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Digestibility and Nutrient Utilization of Some Agro-Industrial By-Products Fed to Growing Pigs in the Humid Tropics

Authors:
Kevin Amaefule at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture
Kevin Amaefule
Abasiekong S.F
Abasiekong S.F
Abasiekong S.F
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Ibe S.N
Ibe S.N
Ibe S.N
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Onwudike O.C
Onwudike O.C
Onwudike O.C
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Abstract

Digestibility and nutrient utilization of some agro-industrial by-products fed to growing pigs in the humid tropics were determined with twelve castrated male hybrid (Large White x Landrace) pigs whose weights ranged from 15.33 to 17.67 kg (average 16.17 kg) and aged 13 weeks. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each of the four treatments had three replicates and a castrated male per replicate. Locally constructed metabolism cages (107 cm x 60 cm x 50 cm) were used in the experiment. Parameters measured were nutrient intake, digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, CF, Ether Extract and Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE). Others were energy utilization, nitrogen (N) balance and protein utilization. Wheat offal fed to growing pigs significantly (P<0.05) increased DM (418 g) and organic matter (391 g) intakes but significantly depressed apparent digestibility coefficient of ether extract (67.50%) and nitrogen intake (16.00 g). Other nutrient and energy utilization indices were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. The conclusion was that Palm Kernel Meal (PKM), Brewers Dried Grain (BDG), wheat offal or equal proportions of PKM+BDG fed to growing pigs have similar apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients, energy utilization, nitrogen balance and protein utilization. However, wheat offal could decrease digestibility coefficient of Ether Extract (EE) and also nitrogen intake.
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... The proximate composition of whole maize in this study compares favorably with previous reports (David et al., 2016).The crude protein content of BDG recorded in this study is less than 22.5%,22.45% and 22.49from previous studies (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). The crude fat was lower than 6.25%, 6.15% and 6.25% reported by (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). ...
... and 22.49from previous studies (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). The crude fat was lower than 6.25%, 6.15% and 6.25% reported by (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). respectively. ...
... respectively. The crude fiber was also lower than 21%, 16.25% and 21% reported earlier (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). The total ash percentage of 6.96% was higher than 4.70%, 4.30%, and 4.70% according to reports (Amaefule et al., 2006a;Amaefule et al., 2006b;Amaefule et al., 2009). ...
Effect of unconventional feeds on production cost, growth performance and expression of quantitative genes in growing pigs
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
This study examined the effects of unconventional feed on performance characteristics and candidate gene expression in growing pigs of 3-5months of age. A Total of forty-five (45) growing pigs were randomly allotted into five treatments consisting of whole maize (T1), brewer's dried grain (T2), cassava peel meal (T3), plantain peel meal (T4), and corn husk meal (T5), at 35% inclusion rate. Performance data were collected for 12weeks, while duodenum and liver samples were collected after the experiment for gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. Diets significantly (p< 0.05) affected growth performance with treatment 2 recording the highest average daily weight gain of 0.21±0.02 whilecorn husk meal (T5)had the least 0.11±0.01. Feed efficiency was highest for whole maize (T1) and brewer's dried grain (T2) (0.10±0.02) and lowest for t5 (0.07±0.17). Cost-benefit analysis were significantly different (p<0.05) with t4 recording the highest gross margin. Insulin-like growth factor1 and leptin gene were differentially expressed in tissues, while no significant differences (p>0.05) existed for growth hormone gene and ryanodine receptor1 gene. The results showed commendable gross margin, however, cognizance should be taken in the quantity of brewer's dried grain fed to pigs since it increased the expression of ryanodine receptor 1 gene that leads to por-cine malignant hypertermia and pale soft exudates pork.
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... There is an urgent need to further establish the bioavailability of nutrients from these by-products for livestock in order to ensure adequate feeding and reduce the cost of production [2,3]. Exogenous commercial enzymes have been reported as having a positive effect on the bioavailability of nutrients and digestibility of agro-industrial by-products, and they also assist in eliminating some anti-nutritional factors, though, at a cost [4]. ...
