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Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
141
ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
Antimicrobial Activity of Aloevera barbedensis, Daucus carota, Emblica officinalis,
Honey and Punica granatum and Formulation of a Health Drink and Salad
Jeswin Philip, Sheila John and Priya Iyer*
Department of Biotechnology, Women`s Christian College, College Road, Chennai-600006, Tamil Nadu, India.
E.mail: brajuraj@yahoo.com
Received 18 August 2011; Received in revised form 11 March 2012; Accepted 23 March 2012
ABSTRACT
Aims: Indian folk medicine has been in practice from time immemorial. Traditional medicine interconnects our body with
nature for a healthy living. The naturally occurring antimicrobials in food vary in their efficacy and function, toxicology,
safety and mechanism of action against microorganisms.
Methodology and Results: The study revitalizes the traditional system of medicine in order to achieve self reliance in
health care and health for all by analyzing the antimicrobial property of aqueous extracts of aloevera (Aloevera
barbedensis), carrot (Daucus carota), Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis), honey and pomegranate (Punica
granatum), and to assess the reason for inhibition of growth of pathogenic organisms by DNA and protein analysis.
Various aqueous extracts showed inhibition to microrganisms like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexineri and Staphylococcus aureus.
Conclusion significance and impact of study: The study also formulated and standardized a nourishing health drink
and salad using the tested foods and estimated their shelf life and nutritive value. The health drink and salad had a low
protein, low fat and moderate carbohydrate content. Therapeutically this drink and salad can be used to treat obesity.
Keywords: Antimicrobial property, aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and pomegranate
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Health is of prime concern in the present scenario. There
is a growing concern about chronic health problems with
rapidly changing food environment. A lot of advancement
has been made in the field of medicine where
pharmaceuticals play a vital role in the healing process
and the importance of naturally occurring food items with
medicinal value is being ignored. The practice of
consuming natural foods must be cultivated rather than
loading one’s body with chemicals. Research is being
carried out so that an alternative to antibiotics can be
obtained by testing natural products with medicinal
properties. Indian folk medicine has been in practice from
time immemorial. Traditional medicine interconnects our
body with nature for a healthy living. The term
“antimicrobial” refers to natural or synthetic substances
that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Plants, as
extracts and in various forms are being used for centuries
in different traditional system of medicines particularly
those caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Naturally occurring antimicrobials are abundant in the
environment. The naturally occurring antimicrobials vary in
their efficacy and function, toxicology and safety and
mechanism of action against microorganisms. Based on
the above information the food substance like Aloevera
barbedensis – Aloevera, Daucus carota – Carrot, Emblica
officinalis – Amla, Honey – Honey, Punica granatum –
Pomegranate was selected to study their antimicrobial
activity. Since they had unique antimicrobial properties a
health drink and salad was formulated to make a nutritious
food available for consumption and sensory evaluation
was done to make the food more palatable. The
objectives of the study are to determine the antimicrobial
activity of aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and pomegranate
quantitatively by serial dilution method and standard well
technique. The objective includes the reason for inhibition
of pathogenic organisms and to formulate a health drink
and salad using aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and
pomegranate. The objective will also include palatability
and acceptability of the health drink and salad using
sensory evaluation techniques, to estimate the shelf life of
the formulated health drink and salad and to assess the
nutritive value of the health drink and salad.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out the with objective of
determining the antimicrobial property of aqueous
extracts of aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and
pomegranate using experimental procedures in three
parts.
Extraction
The raw materials aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and
pomegranate were collected. The extract was prepared.
(a) The sample was taken (20 gm) and ground in a mortar
*
Corresponding author
Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
142
ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
which was surface sterilized by ethanol. (b) The sample
was dissolved in 100 ml of water. (c) The extracts were
collected and stored in a sterile container. (d) The
equipment and glassware were sterilized. (e) Preparation
of media namely Muller Hinton Agar. (f) Provision of stock
culture. (g) Preparation of agar plates for immediate use.
Testing antimicrobial activity of the experimental
extracts
The first step was to do a sterility check on the nutrient
broth and the second step was to perform serial dilution
test to check for inhibitory concentration of the extract.
