fill this gap by providing an innovative, new kind of market exploration method for creating a general overview of current applications and, with that, the entire market for LBS, based on specific mentions of LBS in tech-related newsletters. The resulting category system (focusing on providers, areas of application, functions and technologies) enables the identification of success factors concerning which services are well established, and how this is linked to the type of application, technology, business models and other characteristics. The findings reveal the application of location analytics to enhance the user experience to be a particularly promising opportunity for current LBS implementation. With its completely new method, the study provides a much-needed new framework for further market explorations in this field.
... A wealth of surveys of the area exists [38,47,88,111,116,134,152,153,196]. In contrast to these, this article comes from a CAS perspective of ubiquitous computing and AI. ...
With the CoViD-19 pandemic, location awareness technologies have seen renewed interests due to the numerous contact tracking mobile application variants developed, deployed, and discussed. For some, location-aware applications are primarily a producer of geospatial Big Data required for vital geospatial analysis and visualization of the spread of the disease in a state of emergency. For others, comprehensive tracking of citizens constitutes a dangerous violation of fundamental rights. Commercial web-based location-aware applications both collect data and-through spatial analysis and connection to services-provide value to users. This value is what motivates users to share increasingly private and comprehensive data. The willingness of users to share data in return for services has been a key concern with web-based variants of the technology since the beginning. With a focus on two privacy preserving CoViD-19 contact tracking applications, this survey walks through the key steps of developing a privacy preserving context-aware application: from types of applications and business models, through architectures and privacy strategies, to representations.
Since the introduction of iPhone in 2007, smartphones have become very popular (e.g., the number of worldwide smartphone sales has surpassed the number of PC sales in 2011). The feature of high mobility and small size of smartphones has created many applications that are not possible or inconvenient for PCs and servers, even laptops. Location-based services (LBS), one of mobile applications, have attracted a great attention recently. This research proposes a location-based service, which predicts a spatial trajectory based on the current and previous trajectories by using a novel matrix representation. Spatial trajectory prediction can be used in a variety of purposes such as travel recommendations and traffic control and planning, but at the same time, just like most location-based services, the user privacy concern is a major issue. Without rigorous privacy protection, users would be reluctant to use the service. The proposed method is simple but effective and user privacy is rigorously preserved at the same time because the trajectory prediction is performed at the user-side. Additionally, this research is not only useful but also pedagogical because it involves a variety of topics like (i) mobile computing, (ii) mobile security, and (iii) human behavior recognition.
According to a forecast, the worldwide smartphone sales surpassed the world PC sales at the end of 2011. Smartphones are a kind of mobile handheld devices with phone capability or mobile phones with advanced features. Typical smartphone features include microbrowsers, emails, short message services, mobile games, GPS, et cetera. The feature of high mobility and small size of smartphones has created many applications that are not possible or inconvenient for PCs and servers, even notebooks. Location-based services (LBS), one of mobile applications, have attracted great attention recently. This research proposes a location-based service, which uses location information to find travel route anomalies, a common problem of daily life. For example, an alert should be generated when a school bus misses part of a route or a pupil does not arrive at school on time. Different kinds of route anomalies are discussed, and various methods for detecting the anomalies are proposed in this chapter. The major methods use a technique of incremental location search, which finds matched routes as the search route is entered location by location. An alert is generated when no matched routes exist. Preliminary experiment results show the proposed methods are effective and easy-to-use.
Mobile phones have become ubiquitous in today's society. However, mobile users are no longer satisfied with simple phones but instead expect ever more powerful functions to be available from their mobile devices. Advanced phones known as smartphones allow mobile users to perform a wide variety of advanced handheld functions such as browsing the mobile Internet or finding a nearby theater showing a specific movie. The design and development of these new, improved handheld functions require the help of handheld computing research. This article introduces handheld computing research using three themes: (i) mobile handheld devices, (ii) mobile computing, and (iii) current issues in handheld computing research. Information about other handheld topics of interest to researchers is given in the last section.
Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies are expanding their traditional applications
to embrace a stream of consumer-focused, location-based applications. Through an integration with handheld devices capable
of wireless communication and mobile computing, a wide range of what may be generically referred to as 'Location-Based Services'
(LBS) may be offered to mobile users. A location-based service is able to provide targeted spatial information to mobile workers
and consumers. These include utility location information, personal or asset tracking, concierge and route-guidance information,
to name just a few of the possible LBS. The technologies and applications of LBS will play an ever increasingly important
role in the modern, mobile, always-connected society. This paper endeavours to provide some background to the technology underlying
location-based services, and to discuss some issues related to developing and launching LBS. These include whether wireless
mobile technologies are ready to support LBS, which mobile positioning technologies can be used and what are their shortcomings,
and how GIS developers manipulate spatial information to generate appropriate map images on mobile devices (such as cell phones
and PDAs). In addition, the authors discuss such issues as interoperability, privacy protection and the market demand for
LBS.
Location-based services (LBS) are those applications that utilize the position of an end-user, animal, or thing based on a given device (handheld, wearable, or implanted), for a particular purpose. This article uses scenario planning to identify the possible risks related to location-based services in the context of security and privacy. The original contribution of this article is that the dilemma has been related specifically to LBS, under the privacy-security dichotomy. Here, each side of the dichotomy is divided into three key components that combine to greatly magnify risk. Removing one or more components for each set decreases the privacy or security risk. Where more elements are present in conjunction, the risk is increased
Applications for the location of subscribers of wireless services
continue to expand. Consequently, location techniques for wireless
technologies are being investigated. With code-division multiple access
(CDMA) being deployed by a variety of cellular and PCS providers,
developing an approach for location in CDMA networks is imperative. This
article discusses the applications of location technology, the methods
available for its implementation in CDMA networks, and the problems that
are encountered when using CDMA networks for positioning
This article reviews the future impact of Galileo on spacecraft navigation systems. It outlines the Galileo benefits for spacecraft navigation systems, including the number of available frequencies and services, up to 3 separated frequencies for one service; application of the Three Carrier Ambiguity Resolution (TCAR) technique for substantial improved spacecraft attitude determination algorithms; high data rates for improved signal acquisition - Time To First Fix (TTFF) and reacquisition receiver behavior, and so on. It is the author's belief that the real impact from Galileo for new spacecraft navigation systems is driven by the interoperability between Galileo and GPS and subsequently the dual use of both systems. This feature will generate new ideas and concepts, which will lead to advanced spacecraft navigation systems with a maximum degree of on-board autonomy.
Location-based Services (LBSs) are mobile services for providing information that has been created, compiled, selected or filtered under consideration of the users' current locations or those of other persons or mobile devices. Typical examples are restaurant finders, buddy trackers, navigation services or applications in the areas of mobile marketing and mobile gaming. The attractiveness of LBSs is due to the fact that users are not required to enter location information manually but are automatically pinpointed and tracked. This book explains the fundamentals and operation of LBSs and gives a thorough introduction to the key technologies and organizational procedures, offering comprehensive coverage of positioning methods, location protocols and service platforms, alongside an overview of interfaces, languages, APIs and middleware with examples demonstrating their usage. Explanation and comparison of all protocols and architectures for location services. In-depth coverage of satellite, cellular and local positioning. All embracing introduction to 3GPP positioning methods, such as Cell-Id, E-OTD, U-TdoA, OTDoA-IPDL and Assisted GPS. Explains the operation of enhanced emergency services such as E-911. Identifies unsolved research issues and challenges in the area of LBSs. This comprehensive guide will be invaluable to undergraduate and postgraduate students and lecturers in the area of telecommunications. It will also be a useful resource to developers and researchers seeking to expand their knowledge in this field.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. Directed by Gordon L. Stüber. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-164).
The current observed time difference of arrival technique for finding the position of a mobile in a UMTS network suffers from a severe near-far problem when the UE is close to a node B. We describe a new technique, called cumulative virtual blanking, for overcoming this problem efficiently, without disrupting the normal operation of the network. Early results from a network-based trial indicate positioning accuracy of the order of 20 m in a rural environment.