... Treated BDG had the highest protein content, 31.66 % which was less than the 36.32 % obtained by [17] where BDG was fermented with Trichoderma viride, followed by untreated BDG, 25.65 %, compared to 26.5 % reported by [18,13], treated WO, 19.43 %, treated PKC, 18.91 %, untreated PKC, 18.82 % and the least was recorded in untreated WO, 15.47 %. The percentage of dry matter observed in the study was within the range obtained by [2,8,11,17,19,20,21], where extracted enzyme from Trichoderma viride was used to ferment PKC in a solid-state fermentation for 7 days. Earlier works by [13] showed successful improvement in cassava and fibrous by-products by Rhizopus sp. ...
Aspergillus niger Treated Wheat Offal, Brewer Dried Grains and Palm Kernel Cake for Growing Pig Diet: Nutrient Utilization
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2022
Microbial treatment of agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) to improve the nutrient utilization challenges in monogastric animals is of great concern. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of further improvement in the nutritional values of Wheat offal (WO), Brewer dried grains (BDG), and Palm kernel cake (PKC) using Aspergillus niger. A. niger was inoculated into sterilized 300 g of each AIBP for 5 days, mixed with moistened 20 kg of each untreated AIBP, and allowed to ferment for 7 days, then oven dried. The apparent total nutrient digestibility in microbial-treated WO, BDG, and PKC, was determined using growing pigs (Large White X Hampshire) with an average weight of 21.02 ± 0.63 kg in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Proximate and Apparent Nutrients Digestibility results of the treated AIBPs showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the nutrient content and digestibility of the products. The investigation has shown that Aspergillus niger treatment has beneficial effects as it can affect the bioconversion of WO, BDG, and PKC into better-quality feed ingredients.
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... Pig farmers in the tropics have adopted alternative means of feeding their animals with solely or combinations of agro-industrial by-products such as palm kernel cake, wheat offal, and other alternative feedstuffs such as cassava root meal, cassava plant meal which are readily available, less expensive and competitive due to increased price of conventional feedstuffs and competition with animals (Amaefule et al., 2009). Cassava has long been documented by Nigerian researchers as an appropriate animal feed used as a cheap alternative feedstuff despite its limitations (Adekanye et al.,2013). ...
MINERAL UTILIZATION BY WEANLING AND GROWING PIGS FED DIFFERENT CASSAVA PLANT MEAL PRODUCTS AND MAIZE
Article
  • Sep 2024
The study aimed at evaluating the apparent mineral digestibility of weaning and growing pigs fed cassava plant meal (CPM) and maize-based diets to determine its utilization. Three Cassava plant meal products (CPMPs) were developed comprising of tender stem harvested 5 cm from the top of the plant, unpeeled cassava root (UCRM), and cassava leaves collected after the roots were harvested. They were sundried for 5–7 days and milled. The CPMP I contained 66.67 % UCRM, 27.78 % cassava leaf meal (CLM), and 5.63 % tender stem meal, CPMP 2 contained 71.43 % UCRM, 23.80 % CLM and 4.77 % tender stem meal while CPMP 3 contain 75 % UCRM, 20.83 % CLM and 4.17 % tender stem meal. Sixteen weaner pigs and sixteen growing pigs weighing (9.70±0.57 kg) and (18.50 ±1.30 kg) were randomly allotted to developed CPMPs and maize. The animals were kept in metabolic cages for 7 days and fed 100 % experimental diets. Water was supplied ad libitum while feed was supplied at 4% of their weight. The fecal samples were collected daily, weighed, oven-dried, and analyzed for proximate composition. The sexperiment lasted 21 days. The result of mineral digestibility by weaning pigs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for all minerals except copper. Mineral digestibility of growing pigs showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for all the minerals while CMP 3-fed pigs showed superiority in the utilization of calcium (51.83 %), Mg (53.97 %), and Manganese (97.15 %) compared to other CPMPs. The study concluded that CPM product 3 minerals such as Ca, Mn, Cu, Mg and P are best digested and utilized by weaner and grower pigs compared to CPM Products 1 and 2.