Based on the findings of the broth dilution method,
standard well technique was performed to obtain zones of
inhibition. Muller Hinton agar was prepared and left to cool
at 45 °C. The agar was then poured into Petri plates,
sterility check was performed, the medium was pre-
seeded with the microorganism using a sterile cotton
swab dipped in the inoculum, the well puncture was
dipped in ethanol and sterilized by flaming, two wells were
made and spaced out at equal intervals, with the help of a
micro pipette, 20 µL of the extract was pipetted into each
well, Antibiogram was performed using antibiotics viz.,
Amikacin, Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Chloramphenicol,
Gentamycin, and Streptomycin, the plates were left in an
incubator at 37 °C for 24 h and observations were made,
Antibiogram was performed using antibiotics to obtain
zone of inhibition for comparison with those of extract.
Analyze the reason of inhibition of growth of the
organism by the experimental extracts
(a) Preparation of culture with equal number of cells. (b)
Treating of the culture with the experimental extracts. (c)
Centrifugation of the culture at 12000 rpm for 10 min to
collect the cells. (d) Resuspension of cells in saline
solution. (e) Extraction of DNA by lysis of the cell. (f)
Precipitation and extraction of protein. (g) Analysis of the
DNA from the supernatant. (h) Analysis of the protein from
the precipitate. (i) Reading the colour developed by the
spectrometer at 640nm. (j) Quantification of the tested
optical density using standard optical density.
Choice of the test organism
The antimicrobial activity was tested against food borne
pathogens that enter the body through the gut and causes
various diseases. The pathogens selected include:
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhi, Shigella flexineri and Staphylococcus aureus
Formulation and standardization of a health drink and
a salad
The food substances selected for the health drink and
salad include aloevera (juice), carrot, amLa, honey and
pomegranate. The food substances selected for
standardization were fresh and without any contamination.
Twelve post graduate students from the Department of
Home Science, Women’s Christian College, Chennai were
chosen as panel members to score the health drink and
salad. The acceptability and palatability of the health drink
and salad was evaluated and the shelf life was
determined by standard plate count, serial dilution method
and pours plate method at room and refrigerated
temperatures. The nutritive value of the health drink and
salad was also assessed.
Nutritive analysis of the formulated drink and salad
In order to estimate the nutrients in the health drink and
salad the nutritive value was calculated. The energy was
calculated using the ICMR (2002) values. The formulated
health drink and salad were analyzed bio-chemically for
protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin A and vitamin C. 100 ml
of the health drink and salad were used for biochemical
analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Qualitative effect of the experimental extracts on the
test organism
The minimum inhibitory concentration obtained by the
serial dilution method is presented in Table 1.
Aloevera: Results of serial dilution method reveals that
the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited at high
concentration (1/10) of aloevera extract. A moderate
concentration of aloevera extract was needed to inhibit the
growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Salmonella typhi. Since Staphylococcus is becoming
resistant to antibiotics, this result is significant.
Carrot: Moderate concentration of carrot was needed to
inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli while a higher
concentration is needed to inhibit the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus.
Honey: High concentration of honey was needed to inhibit
the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Staphylococcus aureus and a moderate
concentration was needed to inhibit the growth of
Salmonella typhi.
Pomegranate: Higher concentration of pomegranate was
needed to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
and Salmonella typhi while a moderate concentration was
needed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli.
Amla: High concentration of amla was needed to inhibit
the growth of Salmonella typhi and a low concentration of
amla is needed to inhibit the growth of Shigella flexineri.
Quantitative effect of the experimental extracts on the
test organism
The results are observed after incubating the plates at 37
°C for 24 h. Result of Table 2 shows that zone of
Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
143
ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
Table 1: Results of diluted aqueous extracts
S.No.
ORGANISMS
Dilution of extracts
1/10
1/100
1/1000
1/10000
1/10000
Aloevera extract
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus aureus
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
Carrot
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus aureus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
Amla extract
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus aureus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
Honey
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus aureus
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
Pomegranate
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus aureus
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
-: growth +: no growth
inhibition by standard well technique.
