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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN INDONESIA
... Proporsi impor ini mendekati proporsi yang dilaporkan oleh Dhany (2013) bahwa impor kedelai Indonesia mencapai 70% dari kebutuhan dalam negeri. Dalam era pasar bebas sejak 1994, tarif impor kedelai ditekan hingga 0% sehingga harga kedelai dalam negeri makin terpuruk (Swastika dan Nuryanti, 2006). Hal ini diperkuat oleh hasil penelitian Perdana et al. (2013) yang mengungkapkan bahwa penghapusan tarif impor meningkatkan volume impor dan menurunkan produksi kedelai Indonesia. ...
p> English
Soybean is one of the strategic commodities required as a source of vegetable protein in Indonesia. Progressing food and feed industries using soybeans as raw material is in line with population growth causing increased soybean demand. However, since the mid-1970s until now domestic soybean production has not been able to meet national demand. This study aims to give a real figure regarding the performance of production and consumption, as well as the future prospects for the achievement of soybean self-sufficiency in Indonesia. This study was conducted through reviewing literatures as well as exploring and examining the relevant data and information from various sources such as BPS and FAO data, as well as related information from some scientific studies published in books, journals, proceedings, and other publications. The results of this literature review supported by statistical data indicated that soybean area and production peaked in 1992, then it declined sharply until 2013. The very sharp decline in harvested area reflects the disincentive for farmers to grow soybean. This condition will weaken national food security. If there is no significant breakthrough in providing incentives for farmers to grow soybeans, the phenomenon of decline in soybean area and production will continue. Along with the increasing demand for soybean, efforts to achieve self-sufficiency become unrealistic, at least until 2025. It implies that launching soybean self-sufficiency in 2017 is unworkable.
Indonesian
Kedelai merupakan salah satu komoditas strategis karena sangat dibutuhkan sebagai bahan pangan sumber protein nabati yang digemari oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Perkembangan industri pangan dan pakan berbahan baku kedelai, sejalan dengan pertumbuhan penduduk menyebabkan permintaan kedelai terus meningkat. Namun, sejak pertengahan 1970-an hingga kini produksi kedelai dalam negeri belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan nasional. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memberi gambaran riil tentang kinerja produksi dan konsumsi, serta prospek pencapaian swasembada kedelai di Indonesia di masa mendatang. Studi ini dilakukan melalui tinjauan pustaka dengan menggali dan menelaah data dan informasi yang relevan dari berbagai sumber seperti data BPS dan FAO, serta informasi yang relevan dari berbagai hasil kajian ilmiah yang diterbikan dalam buku, jurnal, prosiding, dan publikasi lainnya. Hasil tinjauan pustaka yang didukung oleh data statistik menunjukkan bahwa areal dan produksi kedelai yang mencapai puncaknya tahun 1992, terus menurun hingga mencapai sepertiganya pada tahun 2013. Penurunan yang sangat tajam ini mencerminkan makin tidak tertariknya petani menanam kedelai. Defisit kedelai yang harus dipenuhi dari impor terus meningkat. Kondisi ini akan memperlemah ketahanan pangan nasional. Jika tidak ada terobosan yang signifikan untuk memberi insentif bagi petani menanam kedelai, maka fenomena penurunan areal dan produksi kedelai akan terus berlangsung. Dengan permintaan yang terus meningkat, maka upaya pencapaian swasembada kedelai makin jauh dari harapan, setidaknya hingga tahun 2025. Implikasinya ialah bahwa pencanangan swasembada kedelai tahun 2017 adalah sesuatu yang tidak realistis, sehingga perlu ditinjau kembali.</p
... Import tariff is allowed and bounded for each agricultural product. Nevertheless, most of developed countries actually protect their farmers; through provision of framing subsidy and market support (SWASTIKA & NURYANTI, 2006). Currently, the World Bank consider that tariff rates of 20% can be allowed by developing countries; but it is believes that higher percentages may be justified because the productivity gap between developing and developed countries is much higher than the productivity gap which industrial countries faced. ...
Since GATT has been created in 1947, the world entered era of trade liberalization. Developing countries themselves began to open their economy in
the 1980s and 1990s in order to increase economic growth which expected to the reduction of poverty and income inequality. However, although some developing countries, such as Brazil, India and China, experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades, but the poverty only decrease slightly while income inequality became higher. This paper therefore examines the effect of trade liberalization on poverty and income inequality based on empirical studies in Brazil, India, and China, where liberalization were concentrated. The study tries to summarize experiences and drawn some relevant conclusion for further policy intervention.
Since its inception in 1967, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been based upon the common interests of its member states and the principle of solidarity. These two cornerstones have played an important role in the efforts for development of this regional organization. Under the principle of solidarity, ASEAN configures a distinct intergovernmentalism subjected to collective decision-making which emphasizes common understanding, including on how it approaches security concerns. This article aims to discuss and analyze the prospect of the collective food security in ASEAN by taking into account the legal frameworks of food security in the ASEAN community and Indonesia. Specifically, this article reflects the development of ASEAN and the member states' common problem of providing food for national consumption. ASEAN's development shows that it has committed to food security. For instance, ASEAN signed the Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve. However, this institution has not paid enough significant attention to food security and the ASEAN integration pillars are often justified to exempt food security amongst its priorities. Therefore, this article clarifies that food security is an essential part of the pillars. By the inclusion of food security to such pillars and taking account of Indonesia's experiences, there is an importance for ASEAN to reconsider food security. This consideration is not only to achieve part of its ultimate objectives to bring prosperity but also to ensure regional stability.
Artikel ini mendiskusikan kebijakan pangan di Indonesia pascareformasi yang memperhadapkan liberalisasi dan peran negara dalam memastikan terwujudnya kesejahteraan sosial sebagai amanat dari Prinsip kelima Pancasila. Bagian pertama mendiskusikan keberhasilan Soeharto berikut kegagalannya dalam menata kebijakan pangan menjelang era reformasi. Artikel ini juga menyikapi beberapa langkah liberalisasi sektor pertanian melalui Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) dalam kerangka World Trade Organization (WTO). Reformasi Bulog sebagai akibat dari krisis ekonomi 1997 akan menjadi fokus tantangan kebijakan pangan Indonesia pascareformasi. Pada bagian akhir, artikel ini menyediakan urgensi revitalisasi parastatal di bidang pangan di tengah arus liberalisasi ekonomi, dengan fokus pada peran negara dalam bidang ekonomi guna mewujudkan kesejahteraan sosial.
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