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Antifungal Activity of Apple Cider Vinegar on Candida Species Involved in Denture Stomatitis
Abstract
PurposeTo evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of apple cider vinegar on Candida spp. involved in denture stomatitis.Material and Methods
The microdilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of apple cider vinegar containing 4% maleic acid, and nystatin (control). Further tests of microbial kinetics and inhibition of adherence to acrylic resin were performed testing different concentrations (MIC, MICx2, MICx4) of the products at time intervals of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. A roughness meter was used to measure the changes in surface roughness; color change of the acrylic resin specimens exposed to the test products in different concentrations and time intervals were also evaluated.ResultsApple cider vinegar (4%) showed MIC of 2500 μg/ml and MFC of 2500, 5000, and 10,000 μg/ml depending on the strain tested. Nystatin showed MIC of 3.125 μg/ml and strain-dependent MFC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 μg/ml. The microbial kinetic assay showed a statistical difference between apple cider vinegar and nystatin (p < 0.0001). After 30 minutes of exposure, apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal effect at MICx4, whereas nystatin maintained its fungistatic effect. Apple cider vinegar showed greater inhibition of adherence (p < 0.001) compared to control. Apple cider vinegar did not significantly alter the surface roughness of the acrylic resin specimens compared to nystatin (p > 0.05), and both had no influence on their color.Conclusion
Apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida spp., thus representing a possible therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis.
... 14,15,17,18 Other products have been investigated as cleaning agents, but they also have limitations. Effervescent tablets, 28,30,31 vinegar, [32][33][34] and hydrogen peroxide [35][36][37][38][39] can reduce microbial counts from dentures but not eliminate them. Additionally, some of them may also be deleterious to metal surfaces. ...
... However, studies investigating the interaction of denture cleansing methods are sparse, [40][41][42] and studies evaluating the combination of different solutions are lacking. Vinegar [32][33][34] and hydrogen peroxide [35][36][37][38][39] have been independently tested for denture disinfection, but a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture has been used only in food science, not in dentistry. 43 In the food industry, a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture has been reported to be more effective in reducing microbial counts in meat cuts than 1% acetic acid solution (vinegar) or 3% hydrogen peroxide alone. ...
... Only the effects of either hydrogen peroxide or vinegar solutions when used alone for denture disinfection have been tested, concluding that both hydrogen peroxide [35][36][37][38][39] and vinegar 32-34 solutions used individually are inefficient in eliminating microbes from dental prostheses and can alter some properties of metal alloys. [3][4][5]19,24,26,30,31,34,37,39 However, the present study found that neither vinegar nor hydrogen peroxide solution when used alone in groups HP and V changed the properties of the cobaltchromium alloy. This probably occurred because the H, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; HP, hydrogen peroxide and water in 1:1 ratio; t 0 , before immersion; t 1 , after immersion; V, vinegar and water in 1:1 ratio; VHP, vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture in 1:1 ratio; W, distilled water (control). ...
... been separately tested for denture disinfection, 4,5,11,14,15 but studies with a mixture of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide in a single solution as an alternative agent for denture disinfection are lacking. In the food industry, the combination of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide has been more effective at reducing bacterial counts than the isolated use of 1% acetic acid or 3% hydrogen peroxide. ...
... These results corroborate previous findings. [2][3][4][5]7,[11][12][13][14][15][16] The present study used a standardized 10-minute disinfection time which may have been insufficient for the antimicrobial action of single solutions. Similar results were found when dentures were immersed in either a 10% red wine vinegar solution during the night or in 100% white wine vinegar for 10 minutes per day for 10 days 5,15 Other studies concluded that the contact time of the vinegar with the denture was an important requirement for its antimicrobial outcomes. ...
... These studies reported that apple cider and alcohol vinegars with 4% acetic acid had fungistatic actions after 30 minutes and fungicidal actions after 120 minutes of yeast exposure. 11,14 The present study demonstrated that increasing concentrations of AAHP were increasingly toxic to keratinocytes, reducing the number of adherent viable cells. It has been reported that pure hydrogen peroxide solution is toxic to keratinocytes and induces oxidative stress responses. ...
Statement of problem:
Soaking dentures in vinegar or hydrogen peroxide does not seem to remove the microorganisms involved with prosthetic stomatitis efficiently. A mixture of these 2 substances may be effective, but studies are lacking.
Purpose:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and cytotoxic activity of vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixtures against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
Material and methods:
For antimicrobial tests, planktonic cells and biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus cultured on acrylic resin disks were exposed to 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; 0.2% peracetic acid; vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixtures at concentration ratios 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1; vinegar-water mixtures at concentration ratios 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1; and hydrogen peroxide-water mixtures at concentration ratios 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by counting viable colony-forming units after disinfection. For cytotoxicity tests, the 1:1 vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture was serially diluted (10-1 to 10-4) and allowed to be in direct contact with HaCaT keratinocytes for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity was quantitatively and qualitatively determined by counting the number of viable cells and analyzing morphological cell changes.
Results:
All vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixtures, sodium hypochlorite, and peracetic acid efficiently eliminated C. albicans and S. aureus (P<.05), whereas vinegar and hydrogen peroxide solutions used separately were not as efficient as the experimental mixtures. The 10-3 and 10-4 dilutions of vinegar-hydrogen peroxide solutions were considered noncytotoxic, whereas dilutions below 10-2 were strongly cytotoxic, comparable with the 10-2 dilution of 0.2% peracetic acid.
Conclusions:
The vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture effectively eliminated C. albicans and S. aureus from acrylic resin. Dilutions equal or below 10-2 of this mixture presented strong cytotoxic effects.
... The amount of biofilm on the denture resin surface, associated to surface roughness, promotes an adequate environment to Candida proliferation [4,5]. C.albicans is the most common species involved in denture stomatitis cases [6]. ...
... For these reasons, alternative therapies to denture stomatitis have been proposed with satisfactory results. Some of the reported therapies are propolis [17], vinegar [5], and topic gel with plant extract [6]. The effect of Buchenavia spp. ...
... Within the limitations of our study, B. tomentosa showed to be a good alternative for DS and the histological profile of B. tomentosa and nystatin groups were quite similar during both studied periods and similar results could be found in studies applying other natural therapies [5,6]. ...
p> Background: Denture stomatitis (DS) is a multifactorial condition that commonly affects denture users and is mainly caused by Candida albicans . Due to the toxic effects of antifungal therapy, new therapies for DS are claimed. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of Buchenavia tomentosa and sodium bicarbonate against C. albicans in a model of DS in rats. Material and Methods: An acrylic resin device simulating a denture base was fixed covering the palate of forty-eight male rats followed by candidiasis induction. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=12): Control, sodium bicarbonate, B. tomentosa and nystatin (positive control). Each group was subdivided according to the period of treatment; 24 hours (n=6) and 48 hours (n=6). Animals were sacrificed and had their devices removed for C. albicans counts and SEM analysis. The palate mucosa was removed and processed for histopathologic analysis. Results: After 24 hours of treatment, both B. tomentosa and nystatin groups reduced significantly C. albicans counts when compared to control (nystatin x control, p<0.01; B. tomentosa x control, p=0.03). The results were confirmed by the histologic analysis. Conclusion: Both the aqueous extract of B. tomentosa and sodium bicarbonate was able to significantly decrease C. albicans counts in an experimental model of DS.</p
... It was also well known to the ancient Chinese; Sung Tse, who is recognized for founding the field of forensic medicine in 10th century China, employed sulfur and vinegar as hand-washing solutions to ward off infections [12]. Its antibacterial properties are not in doubt due to the presence of acetic acid and other organic acids, which have properties that disintegrate the cell membrane of microorganisms, as demonstrated by numerous studies [12,14,15,16,17,18]. For example, in 2018, an article published in the journal Nature showed that it is reasonable to use apple cider vinegar as a disinfectant. ...
... After 30 minutes of exposure, apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal activity at four times the MIC, while nystatin retained fungistatic activity. In addition, apple cider vinegar significantly inhibited microbial adhesion (p < 0.001) compared to the control [18]. ...
Introduction and Aim of the Study: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used for centuries in various cultural and medical contexts globally. This study seeks to explore ACV's traditional and contemporary applications, evaluating scientific evidence for its efficacy and safety. Material and Methods: This review synthesizes information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific sources. Key search terms included "apple cider vinegar," "apple cider vinegar medical use," "apple cider vinegar antimicrobial effect," "apple cider vinegar lipid profile," "apple cider vinegar glucose level," "apple cider vinegar preparation," and "apple cider vinegar historical use." Results: Research supports ACV's traditional role as a disinfectant, demonstrating effectiveness against a range of bacteria and fungi. Both animal and human studies suggest ACV may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels while boosting HDL cholesterol. Evidence indicates ACV can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels, offering benefits for type 2 diabetes management. ACV shows antioxidant properties, potential for lowering blood pressure, and use in certain skin diseases, though further research is needed to confirm these effects. Conclusions: The historical use of ACV in traditional medicine finds partial support in modern scientific research. Its antimicrobial, lipid-modulating, and glucose-regulating properties are documented, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation. Nonetheless, the evidence for its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps remains less definitive. Additional research involving larger, diverse populations is necessary to fully validate ACV's benefits and establish safe usage guidelines.
... The faster growth of A. flavus at aw 0.98 and pH 5.5 compared to pH 3.0 [35] and the fast development of A. niger mycelia in the medium having a pH of around 7.0 [36] support the idea that pH ≥ 5.5 is suitable for boosting the mold development rates. In the PAF adhesives, the acetic acid, organic acids (maleic acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid [37]), and polyphenolic compounds in the ACV may act as antifungal agents [38]. The acids lowered the pH of the flour-based adhesives and the cellular pH of the fungi [39]. ...
... In addition, several researchers have shown that acetate can block the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase by lowering ergosterol synthesis, which influences membranes and, thereby, disrupts fungal development. Acetate decreases the enzyme activity in ergosterol production, causing membrane damage [37]. Due to the salt formation in the ACP/m-PAF systems at ACV concentrations of 0.625% and 1.25% v/v, the salts in the modified flour-based adhesives inhibit fungal growth more effectively than the salt-free adhesives produced from PAF. ...
As a byproduct of bromelain extraction procedures, pineapple stem flour is underutilized. Since water glues derived from gelatinization typically have poor mold resistance, this study aims to produce flour-based value-added products, such as mold-resistant water-based adhesives. To address this issue, this study explored the use of apple cider vinegar (ACV) as a low-cost, non-toxic, commercially available antifungal agent to improve the mold resistance of adhesives. Furthermore, laurate flour was produced via a transesterification of the flour and methyl laurate using a K2CO3 catalyst. Both the unmodified flour and the functionalized flour were employed to prepare water-based adhesives. For both flour systems, adding ACV at concentrations of at least 2.0% v/v enhanced the mold resistance of the adhesives and completely inhibited the development of A. niger mycelia for up to 90 days of storage. The adhesives made from the transesterified flour exhibited a higher shear strength for the paper bonding (ca. 8%) than the unmodified ones. Additionally, the ACV additive had no negative effects on the shear strengths of the water-based adhesives. All of the flour-based adhesives developed in this study had a higher shear strength for paper substrates than two locally available commercial water glues.
... Apple cider vinegar, or cider vinegar, is vinegar made from fermented apple juice. Generally was used in salad dressings, marinades, vinaigrettes, and food preservatives [28]. In dentistry it is commonly used as disinfectant solution for cleaning plaque and debris from the acrylic dentures [29,30]. ...
... However, a low pH apple cider vinegar is less biocompatible and causes death of keratinocytes due to the presence of peracetic acid [31]. Mota et al. (2006), observed that incorporation of apple cider vinegar to PMMA resin decreased adherence of fungi without significantly affecting surface roughness and color characteristics [28]. ...
Denture stomatitis (DS) is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting edentulous patients, due to the colonization of candida albicans on the fitting surface dentures. Despite its multifactorial aetiology, most of the attempts at addressing this problem have been dedicated to the development of dentures or associated materials with antimicrobial activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the published literature on the development of denture base materials with antimicrobial activity and their properties. The published literature indicates that antimicrobial activity to the denture base materials was induced either by physically blending or chemically copolymerizing the antimicrobial agents into the polymeric matrix. A variety of materials such as chlorhexidine, silver and silver-based compounds, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NP), and quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), etc., have been physically blended with the denture base materials. Antimicrobial monomers such as methacryloyloxy dodecylpyridinium bromide (MDPB), methacryloyloxy undecylpyridinium bromide (MUPB), quaternary ammonium (QA), dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM), 2-tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (TBAEMA), methacryloxylethylcetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMAE-CB), acrylamide monomer (AAm), 2-methacryloxylethyl dodecyl methyl ammonium bromide (MAE-DB), 2-methacryloxylethyl hexadecyl methyl ammonium bromide (MAE-HB), 2-dimethyl-2-dodecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine (DDMAI) and 2-Dimethyl-2-hexadecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodine (DHMAI), etc. have been copolymerized with methyl methacrylate to impart antimicrobial activity. These attempts have shown promising antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. However, significant differences in their antimicrobial activity as well as in their properties were noted. Incorporation of antimicrobial monomers to PMMA denture base resin decreased the biofilm formation with a consequent reduction in the acid production and metabolic activity of microbes. Such modifications showed promise as possible alternatives against Candida associated denture stomatitis.
