Content uploaded by Moh Faiqun Ni'am
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Moh Faiqun Ni'am on Sep 15, 2014
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Enhancing suspended solids remove from waswtewater using Fe electrodes
Abstract and Figures
This paper investigates the effect of electrocoagulation (EC) process on the removal of suspended solids (SS) from wastewater. In a batch electrochemical cell experimental set up, two monopolar iron (Fe) plate were used as electrodes (anodes and cathodes). Synthetic wastewater, made of milk powder with concentration of 700 mg/L, was treated using 1M HCl for pH adjustment before it was used as electrolyte. Preliminary results show that the EC process is able to enhance the removal of suspended solid, turbidity and carbon oxygen demand in wastewater. The removal rates of those elements were increase with treatment time. Abstrak: Tujuan kertas kerja ini adalah untuk menyelidiki kesan proses elektrokoagulasi (EC) bagi mengurangkan pepejal terampai dari air sisa. Di dalam ujikaji berskala makmal menggunakan sel elektrokimia jujukan, dua keping plat besi (Fe) monopolar telah digunakan sebagai elektrod (anod dan katod). Susu tepung dengan kepekatan 700 mg/L, telah diolah menggunakan HCl 1 M sebagai pengawal pH dan elektrolit. Keputusan awal mendapati bahawa teknologi EC mampu meningkatkan penyingkiran pepejal terampai, kekeruhan dan COD. Kadar penyingkiran ini meningkat seiring dengan tempoh pengolahan dan tempoh pemendapan.
Figures - uploaded by Moh Faiqun Ni'am
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Moh Faiqun Ni'am
Content may be subject to copyright.
... The pH is an important operating factor influencing the electrocoagulation process. The pH of the medium changes during the process, depending on the type of electrode material and initial pH, similar to the results reported by Othman et al. (2006) and Yildiz et al. (2008). ...
This research studied the reduction of pollution load from textile wastewater through COD and color removal using electrocoagulation technique. Experiments were carried out on a laboratory scale using mono-polar two aluminum plate as electrode material with total 32.68 cm2 of reaction area. The electrical potential was 12-24 volts. Inter-electrode spacing was kept at 4 cm. The effects of relevant wastewater characteristics such as pH, and important process variables such as applied voltage and operating time on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal efficiency has been explored. Maximum removal of COD (86.5%) and color (93.4%) was observed at initial pH of 5, the cell time operation was 60 minutes. These results indicate that electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes could be effective for removal of COD and color from textile wastewater.
... Electrocoagulation process has been used for domestic wastewater treatment (Adeline et al., 2015) as well as to decrease oil and detergent contained in wastewater (Ismanto et al., 2009). Electrocoagulation has also been used for treating textile wastewater (Kobya et al., 2003, Othman, F., et al., 2006; palm oil industry wastewater with a removal efficiency of 90% TSS and 91% COD (Amri et al., 2023); furniture industry wastewater with 92% COD removal and 99% TSS (Vicente et al., 2023); and textile industry wastewater with 42.5% TOC, 18.6% COD, 83.5% turbidity, 64.7% TSS and 90.3-94.9% color (Bener et al., 2019); paper industry wastewater with 80% of COD and TSS removal (Al-Shannag et al., 2012); paper-recycling wastewater with 79.5% COD and 83.4% TSS removal (Izadi et al., 2018); acid mine wastewater 219 with TSS removal 92.75% with pH of the wastewater from 2.83 to neutral pH (Alam et al., 2022); ...
Indonesia is a country that has considerable coal reserves with coal resources of 149.01 billion tons. One of the problems of coal mining is turbidity. The turbidity is caused by the excavation of the open pit mine so that rainwater contact with the main wall. So that mud is formed, which can increase turbidity levels. The concentration of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) due to this phenomenon reaches 5,400 mg/L. Aim: This study aims to set aside TSS by electrocoagulation processing method using a batch system with eight pairs of iron electrodes arranged monopolarly. Methodology and Results: Comparisons using statistically independent t-tests showed that there was no significant difference between the iron and aluminium electrodes in the pH parameter. Conclusion, significance, and impact study:There were significant differences between iron and aluminum electrodes in the parameters of TDS and TSS. In the measured TDS and TSS parameters, the electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes has a higher value than aluminum electrodes. In the TSS removal, there is no significant difference between the two electrodes (iron and aluminium).
... With an iron anode, Fe(OH) 2 or Fe(OH) 3 is formed at the anode. Reaction mechanism of iron electrode at the anode and cathode are reported by many authors Othman et al., 2006;Babu et al., 2007;Murthy and Raina, 2008): According to Larue and Vorobiev (2003), the generation of iron hydroxides Fe(OH)n is followed by an electro-phoretic concentration of colloids (usually negatively charged) in the region close to the anode. The produced ferrous ions hydrolyze to form monomeric hydroxide ions and polymeric hydroxide complexes that depend on the pH of the solution. ...
