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Effective ways of struggles applied by teenage female judoka during Spanish Judo Cadets Championship

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Background To analyse the most efficient technical actions used by national-level female judokas of the cadets category (15 and Study Aim: and 16 years), in each of the weight categories, advantages and sanctions obtained throughout the development of combats and distribution of the results achieved in each of the four-minute rounds. The objective is to estab- lish the judokas' technical profile according to weight categories.Material/Methods: The sample consists of 116 female judokas between the age of 15 and 16, divided into seven weight categories, who participated in a total of 166 combats during the Spanish Championships. The acquisition of data was car- ried out by the referees selected for the study follow-up throughout the development of competition, who filled in the official entry form of each of the combats. A descriptive analysis was performed on the statistical software SPSS 14.Results: The results show that the most frequently used techniques by female judokas, the dynamic structure of the combat and the number of sanctions is similar to the ones used by high-level judokas. However in this age category the most frequent technical groups are generally the te-waza group with seoi-nage as the most efficient technique, and the sutemi-waza with tani- otoshi as the most representative technique, followed by sanctions.Conclusions: Spanish female judokas, irrespective of the weight category, achieve the higher effectiveness of the fight in the vertical posture (tachi-waza) than in the horizontal posture (ne-waza).
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Effective ways of struggles applied by teenage female
judoka during Spanish Judo Cadets Championship
Vicente Carratalá Deval1ABCDE, José Manuel García García2ABE,
Fernándes Monteiro Luís3BE, Alfonso López Díaz de Durana4BE
1 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2 Faculty of Sports Science, University of Castilla La Mancha, La Mancha, Spain
3 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University Lusófona of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
4 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University Politecnic of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Source of support: Departmental sources
Received: 11 December 2009; Accepted: 9 February 2010; Published online: 23 March 2010
Abstract
Background
To analyse the most efficient technical actions used by national-level female judokas of the cadets category (15
and 16 years), in each of the weight categories, advantages and sanctions obtained throughout the development
of combats and distribution of the results achieved in each of the four-minute rounds. The objective is to estab-
lish the judokas’ technical profile according to weight categories.
Material/Methods:
The sample consists of 116 female judokas between the age of 15 and 16, divided into seven weight categories,
who participated in a total of 166 combats during the Spanish Championships. The acquisition of data was car-
ried out by the referees selected for the study follow-up throughout the development of competition, who filled
in the official entry form of each of the combats. A descriptive analysis was performed on the statistical software
SPSS 14.
Results:
The results show that the most frequently used techniques by female judokas, the dynamic structure of the com-
bat and the number of sanctions is similar to the ones used by high-level judokas. However in this age category
the most frequent technical groups are generally the te-waza group with seoi-nage as the most efficient technique,
and the sutemi-waza with tani- otoshi as the most representative technique, followed by sanctions.
Conclusions:
Spanish female judokas, irrespective of the weight category, achieve the higher effectiveness of the fight in the ver-
tical posture (tachi-waza) than in the horizontal posture (ne-waza).
Key words:
judo technique • effective ways of judo struggle • specific judo terminology
Author’s address:
Carratalá Deval, Vicente, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte C/ Gascó Oliag n
o
3 46010
Valencia, Spain, e-mail: vicent.carratala@uv.es
Background
The aspects to be considered in the judokas’ training are
diverse and complex, given that it is a dynamic combat
sport, with a high technical-tactical complexity and in-
tense work, arranged by weight categories and conditioned
by the uncertainty caused by the opponent and made
up of two main areas: tachi-waza or projection technique,
whose application is characterized by a great coordina-
tion, speed, agility, strength of the upper and lower body
[1] and ne-waza, or judo work that needs a great extension
strength, flexion and trunk rotation, static strength of the
upper and lower limbs and flexibility [2,3] points out that
in this category there are difficulties in terms of rigour
and studies to standardise the observation of the physi-
ological and temporary-structure variables, which proba-
bly accounts for the scarcity of researches on this matter.