... Mechanical cleaning may not be as effective as demanded due to the irregular surface texture of the dentures and the limited hand manipulation of the senior population (8,9). According to the literature, different chemical agents have been studied to disinfect denture base and soft materials; however, none of them has demonstrated superiority over any other (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Furthermore, some adverse effects, including allergic reactions and oral mucosal tissue irritations, due to toxic ingredients of related disinfectants have been reported. ...
... Disinfectant solutions are good options to achieve proper hygiene in denture base and/or reline materials. According to the literature, sodium hypochlorite (10), chlorhexidine digluconate (10), sodium perborate (11), glutaraldehyde (13), and different natural ingredients (12,14) have been tested. Despite the significant reduction in bacteria and Candida spp. ...
Objective: Polyhexanide (PHMB; polyhexamethylene biguanide) is a well-known antiseptic agent; however, no data exist for its applicationon denture base and lining materials. In the present in vitro study, the aim was to compare viable bacterial or fungal cell numbers and theiradhesion on different types of denture base and lining materials in diverse concentrations of PHMB.Methods: Light-activated urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane, and autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate discs were prepared for each group (n = 10). 1×108 CFU/mL of all the testedspecies were appended separately to discs, and they were immersed into different PHMB suspensions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%) for 10 minutes.The antimicrobial activity and number of adherent species on the surface were evaluated.Results: In the PMMA group, all studied species except C. albicans, L. acidophilus, and S. aureus were decreased in various concentrations (p <0.05), and all studied species presented a significant decrease in every concentration of PHMB in the UDMA group (p < 0.01) in comparison to thecontrol. N. sicca, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguis, C. pseudotuberculosis, and S. aureus (p < 0.05) were reduced in the heat-polymerizedpolydimethylsiloxane group, while all tested species except B. subtilis were decreased in the autopolymerizing polyethylmethacrylate group incomparison to the control (p < 0.01). Among all tested materials and species, no significant difference was detected in adherent cell number(p > 0.05).Conclusion: PHMB suspension, in various concentrations, can reduce some species of bacterial and yeast cells.
... Various natural products have been newly proposed for the use as irrigants through canal therapy due to their antimicrobial activity and fewer side effects. The use of apple vinegar (ACV) in the bio-mechanical preparation has also been evaluated and has shown its bactericidal action (5). ...
... Recently, more concern is given towards natural products for root canal cleanliness. Apple cider vinegar is one of the natural acids which is biocompatible and easily available at reasonable cost (5). Dornelles-Morgental et al (16) reported the bactericidal activity of apple vinegar against E. faecalis which is supposed to be an important cause of failure of root canal therapy. ...
... also decreased blood triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein levels in rats which had induced cholesterol induced hepatic steatosis 33 . In an infection induced model of denture stomatitis, ACV addition resulted in anti-fungal activity against Candida Spp which was comparable to nystatin in terms of reducing microbial adherence and destruction 37 . Severe infections, autoimmunity or transplantation can inevitably lead to ineffective immunity in patients. ...
... Future studies would establish whether ACV could be used as a potential therapeutic, In vivo models of infection could be induced by infusing microbes systemically into mice followed by treatment with or without intraperitoneal ACV. Intragastric ACV has been fed to animals used as models of obesity and infection in the past 18,37,39 . ACV efficacy could be evaluated by measuring microbial burden, serum cytokine levels, leukocyte counts and tissue pathology. ...
... also decreased blood triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein levels in rats which had induced cholesterol induced hepatic steatosis 33 . In an infection induced model of denture stomatitis, ACV addition resulted in anti-fungal activity against Candida Spp which was comparable to nystatin in terms of reducing microbial adherence and destruction 37 . Severe infections, autoimmunity or transplantation can inevitably lead to ineffective immunity in patients. ...
... Future studies would establish whether ACV could be used as a potential therapeutic, In vivo models of infection could be induced by infusing microbes systemically into mice followed by treatment with or without intraperitoneal ACV. Intragastric ACV has been fed to animals used as models of obesity and infection in the past 18,37,39 . ACV efficacy could be evaluated by measuring microbial burden, serum cytokine levels, leukocyte counts and tissue pathology. ...
The global escalation in antibiotic resistance cases means alternative antimicrobials are essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial capacity of apple cider vinegar (ACV) against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition varied for each microbial species. For C. albicans, a 1/2 ACV had the strongest effect, S. aureus, a 1/25 dilution ACV was required, whereas for E-coli cultures, a 1/50 ACV dilution was required (p < 0.05). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in dose dependent downregulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6). Results are expressed as percentage decreases in cytokine secretion comparing ACV treated with non-ACV treated monocytes cultured with E-coli (TNFα, 99.2%; IL-6, 98%), S. aureus (TNFα, 90%; IL-6, 83%) and C. albicans (TNFα, 83.3%; IL-6, 90.1%) respectively. Proteomic analyses of microbes demonstrated that ACV impaired cell integrity, organelles and protein expression. ACV treatment resulted in an absence in expression of DNA starvation protein, citrate synthase, isocitrate and malate dehydrogenases in E-coli; chaperone protein DNak and ftsz in S. aureus and pyruvate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose bisphosphate were among the enzymes absent in C.albican cultures. The results demonstrate ACV has multiple antimicrobial potential with clinical therapeutic implications.
... Apple vinegar and other fruit vinegars have been found to have in vitro antimicrobial properties against bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus [37,[79][80][81], and against certain fungi, including Candida albicans spp. [37,79,82]. Some papers indicate that these vinegars may also improve skin barrier integrity in atopic dermatitis [83][84][85]. ...
Fruits are excellent sources of substrate for various fermented products, including fruit vinegars, which are typically produced by submerged fermentation. Some evidence suggests that fruit vinegar consumption can alleviate certain disorders, including hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and hyperglycemia. Fruit vinegars also have bacteriostatic and antihypertensive actions. Recent studies also suggest that apple vinegar may offer benefits in treating insulin resistance, osteoporosis, and certain neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease; it may also support weight loss. Recent studies in animal and human models have considerably broadened our understanding of the biological properties of not only fruit vinegars but also oxymels, i.e., mixtures of vinegar and honey or sugar. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding vinegars and oxymels, with a special emphasis on their chemical composition and the mechanisms behind their biological activity and pro-health potential. The multidirectional effects of fruit vinegars and oxymels result from the synergy of different chemical compounds, including organic acids (mainly acetic acid), phenolic compounds, vitamins, minerals, and fermentation products. However, more studies are needed to understand the interactions between all the different components, not only the phenolic compounds and organic acids. In addition, more research is needed on their mechanisms of action. Although no serious side effects have been noted to date, further studies with large sample sizes are needed to understand the possible side effects of long-term fruit vinegar and oxymel use.
... Vinegar has been shown to have antifungal activity, making it a potential therapeutic option for people with skin diseases [29] . Vinegar was one of the ancient foods utilized as folk medicine during the time of Hippocrates because it was used to cure wounds [30] . ...
Most people experience skin conditions like Dadru (ring worm) on a daily basis. The skin is the biggest organ in the human body and protects the body from pathogen invasion. In Ayurveda, all skin disorders were addressed under the term Kushta (skin diseases). Dadru is one of the most common skin disorders according to Ayurveda. The affected population is 15% of the total. Cassia fistula (Āragvadha) grinded with Kādi (Vinegar) was the chosen paste from an authentic text and this review's objective was to investigate how this selected paste from the Bhaisajyaratnāvali text manages to treat Dadru. Information about Dadru was acquired from Ayurvedic scriptures, contemporary texts and earlier research studies (from primary and secondary sources). A survey of the literature was done on this paste and examined for their Pancha Padārtha (5 elements of herb) and pharmacological qualities regarding in the management of Dadru. Ayurvedic Pancha Padārtha study has revealed that selected paste has anti-fungal effects. The majority of studies have demonstrated the anti-fungal effects of selected paste, but some articles have also highlighted additional qualities that aid in lowering infection in Dadru having individuals. According to a literature review and Pancha Padārtha analysis selected paste is useful in the treatment of Dadru.
... Vinegar has been shown to have antifungal activity, making it a potential therapeutic option for people with skin diseases [29] . Vinegar was one of the ancient foods utilized as folk medicine during the time of Hippocrates because it was used to cure wounds [30] . ...
Most people experience skin conditions like Dadru (ring worm) on a daily basis. The skin is the biggest organ in the human body and protects the body from pathogen invasion. In Ayurveda, all skin disorders were addressed under the term Kushta (skin diseases). Dadru is one of the most common skin disorders according to Ayurveda. The affected population is 15% of the total. Cassia fistula (Āragvadha) grinded with Kādi (Vinegar) was the chosen paste from an authentic text and this review's objective was to investigate how this selected paste from the Bhaisajyaratnāvali text manages to treat Dadru. Information about Dadru was acquired from Ayurvedic scriptures, contemporary texts and earlier research studies (from primary and secondary sources). A survey of the literature was done on this paste and examined for their Pancha Padārtha (5 elements of herb) and pharmacological qualities regarding in the management of Dadru. Ayurvedic Pancha Padārtha study has revealed that selected paste has anti-fungal effects. The majority of studies have demonstrated the anti-fungal effects of selected paste, but some articles have also highlighted additional qualities that aid in lowering infection in Dadru having individuals. According to a literature review and Pancha Padārtha analysis selected paste is useful in the treatment of Dadru.
... On the other hand, antifungal activity of vinegar was established against Candida albicans spp. involved in dental stomatitis [104]. The combination of apple vinegar with the Endovac irrigation system shows promising results in irradiating Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212) [44]. ...
The popularity of fruits vinegar (FsV) has been increased recently as a healthy drink wealthy in bioactive compounds that provide several beneficial properties. This review was designed in the frame of valorization of fruits vinegar as a by-product with high value added by providing overall information on its biochemical constituents and beneficial potencies. It contains a cocktail of bioactive ingredients including polyphenolic acids, organic acids, tetramethylperazine, and melanoidins. Acetic acid is the most abundant organic acid and chlorogenic acid is the major phenol in apple vinegar. The administration of fruits vinegar could prevent diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress, cancer, and boost immunity as well as provide a remarkable antioxidant ability. The production techniques influence the quality of vinegar, and consequently, its health benefits.
... Moreover, imidazolium cation containing ILs are already used for denture cleaning applications [27][28][29]. The incorporation of natural terpene alcohol, (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol in the structure of ILs follows the trend of researching more natural products in CADS treatment (such as: apple cider, probiotics, curcumin, tea tree oil or fulvic acid) [14,32,33]. ...
Infections with Candida spp. are commonly found in long-time denture wearers, and when under immunosuppression can lead to stomatitis. Imidazolium ionic liquids with an alkyl or alkyloxymethyl chain and a natural (1R,2S,5R)-(−)-menthol substituent possess high antifungal and antiadhesive properties towards C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. We tested three compounds and found they disturbed fungal plasma membranes, with no significant hemolytic properties. In the smallest hemolytic concentrations, all compounds inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation on acrylic, and partially on porcelain and alloy dentures. Biofilm eradication may result from hyphae inhibition (for alkyl derivatives) or cell wall lysis and reduction of adhesins level (for alkyloxymethyl derivative). Thus, we propose the compounds presented herein as potential anti-fungal denture cleaners or denture fixatives, especially due to their low toxicity towards mammalian erythrocytes after short-term exposure.
... Recent studies have shown the multiple health benefits brought with by apple vinegar consumption, such as attenuation of oxidative stress, reduction of obesity risk, balancing the cholesterol levels, antifungal activity [168,169]. Budak et al. [170] assessed the effect of consumption of apple cider vinegars obtained with different fermentation techniques (surface method with maceration, submersion method with maceration, surface method and submersion method) on the blood lipids in high-cholesterol fed rats. The addition of 10% apple pomace was used in the maceration step to increase the polyphenolic contents. ...
As an easily adapted culture, with overloaded production in some parts of the globe, apples and their by-products are being redirected to pharmaceutical, canning and beverages industries , both alcoholic and non-alcoholic. Fermentation is generally considered to increase the bioa-vailability of bioactive compounds found in apple, by impacting, through a high degree of changes, the product's properties, including composition and health-promoting attributes, as well as their sensory profile. Probiotic apple beverages and apple vinegar are generally considered as safe and healthy products by the consumers. Recently, contributions to human health, both in vivo and in vitro studies, of non-alcoholic fermented apple-based products have been described. This review highlighted the advances in the process optimization of apple-based products considering vinegar, cider, pomace, probiotic beverages and spirits' technologies. The different processing impacts on physical-chemical, nutritional and sensory profiles of these products are also presented. Additionally , the harmful effects of toxic compounds and strategies to limit their content in cider and apple spirits are illustrated. New trends of fermented apple-based products applicability in tangential industries are summarized.
... 5,7,19 The apple vinegar is another solution with fungicidal activity against Candida albicans after 120 min of immersion at concentrations of 10 mg/ml. 32 It is important to emphasise that these disinfectant solutions should be effective against microorganisms without causing harmful effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the materials used for base or relining of dentures. The effects of soaking on chlorhexidine on the physical and mechanical properties of denture base and reline acrylic resins are still contradictory. ...
Purpose:
This study investigated the effect of long-term daily chemical disinfection on the topographic and Candida albicans biofilm formation on a denture base resin and a reline acrylic resin.
Material and methods:
Circular samples (14 × 1.2 mm) were fabricated from a denture base (Vipi Wave) and reline acrylic resins (Tokuyama Rebase Fast II). Samples were kept in 50 ml of distilled water (48 h at 37°C). Subsequently, the samples were immersed in five different solutions: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; 3.8% sodium perborate; 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; apple vinegar containing 4% maleic acid; and distilled water (control group). The specimen was immersed in the solutions for 8 h daily and transferred to distilled water at 37°C for more 16 h. The surface topographic and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) biofilm formation were evaluated at baseline (before chemical disinfection) and after 1, 3 and 6 months of immersion. The surface topographic was evaluated by arithmetical roughness average (Ra) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the biofilm formation was evaluated by colony-forming units (CFU/ml) method and Alamar Blue assay (cell metabolism). The results were evaluated by three-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and post-hoc tests (α = 0.05).