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... Rice husk is reported to contain 2.51% carbohydrate, 25.82% ash but low in crude protein (2.51%) and high in fibre (29.09%) (Ekwe, 2013). Pigs are capable of utilizing fibrous feed stuff but high fiber inclusion in the diet of the pigs is capable of reducing nutrient digestibility (Amaefule et al., 2009) thus resulting in reduced performance due to low net energy value from the diet (Ojediran et al., 2022b).Therefore, the incorporation of rice husk as a cheap fiber sources in pigs diet due to its inherent high fiber content will require a major treatment to improve its protein content, reduce its anti-nutritional content and to enhance its digestibility. Solid state fermentation (SSF) of agro-industrial residues has been proposed as a suitable pre-treatment that could allow the use of this product as animal feed. ...
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... The lower value (P < 0.05) observed in the average daily weight gain of pigs fed BDG-based diets compared to other treatments could be due to differences in fibre sources, level of lignification, and processing methods. These findings agreed with the earlier findings of [19,20]. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the final body weight, average daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio, of pigs, fed treated and untreated diets. ...
Effects of Aspergillus niger treated wheat offal, brewers’ dried grain, and palm kernel cake on growth response, carcass characteristics, and haematology of growing pigs
Article
  • Dec 2022
The effects of Aspergillus niger-treated wheat offal (WO), brewers’ dried grain (BDG), and palm kernel cake (PKC) on growth response, carcass characteristics, and haematology of growing pigs were evaluated. Thirty-six growing pigs with an average weight of 24.32 ± 0.52 kg were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangements of treated and untreated Aspergillus niger at three dietary fibre sources (WO, BDG, and PKC) with three replicates per treatment comprising of two animals in each replicate. All the treatments had 30% levels each of the treated and untreated WO, BDG, and PKC. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratios among treatments. The treatment effect had a significant (p < 0.05) influence on the dressing percent of pigs with a significant (p <0.05) reduction of back fat depth. The haematological parameters were not significantly different among treatments (p >0.05). The study concluded that treatment of WO, PKC, and BDG with Aspergillus niger had no adverse effect on the growth response and haematological parameters but significantly reduced the back fat depth of growing pigs
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... The fibre is lignified and this may hinder its digestibility except it is subjected to chemical or biological treatments. High dietary fibre is implicated in decreased nutrients utilization and low net energy value [14]. Therefore, processing strategies should be engaged to increase the utilisation of the fibrous feed products. ...
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Analysis of Energy Consumption in Poultry Management for Table Egg Production in Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
Energy audit and mass flow studies of commercial agricultural systems are increasingly becoming of utmost importance, due to high operation costs and dependence on energy. This research was designed to study energy input, output and efficiency for daily table egg production from commercially managed poultry birds. Three commercially operated poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria were visited for assessment of management procedures, data collection, equipment observation and personnel interview. The energy required for each management procedure was calculated from standard methods. Each farm housed average of 25,000 actively laying birds and had average daily egg production of 21,250 egg pieces. This amounted to 1169 kg egg and 3000 kg faecal materials production per day from the average energy input of 122,461.12 MJ/day. The highest energy consumption was biological energy which resulted from daily feed consumption of 3000 kg at the rate of 120 g per bird per day. This made up 83.81% of the total energy consumed. These resulted in an energy consumption ratio of 1.05, energy productivity of 0.034 kg/MJ, specific energy of 29.29 MJ/kg and net energy of 6,569.09 MJ/day, respectively. Faecal materials constituted the bulk of the output from the system. Making use of the faecal material in its treated form for the production of feed components would reduce energy costs, increase farmers’ net income and also encourage environmentally efficient processes.
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Yucca schidigera extract decreases nitrogen emission via improving nutrient utilisation and gut barrier function in weaned piglets
Article
  • Oct 2021
  • J ANIM PHYSIOL AN N
Yucca schidigera extract (YE) can decrease ammonia concentration in livestock housing, which could be associated with the inhibition of urease. The aim of this study was to investigate the other possible reasons of dietary YE supplementation reducing nitrogen emission in weaned piglets. A total of 14 crossbred weaned barrows were allotted into two groups fed the diets supplementing 0 and 120 mg/kg YE for 14 days. The YE administration decreased F/G ratio and hindgut NH3 -N production in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary YE supplementation decreased serum urea nitrogen levels, and increased nutrient digestibility, which could be related to the improvement of morphology, digestive and absorptive enzyme activities, and nutrient transporter mRNA expression in jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, mucins and apoptosis-related genes was also improved by YE treatment in jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets (p < 0.05). In addition, dietary YE supplementation regulated the microbiota structure and volatile fatty acid content in distal intestine of weaned piglets (p < 0.05). These results suggest that YE administration can decrease hindgut NH3 -N production in weaned piglets, which is associated with the increased nutrient utilization and gut-barrier function.