According to Mansilla et al [4] the factors leading to suc-
cess in judo competition are very complex. The intrinsic
and Study Aim:
Authors’ Contribution:
A Study Design
B Data Collection
C Statistical Analysis
D Manuscript Preparation
E Funds Collection
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and regulation characteristics of this sport make that the
physical-energetic needs required during competition
might vary according to combat. Same happens with the
application of an efficient technique tokui-waza, particu-
larly due to the great variety of techniques and tactical
situations that may arise in each combat. Therefore, it
is necessary to conduct studies on the sports event par-
ticipation in order to prepare contestants to face and
solve the problems arising throughout the judo combat.
Since the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964, some stud-
ies have been made with the aim of extracting informa-
tion on the most successfully used technical elements.
From this point of view, and within the studies refer-
ring to sports performance in judo, we have focused on
those which analyse the technical aspects throughout the
combat development. There are many authors [5–18],
who focus their studies on the technical actions analy-
sis, the combat structure and the judokas’ physiologi-
cal profile according to these parameters, providing in-
teresting data for the training construction, such as the
grappling techniques as follow-ups to throws, technical
actions, the most common technical actions according
to weight categories, time organization of the combat,
referees penalties, etc.
Somehow the classic judo techniques such as osoto-gari,
hari-goshi, uchimata, seoi-nage and tai-otoshi, are usually
made by most contestants, showing a great efficiency.
Both the introduction of new application techniques and
the possibilities are usually adapted to the competition
characteristics, the regulations parameters, and the ju-
dokas’ peculiarities in order to obtain a small technical
advantage. Judoist with a short and a little ectomorphic
lower limbs, light category related to the explosive pro-
file, show a greater mechanical fluency when executing
the arm techniques (te waza) or those who use the hip
(koshi waza) as point of support. Judokas with long and
more ectomorphic lower limbs, related to the endur-
ance profile, show a greater mechanical ability to exe-
cute techniques of ashi-waza. These references provide us
with the necessary data to adapt the gestures to the judo-
kas’ structure and the demands of the combat [19–21].
The analysis of the most efficient technical actions and,
in its case, the most common one in each of the weights
will provide more efficient judo data according to weight
category. If we add to this the combat profile with re-
gard to the different actions time, we will have a valu-
able tool for the design of the training plans and teach-
ing of the technique, being this an aspect that may be
approached throughout the learning process and devel-
opment of judo, according to the judokas’ liking and at-
titudes, weight categories, type of opponent, received
teaching etc. [22].
The objectives to be attained in this study:
to identify the technical characteristics of national-
level female judokas in each of the weight categories,
to provide coaches and young athletes with some clear
guidelines in the training approach which allow them
to develop their possibilities to the maximum.
Material and Methods
The study group consists of 116 female judokas par-
ticipating in the Cadets’ Spanish Championship, aged
15 to 16 and divided into seven weight categories, who
took part in 166 combats (Table 1).
The variables measuring was attained through the direct
observation of the Spanish Judo Federation’s referees
who filled in the official entry form of the Children and
Junior Spanish Championship’s combat development.
Procedure
The day before the competition took place a meeting with
selected referees of the Junior Spanish Championship,
intended to give an accurate instructions such as the
way in which they should carried out the observation
and fill in the official entry form of the development
of each of the judo combats. An observant referee was
situated in each of the competition mats.
The competition was supervised by the person responsi-
ble for the technical project throughout its development.
When the competition was finished the official entry
forms were collected. The different weight categories were
analysed by the same variables (the most frequently used
techniques for the achievement of the technical advan-
tages and the minute of the combat in which the advan-
tage took place). In each figures we show the results of
te-waza, koshi-waza, ashi-waza, sutemi-waza, osaekomi-waza,
kansetsu-waza and penalties, in the same order.
Weight
category
Number
of participants
Number
of combats
–44 14 21
–48 16 22
–52 18 26
–57 17 24
–63 17 25
–70 18 24
+70 16 24
Total 116 166
Table 1. Study group according to weight categories.
The judo technique (in
the jargon: technical
actions) the detailed way
of the solution of motive
tasks during the fight of
judo (throwing, grappling,
etc) – in the text briefly:
technique.