Results:
The results showed statistically significant effects from the type of acrylic resin (p = 0.029) and time (p <0.001) on the roughness of the specimen. In general, the reline resin had higher roughness than the denture base resin. In addition, the roughness of the samples after 1, 3 and 6 months of immersion in the cleaning solutions was higher than at baseline. In relation to the microbiological assays, there were no statistically significant differences (p >0.055) in the CFU/ml values of the biofilms among the different resins, periods of time and cleaning solutions. Considering the metabolism of the cells within the biofilms, the results showed that, at baseline, it was statistically significantly higher (p <0.05) than after 1, 3 and 6 months of storage. The SEM images showed that all disinfectant solutions provided surface changes of both acrylic resins (base and reline) after 1, 3 and 6 months of immersion.
Conclusions:
The roughness of both acrylic resins was affected by the disinfection in all cleaning agents, increasing over time, and this effect was more evident in the reline acrylic resin group. This surface change was also observed in the SEM images. While the number of cells within the biofilms was not affected by immersion in the cleaning agents, their metabolism was lower after 1, 3 and 6 months of immersion.
... In an infection induced model of denture stomatitis, acetic acid resulted in anti-fungal activity against Candida Spp which was comparable to nystatin in terms of reducing microbial adherence and destruction. 11 Yagnik et al found that 5% acetic acid restricted growth for C. albicans on culture plates. 8 On disc diffusion assay, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown high susceptibility to 25% acetic acid. ...
p class="keywords">Vinegar is widely available as a food ingredient for flavouring and as a preservative. It is one of the oldest skin remedy known to mankind. However, its status in treatment regimens has declined over the decades. This article is an attempt to highlight its therapeutic armamentarium in dermatology, venereology and leprosy. Acetic acid in vinegar has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. This review talks about various studies of acetic acid for various indications, such as screening for cervical cancer, healing of chronic wounds, atopic dermatitis, onychomycosis, marine dermatoses, acne vulgaris, warts, in sclerotherapy and many others dermatoses. Combination therapies and newer indications are also described in this article. Recently, its antiviral action in vitro has been demonstrated against the ongoing coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.</p
... Apple cider vinegar (ACV) also has antifungal activity against candida species involved in denture stomatitis. 74 In 2011 Hyson wrote a comprehensive review on apples and apples constituents followed by a connective link between the apple products with different chronic diseases and their relationship with human health. 75 This review contained various in vitro studies and clinical data analysis supported to apple products. ...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological degenerative condition described by a progressive decline in memory and associated with dementia. This disease arises usually after 65 years in individuals. Oxidative stress is the major cause of dementia connected with Alzheimer's disease. Here there is an imbalance between the creation and clearance of amyloid β protein, which leads to accumulation of amyloid β plaque in the brain and produces neuronal cell death. Anti-Alzheimer's medications help to cover the symptoms of disease but do not cure the cause of disease. Confirmatory studies suggest that a healthy diet of fruits and green vegetables containing phenolic combinations may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apple cider vinegar (ACV) contains phenolic compounds like catechin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acids and p-coumaric acid having high antioxidant potential. Phenolic compounds are not essential for survival but it can protect against various chronic diseases. Various researches showed that phenolic compounds cure β amyloid and tau protein correlated problems associated with AD. Regular consumption of these healthy substances in the diet may prevent the neuronal cells from oxidative stress which leads to AD. The purpose of this review is to highlight the health benefit role, functional property and therapeutic uses of Apple Cider Vinegar.
... Pinto et al. (2008) has been analyzed that if 10 mL vinegar is mixed with 90ml of water and spread or smoke overnight results to destruction of C.albican. Mota et al. (2014) said that if 4 mL of apple cider vinegar is taken and then it mixed with 96 mL of water it shows antifungal parameters against Candida spp. ...
Vinegar having near about 5% acetic acid incorporated in water. Traditionally
vinegar implemented in food preservations applications. Vinegar production mechanizations
assortments implementation of wooden carks, traditional process (Orleans), Generator
process for operation of submerged fermentation. Incorporation of Acetobacter species for
transformation of ethyl alcohol into acetic acid. Vinegar has numerous medicinal as well as
theoretic potentials. It has great influence on brain. Physical as well as chemical attributes of
vinegar are analyzed. The aim of this article are to study historical aspects, chemical
formulation during fermentation, production methods and mechanizations, varieties,
functional parameters, safety, quality control and electrochemistry application.
Keywords: Vinegar, Acetic acid, Functional properties, Mechanization, AAB
... It is a low-cost and good flavor acid seasoning fruit vinegar beverage with high nutritional values. Additionally, previous works reported that apple vinegar has various potential pharmacological functions, such as antifungal properties, oral inflammation improvement (Mota, de Castro, de Araújo Oliveira, & de Oliveira Lima, 2015), hyperlipidemia prevention (Budak et al., 2011), disaccharide activity inhibition, and diabetes reduction. ...
Based on SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, it could be found that the production of acetic acid, phenethyl acetate, and isoamyl acetate gradually increased in the apple vinegar fermentation broth with the fermentation time. Consequently, in order to systematically explore the dynamic changes of microbial diversity and metabolites in the process of apple vinegar fermentation, 16S rDNA were sequenced and analyzed in this work. The present results showed that bacterial diversity was rich and exhibited a certain variation during the dynamic fermentation process of apple vinegar. Furthermore, Lactococcus and Oenococcus were the predominant bacteria in the pre‐fermentation (alcoholic fermentation) of apple vinegar, while the dominant bacteria in the middle and late fermentation stages (acetic acid fermentation) were Lactococcus and Acetobacter. In addition, during the whole fermentation process of apple vinegar, Lactococcus was the most dominant bacteria, Oenococcus was the unique species in the stage of alcohol fermentation, and Acetobacter increased rapidly in the stage of acetic acid fermentation. In conclusion, our finding provided a theoretical basis for the processing technology of apple vinegar fermentation, and a theory evidence for the safety and health assessment of apple vinegar.
... Unfortunately, there are only reports of the antifungal activity of alcoholic vinegar for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis, both ATCCs (Mota et al. 2014;Castro et al. 2015). In relation to filamentous fungi, no report was found in the literature, this becoming the first study that indicates an antifungal activity of this solution in filamentous fungi. ...
This quantitative and qualitative study aimed to evaluate the level of fungal contamination in computer keyboards from an Integrated Health Center (IHC) at Piauí, Brazil, and to evaluate the efficacy of 50% sodium bicarbonate and 50% alcoholic vinegar solutions to eliminate these microorganisms. Ten keyboards from six sectors of the IHC were chosen randomly, and the collection was performed in three situations: (i) before of disinfection, (ii) after disinfection with solution of sodium bicarbonate, and (iii) after disinfection with solution of alcoholic vinegar. Samples were inoculated in Petri dishes with dextrose agar potato plus chloramphenicol and incubated at room temperature for 72 h. All keyboards were contaminated with opportunistic fungi, with Cladosporium cladosporioides (29.4%) being the most frequent species, followed by Curvularia lunata (17.6%) and Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia clavata with 11.8% each. The two solutions were proven to be efficient in eliminating fungal contamination; however, the sodium bicarbonate solution caused esthetic damages in keyboards. In addition, this study is the first report of the antifungal activity of alcoholic vinegar in filamentous fungi. Based on our findings, we suggest a daily disinfection of keyboards with a 50% vinegar solution plus adequate hygiene from the hands of professionals before and after the use of the computer and its annexes, as key actions to reduce nosocomial infections, particularly in economically disadvantaged countries.
... They have manifested anti-fungal activity in vitro but have limited clinical testing to substantiate efficacy. These include tea tree oil [14][15][16], apple cider vinegar [17], coconut oil, garlic and extracts from the Golden Seal plant (Hydrastis canadensis ). ...
Ringworm is a frequently encountered infection commonly known as tinea. Most topical treatments are chemical-based and typically work against mild tinea infections, but are not effective in treating severe cases. There are a few potent oral chemical drugs against severe tinea including nail fungal (onychomycosis) infections, but they have serious toxic side effects like liver damage which have been known to result in deaths. Chemical-based anti-fungals are contraindicated for pregnant and breast-feeding women. Topical treatments based on natural products exist and are preferred but they are generallynot supported by sufficient clinical evidence on efficacy and safety. An exception is AMYCOT®, a novel extract derived from Spirulina, a cyanobacterium or blue-green algae used as a food supplement for centuries. It has shown positive outcomes in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, as a natural alternative for the treatment of ringworm and onychomycosis.
... 15 Apple vinegar contains a lower concentration of acetic acid (5%) than white wine vinegar (24%) or lemon vinegar (37%). 16 According to Mota et al, 17 apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida spp., thus representing a possible therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis. ...
Statement of problem:
The daily immersion of dentures in disinfectant solutions can cause the incorporation of toxic substances in the acrylic resins, and studies evaluating the cumulative effect of disinfectant solutions on cell culture are lacking.
Purpose:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of cell cultures of denture base and reline acrylic resins after immersion in disinfectant solutions.
Material and methods:
Disk-shaped specimens (14×1.2 mm) were obtained and divided into groups (n=9) according to the disinfectant solutions (distilled water [control], 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 3.8% sodium perborate, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and apple vinegar) and to the storage period (0, 1, 3, and 6 months). Solutions were changed daily. After the different storage periods, specimens were immersed in culture medium for 24 hours, and extracts were obtained. Human keratinocytes were cultivated, and the cellular metabolism was evaluated by using Alamar Blue. Data were submitted to 3-way analysis of variance and Games-Howell post hoc tests (α=.05).
Results:
Both of the acrylic resins tested showed similar biocompatibility properties after immersion in different solutions (P=.400). Immersion in distilled water, 3.8% sodium perborate, and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite did not affect the cellular metabolism of the keratinocytes (P>.05), regardless of the immersion period and the type of acrylic resin (P>.05). Immersion in 2% chlorhexidine digluconate or apple vinegar resulted in high cytotoxicity over time, until the third month (P<.05), after which no changes were observed (P>.05).
Conclusions:
The type of acrylic resin (base or reline) had no significant effect on the viability of cells. Vinegar and chlorhexidine digluconate solutions increased in cytotoxic effect over time, and were strongly cytotoxic after 6 months of immersion. Sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite were noncytotoxic in all periods of time tested.
... 23 On the literature, it is noticed the great interest in new natural actives and herbal medicines, due its antimicrobial properties and/ or antiinflammatory, being, in the last years, many them reported. Among them, it can be found spread describe actives like vinegar from the apple, 25 black-pepper, 19 garlic, sage, mastic gum, 23 melaleuca, rosemary, citronella, 20 propolis and pomegranates. 26 As emphasis, it is the grape (Vitis vinifera). ...
Objective: This research analyzed in vitro the antifungal activity of the solution composed by grapes seed extract Vitis vinifera (Doctor’s A-Z®) against Candida albicans (ATCC 20231) species aiming to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC). Methods: To that, were used micro dilution boards of 96 wells where the strain of Candida. Was tested the diluted solutions in distilled water on the concentrations 0.20 g/mL, 0.30 g/mL and 0.40 g/mL. As growing control were used growing fungous, to test the viability of the strains. As positive control, was used nystatin (commercial suspension 100,000 UI/mL) and as sterility control of growing way. The tests were conducted in triplicate and the data obtained were analyzed through the exam Kruskal-Wallis, with significance level of 95% (p<0.05). Results: The results indicated that all the samples were sensible to the analyzed extract and the CIM was obtained with the solution of 0.30 g/mL (30%). However, wasn’t observed a fungicide effect (MFC) on the tested concentrations. Conclusion: We conclude that the grapes seed extract can be an alternative against the gender Candida, however are necessary larger studies to prove their ant fungous action.
... [20] A study by Mota et al. in 2014 concluded that apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against C. albicans and can be used as a therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis. [21] In our present study, both 5% sodium hypochlorite and apple cider vinegar showed similar antimicrobial effect in this in vitro study against E. faecalis (Table 1). However, against C. albicans, 20% of apple cider vinegar showed turbidity; subculture was positive for the same brain heart infusion agar. ...
The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of apple cider vinegar against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans with 5% sodium hypochlorite. Fresh strains of E. faecalis and C. albicans were cultured. The antimicrobial efficacy of apple cider vinegar and 5% sodium hypochlorite against both the strains were assessed individually using antimicrobial susceptibility testing - microtiter plate method. In Group A (E. faecalis + test group), both the test groups showed similar results, that is, 20% of sodium hypochlorite and 20% of apple cider vinegar showed turbidity and the subculture also was positive for the same. In Group B (C. albicans + test group), only 20% of apple cider vinegar showed turbidity; subculture was positive for the same. Apple cider vinegar is as effective as 5% sodium hypochlorite in its antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans.
... Vinegar has a fungicidal action 4 which is a very desirable characteristic considering the positive relation between fungus, such as Candida species, and denture stomatitis. 21 Furthermore, vinegar is inexpensive, easy to obtain, and, unlike sodium hypochlorite, it does not cause mucosal irritation if not completely eliminated from the denture after use. 26 Excellent antimicrobial activity was found for 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, which agrees with other studies. ...
Purpose:
To investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of different chemical agents used for denture cleaning.