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Blending crop residues with poultry litter for ruminant feed formulation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of North-Eastern Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2020
The experiment was doneto assess the possible use of poultry litter as alternative protein sources whenformulating ruminant dietsusing local crop residue. Ten formulations (F1-F10) were developed using locally and commonly used feed ingredients such as wheat offal, sorghum husk (energy source), while groundnut haulms and poultry litter (protein source). The formulation was based on 60% and 40% of energy and protein source feed material(s) respectively. Poultry litter was introduced to see its possible effect on the digestibility rates of some selected crop residues compared.The proximate composition of the feed ingredients, as well as that of the formulations, were determined. Dry matter content was within the range of 89.9-99.7%, 5.77-16.37% CP, 34.00-80.5% CF, 2.0-8.0% Fat, 0.5-13.0% Ash, and 14.64-15.52 GE MJ/Kg.DM. 3g each of the formulations were weighed into nylon bags and incubated for 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours respectively. All the formulations used in this study recorded above 60% dry matter degradability at 24hours period of incubation. This implies that the formulations were highly degradable in the rumen. Significant variation (P<0.05) inthe rate ofdegradation was observed between the formulations except at 48 hours. The cost of production of each of the formulation was also calculated with F8 having highest cost per 100Kg formulation at N 4059 followed by formulation F10 N3883.45 while the lowest cost was obtained in formulation F7 (N2997.50).
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THE EFFECT OF FEEDING PALM KERNEL MEAL ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2021
Thirty two (32) crossbred (Large white llampshire) boars and gilts of average initial weight of 41.55 kg were fed diets containing graded levels of palm kernel mcal (PKM). Pigs were randomly assigned to pens based on initial weight and sex and there were 2 pigs per pen. Palm kernel meal was fed at (a), (b) 21). 55 (c) (d) 61,65% of the diet to replace maize offal and full-fat soya-bean in the 16% crude protein diet for treatments 1 to 4. At the end of the 64-day trial, sixteen pigs (8 boars and 8 gilts) were used for carcass evaluation. Final weight of pigs decreased linearly (P<0.05) as the level of PKM increased in the diet. A quadratic response (P<0.05) was obtained for total gain and average daily gain, Average daily feed intake was not significantly allected by level of PKM fed but feed: gain increased linearly (P<0.05) as the level of PKM increased in the diet. Feed cost per kilogramme gain decreased significantly (P<0.05) as level of PKM increased but feed costs for the control and 20.55% PKM diets were similar. The feeding of PKM had no significant effect on dressing %, percentages of lam, shoulder, loin, belly, loin-eye area and backfat thickness. Organ weights (empty stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen) were not affected by dietary treatment. However, Weight of the liver increased linearly (P<0.05) as level of PKM inclusion increased in the diet. Boars had better gain (P<0.05) and better feed: gain ratio (P<0.01) compared to gilts.
