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Indian Honey: A Natural Product with Antibacterial Activity Against Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens, an in vitro Study
Abstract
The present study designed to investigate the antibacterial activity of honey obtained from different state of India. A total of 10 honey samples (five from Uttaranchal state and five from Uttar Pradesh state) were investigated for their antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates of S. epidermidis and E. coli using the disc diffusion method. Marked variations were observed in the antibacterial activity of different sample of honey. Three (60%) of the five Uttaranchal samples and two (40%) of the five Uttar Pradesh samples showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Both Uttaranchal state and Uttar Pradesh state honey samples possess in vitro antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant isolates of S. epidermidis and E. coli bacteria at 400 uL/disc quantity of 60% concentration (v/v).
... The zone of inhibition produced from metheglins were significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other, and increasing the B. ciliata concentration increased the value of produced metheglins, as shown in Fig. 3(b). Mead also had an inhibitory effect on S. aureus and E. coli because of the honey, which contains antibiotics properties as stated by many authors (Amit et al. 2005;Moussa et al. 2012;Sherlock et al. 2010;Taormina et al. 2001). Also, from the data, ethanol at 10% v/v has some antimicrobial properties. ...
Herbs can be used to enhance the quality of beverages therapeutically and organoleptically. This study explored the potential for creating medicinal mead by incorporating local and indigenous herbs into fermentation. Specifically, the effects of adding Bergenia ciliata rhizome to honey must at 5 concentrations, i.e., 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1% w/v during fermentation on the physicochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and α-amylase inhibitory activity, and organoleptic quality of the resulting metheglins were explored at 5% level of significance. The study found that concentrations of rhizome at or above 0.5% decreased fermentation rate, and the optimal concentration for the best overall properties was 0.5% or less. The incorporation of B. ciliata rhizome significantly increased the therapeutic properties of the metheglins, as indicated by increased total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and α-amylase inhibitory activity. Minor changes were observed in volatile acidity and higher alcohol content at higher rhizome concentrations, but overall, the physicochemical properties of the metheglins were largely unaffected. These findings have important implications for promoting the commercial cultivation of precarious Nepalese medicinal plants and honey production.
... Chauhan and his colleagues showed that extracts of honey in methanol, ethanol and ethylacetate solvents can become a potential candidate as a sustainable antibiotic [10]. Honey has antibacterial activity towards a big number of bacteria [11]. The potency of honey to counteract pathogenic action of microbes makes it behooveful to human health, Nevertheless a certain number of factors may affect this potential feature [1]. ...
The pharmaceutical history of honey has been well-known since mid-1900s. This work was performed to assess the antibacterial activity o f h o n e y under different storage conditions. The medium Nutrient agar was used to subculture the test microorganisms and Mueller Hinton agar was used in the antibacterial susceptibility test. The method used to determine the antibacterial activity is the Agar well diffusion method. All collected samples (raw and processed) tested showed to have antibacterial activity. The mean zone of inhibition for raw honey ranged from (22.5±0.942) to (23.3±0.000) for Bacillus subtilis and from (19.0±0.253) to (20.0±0.942) for Staphylococcus aureus while for processed honey the mean zone of inhibition ranged from (15.3±0.944) to (20.0±0.470) for Bacillus subtilis and from (13.3±0.000) to (18.3±0.358) for Staphylococcus aureus. The impact of storage conditions on antimicrobial activity was significant(P<0.05) in samples stored over a period of time at sunlight, high temperature(45°C) and low temperature(4-7°C) when compared to samples before storage. There was no significant change of antibacterial activity of honey stored at room temperature and dark environment compared to the original samples before storage(P>0.05). Raw honey samples have a significant higher antibacterial activity than the processed honey samples. Storage of honey in the cold, high temperature and on sunlight is not recommended because they lead to reduction or nullification of the activity. Room temperature storage is a flawless storage of honey.
... Suspensions of bacterial colony were mixed thoroughly (10 6 bacterial cell/ 100 ml) with nutrient agar (15 mc /plate) and poured into Petri dishes. Wells were made in Petri dishes and 0.2ml of honey sample of different concentrations were poured in each well (Limm, 1998;Kumar et al., 2005). The Petri plates were incubated at 37 0 c temperature for 24hrs. ...