This is a comparative study with the effluent treatment plant using electro-coagulation EC) and chemical coagulation (CC). The study was conducted at Gazipur district and Savar upazila of Bangladesh to find out the water chemistry of effluent and treated water and makes a comparison with the DOE standard for surface and irrigation water. Find out of sludge characteristics and Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) was the other objectives of this study. Sample collection and were done within the month of October to November, 2013 and general lab test of water and sludge were done at Asia Arsenic Network (AAN) in Jessore and heavy metals test was done at DPHE lab in Jhinaidah. In water analysis part it was observed that the electric conductivity , TDS, color and turbidity was better for the chemical coagulation process and sulfate, DO, BOD, COD, TSS, sulfide, chloride condition was better in electro-coagulation process. Heavy metal amount was negligible in all the treated water. Bacteria removal efficiency was noticeable in the EC process than the CC process. In sludge the pH, conductivity, TDS was slightly higher in CC process than the EC process. Heavy metals such as Pb and Cr were slightly high in the sludge sample but Cd was in a lowest content. ETP experienced persons gave their opinion in the survey part that EC technique is
... Previous studies showed that initial pH has a considerable effect on the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process for removal of organic pollutants (Lakshmi & Sivashanmugam, 2013). Generally, the pH of the medium changes during the process according to Othman et al., (2006), Yildız et al., 2008. However, the value of pH remained within the allowable limits. ...
The present study integrates experimental and intelligent models in the modeling and optimization of the iron electrode-based electrocoagulation-flocculation (EC-FLC) process for the treatment of aquafarm effluent (AFE). The modeling was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS), while the optimization was performed with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The physicochemical properties of AFE were determined before and post-treatment to assess the effectiveness of the process. Central composite design (CCD) embedded in RSM was employed for experimental design. ANFIS model utilized the grid partition and ANN employed a multi-layer perceptron-based feed-forward architecture. The statistical analysis revealed superior prediction accuracy in the decreasing order ANFIS (R2: 0.9968, AAD: 0.0009, RMSE: 0.2373), ANN (R²: 0.9896, AAD: 0.0023, RMSE: 0.4388), and RSM (R²: 0.9655, AAD: 0.0067, RMSE: 0.7764), demonstrating the superiority of ANFIS model. Models’ reliability were validated by the strong correlation between the actual/predicted values of turbidity removal. The experimentally validated optimization solutions for turbidity were RSM numerical (96.71%), RSM-PSO (97.46%), ANN-PSO (98.83%), and ANFIS-PSO (99.01%). Post-treatment analysis revealed significant reductions in turbidity, nutrient content, and organic matter. These findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the intelligent tools in the modeling/optimization of EC-FLC recovery of AFE.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis probio-7 terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan patin. Metode eksperimen dan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diujikan yaitu tanpa pemberian probiotik pada media (A); pemberian probiotik 0,5 ml/L (B); pemberian probiotik 1,5 ml/L (C); dan pemberian probiotik 2,5 ml/L. Hewan uji yang digunakan sebanyak 20 ekor, dipelihara pada akuarium dengan volume air 20 liter air dan dosis pemberian pakan 10% dari biomassa ikan dan frekwensi pemberian 3 kali per-hari. Hasil Pertumbuhan berat mutlak tertinggi pada perlakuan D dengan berat total 5,89 gr, kelangsungan hidup tertinggi pada perlakuan C dengan presentase 100%.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberian probiotik pada media pemeliharaan memberikan pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) pada pertumbuhan berat mutlak dan kelangsungan hidup benih ikan patin, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) pada pertumbuhan panjang mutlak benih ikan patin.
This study addresses a gap in municipal leachate (MUPL) treatment by introducing a pioneering application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the electrocoagulation/electroflocculation (EC/EF) process utilizing iron electrodes. The overarching aim is to demonstrate the efficacy of AI, particularly a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) based feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) incorporating the Levenberg-Marquardt (LMb) algorithm, in predicting and optimizing EC/EF outcomes for turbidity (TDY) removal. The research methodology involved experimentation and robust ANN data modeling. The significance of this work emerges from the successful integration of AI, showcasing its potential in advancing wastewater, demonstrated through a strong positive correlation (0.994) between the ANN model predictions and experimental outcomes. The study achieves a remarkable 99.4% TDY removal at an electrolysis time of 10 min and contributes valuable insights into the critical parameters influencing the EC/EF process. Results from the ANN modeling exhibit high predictive accuracy, supported by elevated R-squared values and minimal mean square error. Statistical analyses underscore the significance of key process parameters, highlighting the influential roles of current intensity and settling time. The study emphasized the favorable impact of maintaining an acidic pH range, as it reduced electrostatic repulsion between particles, facilitating pollutant agglomeration, and identified electrolysis time as a key factor in enhancing treatment efficiency, supported by a strong positive correlation between electrolysis time and TDY reduction. Energy cost savings were realized by not requiring temperature elevation. Achieving a 99.4% TDY removal translates to substantial reductions in other pollutants present in the MUPL, thereby elevating water quality and ensuring compliance.