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Influence of different fibre sources in diets for growing pigs on chemical composition of faeces and slurry and ammonia emission from slurry
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2007
  • ANIM FEED SCI TECH
The present study was carried out to investigate how three different fibre sources, sugar beet pulp, soya bean hulls and pectin residue, in diets for growing pigs influenced the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in faeces, pH-value in faeces and slurry, excretion of nitrogen in urine and faeces and ammonia emission from slurry under dynamic conditions. Eight castrated crossbreed pigs (30–80kg live weight) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin-square design with one control diet and three fibre containing diets. The ammonia emission was measured continuously over 46h from an open-air-circuit respiration chamber where faeces and urine were mixed in a slurry tray when voided from the pigs. The total concentration of SCFA in faeces was higher for the fibre diets (143.8–155.0mmol/kg faeces) compared to the control diet (119.6mmol/kg faeces), although it was only significantly higher for the diets with sugar beet pulp and pectin residue. The fibre diets influenced the excretion of nitrogen because nitrogen was repartitioned from urine to faeces. The pH-value in faeces was significantly lower for the fibre diets (6.57–6.73) compared to the control diet (7.00). There was a tendency for a diet effect on the pH-value in slurry (P=0.05), whereas, the ammonia emission was not affected by the dietary treatments. The pectin residue diet, with the lowest pH-value in faeces, resulted in numerically the lowest pH-value in slurry and ammonia emission from slurry. It can be concluded that inclusion of sugar beet pulp, soya bean hulls and pectin residue in diets for growing pigs may alter the chemical composition of faeces and slurry, whereas, the effect on ammonia emission under dynamic conditions requires further investigations.
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Effect of dietary fibre on the energy value of feeds for pigs
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2001
  • ANIM FEED SCI TECH
Dietary fibre (DF) is an inevitable component of organic matter in pig feeds since it is present in most ingredients and to a high extent in by-products (wheat bran or corn gluten feed, for instance) or forages which are more commonly used. In growing pigs, digestibility coefficients of DF average 0.40–0.50 but they range from around zero in high lignin and water-insoluble DF sources (e.g. wheat straw) to 0.80–0.90 in fibre sources with high pectin or water-soluble DF levels (e.g. sugar beet pulp or soybean hulls). This also means that components of DF are digested differently by pigs: lignin is undigested while pectins are almost totally digested; hemicellulose tends to be more digested than cellulose, although both are partly digested. However, even if it is partly digested, DF provides negligible amounts of digestible or metabolisable energy to the growing pig due to increased endogenous protein and fat losses and negative interactions between DF and other dietary components. Digestive utilisation of DF improves with body weight of the pig with the highest values obtained in adult sows. However, this improvement is dependent on the botanical origin of DF. Consequently, DF makes a positive contribution to energy supply in adult sows and it is therefore recommended to give at least two energy values for pig feeds: one for growing pigs and one for adult sows. Digestion of DF is also associated with energy losses as methane. The efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy for net energy is poorer when it originates from DF (0.50–0.60 versus 0.80 for starch). Finally, the actual contribution of dietary fibre to energy balance of the pig can be affected by climatic conditions (heat increment of DF is used for thermoregulation) or changes in behaviour of pigs (lower physical activity with higher DF supply).
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Stylosanthes and cassava leaves as protein supplements to a basal diet of broken rice for local pigs
Article
  • Oct 2004
Four local castrated male pigs of 12.5 to 18.5 kg were used to study the effect of stylosanthes leaves and cassava leaves fed alone or as mixtures on the intake, nutrient digestibility and N balance on a basal diet of broken rice. The broken rice was fed at the rate of 2.5% (DM basis) of live weight. The leaves were fed ad libitum. Feed DM intake was higher when cassava leaves were fed alone or mixed with stylo as compared with stylo as the only supplement. There were no differences among treatments in digestibility of dry matter and N. There appeared to a curvilinear relationship between daily N retention and the proportion of cassava leaves in the foliage. It was concluded that fresh cassava leaves can safely be fed to growing pigs and will support better performance than use of stylosanthes foliage when the basal diet is broken rice.
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The effect of level and type of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on the performance, nutrient utilization and gut environment of pigs around weaning
Article
  • Apr 2006
  • ANIM FEED SCI TECH
The influence of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) level and solubility on performance, digestion site and gut environment was investigated in 20 Swedish Yorkshire litters between 3 and 9 weeks of age. The litters were distributed among five diets based on cereals and cereal by-products. The control diet (C) had a medium content of NSP (147g/kg dry matter (DM)), whereas diets H and Hi had a high content of NSP (188–250g/kg DM), and diets L and Li had a low content of NSP (95–109g/kg DM) after dilution with starch. The proportion of insoluble (i) NSP was higher in diet Hi and Li (0.80–0.85) than in diets C, H and L (0.68–0.73). The pigs offered diet Li showed the highest (P
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