Materials and methods:
Biofilm samples collected from 10 removable dentures were subjected to 10 disinfection protocols: distilled water for 30 min (negative control); 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min (positive control); diluted sodium hypochlorite for 10 min; vinegar for 20 min; 0.2% peracetic acid for 5 min; alkaline peroxide solution for 5 min; alkaline peroxide solution for 30 min; 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate for 10 min; 0.05% sodium salicylate solution for 10 min; and enzymatic detergent for 2 min. Each of the samples was plated on petri dishes with Mueller-Hinton agar. The numbers of microbial colonies after 48 h at 37°C were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (α = 0.05).
Results:
Diluted sodium hypochlorite, vinegar, and chlorhexidine digluconate inhibited bacterial growth, with an effect similar to that of 1% sodium hypochlorite. The 0.2% peracetic acid and 0.05% sodium salicylate solutions were ineffective against bacterial growth, while enzymatic detergent and alkaline peroxide achieved an intermediate effect.
Conclusion:
Diluted sodium hypochlorite, vinegar, and chlorhexidine digluconate can be considered adequate products for cleaning dentures due to their potential for inhibiting bacterial growth, similar to 1% sodium hypochlorite. However, the effect of these chemical agents on acrylic resin (polymethylmethacrylate) denture base materials needs to be examined to provide complete information about their clinical indication.
... Pinto et al. [47] have observed a decreasing amount of C. albican after soaking the denture in 10% vinegar solution for a night. Furthermore, Mota et al. [48] have reported that 4% apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal effect against Candida spp. after 30 min exposure. ...
Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite with 5% apple cider vinegar using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) against Enterococcus faecalis in contracted endodontic access cavity on mandibular molars.
Methods
Contracted access cavity was prepared in 30 extracted human permanent mandibular molar teeth. The root canals were incubated with strain of E. faecalis MTCC 9845 (Strain designation – HBL/BAC– 002/08–09) using 15 K-type manual file for 3 weeks. At this point, the S1 sample was collected using 15 paper points. The extracted teeth were randomly divided into two groups: sodium hypochlorite group and apple cider vinegar group. After mechanical instrumentation up to 25/04 rotary files HyFlex CM (Coltene Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) and use of respective irrigants (3% sodium hypochlorite and 5% apple cider vinegar) using PUI, S2 sample was collected using 25 size paper point. The cultivated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and the number of bacterial colonies was counted as colony-forming units (CFUs)/mL. Data obtained from S1 and S2 were tabulated and subjected to Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and Mann–Whitney test.
Results
There was a significant reduction in microbial count in both groups ( P < 0.05) when preoperative CFUs were compared with postoperative. There was slightly higher reduction in the apple cider vinegar group in S2 sample, as compared to the sodium hypochlorite group, but it was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Antimicrobial activity of 5% apple cider vinegar is similar to 3% sodium hypochlorite.
Aim:
To perform in vitro analysis of antioxidant and antiurolithiasis to carry out GC-MS-based metabolite profile.
Materials & methods:
The effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) in vitro, antioxidant and GC-MS analysis was evaluated. The antioxidant studies were performed. In vitro techniques included nucleation, aggregation and growth assay.
Results & conclusion:
The presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and carbohydrates was shown. Concentrations from 5-30 μg/ml could dissolve calcium oxalate (p < 0.05) in vitro. The IC50 value of ACV in DPPH was found to be around 7 μg/ml and the IC50 value of the ACV in ABTS assay was around 9 μg/ml. Different phytocompounds were obtained from GC-MS analysis. ACV can be consumed to prevent kidney stones which seems helpful to the current therapy.
Statement of problem:
Symptomatic denture stomatitis (DS) is a painful oral mucosal disorder that can impair quality of life in denture wearers. A complete cure of DS is difficult to achieve, and the most efficacious regimen to treat DS has not yet been conclusively established.
Purpose:
The purpose of this network meta-analysis was to assess the comparative efficacy of interventions used for the treatment of DS.
Material and methods:
A search was conducted for trials published in Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until February 2022 (PROSPERO Reg no: CRD42021271366). Network meta-analysis was performed on data from randomized controlled trials that assessed the comparative efficacy of any form of intervention for the treatment of DS in denture wearers. Agents were ranked according to their effectiveness in the treatment of DS based on outcomes using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA).
Results:
A total of 25 articles were included in the quantitative analysis. Topical antifungal agents (risk ratio [RR]=4.37[95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15,8.90), topical antimicrobial agents used along with systemic antifungal agents (RR=4.25[95% CI: 1.79,10.33]), systemic antifungal agents (RR=4.25[95% CI: 1.79,10.10]), photodynamic therapy (RR=4.25[95% CI: 1.75,8.98]), and topical plant products (RR=3.40[95% CI: 1.59,7.26]) were found to effectively improve DS. Microwave disinfection concurrently administered with topical antifungal agents (RR=7.38(95% CI: 2.75,19.81), microwave disinfection 7.38[95% CI: 2.75,19.81]), topical antifungal agents (RR=4.88[95% CI: 1.92,12.42]), topical plant products (RR=4.49[95% CI: 1.70,11.82]), systemic antifungal agents together with topical antimicrobial agents (RR=3.85[95% CI: 1.33,11.10]), topical antimicrobial agents (RR=3.39[95% CI: 1.17,9.81]), systemic antifungal agents (RR=3.37[95% CI: 1.21,9.34]), and photodynamic therapy or photochemotherapy (PDT) (RR=2.93[95% CI: 1.01,8.47]) were found to effectively resolve mycological DS. Topical antifungals ranked highest in the SUCRA ranking for clinical improvement, whereas microwave disinfection concurrently administered with topical antifungal agents ranked highest for mycological resolution. None of the agents demonstrated significant side effects except for topical antimicrobial agents which demonstrated altered taste and staining of oral structures.
Conclusions:
Available evidence suggests that topical antifungals, microwave, and systemic antifungals are effective in the treatment of DS, but confidence in these findings is low because of the limited number of studies and a high risk of bias. Additional clinical trials are needed on photodynamic therapy, topical plant products, and topical antimicrobials.
Natural teeth are integral part of masticatory system. Absence of dentition, subject the individual to compromised oral function, facial appearance and phonetics. Rehabilitation with dental prosthesis is imperative to restore form and masticatory activity. Currently, fabrication of removable and fixed prosthesis have become most predictable. Nonetheless, there is an increased prevalence of oral stomatitis observed over the years, in edentulous individuals wearing removable dentures. Amongst the many pathogens that cause denture infections, Candida albicans is assumed to be most virulent opportunistic agent. Different methods such as mechanical, chemical, chemic-mechanical, pharmacological are tried to fight such infections. Regardless of various management strategies developed to treat denture stomatitis, yet the research continues to evolve the most optimal one. Improper oral and or denture hygiene maintenance, surface irregularities on denture, persistence of xerostomia and associated systemic illness pose risk for exaggeration of the disease. In extreme conditions, development of aspiration pneumonia in geriatric patients is considered a threat to both dental and medical specialists. Therapeutic administration of synthetic anti-microbial drugs, along with meticulous oral hygiene maintenance are recommended protocols till date. However, limitations such as antibiotic resistance, side effects, counter drug reactions, cost of the medicaments predispose to origin of natural herbal products to treat denture stomatitis. Vast array of plant products are studied in previous literature, yet no definitive edge of one over the other is proven. This article intends to provide a mini-review on the different organic plant materials, also called as phytomedicines used for the treatment of candida associated denture stomatitis (CADS).
Vinegar is commonly used as a home remedy for many skin problems. It is important for dermatologists to understand the evidence supporting its use in skin disease, as well as potential adverse effects, so they can properly counsel patients on the safe use of this widely available treatment. Vinegar possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that provide utility in wound care as well as bacterial and fungal infections. There is also evidence to support its use in pruritus, head lice removal, and treatment of striae gravidarum. While generally safe, inappropriate use can result in damage to the skin. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting vinegar as a treatment for skin disease, as well as adverse events reported from misuse, to provide dermatologists the knowledge to counsel patients on the safe and appropriate use of vinegar.
Objective
This review looks at novel combinations of topical agents (i.e. zinc gluconate, zinc oxide, dexpanthenol, taurine) that target a combination of mechanisms in diaper dermatitis.
Data sources
A literature search of published studies was conducted using search terms ‘diaper dermatitis’, ‘treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants’, ‘treatment of diaper dermatitis in adults’, ‘non-steroidal’, ‘non-antibiotic’, ‘anti-inflammatory’, ‘moisturizer’, and ‘treatment for irritation’.
Study selection
A total of 207 related articles were screened. Those categorized as clinical trials and reviews were studied and compared. Finally, articles with common themes were categorized, have been summarized and are presented here.
Results and conclusions
Diaper dermatitis, also referred to as diaper rash, napkin dermatitis, and nappy rash, is the most common skin eruption in infants and toddlers. In the last several years, there have been several technologic advances in diaper design in order to lessen the severity of diaper dermatitis symptoms. However, due to the unique environment of the diaper area, children and adults continue to have recurring symptoms of diaper dermatitis. Both commercially available products and certain home remedies are considered effective for managing sensitive and delicate skin in the diaper area.in These topical agents create a protective barrier over the skin reducing the impact of external irritants, which cause the reddening and the burning sensation often associated with diaper dermatitis. A range of therapeutic strategies for preventing and controlling diaper dermatitis are summarized in this manuscript.
Statement of problem:
A vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture has been reported to be effective in eliminating Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus from acrylic resin, and its action has been reported to be comparable with that of sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid. However, the effects of this mixture on cobalt-chromium alloys remain unknown.
Purpose:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface roughness, Knoop microhardness, surface free energy, and wettability of a cobalt-chromium alloy when exposed to a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture.
Material and methods:
Fifty specimens of cobalt-chromium alloy were fabricated and immersed for 900 minutes, simulating 3 months of a daily 10-minute immersion in the following chemical agents (n=10): distilled water (W); 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (H); 3% hydrogen peroxide and water dilution in 1:1 ratio (HP); white-wine vinegar and water dilution in 1:1 ratio (V); and vinegar and hydrogen peroxide mixture in 1:1 ratio (VHP). Surface roughness, Knoop microhardness, surface free energy, and wettability were measured with single blinding before and after immersions. Data were statistically analyzed by using 2-way repeated measures ANOVA (α=.05).
Results:
The vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture did not affect the surface roughness or Knoop microhardness. However, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite significantly increased the roughness and decreased microhardness. Surface free energy and wettability increased after immersions, regardless of the types of solution.
Conclusions:
Immersion in a vinegar-hydrogen peroxide mixture did not affect the surface characteristics of a cobalt-chromium alloy.
Background and purpose: It is estimated that 70–75% of women experience one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) during childbearing age and 40-50% suffer from recurrent VVC. Because of the resistance of Candida species to certain drugs, such as azoles, physicians tend to use complementary or alternative medicine such as vinegar in treatment of VVC. The current study aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of acetic acid vaginal gel on VVC.
Materials and methods: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was done in women (n=41) with VVC in Sari, Iran. The patients were allocated into two treatment groups to receive either 2% acetic acid vaginal gel + 2% acetic acid intravaginal wash + clotrimazole vaginal cream (n=20) or 2% acetic acid intravaginal wash + clotrimazole vaginal cream (n=21) for 10 days. After treatment, clinical symptoms and mycological cure rate were assessed by culture of vaginal secretions. All yeast isolates were identified by molecular method.
Results: Before the intervention, there were no significant differences in signs and symptoms
(P= 0.703), fungal burden rate (low, medium, heavy) (P= 0.092), and causative Candida species (P= 0.188) between the two groups. After treatment, an improvement in symptoms was seen in case group but the difference was not significant (P =0.3512). A significant difference was found between the two groups in mycological cure rate (P= 0.0377). Candida albicans were the most common species causing the disease.
Conclusion: The study showed that acetic acid vaginal gel could have a significant effect on the definitive cure of VVC.
(Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20190309042978N3)
Sirke tüketimine bağlı olarak gözlemlenen olumlu sağlık etkileri yaklaşık 10 bin yıl öncesine kadar dayanmaktadır. İlk defa, tıbbın kurucusu olarak atfedilen Hipokrat tarafından sirkenin sağlığa faydalı olabileceği belirtilmiştir. Hipokrat döneminden bu yana geleneksel tıpta, sirkeye bağlı uygulanan çeşitli tedaviler geliştirilmiştir. Modern tıbbın ve uygulama araçlarının gelişmesi ile sirke tüketiminin sağlık üzerine olan etkileri hakkında çeşitli önemli çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Yapılan bu derleme çalışmasında, 2009-2019 yılları arasında sirke tüketiminin sağlık üzerine etkileri konusunda gerçekleştirilmiş araştırmalar sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda, sirkenin glisemik, anti-diyabetik, yağ metabolizması üzerine, ülseratif-kolit üzerine, kolestrol üzerine, karaciğer ve fonksiyonları üzerine, oksidatif stres, anti-kanserojen ve antimikrobiyel etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sirke tüketiminin sağlıklı beslenme anlayışı içinde önemli bir yerinin bulunduğu düşünülmektedir.
Some studies have reported that vinegar ingestion at mealtime attenuates postprandial glycemia in healthy adults and individuals with type 2 diabetes. Emerging data suggest that chronic vinegar ingestion impacts fat...
Objectives
In-vitro assessment of the validity of immersion in mint oil or apple vinegar solutions as antifungal approach for acrylic soft liners.