... The manipulation of honey and its possible adulteration is reflected in many of its physicochemical properties such as HMF and sugar. Therefore, to ensure the authenticity, it is necessary to analyze honey samples in detail [4]. The studies of the physico-chemical properties of honey are important for the certification process that determines honey quality. ...
The aim of the present study was to characterize the physical, biochemical and antioxidant properties of south Algeria honey samples (n = 5). Physical parameters, such as pH, moisture content, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, color intensity, total sugar content were measured. Several biochemical and antioxidant tests were performed to determine the antioxidant properties of the honey samples. The mean pH was 4.54, and moisture content was 14.88 %. The mean electrical conductivity was 0.597 mS·cm-1 , and the mean total dissolved solid was 0.14 % and the mean color was 163.6 mm Pfund. The mean total sugar contents was 82.76 %. High mean values of phenolic and flavonoid contents were respectively 697.22 mg GAE·kg-1 and 290.70 mgREE·kg-1. Antioxidant activity was also measured using DPPH assays, value of 26.19 mg·mL-1 was detected for south Algeria (El-Oued) honey.
... As suas características físicas e químicas conferem-lhe propriedades únicas como agente antimicrobiano efectivo. Muitos investigadores têm desenvolvido estudos sobre a actividade anti-microbiana do mel, nomeadamente contra bactérias patogénicas resistentes a antibióticos [2] contra bactérias patogénicas envolvidas em algumas doenças [3] contra bactérias alimentares patogénicas [10] e contra bactérias responsáveis pela deterioração de alimentos [7]. A informação disponível sobre a capacidade do mel para inibir o crescimento de leveduras é limitada, não sendo do nosso conhecimento, a existência de estudos sobre a actividade em leveduras fermentativas, que podem representar um problema comum em méis com elevados teores de humidade (> 20%). ...
... Estudos sobre actividade antibacteriana do mel têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos por muitos investigadores, nomeadamente contra patogénicos resistentes a antibióticos (Nzeako e Hamdi, 2000;Kumar et al., 2005), contra bactérias patogénicas envolvidas em algumas doenças (Mulu et al., 2004;Lusby et al., 2005;Basualdo et al., 2007), contra bactérias alimentares patogénicas (Taormina et al., 2001) e contra bactérias diferente sensibilidade ao mel. Algumas como, Staphylococcus aureus (Estevinho et al., 2008), Staphylococcus epidermidis (Basualdo et al., 2007), Bacillus stearothermophilus (Mundo et al., 2004) são extremamente sensíveis, enquanto outras, Staphylococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (Basualdo et al., 2007), Bacillus cereus (Taormina et al., 2001), Alcaligenes faecalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus (Mundo et al., 2004), Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus subtilis (Küçük et al., 2007) (Basualdo et al., 2007) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Estevinho et al., 2008) parece não ser afectado pelo mel. ...
... Antimicrobial peptide discovery from feces of normal healthy silkworms provides with a logistical option towards invigorating drugs of biological origin that shows ''drug-likeness and biological friendliness'' in comparison to synthetic drug candidates and would be eco-friendly and aqua-soluble, preventing the residual anxiety and toxicity. This would have significant impact as pathogenic microbes have gained resistance to various innovative drugs such as Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin [14,15]. Additionally, the drug toxicity to the host tissue remains a contentious issue with its obvious cost at the market, which leads to inequality in the distribution and procurement. ...
Silkworm fecal matter is considered one of the richest sources of antimicrobial and antiviral protein (substances) and such economically feasible and eco-friendly proteins acting as secondary metabolites from the insect system can be explored for their practical utility in conferring broad spectrum disease resistance against pathogenic microbial specimens.
Silkworm fecal matter extracts prepared in 0.02 M phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4), at a temperature of 60°C was subjected to 40% saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation and purified by gel-filtration chromatography (GFC). SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions showed a single band at about 21.5 kDa. The peak fraction, thus obtained by GFC wastested for homogeneityusing C18reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The activity of the purified protein was tested against selected Gram +/- bacteria and phytopathogenic Fusarium species with concentration-dependent inhibitionrelationship. The purified bioactive protein was subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and N-terminal sequencing by Edman degradation towards its identification. The N-terminal first 18 amino acid sequence following the predicted signal peptide showed homology to plant germin-like proteins (Glp). In order to characterize the full-length gene sequence in detail, the partial cDNA was cloned and sequenced using degenerate primers, followed by 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE-PCR). The full-length cDNA sequence composed of 630 bp encoding 209 amino acids and corresponded to germin-like proteins (Glps) involved in plant development and defense.