Aloevera extract had good inhibitory effect on E. coli (10
mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11 mm), Aggary et al.,
(2005) showed that this leafy plant possess inhibitory
effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A study by Kathleen
(1999) shows that antimicrobial agents in aloevera can
effectively kill the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
a maximum zone for Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm),
aloevera inhibits the growth of a wide variety of Gram
negative and Gram positive bacteria.
Carrot had no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella typhi and Shigella flexineri while for E. coli it
was 12 mm and Staphylococcus aureus 10 mm.
Amla had zone of inhibition (13 mm) only for Salmonella
typhi.
Honey had no effect on Salmonella typhi but had varying
inhibitory effects on other four test organisms. Mundo et
al., (2002) showed that honey had the ability to inhibit the
growth of Escherichia coli. Studies have indicated that the
growth of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by honey
(Estrada et al., 2005). Antimicrobial properties of honey
are well exhibited by the inhibition of Staphylococcus
aureus in Muller Hinton agar (Al-Waili, 2004 and Moirin et
al., 2003).
Pomegranate had good inhibitory effect on E. coli
(10 mm), Salmonella typhi (15 mm) and Staphylococcus
aureus (12 mm). Studies have shown that pomegranate
can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus
(Machado et al, 2003).
Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
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ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
Table 2: Results of standard well technique for the test
bacteria
ORGANISMS
Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
Aloevera
Carrot
Amla
Honey
Pomegranate
Escherichia coli
10 12 - 13 10
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
11 - - 15 -
Salmonella
typhi
- - 13 - 15
Shigella
flexineri
- - - 10 -
Staphylococcus
aureus
15 10 - 15 12
Effect of antibiotics on test organisms
(a) Effect of antibiotics on Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract
infection. Gentamycin is the drug of first choice for
diseases caused by Escherichia coli. Antibiogram results
show that Amikacin gave a zone of inhibition of 14mm and
Gentamycin gave a zone of inhibition of 12mm. The zone
of inhibition of other drugs Ampicillin, Bacitracin,
Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin were not significant.
This shows that Escherichia coli are becoming resistant to
a broad-spectrum of drugs.
Table 3: Antibiotic inhibition of test bacteria
S.No.
ORGANISMS
Amikacin
Ampicillin
Bacitracin
Chloram-
phenicol
Gentamycin
Streptomycin
1
2
3
4
5
Escherichia coli
Ps. aeruginosa
Salmonella typhi
Shigella flexineri
Staphylococcus
aureus
14 mm
12 mm
12 mm
12 mm
15 mm
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8 mm
-
12 mm
13 mm
10 mm
10 mm
12 mm
-
12 mm
-
-
-
The experimental extracts showed a good inhibitory effect
on Escherichia coli with honey showing a maximum
inhibitory effect followed by carrot and thirdly aloevera and
pomegranate showing equal inhibitory effect. Amla was
not effective as it did not show any zone of inhibition. By
antibiogram it was observed that the organism is resistant
against a broad spectrum of drugs. Escherichia coli
infection can be treated with honey, carrot, aloevera and
pomegranate based on the results obtained.
(b) Effect of antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen
and is resistant to antibiotics makes it a significant cause
of urinary tract infection. Drug of choice against this
organism is Gentamycin. It was found from antibiogram
studies that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to
Gentamycin with a zone of inhibition of 13 mm while
Amikacin and Streptomycin showed an inhibitory range of
12 mm.
The experimental extracts had a good effect on
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Honey was the most effective
followed by aloevera. This is a unique breakthrough, since
all strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are increasingly
becoming drug resistant.
(c) Effect of antibiotics on Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. Recently this
organism has developed resistance against antibiotics.
When tested only Amikacin and Gentamycin gave zone of
inhibition of 12 mm and 10 mm respectively.
The experimental extracts showed inhibitory effect on
Salmonella typhi with pomegranate showing the maximum
inhibitory effect followed by amLa. These facts indicate
that the experimental extracts of pomegranate and amLa
can be used for the treatment of typhoid fever
(d) Effect of antibiotics against Shigella flexineri
Drug of first choice against Shigella flexineri is
Chloramphenicol while alternative drug used is Ampicillin.