The purpose of this review is to describe the contents of Pb and Zn in sediments and hydrobionts as ecological markers for the pollution assessment of freshwater objects in Bulgaria, and the data are compared with other countries and regions. Symmetry was found regarding the levels of Zn in the sediment of the Ovcharitsa and Zhrebchevo dams, which were twice the MAC for arable land (Regulation № 3 of Bulgarian legislation). Symmetry was also observed between the results for Zn and Pb in the studied sediments, and the “favorites” in terms of content were the samples from Zhrebchevo Dam and, especially, from Ovcharitsa Dam. Asymmetry was established in the accumulation of Zn in the livers of carps inhabiting Topolnitsa Dam in comparison with these in Ovcharitsa Dam. A similar asymmetry was observed for lead. The analysis of the muscles and livers of the studied fish showed an asymmetry in the accumulation of zinc, and this process was more intense in the liver. Symmetry was found in the accumulation of Pb in the liver and muscle tissues of the carp from the studied water bodies.
The findings of the study showed that at optimum conditions of the operating parameters i.e., current density = 14.17 mA/cm2 , t = 102 min, and pH = 6.25, 63.41% of COD removal, 90.93% of dye removal and 0.0035 kWh/kg of energy consumption, were observed. Kinetic studies showed that EC based treatment of STW followed first order kinetics and the kinetic constants at 30°C for each response parameter i.e., % COD removal and % dye removal were 0.0205 min-1 and 0.0097 min-1 , respectively. Similarly, at 50°C the kinetic constants for % COD removal and % dye removal were 0.037 min-1 and 0.011 min-1 , respectively. Further, it was also observed that the amount of Al in the treated STW, sludge and scum was observed to be 25.16 mg/l, 0.50778g and 0.06006 g, respectively. Keywords: Waste water, Response Surface plots and optimization
Although electrocoagulation is an evolving technology that is being effectively applied today for wastewater treatment, the paucity of scientific understanding of the complex chemical and physical processes involved is limiting future design and hindering progress. The objective of this review through a survey of the literature is to bring the chemistry and physical processes involved into perspective and to focus attention on those areas critically needing research.
In spite of abundant literature on the topic, the efficiency of electrocoagulation for a specific effluent cannot be predicted in advance. Prior to designing an industrial wastewater treatment unit, preliminary treatment tests have to be done using different soluble oil wastes with a very high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The influence of various parameters can then be assessed. Coagulant dose, linked to the electrical charge passed and the nature of the waste, seem to be the controlling parameters of process efficiency. The results obtained at the laboratory-scale have been confirmed in a small pilot cell, and an industrial unit has been designed. A preliminary economic study shows that electrocoagulation may be competitive with current treatment technologies. From knowledge gained at bench-scale, we concluded that electrocoagulation appears to be a suitable process for treatment of soluble oily wastes with high COD.
Treatment of saline wastewaters by electrochemical method is investigated in this paper. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the operating conditions, such as the pH, initial phenol concentration, salinity, current density, temperature and addition of small amounts of H2O2 on the COD removal efficiency. Possible optimum ranges for these operating variables are experimentally determined. The electrochemical method is found to be quite effective for dealing with the saline wastewaters with salinity of up to 3.5 w/w%. Two kinetic models were also employed to represent the electrochemical treatment process. The experimental data allow determination of the kinetic parameters by the least squares curve fitting principle. The correlation of these two kinetic models to the experimental data is compared.
This paper reviews the development, design and applications of electrochemical technologies in water and wastewater treatment. Particular focus was given to electrodeposition, electrocoagulation (EC), electroflotation (EF) and electrooxidation. Over 300 related publications were reviewed with 221 cited or analyzed. Electrodeposition is effective in recover heavy metals from wastewater streams. It is considered as an established technology with possible further development in the improvement of space-time yield. EC has been in use for water production or wastewater treatment. It is finding more applications using either aluminum, iron or the hybrid Al/Fe electrodes. The separation of the flocculated sludge from the treated water can be accomplished by using EF. The EF technology is effective in removing colloidal particles, oil & grease, as well as organic pollutants. It is proven to perform better than either dissolved air flotation, sedimentation, impeller flotation (IF). The newly developed stable and active electrodes for oxygen evolution would definitely boost the adoption of this technology. Electrooxidation is finding its application in wastewater treatment in combination with other technologies. It is effective in degrading the refractory pollutants on the surface of a few electrodes. Titanium-based boron-doped diamond film electrodes (Ti/BDD) show high activity and give reasonable stability. Its industrial application calls for the production of Ti/BDD anode in large size at reasonable cost and durability.