Effective ways of judo
struggle – use of such
technique of the fight
(throwing, grappling, etc) or
utilization of the sanctions
(penalties) put on the rival
by the referees which will
provide the victory (or before
the outflow of the regulation
time, or by the obtainment
of the advantage during the
fight). The connection of
these elements with different
factors is defined the tactics
of the fight.
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The study presents the techniques score of the judoist
who won by koka. This score has been replaced by the
new competition rules. However authors decided to
show in this article, because with this score the judoist
would win the contest.
A descriptive analysis was performed on the statistical
software SPSS 14.
results
Female cadets –44 kg
In this category, the combats were characterized by
the achievement of 26.5% of the advantages through
the ashi-waza (kouchi-gari 38.5%; ouchi-gari, 23.1% and
kosoto-gake, 15.4%), followed by the sutemi-waza 22.4%,
(tani-otoshi 100%), and sanction (14.3%) were the most
common techniques in each of the groups (Figure 1).
The combats were characterized by the achievement of
70% technical actions obtained during the first two min-
utes (49% in first minute and 31% in second minute); the
sutemi-waza and ashi-waza were the most frequently used
groups during the first minute, and the sanctions (20%)
and the ashi-waza techniques (27%) during the second
minute. In the third minute 16% of the results were ob-
tained through the sanctions (penalties), osaekomi-waza
and ashi-waza technique groups. The combat efficiency
level is reflected on the 38.8% victories achieved through
yuko, 34.7% by ippon, 18.4% by koka and 8.2% by waza-ari.
Female cadets –48 kg
The advantages in this weight were mainly obtained
through the opponents’ sanctions (33.3%), the te-waza
(29.8%), being seoi-nage (80%) the most common tech-
nique (Figure 2). In the sutemi-waza group, the most fre-
quently used technique is tani-otoshi (71.4%).
The judokas of this weight category executed 38% of the
technical actions during the first minute, with te-waza
and sanctions (25%). In the second, third and fourth
minutes the advantages in this weight were mainly ob-
tained through the opponents’ sanctions.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 29.8%
victories achieved through koka, 28% yuko, 26.3%, waza-
ari 34.7%, ippon 15.7%.
Female cadets –52 kg
The most efficiently technical group applied by these
judokas is the ashi-waza 26.9% (osoto-gari 44.4%, kouchi-
gari 22.2%, ouchi-gari 16.7%), koshi-waza (19.4%), and
sanctions (16.4%) (Figure 3).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 65% of the technical advantages
during the first and second minute. During the first min-
ute the most common techniques are ashi-waza (27%)
and te-waza and koshi-waza both with 21%. In the sec-
ond minute, the most frequently used group is ashi-waza
(45%) and koshi-waza and sutemi-waza. During the third
minute the most common techniques are koshi-waza, te-
waza and sanctions. It is during the fourth minute when
sanctions reach a relevant level.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 35.8%
victories achieved through yuko, 26.9% ippon, 20.9%
koka, 16.4% waza-ari.
Figure 1. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –44 kg.
Figure 2. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –48 kg.
Figure 3. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –52 kg.
Specific judo terminology (in
Japanese):
Waza – technique.
Tachi-waza – fighting
techniques used in vertical
posture; usually throwing
techniques (nage-waza) and
combinations of different
throws (renzoku-waza).
Te-waza – hand techniques.
Goshi/Koshi-waza – hip
techniques.
Ashi-waza – leg techniques.
Sutemi waza – rear-fall
throws and side-fall throws.
Ne-waza – fighting
techniques used in horizontal
posture (pinning-, strangle-,
joint techniques).
Osaekomi-waza – pinning
techniques.
Shime-waza – strangle
techniques.
Kansetsu-waza – joint
techniques.
Tokui-waza – techniques
that are specialties of the
player.
Ippon – 10 point; ends the
fight before full time.
Waza-ari – equivalent of 7
point score.
Yuko – equivalent of 5 point
score.
Koka – equivalent of 3 point
score.
