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Air Quality of University campus and National Highway No.12 at Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, India

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Parvaiz Rather at Government Degree College Basohli Kathua
Parvaiz Rather
  • Government Degree College Basohli Kathua
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Exposure to high level of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. Health implications of air pollution are strong because exposure to air pollution is ubiquitous and widespread. However there are several key methodical challenges in the estimation of the health effects of low level exposure to air pollution. This paper assesses the air quality within and outside the University campus.
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Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
International Journal of Marine, Atmospheric & Earth Sciences, 2014, 2(1): 52-57
International Journal of Marine, Atmospheric & Earth Sciences
Journal homepage: www.ModernScientificPress.com/Journals/IJMaes.aspx
ISSN: 2327-3356
Florida, USA
Article
Air Quality of University campus and National Highway No.12 at Hoshangabad
Road, Bhopal, India
Parvaiz Ahmad Rather, Basharat Mushtaq, Ashwani Wanganeo, Bilal Ahmad Bhat and Manzoor
Ahmad Wani
Department of Environmental Sciences & Limnology Barkatullah University Bhopal
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: uzairsultan88@gmail.com
Article history: Received 8 February 2014, Received in revised form 16 April 2014, Accepted 8 May
2014, Published 13 May 2014.
Abstract: Exposure to high level of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health
outcomes. Health implications of air pollution are strong because exposure to air pollution is
ubiquitous and widespread. However there are several key methodical challenges in the
estimation of the health effects of low level exposure to air pollution. This paper assesses the
air quality within and outside the University campus.
Keywords: Air pollution, SOX, NOX, Impacts on Health
1. Introduction
Air pollution receives one of the prime concerns in India, primarily due to rapid economic growth
industrialization and urbanization with associated increase in energy demands. Air pollution consists of
gases, solid particles and aerosols that change the natural composition of the atmosphere. Gaseous
pollutants contribute to a great extent in composition variations of the atmosphere and are mainly due to
combustion of fossil fuels (Katsouyanni, 2003).
Environmental Pollution by vehicles is caused due to tail-pipe exhaust emissions depending on
changes in driving cycles, engine condition, fuel composition and air/ fuel ratio. Malfunction of engine
devices, especially fuel injection system, increases the emissions of the main exhaust components.
Vehicular emissions consist of Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxide, unburnt
hydrocarbons including lead, particulate matter etc. According to Balmes et al., (1987) all types of air
Int. J. Mar. Atmos. & Earth Sci. 2014, 2(1): 52-57
Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
53
Pollution, at high concentration, can affect the airways. Nevertheless, similar effects are also observed
with long-term exposure to lower pollutant concentrations. Symptoms such as nose and throat irritation,
followed by bronchoconstriction and dyspnoea, especially in asthmatic individuals, are usually
experienced after exposure to increased levels of sulphur dioxide.
As for particulate matter, the evidence on NO2 and health comes from different sources of
information, including observational epidemiology, controlled human exposures to pollutants and
animal toxicology. Interpretation of evidence on NO2 exposures outdoors is complicated by the fact that
in most urban locations, the nitrogen oxides that yield NO2 are emitted primarily by motor vehicles,
making it a strong indicator of vehicle emissions (including other unmeasured pollutants emitted by
these sources). NO2 (and other nitrogen oxides) is also a precursor for a number of harmful secondary
air pollutants, including nitric acid, the nitrate part of secondary inorganic aerosols and photo oxidants
(including ozone). Health risks from nitrogen oxides may potentially result from NO2 itself or its reaction
products including O3 and secondary particles.
2. Materials and Methods
Ambient air quality was monitored from August to September during 2013 at two sites in Bhopal
for priority parameters total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), respirable suspended particulate
matter (RSPM), Nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide. The two sampling sites namely near life science
building (site 1) and Hoshangabad road outside Barkatullah University main campus (site 2). The
description of the sites is given in Fig. 1. Bhopal has a humid subtropical climate, with cool, dry winters,
a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March and go on till mid-Jun, the
average temperature being around 30 °C with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly
exceed 40 °C. The average temperature is around 25 °C and the humidity is quite high.
Air quality parameters TSPM, PM10, SO2, NO2 were monitored by using high volume Respirable
Dust Sampler (Envirotech instrument APM 460NL). Hourly values for all values for all pollutants were
measured at each site. The particulate matter (PM10) collected on fiber glass filter was determined by
weighing the filter before and after exposure to ambient air. TSPM was determined from the sum of
PM10 and particles larger than PM10. The mass of PM larger than PM10 was determined from the initial
and final weights of dust cup viol. The samples of SOx and NOx were collected in glass impugners using
sodium arsenate and sodium tetrachloromercurate absorption solutions respectively. NO2 and SO2 in the
sample were determined by modified West and Gaek (1956) method. Samples were kept in refrigerator
until analysis to minimize volatilization.
