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Fighting Legacy: Media Reform in Post-Communist Europe
... This transformation was accomplished with the help of sympathetic, businessfriendly parliamentarians and their democratically inexperienced constituents, although it seldom took on an authoritative context. According to Marius Dragomir (2003) "Praised as one of the most developed democracies among the former communist nations, the Czech Republic has been an example of a free environment propitious for the development of independent media" (pg. 26). ...
With the collapse of Communism in Europe, the geopolitical terrain of the east
and central portion of the continent was redrawn according to the changes caused by the
implosion of theWarsaw Pact. Czechoslovakia is unique in that this change actually
resulted in the vivisection of the nation into two separate countries, the Czech Republic
and Slovakia. As every other aspect of post-communist nations was up for change and
scrutiny, so were broadcast media in these countries. In this thesis, I will employ a
qualitative meta-analysis in order to compare changes in the respective broadcast
systems of the two newly formed countries by analyzing existing academic literature and
research on the subject.
... Un element esențial al analizei politicilor publice privind mass media în România postcomunistă este, la fel ca în cazul oricărui stat care a trecut printr-o triplă tranziție, o examinare a caracteristicilor regimului anterior. La fel ca în cazul oricărui alt sistem social, tranziția sistemului media este profund influențată de punctul de plecare (vezi și Dragomir 2003, Gross 1999. În cazul sistemului media din România punctul de plecare este un sistem de tip comunist, în care media sunt subordonate regimului politic. ...
... It was also wise to avoid using the words 'Estonian' and 'Russian'" (Lauk 2005: 315). According to a Romanian editor, "words such as banana, orange, cheese, meat and other food denominations were blacklisted because the censorship committees thought such words would inflame the hungry Romanian population at that time" (Dragomir 2003). ...
... It was also wise to avoid using the words 'Estonian' and 'Russian'" (Lauk 2005: 315). According to a Romanian editor, "words such as banana, orange, cheese, meat and other food denominations were blacklisted because the censorship committees thought such words would inflame the hungry Romanian population at that time" (Dragomir 2003). ...
With the collapse of Communism in Europe, the geopolitical terrain of the east and central portion of the continent was redrawn according to the changes caused by the implosion of the Warsaw Pact. Czechoslovakia is unique in that this change actually resulted in the vivisection of the nation into two separate countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. As every other aspect of post-communist nations was up for change and scrutiny, so was broadcast media in these countries. In this article, I will employ a qualitative meta-analysis in order to compare changes in the respective television broadcast systems of the two newly formed countries by analysing existing academic literature and research on the subject.
Traditionally, television has been analysed as a national domestic medium. However, technological, political and regulatory developments in the last two decades have introduced a complexity of new forces which are transforming the medium into an international one. Such forces as supra-national regulatory activity, the international trade in television and the development of transfrontier television are creating new alliances and practices among politicians, broadcasters and media organizations and are bringing about the transformation of the medium. This paper sets out both to identify and document the process of internationalization.
Post-1989 development of the Romanian media
Post-Franco Spain inherited a broadcasting structure unique in Europe: a mixed commercial and public radio system and state-run national television financed by both public funds and advertising. News content in all sectors was tightly regimented by the government. Newly-democratic Spain broadened the scope of public television and created regional television corporations in the `Autonomous Communities'. Despite agreement in principle that broadcasting should be democratized, in practice public television remained dominated by the political parties in power. Subsequent legislation approving commercial television led to a battle for advertising and audiences and has sparked a financial crisis in state television and undermined its identity as a truly public service. The financial crisis, the growing national importance of the now federally-organized `Autonomous Community' network, and the phenomena of local and cable television, demand a fresh approach to Spanish broadcasting policy.
Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media 167 Media corporatization has sparked a debate: should media in a democracy act 165 Herman
- Edward S Herman
- Noam Chomsky
Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam. Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media. New
York: Pantheon Books, 2002.
167
Media corporatization has sparked a debate: should media in a democracy act
165 Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam. op. cit.
Sultans of Sleaze: Public Relations and the Media
- Joyce 166 Nelson
166 Nelson, Joyce. Sultans of Sleaze: Public Relations and the Media. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 1992.
McChesney believes thatS. broadcast and advertising industries were the first to develop the art of " spin " , a way of smashing their opponents and gaining favorable legislation and regulation. (See McChesney, Robert W. Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times
- W Robert
Robert W. McChesney believes that, " the U.S. broadcast and advertising industries were the first to develop the
art of " spin ", a way of smashing their opponents and gaining favorable legislation and regulation. (See
McChesney, Robert W. Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times. Urbana: University of
Illinois Press, 1999.)
The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press FIGHTING LEGACY: MEDIA REFORM IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE service home. See also Sparks, Colin The Future of Public Service Broadcasting in Britain
- David Croteau
- William Hoynes
Croteau, David and Hoynes, William. The Business of Media: Corporate Media and the Public Interest. Thousand
Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 2001.