The study reports, characterization of novel Glpbelonging to subfamily 3 from M. alba by the purification of mature active protein from silkworm fecal matter. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein was found similar to the deduced amino acid sequence (without the transit peptide sequence) of the full length cDNA from M. alba.
... Antimicrobial peptide discovery from feces of normal healthy silkworms provides with a logistical option towards invigorating drugs of biological origin that shows ''drug-likeness and biological friendliness'' in comparison to synthetic drug candidates and would be eco-friendly and aqua-soluble, preventing the residual anxiety and toxicity. This would have significant impact as pathogenic microbes have gained resistance to various innovative drugs such as Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin [14,15]. Additionally, the drug toxicity to the host tissue remains a contentious issue with its obvious cost at the market, which leads to inequality in the distribution and procurement. ...
Silkworm fecal extract has been identified as promising and richest source of antimicrobial and antiviral proteins (substances). The bioactive proteins have been naturally produced and obtained from the excreta of normal healthy (non-infected) silkworm and thus considered economic, eco-friendly and encourages the use of silkworm as a bioreactor towards agricultural and human health interventions. The present study reports the isolation and purification of a novel protein from silkworm fecal extract by the methods of ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, silica gel-G, gel filtration chromatography and Reverse-Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The purified protein resulted in a major polypeptide of 21 kDa under denaturing gel-electrophoresis conditions. The antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the purified protein were tested against both Gram positive (Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Serratia marcescens, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas rhodesiae, Pseudomonas entomophila and Aeromonas hydrophila) bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. A dose-response relationship with higher activity (lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and greater zone of inhibition) was observed with Bacillus subtilisamong Gram (+) and Pseudomonas entomophila and Aeromonas hydrophila in case of Gram (-) bacteria. Furthur, the activity didn’t significantly change even after incubation at variable temperature regimes, suggesting thermally stable bioactive protein property. The antibacterial activity profile of the bioactive protein purified from silkworm fecal extract reflects the glycoprotein dynamism and therefore can be explored furthur towards study against the fungal pathogens and certain other enveloped viruses.
Apiterapinin Uygulanabilirliğine Dair Kanıtlar
This chapter introduces the production of mead, a traditional alcoholic fermented beverage. It starts with an introduction to mead that includes historical aspects of production and a description of some styles and derivative products. Then, the raw material in mead production, the honey, is characterized in terms of its physicochemical composition and microbiota. Next, we focus on some aspects of mead production, such as the steps involved, the problems associated with the fermentation (the yeast inoculation and the nutrient supplementation of must), and the application of immobilized yeasts to the production. At the end is presented a detailed description of honey and fermentation-derived volatiles, the main contributors to mead aroma. Finally, we present an approach to the sensory evaluation of mead, an indispensable method to assess the beverage quality.
Honey is an ancient remedy for the treatment of infected wounds, which has recently been rediscovered by the medical profession, particularly where conventional modern therapeutic agents are failing. Honey samples were collected from two different geographical regions, i. e Hill (kodaikkanal) and plain (Mannargudi). The antimicrobial activity of honey was performed by well diffusion assay against pathogens i. e, bacteria [Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacter aerogenes, klebsiella], Fungi [Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma viride], yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida], Actinomycetes [Streptomyces] and antibiotic sensitivity test was also performed for these pathogens using some antibiotics [Gentamycin, Auxamine, Tetracycline, Ampicillin].
Silkworm fecal matter is considered to be one of the richest sources of antimicrobial and antiviral protein (substances), which was exploited by preparing fecal matter extract with 0.02 N phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The clear supernatant was subjected to 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialyzed and lyophilized. The above preparation was subjected to further purification by column chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed a major band at 35 kDa along with other associated high molecular weight proteins. The UV-visible spectrum of the partially purified protein indicated the association of tetrapyrrole pigment. This protein showed excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus haemolytius and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Good analgesic activity was also assessed by conducting an acetic acid induced writhing test in mice.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy often results in a failure rate of 10-20%; thus, there is a need to seek alternative treatments. The aim of this study was to screen selected South African honeys for their anti-H. pylori activity, to extract the antimicrobial components using organic solvents and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts.