Int. J. Mar. Atmos. & Earth Sci. 2014, 2(1): 52-57
Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
54
3. Results and Discussion
The concentration of various air quality parameters viz., TSPM, SPM, NOX, SOX recorded
during present study are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Air quality parameters of site 1 near life science building during August- September 2013
Month
RSPMµg/m3
TSPMµg/m3
Nox
µg/m3
Sox
µg/m3
August
0.01
0.03
0.30
0.75
September
0.02
0.05
0.33
0.78
Mean
0.01
0.04
0.31
0.76
SD
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
Table 2. Air quality parameters of site 2 outside the campus on N-H-12 during August- September 2013
Month
RSPM µg/m3
NRSPM µg/m3
TSPM
µg/m3
Nox µg/m3
Sox µg/m3
August
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.44
3.93
September
0.01
0.04
0.09
12.27
18.65
Mean
0.02
0.04
0.08
6.35
11.29
SD
0.01
0.00
0.09
8.36
10.41
Int. J. Mar. Atmos. & Earth Sci. 2014, 2(1): 52-57
Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
55
Table 3: Revised national ambient air standards (2013)
Concentration in Ambient Air
Pollutant
Time Weighted
Average
Industrial
Area
Residential
Area
Sensitive
Area (notified
by Central
Government)
Values of
present
study
sites
SO2 mg/m3
24 Hours**
120
80
30
18.65
NO2mg/m3
24 Hours**
120
80
80
12.27
PM10
mg/m3
24 Hours**
500
200
100
0.04
RSPM
mg/m3
24 Hours**
500
100
60
0.09
** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or, 04 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be compiled
With 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
During the present study TSPM recorded high concentration (0.9µg/m3) at site 2 during
September. The highest concentration of TSPM at site may be due to dense traffic at road and may be
due to other commercial activities at the site. According to Almeida 2007 coarse and fine soil dust being
presumably associated with dust re-suspension by road traffic and wind. Vehicular emission is the
dominating source of PM10 along the road sides (Kukkonen et al., 2001; Sharma et al., 2006). RSPM
recorded the highest concentration (0.03 µg/m3) at site 2 during August. NRSPM recorded the highest
concentration (0.04µg/m3) at site 2 in both August and September and recorded lowest concentration
(0.02 µg/m3) at site 1 in August. At site-I SO2 concentration showed slight variation between the two
sites. The minimumSO2 values of 0.75 µg/m3 was recorded in August 2013, while the maximum value
of 0.78 µg/m3 was recorded during September 2013, with a mean value of 0.76 µg/m3. However, site 2
recorded the minimum SO2 concentration of 3.93µg/m3 during August 2013 against a maximum value
of 18.65µg/m3 was recorded in September 2013, with the mean of11.29 µg/m3. The highest
concentration of NO2 was recorded in the month of September (0.33 µg/m3) at site 1 and in the month
of September (12.27 µg/m3) at site 2. However the lowest values were 0.30 and 0.44 respectively at site1
and site 2. The mean values of NO2 concentration were recorded as 0.31 at site1 and 6.35 at site 2.
Airborne particulate matter represents a complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances.
Mass and composition in urban environments tend to be divided into two principal groups: coarse
particles and fine particles. The smaller particles contain the secondarily formed aerosols (gas-to-particle
conversion), combustion particles and re-condensed organic and metal vapours. The larger particles
usually contain earth crust materials and fugitive dust from roads and industries. Whereas most of the
Int. J. Mar. Atmos. & Earth Sci. 2014, 2(1): 52-57
Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
56
mass is usually in the fine mode (particles between 100 nm and 2.5 μ), the largest number of particles is
found in the very small sizes, less than 100 nm.
Particulate pollution is classified by size, with finer particles (PM2.5, i.e. particles of 2.5 microns
size and less) considered to be more dangerous than coarser material (PM10) because they are small
enough to evade the body’s respiratory defense mechanisms and lodge deep in lung tissue. For that
reason, these tiny particles appear to have the greatest health-damaging potential.
Increase in the levels of standards of air pollutants may cause several diseases in animals like;
Lesions caused by air pollution in production animals mainly include inflammatory processes (Anderson
et al). Horses could show severe hyper reactivity to organic dust and will display asthma like attacks
after exposure (McPherson et al 1979). 1000 ppm for less than 24 hours caused mucosal damage,
impaired ciliary activity and secondary infections in laboratory animals (Dodd and Gross 1980). Chronic
exposure of 5µg/m3 caused serious loss of pulmonary functions in operators of grain elevators (Enerson
et al 1985).