Materials and methods
Sixty disc-shaped specimens: 9 mm in diameter and 2 mm in length, and sixty cylinders: 12.5 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length of Vertex-Dental Heat-cured acrylic soft liner were prepared for antifungal activity and resilience measurements respectively. Specimens were divided into three groups; twenty in each, for immersion in mint oil, apple vinegar and distilled water (control). The groups were divided into four subgroups, five in each, for the different immersion periods: one day, one week, three weeks and six weeks. For each group, the daily immersion protocol was 8 h of immersion in the testing solution followed by 16 h in artificial saliva. This was repeated for each immersion period. Antifungal activity was assessed using disc diffusion method by measuring the inhibition zone for each disc twice: after 24 and 48 h incubation. Modulus of resilience was determined using a universal testing machine, where a stress-strain curve was obtained for each specimen and the area under the elastic portion of the curve was calculated.
Results
A significantly higher antifungal activity was revealed following immersion in mint oil compared to apple vinegar solution. The immersion period was a significant variable for the antifungal activity measured after 24 h following immersion in either solution whereas it was an insignificant variable for the antifungal activity measured after 48 h following immersion in apple vinegar solution. A significant reduction in the antifungal activity was noted as the incubation period was increased from 24 to 48 h except after six weeks immersion in apple vinegar solution. Modulus of resilience of the acrylic soft liner was adversely affected by immersion in mint oil solution for more than one day and in apple vinegar solution for more than one week.
Conclusions
Mint oil and Apple vinegar represent possible natural antifungal immersion solutions for acrylic soft liner provided that the immersion protocol is implemented properly.
INTRODUCTION: Pacifiers used by toddlers and young children are susceptible to contamination by microorganisms. Effective methods of disinfection are required to prevent oral infections. There are limited studies on pacifier disinfection in South Africa. AIM: To investigate the efficacy of four pacifier disinfecting agents. METHODS: Two groups of 80 pacifiers each were contaminated with a standardized suspension of either Staphylococcus epidermidis or Candida parapsilosis. Each group was subdivided into four sub-groups, and severally disinfected with 0.12% GUM® Paroex™ Chlorhexidine Gluconate Oral Rinse (chlorhexidine), Brushtox®, apple cider vinegar and sterile distilled water (control), followed by microbiological analysis. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis Anova test. RESULTS: Chlorhexidine and Brushtox® were statistically similar in eliminating the fungi from pacifiers (p>0.05). Statistically significant differences were noted between the effects of chlorhexidine and Brushtox® compared with that of apple cider vinegar for both test organisms (p=0.0001). Statistically significant differences were observed in the efficacies of disinfection between chlorhexidine, Brushtox®, apple cider vinegar and sterile distilled water (p=0.00089). CONCLUSION: Chlorhexidine and Brushtox® were equally effective in eliminating both S. epidermidis and C. parapsilosis from silicone pacifiers. Apple cider vinegar was the least effective disinfecting solution.
This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the effects of interventions for: preventing or treating denture stomatitis; treating denture stomatitis.
• The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive and specific molecular technique for onychomycosis diagnosis.
Multiple times per week in a physician’s practice, a practitioner will encounter a patient who asks questions regarding how onychomycosis developed in the nails and/or discusses a home remedy found on the internet that is supposed to clear onychomycosis. Any nail specialist, whether dermatologist or podiatric physician, can name a litany of the possibly logical and illogical “cures” that are displayed with a simple internet search. When faced with a patient who has tried these home remedies and has not seen the result they wanted, it is best not to judge or make light of what they have used, but instead give them the facts as to what is the possible source of the fungal infection and why common household remedies have or haven’t worked.
Introduction:
The discovery of new antimicrobials derived from plants could aid in the management of biofilm-associated infections, including denture-induced stomatitis (DS). DS is an oral infection caused by Candida biofilms on the surfaces of poorly cleansed dentures. Effective treatment of DS requires the use of an appropriate denture cleanser and preferably one that exhibits antimicrobial properties.
Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and anti-biofilm efficacy of two essential plant oils from Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella) and Cinnamon cassia (cinnamon).
Materials and methods:
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFCs) were determined by broth microdilution, whilst anti-biofilm activity was measured against mature (cultured for 72 h) biofilms on acrylic surfaces. Candida cell viability was assessed immediately (0 h) after treatment (T0) and 48 h after biofilm re-growth (T48). Biofilm structure was determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at T0 and T48.
Results:
The respective MICs of cinnamon and citronella oils were 65 and 250 μg/ml and these were also the MFC values. For anti-biofilm efficacy, both oils significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of viable micro-organisms and accumulation of biofilms at T0. However, at T48, there was no difference between treated and untreated biofilms.
Conclusions:
It is concluded that citronella and cinnamon essential oils have potential for daily anti-candidal denture cleansing.
A clear understanding of the pharmacodynamic properties of antifungal agents is important for the adequate treatment of fungal infections like candidiasis. For certain antifungal agents, the determination of Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and time kill curve could be clinically more relevant than the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). In this study, MIC and MFC to fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against C. albicans isolates and the killing patterns obtained with caspofungin and amphotericin B against susceptible and resistant strains to fluconazole were determined. The results of MICs showed that all C. albicans isolates were highly susceptible to amphotericin B, but two isolates were fluconazole resistant. The comparative analysis between MIC and MFC showed that MFC of fluconazole was fourfold higher than MIC in 41.9% of the C. albicans isolates. Same values of MFC and MIC of amphotericin B and caspofungin were found for 71% of the isolates. Correlation between time kill curves and MFC of amphotericin B and caspofungin against all 4 isolates tested was observed. The caspofungin killing effect was more evident at MFC in 6 hours of incubation than at MIC in this time, suggesting dependence of concentration. The similarity of results of time-kill curve and MFC values indicate that determination of MFC is an alternative for the detection of the fungicidal activity of these drugs.
Resumo Candida albicans é um dos principais microrganismos relacionados à etiologia da estomatite por prótese. A presença da prótese com base em resina acrílica, possibilita o crescimento de leveduras tanto na prótese como na mucosa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de soluções de vinagre (ácido acético) sobre C. albicans aderidas, in vitro, na superfície de resina acrílica utilizada na confecção de próteses. Trinta e seis corpos-de-prova em resina acrílica termicamente ativada foram imersos em cultura de C. albicans (37 o C/24 h), sendo a seguir desinfetados em solução de vinagre por 30 (n=12) e 60 min (n=12). Foram utilizadas soluções de vinagre a 10% (n=6) e 30% (n=6) e solução fisiológica 0,85% (n=6) para cada tempo de imersão. Após desinfecção, os corpos-de-prova foram lavados em solução fisiológica e a partir da solução obtida após agitação, foram realizadas diluições decimais, as quais foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose e incubadas a 37°C/48 h. A seguir foram quantificados os log de UFC/mL de suspensão contendo microrganismos aderidos aos corpos-de-prova. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, teste de Tukey (p=0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu redução significativa no log UFC/mL de C. albicans nos corpos-de-prova submetidos a tratamento com solução de vinagre a 10 e 30% em relação ao controle. Não ocorreu diferença significativa quando da utilização do vinagre, nos tempos de 30 e 60 minutos, para as duas concentrações do produto (10 e 30%) uniteRmos Cândida; candida albicans; resina acrílica; prótese total.
Visou-se a caracterizacao do vinagre de vinho brasileiro,
mediante determinacao do teor de acetoina e de metanol.
Analisaram-se 29 amostras de diferentes marcas comerciais
de vinagre de vinho tinto e 18 de vinagre de vinho branco. As
analises de acetoina e de metanol foram efetuadas mediante
cromatografia a gas. Constatou-se variabilidade acentuada no
teor de acetoina e de metanol do vinagre de vinho brasileiro.
Detectou-se que 61,0% dos vinagres de vinho branco e 39,4%
dos vinagres de vinho tinto apresentaram menos de 40 mg/L de
acetoina. Observou-se, tambem, que 66,6% dos vinagres de
vinho branco apresentaram menos de 25 mg/L de metanol e
53,6% dos vinagres de vinho tinto menos de 50 mg/L. O
estabelecimento de limite minimo pela legislacao brasileira para a
acetoina e o metanol do vinagre de vinho contribuiria para a
determinacao da genuinidade desse produto. A cromatografia a
gas mostrou-se adequada para a determinacao da acetoina e
do metanol nos vinagres de vinho.
DETERMINATION OF ACETOIN AND METHANOL IN BRAZILIAN WINE VINEGARS
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize Brazilian wine vinegars, by determination of
acetoin and methanol content. Twenty-nine samples of different commercial red wine
vinegars and 18 samples of white wine vinegars were analysed. The analyses of
acetoin and methanol were made by gas chromatography. High variability in the acetoin
and methanol contents were observed. It was remarked that 61.0% of the white wine
vinegars and 39.4% of the red wine vinegars showed less than 40 mg/L of acetoin. It
was showed that 66.6% of the white wine vinegars showed less than 25 mg/L of methanol and 53.6% of the red wine vinegars had less than 50 mg/L of this alcohol. The
setting up of limitation by Brazilian legislation for the acetoin and methanol in the vinegar
components contribute to its genuinity. The gas chromatography showed to be suitable,
for acetoin and methanol determination in wine vinegars.
This work aimed to identify the patterns of identity and quality of vinegars and quantify the presence of total phenolics compounds in fruit and vegetable vinegars, Vinegars made from sugar cane, sugar cane and corn, kiwi, orange, orange and honey, apple, rice, mango, passion fruit, corn, tangerine, tangerine and corn, red wine, and white wine were analyzed in triplicates. Analyses of dry extract, density, volatile acidity, pH, ashes, alcoholic content, reducing sugars, and total polyphenols were performed. The results were submitted to ANOVA followed by the Tukey's test at 5% significance. There was a statistical correlation between the dry extract and density. All samples presented values of 0% of alcohol. The presence of honey in the vinegar formulation made from orange and honey (43.27 mg EAG.100 mL-1) contributed to the increase of total polyphenols content by 50% in relation to the vinegar made from orange (28.83 mg EAG.100 mL-1). The orange and honey vinegar presented total polyphenols content (43.27 mg EAG.100 mL-1) higher than that of the red wine vinegar (31.86 mg EAG.100 mL-1), the orange vinegar, and the tangerine vinegar (34.36 mg EAG.100 mL-1). It can be concluded that there were differences among the samples and the analyzed parameters, and that the vinegars made from orange and honey, orange, and tangerine presented higher total polyphenols contents than those of the red wine vinegar.
Candida-associated denture stomatitis is the most common form of oral candidal infection, with Candida albicans being the principal etiological agent. Candida adheres directly or via an intermediary layer of plaque-forming bacteria to denture acrylic. Despite antifungal therapy to treat denture stomatitis, infection is reestablished soon after the treatment ceases. In addition, many predisposing factors have been identified as important in the development of oral candidiasis, including malnourishment, common endocrine disorders, such as diabetis mellitus, antibacterial drug therapy, corticosteroids, radiotherapy and other immunocompromised conditions, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). These often results in increased tolerance to the most commonly used antifungals. So this review suggests new therapies to oral candidiasis.
A clear understanding of the pharmacodynamic properties of antifungal agents is important for the adequate treatment of fungal infections like candidiasis. For certain antifungal agents, the determination of Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) and time kill curve could be clinically more relevant than the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). In this study, MIC and MFC to fluconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin against C. albicans isolates and the killing patterns obtained with caspofungin and amphotericin B against susceptible and resistant strains to fluconazole were determined. The results of MICs showed that all C. albicans isolates were highly susceptible to amphotericin B, but two isolates were fluconazole resistant. The comparative analysis between MIC and MFC showed that MFC of fluconazole was fourfold higher than MIC in 41.9% of the C. albicans isolates. Same values of MFC and MIC of amphotericin B and caspofungin were found for 71% of the isolates. Correlation between time kill curves and MFC of amphotericin B and caspofungin against all 4 isolates tested was observed. The caspofungin killing effect was more evident at MFC in 6 hours of incubation than at MIC in this time, suggesting dependence of concentration. The similarity of results of time-kill curve and MFC values indicate that determination of MFC is an alternative for the detection of the fungicidal activity of these drugs.
Este trabalho objetivou identificar padrões de identidade e qualidade de vinagres e quantificar a presença de compostos fenólicos totais em vinagres produzidos a partir de frutas e vegetais. Analisaram-se, em triplicata, vinagres de cana-de-açúcar, cana-de-açúcar com milho, kiwi, laranja, laranja com mel, maçã, arroz, manga, maracujá, milho, tangerina, tangerina com milho, vinagre de vinho tinto e vinagre de vinho branco. Foram realizadas análises de extrato seco, densidade, acidez volátil, pH, cinzas, grau alcoólico, açúcares redutores e polifenóis totais. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias destes ao teste de Tukey ao nível de 5%. Houve correlação estatística entre extrato seco e densidade. Todas as amostras apresentaram valores de 0% de álcool. A presença do mel na formulação do vinagre de laranja com mel (43,27 mg EAG 100.mL-1) contribuiu para o aumento do conteúdo de polifenóis totais em relação ao de laranja (28,83 mg EAG.100 mL-1) em 50%. O fermentado de laranja com mel apresentou teor de polifenóis totais (43,27 mg EAG.100 mL-1) maior que o vinagre de vinho tinto (31,86 mg EAG.100 mL-1), assim como os de laranja e tangerina (34,36 mg EAG.100 mL-1). Conclui-se que houve diferenças entre as amostras para os parâmetros analisados e que os fermentados acéticos de laranja com mel, laranja e tangerina apresentam maior conteúdo de polifenóis totais que o de vinho tinto.