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Female cadets –57 kg
The most efficient technical group applied by these ju-
dokas is the te-waza 28% (seoi-nage 78.6% and kuchiki-
taoshi 14.3%), koshi-waza, 18.9% (harai-goshi 80%) fol-
lowed by sanctions and sutemi-waza all of them with
15.1% (Figure 4).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 86% of the technical advantag-
es during the first and second minute. During the first
minute the most common techniques are te-waza 58%,
koshi-waza 23%, ashi-waza 16%. In the second minute the
most frequently used group is te-waza 27% and osaekomi-
waza 20%. During the third minute the most common
techniques are sutemi-waza 50%. The combat efficiency
level is reflected on the 37.7% victories achieved through
ippon, yuko 30.2%, koka 17%, and waza-ari 15.1%.
Female cadets –63 kg
In the category under 63 kg we noticed that 20.5%
of the obtained advantages correspond to the te-waza
techniques group, being seoi-nage the most representa-
tive technique with a percentage of 86%. It is followed
by advantages obtained by ashi-waza 19.2% (kouchi-gari
28.6%), sutemi-waza 15.1% (tani-otoshi 90.9%) and sanc-
tion (20.2%), being the most common sanction the one
due to the opponents’ passivity (Figure 5).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 38% of the technical advantages
during the first minute, 27% in the second minute. In
the third minute 18% of the advantages was obtained
and 15% in the fourth one.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 31.5%
victories achieved through koka, 30.1% by yuko, 20.5%
by waza-ari and 17.8% by ippon.
Female cadets –70 kg
The combats of the weight categories under 70 kg re-
flect a high percentage of sanctions (23.1%) due to the
opponents’ passivity. It is followed by advantages ob-
tained by osaekomi-waza, koshi-waza and sutemi-waza, with
harai-goshi and tani-otoshi, the most frequently used tech-
niques (Figure 6).
The greatest number of advantages occurred during the
first minute of the combat (63%), osaekomi-waza 24%,
followed by the koshi-waza 21% and sanctions 21%. In
the second minute 42% of the advantages were mainly
obtained through the opponents’ sanctions. The com-
bat efficiency level is reflected on the 30.8% of victo-
ries achieved through ippon, 25% by yuko, 23.1% by koka
and 21.1% by waza-ari.
Female cadets +70 kg
Analysing the combats of this category we notified that
28% of the advantages were obtained because of the op-
ponents’ sanction, due to passivity and lack of initiative,
and sutemi-waza 28%, ashi-waza 13.1%, koshi-waza 9.8%.
The most common techniques are kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari,
osoto-gari, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi and immobilization
techniques (Figure 7).
79% of the techniques took place through the first two
minutes of the combat, being the sanctions and sutemi-
waza with tani-otoshi the most frequent ones. The com-
bat efficiency level is reflected on the attainment of
Figure 4. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –57 kg.
Figure 5. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –63 kg.
Figure 6. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –70 kg.
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31.1% victories through ippon, 21.3% yuko, waza-ari
21.3% and koka 16.4%.
discussion
The judokas’ profile within the –44 kg category are char-
acterized by the development of high activity in the first
two minutes of the combat and a high level of efficiency,
as they achieve a high number of advantages and victo-
ries through ippon. The most frequently used techniques
among them are ko-uchi-gari, ouchi-gari, ko-soto-gake and
tani-otoshi. The opponents’ common and efficient coun-
terattack is tani-otoshi. The advantages obtained as a re-
sult of actions are very important. The combats of the
–48 kg categories are characterized by balancing tech-
nical actions in the fourth minute, during which they
achieved the greatest efficiency with the seoi-nage and
tani-otoshi techniques. Sanctions increased progressively
throughout the combat. The technical profile of judo-
kas under 52 kg is characterized by the development of
a high activity during the first two minutes, when they
achieved a high percentage of advantages. The most effi-
cient techniques are osoto-gari, kouchi-gari and ouchi-gari.
Judokas under 57 kg obtained the greatest number of
advantages during the first two minutes with the seoi-
nage, kuchiki-taoshi, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi techniques.