FIGHTING LEGACY: MEDIA REFORM IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE
service home. See also Sparks, Colin. " The Future of Public Service Broadcasting in Britain, " in Critical Studies
in Mass Communication 12 (1995): 328-9.
There Are Alternatives
- Jurgen Habermas
Habermas, Jurgen. " There Are Alternatives, " in New Left Review, no. 231 (Sept.-Oct. 1998).
Down the Tube: an Inside Account of the Failure of American Television
- William F Baker
- George Dessart
177 Baker, William F. and Dessart, George. Down the Tube: an Inside Account of the Failure of American Television.
New York, NY: BasicBooks, 1998.
FIGHTING LEGACY: MEDIA REFORM IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE
News media reform and democratization in Eastern Europe
- Andrew K Milton
Milton, Andrew K. " News media reform and democratization in Eastern Europe, " in Post-Communism and the
Media in Eastern Europe (edited by Patrick H. O'Neil). London; Portland, OR: F. Cass, 1997.
193 Idem.
State Into Public: the Failed Reform of State TV in East Central Europe
- Alina Mungiu-Pippidi
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. State Into Public: the Failed Reform of State TV in East Central Europe. The Joan
Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, 1999.
Public Service Broadcasting in the United States: Its Mandate, Institutions, and Conflicts
- Willard D Rowland
Rowland, Willard D. Jr. "Public Service Broadcasting in the United States: Its Mandate, Institutions, and
Conflicts," in Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment: the History and Survival of an Ideal.
New Media Politics: Comparative Perspectives in Western Europe
- Armand Paris
- Colin
Paris, Armand Colin, 1993; New Media Politics: Comparative Perspectives in Western Europe [Edited by MacQuail D.,
Sinne K.]. London, Sage, 1986; Negrine R.N., Papathanassopoulos S. The Internationalization of Television.
Entre l'Enclume et le Marteau: le Service Public de la Télévision Dans l'Union Européenne. La Tour d'Aigues: Aube
- Jean Dibie
Dibie, Jean-Noël. Entre l'Enclume et le Marteau: le Service Public de la Télévision Dans l'Union Européenne. La Tour
d'Aigues: Aube, 2000.
FIGHTING LEGACY: MEDIA REFORM IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE
212 Escobar, L.E. 1992, " Spanish Media Law: Changes in the Landscape, " in European Journal of Communication
7(2): 241-259.
Liberalizing the European media: politics, regulation, and the public sphere
- Shalini Venturelli
Venturelli, Shalini. Liberalizing the European media: politics, regulation, and the public sphere. Oxford:
New York: Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 221.
R (96) 10, Guidelines on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting – adopted by the Committee of Ministers on Sept The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media. Sponsored by United States Agency for International Development, Center for Democracy and Governance
- Monroe E Price
- Krug
- Fighting Peter
- Legacy
- Media Reform In
- Post-Communist
- Europe
226 From Committee of Ministers, Council of Europe Appendix to Recommendation no. R (96) 10, Guidelines
on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting – adopted by the Committee of Ministers
on Sept. 11, 1996. (In Price, Monroe E. and Krug, Peter. The Enabling Environment for Free and Independent Media.
Sponsored by United States Agency for International Development, Center for Democracy and Governance.
Prepared by Program in Comparative Media Law & Policy. Oxford University, 2000.)
227 For more information about the media policies of the Council of Europe see Dibie, Jean-Noël. Entre
l'Enclume et le Marteau: le Service Public de la Télévision dans l'Union Européenne. La Tour d'Aigues: Aube, 2000;
FIGHTING LEGACY: MEDIA REFORM IN POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE
The British approach to public service broadcasting: from confidence to uncertainty
- Jay G Blumler
Blumler, Jay G. "The British approach to public service broadcasting: from confidence to uncertainty," in
Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment: the History and Survival of an Ideal (edited by Robert K.
Avery). New York: Longman, 1993.
French Public Service Broadcasting: From Monopoly to Marginalization
- Jean-Noël Op Dibie
- Cit
Dibie, Jean-Noël. op. cit, p. 138. See also Vedel, Thierry. "French Public Service Broadcasting: From
Monopoly to Marginalization," in Public Service Broadcasting in a Multichannel Environment: the History and Survival of
an Ideal.
The Enemy Within: Unexpected Barriers to the Development of Public Service Broadcasting
- Shalini Venturelli
Venturelli, Shalini. Liberalizing the European media: politics, regulation, and the public sphere. Oxford:
New York: Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 221.
225 "The Enemy Within: Unexpected Barriers to the Development of Public Service Broadcasting", by Karol
Jakubowicz, 1996.