Fig. 2: Variation in TSPM, NRSPM, RSPM, NO2, SO2 at different sites during the study period
0
5
10
15
20
Site 1 Site 2
Concentration of SO2(µg/m3)
Augast September
0
5
10
15
Site 1 Site 2
concentration of Nox µg/m3
Augast September
0
0.02
0.04
S1 S2
concentration of RSPM
µg/m
3
August
September
0
0.02
0.04
site1 Site2
concentration of NRSPM
µg/m3
August September
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Site1 Site2
concentration of TSPM (µg/m3)
Augast September
Int. J. Mar. Atmos. & Earth Sci. 2014, 2(1): 52-57
Copyright © 2014 by Modern Scientific Press Company, Florida, USA
57
4. Conclusion
During the present study all the pollutants were measured with a sampling duration of 1 hour.
TSPM, RSPM, NRSPM, PM10, NO2 and SO2 were all well within the limits as set by EPA at all the sites.
It can be concluded that tourist inflow, vehicular density, roadside dust, and burning of coal and fuel
wood on a large scale are the main sources of air pollutants in this area.
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  • Dec 1987
  • Am J Respir Crit Care Med
We studied the relationship between duration and concentration of exposure in SO2-induced bronchoconstriction in 8 asthmatic subjects. On separate days, we administered SO2 in humidified air through a mouthpiece at 2 concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 ppm) for 3 time periods (1, 3, and 5 min) during eucapnic hyperpnea (60 L/min). Humidified air was administered for 5 min as a control. Bronchoconstriction was assessed by measurement of specific airway resistance (SRaw). The magnitude of the bronchoconstrictor response to both concentrations of SO2 increased progressively over the 3 time periods studied. The mean (+/- SE) increase in SRaw (in L x cm H2O/L/s) and percent increase above baseline (in parentheses) after each exposure to SO2 were as follows: 2.5 +/- 0.3 (34%) after 0.5 ppm for 1 min; 7.5 +/- 4.7 (93%) after 1.0 ppm for 1 min; 13 +/- 3.2 (173%) after 0.5 ppm for 3 min; 31.4 +/- 7.4 (395%) after 1.0 ppm for 3 min; 19.6 +/- 4.0 (234%) after 0.5 ppm for 5 min; 44.1 +/- 9.8 (580%) after 1.0 ppm for 5 min; 3.5 +/- 1.5 (46%) after humidified air for 5 min. For the group, the increases in SRaw caused by inhalation of both concentrations of SO2 for 1 min were small. However, 2 of 8 subjects did develop large increases in SRaw and chest tightness after inhalation of 1.0 ppm for 1 min. Seven of 8 subjects developed wheezing, chest tightness, or dyspnea and used an inhaled bronchodilator after inhalation of 0.5 ppm for 3 and 5 min and 1.0 ppm for 3 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ammonia Inhalation Toxicity in Cats: A Study of Acute and Chronic Respiratory Dysfunction
Article
  • Apr 2013
  • Arch Environ Health
Twenty healthy conditioned cats were pulmonary-function tested and then exposed to 1000 ppm of ammonia gas for a 10-min period. Pulmonary function tests were repeated and lung samples for pathologic evaluation were taken on days 1, 7, 21, and 35 post-exposure. Two cats were housed with the experimental cats as untreated controls. Pulmonary function data were analyzed, statistically evaluated, and compared with the pathological observations. There was good correlation between the alterations in pulmonary function observed and the pathologic lesions found. According to our findings, and those of other investigators, the pulmonary dysfunction which results from ammonia gas inhalation is biphasic in nature. The acute effects of the initial insult, which can be fatal, are almost always followed by secondary effects which can result in debilitating, chronic respiratory dysfunction. This study has characterized an animal model which could provide techniques for preventing or modifying the course of the secondary damage of ammonia gas inhalation.
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Ambient air pollution and health
Article
  • Feb 2003
The adverse health effects of air pollution became widely acknowledged after severe pollution episodes occurred in Europe and North America before the 1960s. In these areas, pollutant levels have decreased. During the last 15 years, however, consistent results, mainly from epidemiological studies, have provided evidence that current air pollutant levels have been associated with adverse long- and short-term health effects, including an increase in mortality. These effects have been better studied for ambient particle concentrations but there is also substantial evidence concerning gaseous pollutants such as ozone, NO(2) and CO. Attempts to estimate the impact of air pollution effects on health in terms of the attributable number of events indicate that the ubiquitous nature of the exposure results in a considerable public health burden from relatively weak relative risks.
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Rapid decline in FEV, in grain handlers: Relation to level of dust exposure. American review of respiratory disease
  • Jan 1985
  • 814-817
  • D A Enarson
  • S Vedal
  • M Chan-Yeung
Enarson, D.A., Vedal, S. and Chan-Yeung, M. (1985). Rapid decline in FEV, in grain handlers: Relation to level of dust exposure. American review of respiratory disease. 132: 814-817.