The efficiency of combat level is reflected on the greatest
number of victories through ippon. The combat of judo-
kas under 63 kg is characterized by the achievement of
the greatest number of advantages in the first two min-
utes. The most efficient technique is seoi-nage, ko-ouchi-
gari, ko-soto-gake and tani-otoshi. Judokas of the catego-
ry under 70 kg are characterized by the achievement of
their victories throughout the first minute of the com-
bat, being harai-goshi and tani-otoshi the most frequently
applied techniques. The advantages obtained by the op-
ponents’ sanctions are very high. The efficiency of com-
bat level is reflected on the achievement of the greatest
number of victories through ippon. In judokas over 70
kg the greatest number of advantages occurred through-
out the first minute of the combat, being the sanctions
and the tani-otoshi, ko-uchi-gari, ouchi-gari, osoto-gari and
harai-goshi the most frequent ones.
During the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona and
the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta the most efficient
techniques were: seoi-nage and kuchiki-taoshi among the
hand techniques. Ouchi-gari, uchi-mata, osoto-gari, kosoto-
gake, kouchi-gari and kosoto-gari among the leg techniques.
Harai-goshi predominated in the hip techniques and fi-
nally tani-otoshi was the most common technique of all
the sutemi-waza. As for the immobilizations, the kesa-,
yoko- and tate- groups were the most frequent, together
with the elbow dislocation ude-hisigi-juji-gatame [8]. In
general terms, these techniques coincide with the ones
used by the judokas in our study who applied more ef-
ficiently techniques such as harai-goshi, tani-otoshi, seoi-
nage, kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari, uki-goshi and osoto-gari. A
small technical repertory and the inclusion of certain
techniques such an uki-goshi was shown, which may be
due to the evolution process and the judokas’ youth.
According to Sterkowicz [8] the penalty advantages were
caused by avoidance of fight, step outside the combat
area and defensive posture. During Olympic Games in
Atlanta the second decisive factor in victories were the
referees’ sanctions. These results are in accordance with
the ones obtained in this study where a high number
of advantages were obtained through the referees’ sanc-
tions due to passivity and the opponents’ false attack.
conclusions
1. Spanish teenage female judokas irrespective of the
weight category achieve the higher effectiveness of
the fight in the vertical posture (tachi-waza) than in
the horizontal posture (ne-waza).
2. Judokas are characterized by the frequent use of the
following techniques: seoi-nage, kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari,
kosoto-gari, kosoto-gake, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi.
3. A high number of technical advantages are obtained
through the referees’ sanctions due to passivity and
false attack.
Recommendations
In order to achieve a high level, judokas have to broad-
en their knowledge towards the most evolved techniques
such as the pick-ups or modern versions of sukui-nage,
the twist down, competitive versions of uki-otoshi, the
new version of the kata-guruma, and they should mas-
ter at least four projection techniques (among them the
kouchi-gari, two ground techniques, a technique to im-
mobilize and to dislocate juji-gatame).
Figure 7. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets +70 kg.
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ISSUE 1
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VOLUME 6 www.archbudo.com
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... Competitive judo bouts have already been observed and analysed by many authors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], however, the objectives of these observations were different. Some authors were interested in the psychology, physiology and biochemistry of effort aspects [8,10,16], while others studied the differences in bout strategy vs. gender [20] or the differences in the techniques used, when usually taking into account the differences between competitors who are of different age and different sports level [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][11][12][21][22][23][24] or changes in competitive level over the years of a competitive career [25]. ...
... Moreover in the senior group opponents are more often penalized for fights not in compliance with match rules. Also other authors observed differences in bouts of players of different age [9,15,21]. Moreover, successful competitive performance in early age in judo competition was not associated with later success in adulthood [25]. ...
... The analysis of contestants' activeness at start is a requisite link to the planning of training process [20][21][22][23]. For the instruction purposes, it would be legitimate to elaborate (on the basis of analysed fights) individual characterizations of each contestant [24,25]. ...
... It should be stressed, however, that those are not always throws and holds defined by Jigoro Kano. More and more often sports-success is an effect of the skilful combat execution aiming at opponents' penalties, and not the use of successful technical action [4,5,21]. The ability of undertaking actions in various positions in relation to the end result of the fight (maintenance of advantage, catching up with losses) is important, too. ...
... The analysis of fight tactics was primarily concerned with the frequency of using particular attacks (throws, holdings) (Matsumoto et al., 1978;Adam, 2007Carratala Deval, et al., 2010). More rarely, the subject of analysis concerned preparatory actions (Poluhin et al., 2006;Schaliacho, 2007). ...