Three locally produced honeys from different regions in South Africa were screened for anti-H. pylori activity at four different concentrations using the agar well diffusion technique. Subsequently, Pure honey was extracted using n-hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate; extracts were also examined for anti-H. pylori activity by agar well diffusion method. The MICs of the three most active extracts were determined both by visual inspection and spectrophotometric analysis at 620 nm using the broth microdilution method. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at 95% significance level.
All honeys demonstrated anti-H. pylori activity and were most active at 75% v/v. The positive control (clarithromycin) recorded a zone diameter of 18.0 ± 7.4 mm not significantly different (p >0.05) from honeys at 75% v/v and solvent extracts. Chloroform extract recorded the lowest MIC(95) values that ranged from 0.156-5% v/v confirming this extract to be the most active.
All honeys demonstrated anti-H. pylori activity at concentrations ≥10%, as did the solvent extracts. Therefore, these honeys and solvent extracts possess potential compounds with therapeutic activity that could be further exploited as lead molecules in the treatment of H. pylori infections.
Surveys of floral honey composition have established that the three major components are fructose, glucose, and water, averaging 38.2, 31.3 and 17.2%, respectively. Glucose and fructose are the only monosaccharides in honey and it is these sugars, combined in various forms, that comprise the di- and trisaccharide fractions of floral honey. Several laboratories, utilising various chemical and physical methods, have been responsible for the isolation and characterisation of ten disaccharides, ten trisaccharides, and two higher sugars from floral honey. Several of these occur only rarely in nature, and the trisaccharide erlose, produced by the action of honeybee invertase on sucrose, was first discovered as a component of honey. Honeydew honey is produced by the honeybee from honeydew deposits left by various hemipterous insects on their host plant. Honeydew contains a more complex mixture of sugars than does nectar, and honeydew honey is appreciably higher in reducing disaccharides and higher sugars than is floral honey. The trisaccharide melizitose, not found in floral honey, is often present in levels exceeding 10% in honeydew honey. The precipitation of glucose from honey, termed granulation, is often technologically undesirable as it is sometimes followed by fermentation. Indices such as the glucose/water ratio have been used to predict granulation tendency. Small amounts of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) occur naturally in honey, resulting from the acid catalysed dehydration of the hexoses, particularly fructose. High levels of HMF suggest adulteration of honey with acid inverted invert syrup and several methods are available for its determination. The conversion of nectar and honeydew to the complex array of honey sugars by the honeybee involves a variety of chemical and biochemical processes, some of which are now understood, while others remain to be elucidated.
The present study was performed to clarify the possible causes of the antimicrobial activity of honey. A sugar solution resembling honey in its high sugar content was made. The antimicrobial activities of both honey and this solution towards 21 types of bacteria and two types of fungi were examined. The results achieved by both were compared. The difference between them indicated the presence of antimicrobial substance(s) in honey. The kinds of antimicrobial substances (inhibines) in honey are discussed. Hydrogen peroxide is not the only inhibine in honey. In fact, inhibines in honey include many other substances. Two important classes of these inhibines are the flavonoids and the phenolic acids. Flavonoids have often been extracted from honey previously. In this study two phenolic acids (caffeic acid and ferulic acid) were extracted from honey for the first time.
A total of 104 cases of superficial burn injury were studied to assess the efficiency of honey as a dressing in comparison with silver sulfadiazine gauze dressing. In the 52 patients treated with honey, 91 per cent of wounds were rendered sterile within 7 days. In the 52 patients treated with silver sulfadiazine, 7 per cent showed control of infection within 7 days. Healthy granulation tissue was observed earlier in patients treated with honey (mean 7.4 versus 13.4 days). Of the wounds treated with honey 87 per cent healed within 15 days as against 10 per cent in the control group. Relief of pain, a lower incidence of hypertrophic scar and postburn contracture, low cost and easy availability make honey an ideal dressing in the treatment of burns.
The susceptibility of 72 isolates of Candida albicans to the antimicrobial honey distillate fraction (HY-1) and several antimycotic agents is presented. All the isolates were sensitive to HY-1, H-115 and Jadit, while about 10% of the isolates were variably resistant to nystatin, miconazole nitrate and clotrimazole. The nystatin, miconazole nitrate and clotrimazole resistant isolates were inhibited by HY-1.