The characteristics of restaurant wastewater were investigated. High oil and grease contents were detected. Electrocoagulation was used to treat this type of wastewater. Different electrode materials and operational conditions were examined. Aluminum was preferred to iron. Charge loading was found to be the only variable that affected the treatment efficiency significantly. The optimum charge loading and current density were 1.67–9.95 F/m3 wastewater and 30–80 A/m2 depending on the wastewater tested. The removal efficiency of oil and grease exceeded 94% for all wastewaters tested. The experimental results also show that the electrocoagulation can neutralize wastewater pH. Several mechanisms associated with pH variation are proposed.
The goal of coagulation of fine disperse latex particles of suspensions by dosing with iron ions is to enhance suspension clarification, promote sedimentation and improve their filterability. Two kinds of iron dosing were studied; by directly adding iron chloride or iron sulphate to suspensions or by electrolytic decomposition of iron electrodes (electrocoagulation process, EC). The chemical and electrical processes were examined by varying the pH value and the iron ions concentration in order to determine the optimal operating conditions. To minimise the energy consumption in EC, the suspension conductivity and the current density were varied. This paper shows that flocs in EC-treated suspensions had a higher density and tended to be larger than flocs formed in suspensions dosed with iron chloride or iron sulphate. The kinetics of settling and filtration of EC-treated suspensions were accelerated, demonstrating the interest of EC as an alternative to chemical conditioning.
The decolorization of orange II by the D.C. electrocoagulation (EC) method has been studied. In the EC of orange II, the effects of initial pH, rate of stirring, concentration of dye, electrodes distance, current density, water temperature, etc were tested. The optimum operating range for each of these operating variables was experimentally determined. The experimental results revealed that the color of orange II in aqueous phase was effectively removed (>98%) and also the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduced (>84%), when iron was used as sacrificial anode and the concentration of orange II was <200 ppm. The bach experimental results were assessed in terms of color and COD reduction. The optimum current density was 34.62 A/m2 for effectively removing of orange II. The EC method is found to be quite effective in removing of orange II. This method can neutralize solution pH. In this project desorbed compounds are separated and structures of them are identified and another mechanism for removal of orange II is proposed.
Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical wastewater treatment technology that is currently experiencing both increased popularity and considerable technical improvements. There has been relatively little effort to better understand the fundamental mechanisms of the processes, particularly those that could provide design parameters to optimize the performances of this relatively simple and inexpensive technique. In a research programme to delineate the mechanisms of the fundamental processes involved in, the authors have realized that the technology has been insufficiently reviewed with emphasis on the fundamentals and their relationship to the performance of this technology. This paper presents an in-depth discussion and consideration of the factors that need to be addressed for optimum performance of this technology. Recent improvements of this technique and the theoretical model studies are also reviewed.
Treatment of textile wastewaters by electrocoagulation using iron and of aluminum electrode materials has been investigated in this paper. The effects of relevant wastewater characteristics such as conductivity and pH, and important process variables such as current density and operating time on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal efficiencies have been explored. Furthermore, the electrode and energy consumptions for each electrode have been calculated. The results show that iron is superior to aluminum as sacrificial electrode material, from COD removal efficiency and energy consumption points.
This study was performed to investigate the variables that influence the efficiency of decolorization of a solution containing an azo dye (Acid Red 14) by electrocoagulation (EC) in order to compare the efficiency of different electrode connections for color removal. Current density, time of electrolysis, interelectrode distance, and pH of the solution were the variables that most influenced color removal. Initially, a simple electrochemical cell was prepared with an anode and a cathode. Then the effect of each variable was studied separately using synthetic wastewater in a batch mode. The efficiency of the method tested was determined by measurement of color removal and reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). For dye solutions with COD of approximately 30 ppm and dye concentrations less than 150 ppm, high color removal (93%) was obtained when the pH ranged from 6 to 9, time of electrolysis was approximately 4 min, current density was approximately 80 A/m2, the temperature was approximately 300 K, and interelectrode distance was 1 cm. During the EC process under these conditions, the COD decreased by more than 85%. In the second series of experiment, the efficiency of EC cells with monopolar electrodes in series and parallel connections and an EC cell with bipolar electrodes were compared with results using a simple electrochemical cell. The experimental results showed that an EC cell with several electrodes was more effective than a simple electrochemical cell in color removal. The results also showed that an EC cell with monopolar electrodes had a higher color removal efficiency than an EC cell with bipolar electrodes. Furthermore, within an EC cell, the series connection of the monopolar electrodes was more effective for the treatment process than the parallel connection in color removal.