... Considerable differences in the effectiveness of attacks, counterattacks and defense prove that at high levels of sports competition, points are earned, generally, by only one competitor at a time. Usually, the contestant who gains advantage first (as a result of one's actions or points accrued as a consequence of penalties imposed on the opponent) wins by effectively defending himself, increasing the advantage or outright winning the fight by ippon (Boguszewski, 2006(Boguszewski, , 2010Boguszewski & Boguszewska, 2006 (Boguszewski, 2006;Poluhin, 2007), wrote about extorting penalties for opponents as an alternative way of acquiring points (Boguszewski, 2010;Carratala Deval, et al., 2010). Several Russian researchers, performed detailed classifications of preparatory activities conducted by judokas in a fight (Poluhin et al., 2006(Poluhin et al., , 2007 , and defensive effectiveness in a judo fight is considerably more effective than attack effectiveness (Boguszewski, 2006). ...
Article
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The objective of this work was to define and determine the effectiveness of defensive actions applied in judo fighting. The study was based on recordings of final fights from Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup (2005‐2008). Actions of female and male contestants participating in total of 56 fights were analyzed (to an accuracy of 10‐second‐periods of time). All actions, including attacks, counter‐attacks and defense without counterattack, were recorded and their effectiveness, preparatory actions, breaks and the referees’ decisions were evaluated. Altogether fights of 95 contestants were subjected to analysis. According to the author’s classification of defensive actions, 12 types of defense without counter‐attack were defined as follows: (1) hand block, (2) hip block, (3), maneuvering around, (4) twist onto abdomen, (5) hand and hip block, (6) hand block and maneuvering around, (7) stepping aside, (8) separation from grasp, (9) leaving the mat, (10) leg entanglement, (11) bridge, (12) return to tachiwaza (escape from ne‐waza). Types of defense most often applied according to the study – hand block and twist onto abdomen – were the least effective (93% and 70% respectively). Ashi‐waza and te‐waza were throws most often applied as counter‐attack. However, sutemi‐waza throws were most effectively (50%) applied. Highly effective counter‐attacks (28%) should serve as a clue for coaches and athletes at the competitive level. The rules set forth by professor Jigoro Kano (among others: “give up in order to win”) may not be adequate for today’s competition.
... Determining elements of judo technique efficiently performed by a competitor during combat is an essential factor of the technical characteristics and evaluation of the efficiency of his technical-tactical actions [1,2,3]. Therefore, registering and analysing duels on the basis of which the efficacy of measures used by an athlete to gain a competitive advantage over his opponent and, consequently, to win is a common practice [4,5,6]. The need to conduct continuous observations also results from changes in the sports and judicial regulations that affect the efficiency of the techniques used in judo fights [7,8]. ...
... There is, however, a growing interest in ways of improving the training process [4][5][6] and in the psychological response of judokas during competition 7 . Another important line of research has sought to determine the technical and tactical profiles of judokas in combat situations 8,9 . However, these studies do not examine in detail the factors that affect the teaching and learning process with novices, and knowledge is thus lacking regarding the factors that influence the learning and acquisition of a combat technique 10 . ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent technical errors, and their associated behavioural sequences, in the judo throw osoto-gari, proposing improvements to the way in which judo is taught and learnt. Inexperienced students (n=55, 30 males and 25 females; M=24.8 years, SD=2.3) from the Faculty of Educational and Sports Science at the University of Vigo (Spain) were recorded on digital video while performing the technique. The results of this systematic observational study based in descriptive statistics and the sequential analysis of temporal patterns were obtained via the THEME v.5 software, revealing a series of typical errors when learning the osoto-gari. Specific sequences of errors were identified being able to propose motor tasks and teaching-learning processes to ensure that novices successfully learnt the osoto-gari technique. Recommendations about the use of feedback are also provided.