As candidíases bucais (também chamadas sapinhos) que ocorrem em crianças são causadas por uma deficiência imunológica, bem como por outros fatores tais como má higiene bucal e esterilização inadequada dos utensílios utilizados pelas mesmas, que potencializam a ocorrência dessa infecção fúngica. Considerando esse fato, foram avaliadas a freqüência e a atividade enzimática de Candida sp. isoladas em crianças de uma creche pública (Aprisco) na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram coletadas amostras da mucosa bucal de 364 alunos de 1 a 5 anos de idade. Elas foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose com cloranfenicol, incubadas por 72 horas a 37ºC e identificadas por testes micológicos. Verificou-se que 67 (18%) apresentaram leveduras do gênero Candida. A Candida albicans foi a mais freqüente, com 30 isolados (45%), seguida pelas C. tropicalis (31%), C. guilliermondii (17%), C. glabrata (4,5%) e C. stellatoidea (1,5%). Com relação às atividades enzimáticas das cepas de Candida albicans, 20% produziram a enzima proteinase e 33%, a fosfolipase. As Candida albicans isoladas da mucosa bucal de crianças dessa creche da prefeitura apresentaram uma fraca atividade enzimática. Assim, conclui-se que essas cepas parecem ter uma baixa virulência.
Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Azoles, and fluconazole in particular, are very active against Candida albicans, and are used widely because of their good tolerability. However, the increasing use of azole antifungals for the treatment of mucosal and systemic Candida infections has resulted in the selection and/or emergence of resistant Candida strains. The main mechanisms of azole resistance among Candida species are the development of bypass pathways, alterations in the ERG 11 gene encoding the azole target enzyme, and the up-regulation of genes encoding efflux pumps. A better understanding of the mechanisms and clinical impact of antifungal resistance is essential to prompt and efficient treatment of patients with invasive mycoses and to improve the outcome of such infections.
This work describes using 1H NMR data and pattern recognition analysis to classify vinegars. Vinegar authenticity is linked to raw ingredient source and manufacturing conditions. Application of PCA and HCA methods resulted in the natural clustering of the samples according to the raw material used. Wine vinegars were characterized by a high concentration of ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol and tartaric acid, while glycerol and ethyl acetate signals were not visible in alcohol/agrin vinegars. Apple vinegars showed to be richer in alanine. The KNN, SIMCA and PLS-DA methods were used to build predictive models for classification of vinegar type wine, apple and alcohol/agrin (27 samples – 22 as training set). The models were tested using an independent set (5 samples), no samples were wrongly classified. Validated models were used to predict the class of 21 commercial samples, which, as expected, were correctly classified. Eight commercial vinegars (honey, orange, pineapple and rice) were discriminated from these samples using PCA method. Honey vinegars did not present ethanol signals and pineapple vinegars presented the largest amount of tartaric acid. Rice and orange vinegars are richer in lactic acid and did not present the methanol signal. Alanine signals were not visible in orange vinegars.
In polymicrobial biofilms bacteria extensively interact with Candida species, but the interaction among the different species of the Candida is yet to be completely evaluated. In the present study, the difference in biofilm formation ability of clinical isolates of four species of Candida in both single-species and multi-species combinations on the surface of dental acrylic resin strips was evaluated.
The species of Candida, isolated from multiple species oral candidiasis of the neutropenic patients, were used for the experiment. Organisms were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose broth with 8% glucose (SDB). Biofilm production on the acrylic resins strips was determined by crystal violet assay. Student's t-test and ANOVA were used to compare in vitro biofilm formation for the individual species of Candida and its different multi-species combinations.
In the present study, differences between the mean values of the biofilm-forming ability of individual species (C. glabrata>C. krusei>C. tropicalis>C. albicans) and in its multi-species' combinations (the highest for C. albicans with C. glabrata and the lowest for all the four species combination) were reported.
The findings of this study showed that biofilm-forming ability was found greater for non-Candida albicans Candida species (NCAC) than for C. albicans species with intra-species variation. Presence of C. albicans in multi-species biofilms increased, whereas; C. tropicalis decreased the biofilm production with all other NCAC species.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the removal of smear layer from the middle and apical root thirds after use of different irrigating solutions.
Forty roots of permanent human teeth had their canals instrumented and were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10), according to the irrigating solution: apple vinegar (group A), apple vinegar finished with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (group B), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) finished with 17% EDTA (group C) and saline (group D - control). After chemomechanical preparation, the roots were cleaved longitudinally and their middle and apical thirds were examined by SEM at ×1,000 magnification. Two calibrated examiners (kappa=0.92) analyzed the SEM micrographs qualitatively attributing scores that indicated the efficacy of the solutions in removing the smear layer from the surface of the dentin tubules (1 - poor, 2 - good and 3 - excellent). Data from the control and experimental groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test, while the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the middle and apical thirds of the canals within the same group (a=0.05).
The middle third presented less amount of smear layer than the apical third, regardless of the irrigant. There was statistically significant difference (p=0.0402) among the groups in the middle third. In the apical third, the apple vinegar/EDTA group showed the greatest removal of smear layer (p=0.0373).
Apple vinegar associated or not with EDTA was effective in removing smear layer when used as an endodontic irrigant.
Although azole antifungals are considered to be fungistatic, miconazole has fungicidal activity against planktonic Candida albicans cells, presumably associated with the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Only few data are available concerning the effect of miconazole against sessile C. albicans cells. In the present study, the fungicidal activity of miconazole against in vitro-grown mature Candida biofilms, and its relationship with the induction of ROS and ROS-dependent apoptosis were examined.
The effect of miconazole on mature biofilms formed by 10 C. albicans strains and 5 strains from other Candida species was evaluated by plate counting and measuring the level of ROS induction. MIC tests were performed in the absence and presence of ascorbic acid, a quencher of ROS. The apoptotic population in C. albicans cells was determined using annexin-Cy3.
Miconazole showed a significant fungicidal effect against all mature Candida biofilms tested and caused elevated ROS levels, both in planktonic and sessile cells. Addition of ascorbic acid drastically reduced these levels. While ROS quenching decreased the susceptibility to miconazole of planktonic cells of most Candida strains, no reduced fungicidal activity of miconazole against biofilms was observed. Miconazole did not cause a significant increase in apoptosis.
ROS levels increased in all Candida biofilms upon addition of miconazole. However, ROS induction was not the only factor that underlies its fungicidal activity, as quenching of ROS did not lead to an enhanced survival of biofilm cells. ROS-induced apoptosis was not observed in C. albicans cells after miconazole treatment.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5% sodium bicarbonate on the adherence of Candida albicans to thermally activated acrylic resin. Fifty 4 mm(2) specimens of acrylic resin were obtained using a metallic matrix. The specimens received chemical polishing, were sterilized and then immersed in Sabouraud broth, inoculated with Candida albicans standardized suspension. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees Celsius, the specimens were divided into four groups according to the substance used for disinfection (5% sodium bicarbonate, 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine, vinegar and Corega Tabs). A control group was included, in which distilled water was used. The adhered microorganisms were dispersed, diluted and plated onto culture media to determine the number of colony-forming units (cfu/mL). The results were analyzed through the Mann-Whitney statistical test at the 5% level of significance. Only 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine and 5% sodium bicarbonate presented a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0010 and p = 0.0156, respectively) compared to the control group, decreasing the number of cfu/mL. However, when the different disinfecting solutions were compared with each other, only 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine presented a statistically significant difference in the reduction of cfu/mL. It was concluded that although 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine was more effective in the reduction of Candida albicans adherence values to thermally activated acrylic resin, 5% sodium bicarbonate also proved to be a viable alternative.
The main purpose of this work is to describe the use of the technique Site-Specific Natural Isotopic Fractionation of hydrogen (SNIF-NMR), using ²H and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, to investigate the biosynthetic origin of acetic acid in commercial samples of Brazilian vinegar. This method is based on the deuterium to hydrogen ratio at a specific position (methyl group) of acetic acid obtained by fermentation, through different biosynthetic mechanisms, which result in different isotopic ratios. We measured the isotopic ratio of vinegars obtained through C3, C4, and CAM biosynthetic mechanisms, blends of C3 and C4 (agrins) and synthetic acetic acid.
Neste estudo, avaliou-se a rugosidade superficial de resinas classificadas como compactáveis e uma híbrida tradicional comparando-se diferentes técnicas de polimento. Confeccionaram-se corpos-de-prova, que foram armazenados em água destilada por 24 horas e posteriormente submetidos a duas técnicas de tratamento superficial, em que foram empregados dois sistemas de discos de acabamento e polimento e pontas siliconizadas. Os resultados revelaram maior rugosidade superficial da resina AlertTM em relação a Solitaire® e Degufill Mineral®, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as últimas citadas. A rugosidade superficial das restaurações cujo polimento foi executado com as pontas Enhance® foi maior que o polimento obtido com os sistemas de discos, não havendo diferenças estatisticamente significante entre esses.
O objetivo deste trabalho, in vitro, foi comparar dois métodos de análise de superfície, a rugosimetria e a espectrofotometria, aplicados a três materiais ionoméricos quando submetidos a diferentes tratamentos superficiais de acabamento e polimento. Para a análise de superfície, 60 corpos-de-prova de cada material (Chelon Fil, Vitremer e Dyract) foram confeccionados e divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos experimentais. A superfície dos corpos-de-prova foi avaliada por um rugosímetro, sendo obtida uma média de rugosidade. A análise espectrofotométrica consistiu na quantificação de corante impregnado na superfície do material de acordo com os grupos experimentais. Os corantes utilizados foram a fucsina básica 0,5% e a eritrosina 0,5%. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste t de Student em nível de 5%. Os resultados mostraram não haver correlação linear confiável entre os dois métodos utilizados. Verificou-se que as brocas "carbide" produziram a maior rugosidade para o material Chelon Fil, seguido dos tratamentos com discos Sof-Lex e tira matriz. Para o Vitremer, não houve diferença entre o acabamento e polimento com discos Sof-Lex e o grupo controle (tira matriz). Os diferentes tratamentos superficiais produziram superfícies semelhantes para o material Dyract. As médias de deposição superficial de corante para Chelon Fil, Vitremer e Dyract foram: 1,7261, 1,4759, 1,3318, respectivamente, considerando p < 0,05. No entanto, os materiais comportaram-se de forma semelhante quando diferentes sistemas de acabamento e polimento foram utilizados.
Despite therapeutic progress, opportunistic oral fungal infectious diseases have increased in prevalence, especially in denture wearers. The combination of entrapment of yeast cells in irregularities in denture-base and denture-relining materials, poor oral hygiene and several systemic factors is the most probable cause for the onset of this infectious disease. Hence colonization and growth on prostheses by Candida species are of clinical importance. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss several key factors controlling the adhesion of Candida species which are relevant to denture-associated stomatitis. Although there is some consensus on the role of surface properties, studies on several other factors, as the use of denture liners, salivary properties and yeast-bacterial interactions, have shown contradictory findings. A comprehensive fundamental understanding is hampered by conflicting findings due to the large variations in experimental protocols, while other factors have never been thoroughly studied. Surface free energy and surface roughness control the initial adherence, but temporal changes have not been reported. Neither have in vivo studies shown if the substratum type is critical in dictating biofilm accumulation during longer periods in the oral environment. The contribution of saliva is unclear due to factors like variations in its collection and handling. Initial findings have disclosed that also bacteria are crucial for the successful establishment of Candida in biofilms, but the clinical significance of this observation is yet to be confirmed. In conclusion, there is a need to standardize experimental procedures, to bridge the gap between laboratory and in vivo methodologies and findings and--in general--to thoroughly investigate the factors that modulate the initial attachment and subsequent colonization of denture-base materials and the oral mucosa of patients subjected to Candida infections. Information on how these factors can be controlled is required and this may help to prevent the disease. The societal impact of such information is significant given the magnitude of the candidosis problem worldwide.
Adhesion of Candida albicans to acrylic of dental prostheses or to salivary macromolecules adsorbed on their surface is believed to be a critical event in the development of denture stomatitis. In previous studies our group has shown that adhesion of C. albicans germ tubes to polystyrene is decreased by saliva whereas C. albicans yeast cells adhesion to the same material is enhanced. The results presented in this study confirm this dual role played by whole saliva, since it decreased the adhesion of germ tubes but increased the adhesion of yeast cells to polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). These effects mediated by whole saliva do not seem to be related to an inhibition of the germination of C. albicans, since similar levels of filamentation were observed in presence and absence of saliva. These results may give new insights into the conflicting role of saliva in the adhesion of C. albicans to acrylic resins of dental prostheses.
The use of denture is known to increase the carriage of Candida in healthy patients, and the proliferation of Candida albicans strains can be associated with denture-induced stomatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of vinegar as an antimicrobial agent for control of Candida spp. in complete upper denture wearers. Fifty-five patients were submitted to a detailed clinical interview and oral clinical examination, and were instructed to keep their dentures immersed in a 10% vinegar solution (pH less than 3) overnight for 45 days. Before and after the experimental period, saliva samples were collected for detection of Candida, counting of cfu/mL and identification of species by phenotypical tests (germ tube formation, chlamidoconidia production, and carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation). The results were analyzed using Spearman's correlation and Student's t-test (p<or=0.05). Candida yeasts were present in 87.3% of saliva samples before the treatment. A significant reduction was verified in CFU/mL counts of Candida after treatment. A positive correlation between Candida and denture stomatitis was verified, since the decrease of cfu/mL counts was correlated with a reduction in cases of denture stomatitis. Although it was not able to eliminate C. albicans, the immersion of the complete denture in 10% vinegar solution, during the night, reduced the amounts (cfu/mL) of Candida spp. in the saliva and the presence of denture stomatitis in the studied patients.