Results of the antibiogram reveal that Shigella flexineri
showed sensitivity to Amikacin, Gentamycin and
Chloramphenicol with a zone of inhibition of 12 mm, 10
mm and 8 mm respectively.
The experimental extract honey showed inhibitory effect
on Shigella flexineri. This indicates that the aqueous
extract of honey can be effectively used to combat
infections caused by Shigella flexineri.
(e) Effect of antibiotics against Staphylococcus
aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of
the Streptococcal infections in humans particularly food
poisoning through the production of toxic enzymes. When
Staphylococcus aureus was tested against a range of
drugs Amikacin showed an inhibition of 15 mm while
Gentamycin showed an inhibition of 12 mm.
Aloevera and honey was proved to be the most and
equally effective in treating infections against
Staphylococcus aureus followed by pomegranate and
carrot. The experimental extracts conferring inhibitory
effect on Staphylococcus aureus hold a promising position
as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent. The DNA and
protein analysis was done in order to study the reason of
inhibition of using pathogenic bacteria
DNA Analysis
DNA analysis was done to study the reason of inhibition of
Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
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ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
Table 4: DNA analysis of organism
S.No.
Sample
Optical Density
Amount of DNA
mg/mL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa + Honey extract
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi + Pomegranate extract
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus + Aloevera extract
Staphylococcus aureus + Honey extract
Standard
0.182
0.175
0.197
0.180
0.220
0.198
0.207
0.135
0.0110
0.0108
0.0139
0.0131
0.0176
0.0168
0.0164
Table 5: Protein analysis of the organisms
S.No.
Sample
Optical density
Amount of Prote
in
mg/mL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa + Honey extract
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi + Pomegranate extract
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus + Aloevera extract
Staphylococcus aureus + Honey extract
Standard
0.382
0.656
0.393
0.369
0.515
0.501
0.510
0.118
0.319
0.188
0.459
0.178
0.323
0.146
0.169
Table 6: Contents of the health drink and salad (one
serving)
Ingredients Amount
Pomegranate
Carrot
Amla
Honey
Aloevera juice
150 mL/gm
100 mL/gm
25 mL/gm
15 mL
10 mL
Table 7: Acceptability and palatability of the health drink
and salad
Sensory attributes Salad Health drink
Appearance
Colour
Consistency
Flavour
Taste
4.6±0.89
4.5±0.74
4.0±0.70
4.0±0.77
4.3±0.89
4.5±0.63
4.5±0.74
4.3±0.90
4.0±0.70
4.5±0.59
Table 8 Standard plate count for the food products
Dilution Room
temperature
Refrigerated
temperature
10
-
1
No growth No growth
10
-
2
No growth No growth
10
-
3
No growth No growth
the experimental extracts on the test organism. The
results are given in Table 4. DNA estimation reveals that
there is no significant difference between the test
organism and those treated with the experimental
extracts. It is evident from the results that DNA is affected
at the transcriptional or translational level when the
transcription of RNA to proteins occurs. They react with
amino acid group resulting in cellular metabolism or
alkylate amino, hydroxyl and carboxyl group leading to the
formation of secondary protein structures.
Protein Analysis
Following the quantitative study of the experimental
extracts on the test organism the protein estimation was
done. The results are given in Table 5. Results of protein
estimation indicate that there is a considerable decrease
in the amount of protein when treated with the
experimental extracts. The amount of protein in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 0.319 mg/mL. On treating
with honey extract the organism contains only 0.188
mg/mL of proteins. In Salmonella typhi the amount of
protein is 0.459 mg/mL and on treatment with
pomegranate extract the amount of protein is 0.178
mg/mL. The amount of protein in Staphylococcus aureus
is 0.323 and is reduced to 0.146 and 0.169 on treatment
with the experimental extracts of aloevera and honey
respectively.