... Determining elements of judo technique efficiently performed by a competitor during combat is an essential factor of the technical characteristics and evaluation of the efficiency of his technical-tactical actions [1,2,3]. Therefore, registering and analysing duels on the basis of which the efficacy of measures used by an athlete to gain a competitive advantage over his opponent and, consequently, to win is a common practice [4,5,6]. The need to conduct continuous observations also results from changes in the sports and judicial regulations that affect the efficiency of the techniques used in judo fights [7,8]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background The aim of the study was to determine the individual tactical and technical profile of a leading Polish judoka from the heaviest weight category and the characteristic of his body composition in comparison to the world’s elite in this category. Material/Methods 92 fights carried out by the Polish athlete during national and international tournaments constituted material for the analysis of his technical and tactical profile. 12 judo competitors (1 Polish athlete and 11 competitors from 10 other countries) of the heaviest weight category at the top level of sports championship were subject to anthropometric measurements including 19 features. To evaluate the somatic types, Sheldon’s method with Heath-Carter’s modification was applied. Results In his duels, the subject most efficiency performed throws from the ashi waza group, out of which he scored the most points and victories before the regular time using osoto gari. The throws from the te waza group proved to be the second most effective with the dominant throw being seoi nage executed from the knees. The subject’s body height (199.0 cm) was higher than the mean for the control group (188.9 ±8.3 cm), and his body weight (113.0 kg) was lower than the mean of the world’s leading athletes (119.4 ±18.2 kg). Mesomorphy dominated in the somatic type of the Polish athlete; however, in the control group its value was higher (6.0–8.3–1.5). Conclusions To raise the efficiency of fights, the subject should increase the muscle mass and use his natural physical predispositions on the basis of the prospective analysis of its impact on the tactical and technical profile. Key words Sports fight, efficiency in attack, physical predispositions
... It should also be pointed out that the analysis of the effectiveness and frequency of executing particular throws and grabbles might not be sufficient. This is because the preparatory actions, which occupy more than a half of the combat time, play a significant part [20][21][22]. The training of the contestants competing at all levels should, therefore, include exercises devoted to strengthening the elements which are most effective in terms of the sporting result. ...
... There is, however, a growing interest in ways of improving the training process [4][5][6] and in the psychological response of judokas during competition 7 . Another important line of research has sought to determine the technical and tactical profiles of judokas in combat situations 8,9 . However, these studies do not examine in detail the factors that affect the teaching and learning process with novices, and knowledge is thus lacking regarding the factors that influence the learning and acquisition of a combat technique 10 . ...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent technical errors, and their associated behavioural sequences, in the judo throw osoto-gari, proposing improvements to the way in which judo is taught and learnt. Inexperienced students (n=55, 30 males and 25 females; Mage=24.8 years, SD=2.3) from the Faculty of Educational and Sports Science at the University of Vigo (Spain) were recorded on digital video while performing the technique. The results of this systematic observational study based in descriptive statistics and the sequential analysis of temporal patterns were obtained via the THEME v.5 software, revealing a series of typical errors when learning the osoto-gari. Specific sequences of errors were identified being able to propose motor tasks and teaching-learning processes to ensure that novices successfully learnt the osoto-gari technique. Recommendations about the use of feedback are also provided.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this research is the comparison of winning points (Ippon and Waza-ari) and penalties (Shido), which were the reason for the victory in judo fight between different weight categories for female cadets. The sample consisted of 1459 winning points and 163 penalties between eight different weight categories for female cadets in judo. Variables for this research are winning points Ippon and Waza-ari and penalty Shido. The data were collected from official competition reports for each weight category from European, World and EYOF competitions from 2017-2019 year. The results from Pearson's Chi-square test showed the existence of statistically significant differences (p≤.05) between weight categories for female cadets. The variable that contributes most to this difference is the Waza-ari point in the + 70kg weight category. The results of this research can contribute to the improvement of cadets training practice and new ways of researching this issue at different age categories of both genders.