Agar diffusion techniques are used widely to assay plant extracts for antimicrobial activity, but there are problems associated with this technique. A micro-dilution technique was developed using 96-well microplates and tetrazolium salts to indicate bacterial growth. p-Iodonitrotetrazolium violet [0.2 mg/ml] gave better results than tetrazolium red or thiazolyl blue. The method is quick, worked well with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli and with non-aqueous extracts from many different plants. The method gave reproducible results; required only 10-25 microliters of extract to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations, distinguished between microcidal and microstatic effects, and provided a permanent record of the results. Using S. aureus, and a Combretum molle extract, the technique was 32 times more sensitive than agar diffusion techniques and was not sensitive to culture age of the test organism up to 24 hours. The S. aureus culture could be stored up to 10 days in a cold room with little effect on the assay results. This method was useful in screening plants for antimicrobial activity and for the bioassay-guided isolation of antimicrobial compounds from plants. MIC values determined for sulfisoxazole, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and nitrofuratoin were similar to values indicated in the literature but values obtained with trimethroprim and ampicillin were higher with some bacteria.
Four Candida albicans isolates and six non-albicans Candida isolates were evaluated by time-kill methods to characterize the relationship between nystatin concentrations, the rate and
extent of fungicidal activity, and the postantifungal effect (PAFE). Against Candida species, nystatin exhibits concentration-dependent fungicidal activity and a pronounced PAFE.
We evaluated the in vitro activity of the new echinocandin antifungal micafungin against Candida spp. using microdilution and time-kill methods. Additionally, we examined the postantifungal effect (PAFE) of micafungin.
Finally, we evaluated the effect of the addition of serum and plasma on the MIC of micafungin. Four Candida albicans isolates and two isolates of each Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis were selected for testing. The MICs of micafungin were determined in RPMI 1640 medium buffered with morpholinepropanesulfonic
acid alone and with the addition of 10, 20, and 50% human serum and plasma. MICs were determined by using two endpoints: a
prominent reduction in growth (the MIC at which 80% of isolates are inhibited [MIC80]) and complete visual inhibition of growth (MIC100). The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of micafungin for each isolate was also determined. Time-kill curves were determined
for each isolate in RPMI 1640 medium with micafungin at concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 16 times the MIC80 to assess the correlation between MIC80 and fungicidal activity. PAFE studies were conducted with each isolate by using concentrations ranging between 0.25 and 4
times the MIC80. The MIC80s for the test isolates ranged from 0.0039 to 0.25 μg/ml. Overall, the addition of serum or plasma increased the MIC 6 to
7 doubling dilutions for C. albicans and 3 to 4 doubling dilutions for C. krusei and C. tropicalis. Micafungin time-kill studies demonstrated fungicidal activity at concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 times the MIC80. Micafungin is very potent agent against a variety of Candida spp., producing fungicidal activity against 7 of 10 isolates tested. A PAFE was observed against all isolates. The PAFE was
influenced by the drug concentration, with the highest concentration resulting in the longest observed PAFE in each case.
The highest concentration tested, four times the MIC, resulted in a PAFE of more than 9.8 h for 5 of 10 isolates tested (range,
0.9 to ≥20.1 h).
This study evaluated the effect of surface finishing methods on the average surface roughness of resin composites. Seven composites and two polishing systems were used. One hundred and twenty-six conical specimens of each material were prepared in stainless steel molds against a polyester strip. Forty-two of them remained intact and were used as controls. Each half of the remaining samples was polished with either diamond burs or diamond burs + aluminum oxide discs. The results showed no statistical difference in average surface roughness (Ra, microm) between the polyester strip and aluminum oxide discs (p > 0.05). However, finishing with diamond burs showed a statistically higher average roughness for all composites (p < 0.05). Statistical differences were detected among materials (p < 0.05) in the use of diamond burs.
Outbreaks of disease due to acid-tolerant bacterial pathogens in apple cider and orange juice have raised questions about
the safety of acidified foods. Using gluconic acid as a noninhibitory low-pH buffer, we investigated the killing of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the presence or absence of selected organic acids (pH of 3.2), with ionic strength adjusted to 0.60 to
0.68. During a 6-h exposure period in buffered solution (pH 3.2), we found that a population of acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 strains was reduced by 4 log cycles in the absence of added organic acids. Surprisingly, reduced lethality for E. coli O157:H7 was observed when low concentrations (5 mM) of fully protonated acetic, malic, or l-lactic acid were added. Only a 2- to 3-log reduction in cell counts was observed, instead of the 4-log reduction attributed
to pH effects in the buffered solution. Higher concentrations of these acids at the same pH aided in the killing of the E. coli cells, resulting in a 6-log or greater reduction in cell numbers. No protective effect was observed when citric acid was
added to the E. coli cells. d-Lactic acid had a greater protective effect than other acids at concentrations of 1 to 20 mM. Less than a 1-log decrease
in cell numbers occurred during the 6-h exposure to pH 3.2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the protective effect
of organic acids on the survival of E. coli O15:H7 under low-pH conditions.
The purpose of this study was to assess flexural strength and color alteration of acrylic resins immersed in denture cleansers for different periods of time. Rectangular specimens (65 x 10 x 3mm) made from three heat-polymerized acrylic resins (Lucitone 550, QC-20 and Triplex) were assigned to three denture cleansers groups (Bony Plus, Corega Tabs and Efferdent Plus) and a control group (immersion in water). Soaking trials of 15 min and 8 h simulated 30 days of use. Flexural strength testing was carried out with 105 specimens on a universal testing machine. Color alterations were visually assessed by examination of photographs taken from 21 specimens. Flexural strength means (in MPa) were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. There were significant differences (p<0.01) among the resins Lucitone (89.439 +/- 7.962), Triplex (88.024 +/- 5.167) and QC-20 (83.379 +/- 7.153). No significant differences (p>0.05) were found either among the denture cleansers (Bony Plus = 87.693 +/- 6.943; Corega Tabs = 86.955 +/- 7.114; Efferdent Plus = 86.195 +/- 7.865 and control = 86.536 +/- 7.012) or between the soaking periods (15 min = 86.875 +/- 7.625 and 8 h = 87.432 +/- 7.355) throughout the soaking cycles simulating 30 days of use. No color alterations were identified by visual examination. The findings of this study showed that chemical denture cleansers used according to the manufacturers' specifications did not cause flexural strength alterations or color changes in heat-polymerized acrylic resins submitted to soaking cycles that simulated 30 days of use.
This study evaluated the effect of disinfection methods [chemical disinfection (immersion in 100 ppm chloride solution) or microwave disinfection (690 W for 6 min)] on the internal adaptation of denture bases and resin surface roughness. For the adaptation test, 18 maxillary denture bases were obtained from stone casts duplicated from a metallic master model and submitted to the following treatments: 1) control (no disinfection), 2) chemical disinfection or 3) microwave disinfection. Disinfection procedures were performed twice (T1, T2) with a 7-day interval between them. Internal adaptation was measured at baseline (T0) and after T1 and T2 by weighing a vinyl polysiloxane film reproducing the gap between the resin base and the master model. For surface roughness measurement, 60 rectangular (5x10x40 mm) resin specimens were either mechanically or chemically polished and then submitted to the disinfection treatments. Surface roughness (Ra) was recorded after polishing (T0) and after T1 and T2. Data were analyzed by ANOVA GLM for repeated measures and Bonferroni correction at 5% significance level. Bases submitted to microwave disinfection had gradual increase of misfit, while bases immersed in chloride solution did not differ from the control group. Surface roughness increased in the mechanical polishing groups with microwave disinfection and decreased in the chemical polishing groups.
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. It can be treated with either systemic or topical antifungal agents, which are indicated empirically on the basis of clinical data. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of yeast in mouthwashes from HIV-positive patients, compare the results between patients presenting different states of immunodeficiency, and investigate the susceptibility profile of the species isolated in relation to antifungal agents, with the aim of evaluating whether the treatments used in clinical practice are able to reach the majority of the species identified. Yeasts were isolated from 58% of the mouthwash samples collected. Candida albicans was the most (93%) frequent species. Resistance or dose-dependent susceptibility in relation to the antifungal agent tested was registered in approximately 17% of the samples. The significant variability of responses suggests that there are limitations regarding the effectiveness of the empirical therapies instituted.
Introdução: Durante a instrumentação de canais radiculares pelo emprego de limas, tem-se a formação de uma camada chamada lama dentinária, smear layer, que muitas vezes abriga, entre outros elementos, micro-organismos capazes de perpetuar uma infecção endodôntica, o que pode levar o tratamento endodôntico ao insucesso. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura do vinagre de maçã e suas propriedades químicas como substância auxiliar alternativa na permeabilização dentinária. Revisão de literatura: Na tentativa de remover a smear layer, utilizam-se substâncias auxiliares que permitem uma melhor ação dos instrumentos, a permeabilização do sistema de canais e a remoção de restos orgânicos e possíveis agentes contaminantes. Conclusão: O resultado da pesquisa indicou que o uso do vinagre de maçã pode ser uma alternativa viável como auxiliar químico na Endodontia.
The tetrazolium (Tz) test was evaluated and standardized in ricebean (Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) ohwi and ohashi). Twenty five genotypes of ricebean were subjected to three preparation methods, two temperatures, two Tz. concentration levels and three durations of staining. Initially the seeds of all the genotypes were preconditioned in water overnight at 25°C. The preparation methods were (i) Direct Soaking (ii) Seed coat removed completely and (iii) Seed coat removed partially. Temperature levels were 30°C and 40°C; Concentrations : 0.5 and 1.0 per cent and time durations were one, two and three hours. Evaluation of Tz test was based on 20 categories of staining patterns and three grades each of colour intensity, colour recognition and fractures developed in the embryo due to soaking. Direct soaking of pre-conditioned seeds in 1.0 per cent Tz. solution at 40°C for three hours produced a good colour intensity, least fractures and easily recognizable staining patterns. The first five categories of Tz. staining pattern out of 20 were identified as viable/germinable.
The effects of perfusion with 2.7 and 26 mM undissociated acetic acid in the absence or presence of glucose on short-term intracellular pH (pHi) changes in individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii cells were studied using fluorescence-ratio-imaging microscopy and a perfusion system. In the S. cerevisiae cells, perfusion with acetic acid induced strong short-term pHi responses, which were dependent on the undissociated acetic acid concentration and the presence of glucose in the perfusion solutions. In the Z. bailii cells, perfusion with acetic acid induced only very weak short-term pHi responses, which were neither dependent on the undissociated acetic acid concentration nor on the presence of glucose in the perfusion solutions. These results clearly show that Z. bailii is more resistant than S. cerevisiae to short-term pHi changes caused by acetic acid.
Flow cytometry (FCM) was used with different viability dyes to assess changes in cell structure and function induced by acetic acid (AA) in populations of Zygosaccharomyces bailii (AA resistant) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (AA sensitive). Kinetic changes in esterase activity, intracellular dye processing, and membrane integrity were monitored, and to detect those changes we used three assays involving fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, FUN-1 processing, and propidium iodide exclusion, respectively. In S. cerevisiae, the decrease in the ability to process FUN-1 preceded the decrease in esterase activity, and there was loss of cell membrane integrity after incubation with AA. In Z. bailii, with higher AA concentrations, there was a similar decrease in the ability to process FUN-1, which also preceded the loss of cell membrane integrity. Changes in esterase activity in this yeast induced by AA treatment could not be monitored because the changes occurred independently of the presence of the acid. For control samples (untreated cells killed with 10% v/v of AA), the percentages of nonaltered cells as estimated by FCM and percentages of viable cells as estimated by colony forming unit (CFU) counts were identical. However, for cell samples treated for short periods with 3% (v/v) or less of AA, none of the dyes produced FCM results comparable to those produced by CFU counts.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of irrigating solutions and their combinations against Enterococcus faecalis.
One hundred ten single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with E. faecalis and incubated for 21 days. Teeth were divided according to the irrigant: Group I (GI), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl); GII, 2.5% NaOCl + 10% citric acid; GIII, 2.5% NaOCl + apple cider vinegar; GIV, apple cider vinegar; GV, 2% chlorhexidine solution; GVI, 1% peracetic acid; GVII, saline solution. Microbiological samples were taken after root canal preparation and 7 days later. Data were submitted to ANOVA (5%).
All solutions promoted reduction of E. faecalis after instrumentation, but bacterial counts were higher in the final sample. GI, GV, and GVI had lower bacterial counts than the other groups.
The irrigating solutions may present activity but do not eradicate E. faecalis in the root canal system.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate pH, available chlorine content, and antibacterial activity of endodontic irrigants and their combinations.
The pH and chlorine content of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were analyzed pure and in combination with 10% citric acid (CA) and apple vinegar (AV). The antibacterial effect of the following solutions was measured by direct contact test against Enterococcus faecalis: 2.5% NaOCl, 2.5% NaOCl +10% CA (7:3), 2.5% NaOCl + AV (5:5), 10% CA, and AV. Sterile saline was used as control. The colony-forming units were determined by serial decimal dilutions.
The combination of 2.5% NaOCl with CA or AV lowered the pH and the chlorine content. NaOCl, alone or in combination was able to eliminate E. faecalis in 30 seconds, and CA, after 10 minutes. AV promoted reduction (32.2%) after 10 minutes.
NaOCl with acidic solutions lowered the pH and the chlorine content, but did not alter its antibacterial effect.
This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ethanol on hardness, roughness, flexural strength, and color stability of a denture base material using a microwave-processed acrylic resin as a model system.