Standardization and formulation of the health drink
and salad
Three trails were done before formulating the composition
of the health drink and salad. Standard measuring cups
and measuring spoons were used for the preparation of
the health and salad. The experimental commodities
chosen for the formulation were fresh and without any
Mal. J. Microbiol. Vol 8(3) 2012, pp. 141-147
146
ISSN (print): 1823-8262, ISSN (online): 2231-7538
Table 9: Nutritive analysis of health drink
Particulars Quantity
(g/mL)
Energy
(kcal) Protein (g) Carbohydrate
(g) Fat (g) Vitamin A
(IU) Vitamin C (mg)
Pomegranate
Amla
Carrot
Honey
Aloevera
Total
150
25
100
15
10
97.5
14.5
48.0
31.9
1.7
193.6
3.07
0.12
1.10
0.04
0.50
4.83
22.5
3.4
10.10
12.7
0.06
48.76
0.12
0.02
0.18
-
-
0.32
-
3.75
8045.58
-
-
8049.33
24
150
3
1.8
0.12
178.92
contamination and prepared in a clean and sterile
environment Since aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and
pomegranate have anti microbial effect, the consumption
of the health drink and salad helps ingesting all nutrients
in one stretch.
Acceptability and palatability trial
In product development, sensory evaluation plays a vital
role for evaluation of products (Yan, 2001). When the
quality of a food product is assessed by means of human
sensory organs, the evaluation is said to be sensory or
subjective. Sensory attributes are the most significant
quality parameters for determining consumer acceptance
(Lawless and Classen, 1993). Sensory evaluation is the
only method for getting correct opinion of the target
population and consumer acceptance of the product.
Different rating scales are used for testing the product
acceptance, out of these the hedonic scale is mostly used
(Yeh et al., 1998).
In the present study a five point hedonic scale was used
to evaluate the acceptability of the health drink and salad.
The importance of appearance, colour, consistency,
flavour and taste are significant when deciding to accept
the food item or not (Areas et al., 2003). The health drink
and salad was evaluated by a panel comprising of twelve
members and the product was evaluated based on a five
point hedonic scale score card as detailed earlier. The
average scores obtained from the panel members for the
acceptability and palatability of the health drink and salad
are presented in Table 7.
From Table 7 it is evident that the sensory attributes like
appearance, color, consistency, flavour and taste of salad
and health drink was rated to be excellent with a mean
score ranging between 4.0 to 5.0. The appearance of a
product plays an important role in its acceptability. It forms
the impression about the quality of the product. Colour of
foods give pleasure and is index to the quality of food.
Part of the acceptance of the food is how it looks.
Although consistency may be considered as textural
quality attribute, it can also be in food appearance.
Flavour perception is the most complex of human
behaviors, odour stimuli play a major role in perception of
food flavour Taste plays an essential role in food selection
and consequently overall nutrition.
Shelf life of the health drink and salad
The standard plate count was done at room and
refrigerated temperatures to assess the shelf life of the
health drink and salad. Table 8 shows the plate count at
room and refrigerated temperatures for the food products.
It can be seen from Table 8 that there was no growth of
microorganisms seen in the plates for all the three
dilutions. The test was done for the health drink and salad.
Tests show that the health drink and salad was prepared
under clean and sterile conditions using aloevera, carrot,
amla, honey and pomegranate that were fresh and not
contaminated. Table 9 shows the nutrients present in the
health drink and salad which comprised of aloevera,
carrot, amla, honey and pomegranate.
The nutritive value of the health drink and salad was
calculated. The protein, carbohydrate, fat, Vitamin A and
Vitamin C of aloevera, carrot, amla, honey and aloevera
was analyzed in the laboratory. The health drink and salad
had a low protein, low fat and moderate carbohydrate to
content. Therapeutically this drink and salad can be used
to treat obesity. High amounts of Vitamin A and Vitamin C
was present in the health drink and salad due to the
addition of carrot and amla. Vitamin A and Vitamin C and
can be used in the prevention and treatment of cancer as
it can fight against free radicals. The consumption of the
health drink and salad could be encouraged as it not only
had antimicrobial property but was also rich in vitamins
and low in fat. The health drink and salad can be
consumed as a mid-morning or evening snack or drink.
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