Sixty circular (14 x 4 mm) and 60 rectangular microwave-polymerized acrylic resin specimens (65 x 10 x 3 mm(3)) were employed in this study. The sample was divided into six groups according to the ethanol concentrations used in the immersion solution, as follows: 0% (water), 4.5%, 10%, 19%, 42%, and 100%. The specimens remained immersed for 30 days at 37 degrees C. The hardness test was performed by a hardness tester equipped with a Vickers diamond penetrator, and a surface roughness tester was used to measure the surface roughness of the specimens. Flexural strength testing was carried out on a universal testing machine. Color alterations (DeltaE) were measured by a portable spectrophotometer after 12 and 30 days. Variables were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey's test (alpha= 0.05).
For the range of ethanol-water solutions for immersion (water only, 4.5%, 10%, 19.5%, 42%, and 100%), the following results were obtained for hardness (13.9 +/- 2.0, 12.1 +/- 0.7, 12.9 +/- 0.9, 11.2 +/- 1.5, 5.7 +/- 0.3, 2.7 +/- 0.5 VHN), roughness (0.13 +/- 0.01, 0.15 +/- 0.07, 0.13 +/- 0.05, 0.13 +/- 0.02, 0.23 +/- 0.05, 0.41 +/- 0.19 mum), flexural strength (90 +/- 12, 103 +/- 18, 107 +/- 16, 90 +/- 25, 86 +/- 22, 8 +/- 2 MPa), and color (0.8 +/- 0.6, 0.8 +/- 0.3, 0.7 +/- 0.4, 0.9 +/- 0.3, 1.3 +/- 0.3, 3.9 +/- 1.5 DeltaE) after 30 days.
The findings of this study showed that the ethanol concentrations of tested drinks affect the physical properties of the investigated acrylic resin. An obvious plasticizing effect was found, which could lead to a lower in vivo durability associated with alcohol consumption.
Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectant solutions (1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 2% glutaraldehyde, 100% vinegar, tabs of sodium perborate-based denture cleanser, and 3.8% sodium perborate) in the disinfection of acrylic resin specimens (n = 10/group) contaminated in vitro by Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, or Bacillus subtilis as measured by residual colony-forming unit (CFU). In a separate experiment, acrylic resin was treated with disinfectants to monitor potential effects on surface roughness, Ra (microm), which might facilitate microbial adherence.
Materials and methods:
Three hundred fifty acrylic resin specimens contaminated in vitro with 1 x 10(6) cells/ml suspensions of standard strains of the cited microorganisms were immersed in the disinfectants for 10 minutes; the control group was not submitted to any disinfection process. Final counts of microorganisms per ml were performed by plating method for the evaluation of microbial level reduction. Results were compared statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p< or = 0.05). In a parallel study aiming to evaluate the effect of the tested disinfectant on resin surface, 60 specimens were analyzed in a digital rugosimeter before and after ten cycles of 10-minute immersion in the disinfectants. Measurements of superficial roughness, Ra (mum), were compared statistically by paired t-test (p< or = 0.05).
Results:
The results showed that 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate were most effective against the analyzed microorganisms, followed by 100% vinegar, 3.8% sodium perborate, and tabs of sodium perborate-based denture cleanser. Superficial roughness of the specimens was higher after disinfection cycles with 3.8% sodium perborate (p= 0.03) and lower after the cycles with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (p= 0.04).
Conclusion:
Within the limits of this experiment, it could be concluded that 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% chlorhexidine, 100% vinegar, and 3.8% sodium perborate are valid alternatives for the disinfection of acrylic resin.
The effects of acetic acid and extracellular pH (pHex) on the intracellular pH (pHi) of nonfermenting, individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were studied by using a new experimental setup comprising a fluorescence microscope and a perfusion system. S. cerevisiae cells grown in brewer's wort to the stationary phase were stained with fluorescein diacetate and transferred to a perfusion chamber. The extracellular concentration of undissociated acetic acid at various pHex values was controlled by perfusion with 2 g of total acetic acid per liter at pHex 3.5, 4.5, 5.6, and 6.5 through the chamber by using a high-precision pump. The pHi of individual S. cerevisiae cells during perfusion was measured by fluorescence microscopy and ratio imaging. Potential artifacts, such as fading and efflux of fluorescein, could be neglected within the experimental time used. At pHex 6.5, the pHi of individual S. cerevisiae cells decreased as the extracellular concentration of undissociated acetic acid increased from 0 to 0.035 g/liter, whereas at pHex 3.5, 4.5, and 5.6, the pHi of individual S. cerevisiae cells decreased as the extracellular concentration of undissociated acetic acid increased from 0 to 0.10 g/liter. At concentrations of undissociated acetic acid of more than 0.10 g/liter, the pHi remained constant. The decreases in pHi were dependent on the pHex; i.e., the decreases in pHi at pHex 5.6 and 6.5 were significantly smaller than the decreases in pHi at pHex 3.5 and 4.5.
In this study, the superficial roughness of two composite resins classified as condensable and of a traditional hybrid composite resin was analyzed after different polishing techniques. Test specimens were confected, immersed in distilled water for 24 hours and submitted to two different techniques of superficial treatment, in which disc systems (Sof-Lex and Super Snap) and silicon tips (Enhance) were utilized. The results revealed the greater superficial roughness of Alert, when compared with Solitaire and Degufill Mineral--no statistically significant differences were observed between the last two materials. The superficial roughness of the specimens polished with Enhance tips was greater than that of the specimens polished with discs and there were no statistically significant differences between both disc systems.
The present study assessed the susceptibility of Candida albicans strains, collected from HIV-positive patients with oral candidiasis, to a commercial 20% ethanol propolis extract (EPE) and compare it to the inhibitory action of the standardized antifungal agents nystatin (NYS), clotrimazole (CL), econazole (EC), and fluconazole (FL). Twelve C. albicans strains collected from HIV-positive patients with oral candidiasis were tested. The inhibition zones were measured with a pachimeter and the results are reported as means and standard deviation (M +/- SD). Data were analyzed statistically by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. EPE inhibited all the C. albicans strained tested. No significant difference was observed between the results obtained with NYS and EPE, while significant differences were observed between EPE and other antifungals. The C. albicans strains tested showed resistance to the remaining antifungal agents. The propolis extract used in this study inhibited the in vitro growth of C. albicans collected from HIV-seropositive Brazilian patients, creating/forming inhibition zones like those ones formed by NYS. This fact suggests that commercial EPE could be an alternative medicine in the treatment of candidiasis from HIV-positive patients. However, in vivo studies of the effect of EPE are needed to determine its possible effects on the oral mucosa.
The purpose of this work was to characterize the effect of block copolymer composition on the aggregation state of nystatin in the presence of Pluronic micelles. The critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) of nystatin were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The CAC of nystatin in phosphate-buffered saline was 20 microM at 37 degrees C. Addition of Pluronics significantly increased the CAC of nystatin up to >350 microM at 37 degrees C at the concentrations studied. The CAC values corresponded directly to the size of the Pluronic hydrophobic blocks, and inversely with Pluronic critical micellization concentration (CMC). Predictably, increasing Pluronic concentration and temperature revealed increases in CACs. The micelle-water partition coefficient (P) of nystatin was determined by nystatin fluorescence. The P for nystatin at 37 degrees C was calculated in F68, F98, P105, and F127 to be 15, 21, 73, and 79, respectively. Pluronic micelle core polarity experiments, determined by pyrene fluorescence, revealed decreased polarity with increasing hydrophobic block length and temperature. Thus, nystatin CACs in the presence of Pluronics correlated directly with the partition coefficients, and inversely with core polarity. These results point to the number of micelles in solution as the primary factor responsible for nystatin solubilization by Pluronics.
Pathogenic microbes may be transmitted directly from the orthodontist to the patient or from the patient to the doctor, and indirectly from patient to patient. The latter may occur via contaminated instruments or surfaces, and is referred to as cross-contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of bacterial contamination of orthodontic pliers and the efficacy of the disinfection techniques applied after clinical use. We also sought to examine under standardized conditions the virucidal, bactericidal and fungicidal effects of disinfection techniques used in practice.
The efficacy of various disinfection methods was determined after clinical use in-vivo on 10 test subjects and in-vitro with deliberate contamination. The following disinfection methods were tested: 1. Iso-Septol spray 2. Incidur spray 3. Trough disinfection in combination with 5% Sekusept Plus solution 4. Ultrasound bath in combination with 5% Sekusept Plus solution 5. Thermal disinfection For in-vitro contamination we used the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Coxsackie virus B4, HSV 1, and Adenovirus type 5. The tests were carried out six to eight times for each organism. The Weingart pliers and distalend cutters were tested. The criteria for effective disinfection were a reduction in infectiosity of five log steps (for bacteria and fungi) or four log steps (viruses). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon and Whitney U-test.
The presence of contamination following clinical use was not adequately eliminated with all disinfection methods. The spray methods exhibited shortcomings in disinfection. For the type of contamination defined, trough disinfection with 5% Sekusept Plus and the Incidur and Iso-Septol spray disinfection methods provided insufficient disinfection. Conversely, the ultrasound bath with 5% Sekusept Plus solution and steam disinfection met the criteria for effective disinfection for all microbes. No statistically significant difference was found between the oiled and unoiled states. In some cases, there were slightly higher rates of contamination with the Weingart pliers as with the distalend cutters. However, these were not statistically significant.
It should be possible to disinfect lipophilic viruses and the usual bacterial infections adequately with all methods, provided that the use of sprays and trough disinfection is preceded by cleaning with brush and water, followed by drying. With hydrophilic viruses, however, the spray and trough disinfection methods are limited in their efficacy and cannot be considered adequate. Exclusively chemical methods are therefore less effective than thermal or physical-chemical methods. Thermal disinfection and the ultrasound bath in combination with 5% Sekusept Plus are clearly superior to spray disinfection and trough disinfection alone. The ultrasound bath and thermal disinfection can therefore be recommended for the disinfection of orthodontic pliers. We recommend that the pliers be cleaned beforehand due to their uneven surfaces.
The addition of anionic charge on denture base resins has been shown to inhibit Candida albicans adhesion and to facilitate adsorption of salivary defense molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of a modified denture base resin for denture fabrication.
Specimens made from heat polymerizing resin Lucitone 199 were used as the control group. The two experimental groups, E-10 and E-20, had 10% and 20%, respectively, of the monomer substituted with an experimental phosphate-containing monomer. Flexural strength and modulus, water sorption, solubility, and color stability tests were conducted to ensure compliance with ADA specification No. 12. Water diffusion coefficient into the resins and stainability were also assessed. ANOVA and Scheffé tests were performed for statistical significance.
There was an overall decline in all properties with the addition of the experimental phosphate compound. The flexural strength and modulus, water sorption and solubility for E-10, as well as the control were, however, within the ADA specifications. The diffusion coefficients were significantly different (p < 0.05) for the three groups. Staining and color specimens showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the three groups.
Within the limitations of this study, the physical properties of the phosphate denture base resin at 10% should be suitable for denture fabrication based on the properties assessed.
The aim of this study was to rank 10 denture disinfection methods according to their efficacy in reducing Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonization on soft denture relining material.
Circular specimens (diameter 8 mm) were made of soft denture relining material (Mucopren E, Kettenbach) and thermally aged. Specimens were incubated with C. albicans (strain 1386, DSMZ) followed by 1 of 10 disinfection procedures (6 soaks, 2 microwave irradiation regimes, 1 effervescent commercial cleansing product, and denture left dry overnight). Incubation with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) served as a control. Adhering fungi were quantified using a bioluminometric assay in combination with an automated plate reader for cell quantification. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) were made for validation.
Low median luminescence intensities indicated the presence of a few viable fungi after the soaking of specimens in sodium hypochlorite (10 relative luminescence units (rlu)), microwave irradiation immersed in water (8 rlu), and application of effervescent cleansing tabs (22 rlu). No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) to control PBS (200 rlu) was found after immersion in hydrogen peroxide (172 rlu), glutaraldehyde (103 rlu), household vinegar (196 rlu), Listerine coolmint (194 rlu), Plax (222 rlu), dry microwave irradiation (221 rlu) and specimens left dry overnight (165 rlu). SEM displayed C. albicans monolayers with different morphologic forms on each surface investigated.
Only soaking in sodium hypochlorite (1%; 10 min), microwave irradiation immersed in water (800 W; 6 min), and application of effervescent cleansing tabs (Blend-a-dent tabs; 10 min) proved to be effective against C. albicans colonization on soft denture relining material.
Efeitos do vinagre sobre Candida albicans aderidas in vitro em resina acrí termicamente ativada
- Andrade Jpb
- Jc Junqueira
- Faria
- Is
Andrade JPB, Junqueira JC, Faria IS, et al: Efeitos do vinagre sobre Candida albicans aderidas in vitro em resina acrí termicamente ativada. Cienc Odontol Bras 2008;11: 91-98
Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans isolated from oralpharyngeal mucosa of HIV+ patients to fluconazole, anphotericin B and caspofungin
- Costa Cr Araú
- Cr
Lemos JA, Costa CR, Araú CR, et al: Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans isolated from oralpharyngeal mucosa of HIV+ patients to fluconazole, anphotericin B and caspofungin. Brazil J Microbiol 2009;40:163-169
Measurement of the effects of acetic acid and extracellular pH on intracellular pH of nonfermenting
- L Guldfeldt
- Arneborg
Guldfeldt L, Arneborg U: Measurement of the effects of acetic acid and extracellular pH on intracellular pH of nonfermenting,