Article
Along with solution of recreative, educative and applied tasks competitive sport solves marketing tasks which for some countries are one of the ways of showing their prestige abroad. But effective realization of this method requires performance of a number of conditions, including spectacular attractiveness of sport. Not only the attendance present at the competition but also the interest of mass media is its determinant, that is directly associated with the interest of sponsors and regional authorities. The purpose of the present research was to determine the correlation of rules of combat and methods of conducting combat by the best world female judokas. The applied purpose of the research consisted in creation of preconditions of perfection of the strategy and tactics in view of the current rules of competitions. The studies resulted in a number of conclusions: Changes in the combat rules (e.g. liberalization of interpretation of penalty points) facilitated decrease of activity and effectiveness of attacking actions, proving the lack of substantiation of such a concept of change of judo satisfying the criteria of effective sports marketing and increase of the practical mission of judo. Judo can be made a more attractive sport, accurately reflecting its practical character changes in the rules of competitions are to be made and first of all the rules that would promote dynamics of conducting combats. One of solutions can be decrease of the time of combat. Due to frequent and radical changes in the rules of competitions and their interpretation caused by the need for popularization of judo in mass media the factors effecting attractiveness of the combat as a sports show should be studied more thoroughly.
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Study aim: To analyse struggle dynamics of the best European judoists (male and female). It was assumed that finalists of top-rank European tournaments demonstrated supreme skills. Material/methods: The analysis included 14 final contests, male and female (7 each) from European Championships in Rotterdam 2005. The following indices of struggle dynamics were determined: of offensive/ defensive activity (AI), of effective offensive actions (EA), of effective counterattacks (EC), of effective actions without counterattacks (ED), and global index of struggle dynamics (SDI). Results: The gold medallists exhibited a markedly higher struggle dynamics in mean EA, EC and SDI values than their opponents. Otherwise, no significant differences were noted between male and female athletes or between weight categories. Conclusions: Changes in the rules of judo contest should aim at increasing struggle dynamics. Besides, training of tactical skills should focus on fastest gaining a point advantage (by throw or holding, or by making the competitor break rules), as well as on effective defensive actions and on making use of opponent's potential mistakes in the situation of own advantage.
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Background and Study Aim: Judo is very physiological demanding sport, but there are no many physical fitness specific tests. One of the most used specific judo tests is the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) proposed by Sterkowicz ( 1995). Although this test has been used by many coaches in different countries no classificatory table was found to classify the judo athletes according to their results. Thus, the aim of this work was to present a classificatory table for this test. Material/Methods: For this purpose 141 judo athletes ( mean +/-standard deviation: 21.3+/-4.5years-old; 74.2+/-15.9 kg of body mass and 176.7+/-8.2 cm of height; judo ranking between 3(rd) kyu and 3(rd) dan) familiarized with the SJFT performed it once in order to provide data to establish a classificatory table. Results: After the analysis of data distribution a five scale table (20% for each classificatory category) was developed considering the variables used in the SJFT ( number of throws, heart rate after and 1 min after the test and index). Conclusions: The classificatory table can help coaches using the SJFT to classify their athletes' level and to monitor their physical fitness progress.
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The purpose of this study was to characterize the effort in judo, through quantification of changes induced by a fight on neuromuscular and metabolic aspects. In a sample of 8 male judo fighters, members of the Senior Galician Selection (Spain), heart rate (Fc) was recorded during a judo match. Before and immediately after the fight lactate blood concentration, countermovement jump, isometric handgrip dinamometry and performance in isometric bench press 90o, rowing 90o and squat 160o were measured. Fc represented 92.65±3.26% of the maximum (%Fcmáx.) reaching lactate concentration levels of 13.75±3.09 mmol/L. Results decreased around 5% in isometric handgrip dinamometry. Performance decreased in bench press and rowing exercises, reaching statistical significance in rowing exercise for peak force (PFI) and average force (MFI) (postest 93.93±6.20% and 91.60±9.47% of pretest for PFI and MFI respectively). Isometric changes for lower limbs were less marked than for higher limbs.
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The fight dynamics of the final contest of the two time Olympic champion in judo (Seoul 1988 and Barcelona 1992) Waldemar Legien was ana- lyzed. A hypothesis, that the champion was markedly superior to his final contest's opponents was confirmed. This supremacy was not only con- nected with correct selection of fighting means, but also with methods, which depended on the actual result of contest. Verification of this hy- pothesis by applying the methods of measurement of fighting dynamics by Kalina was accomplished (Kalina 2000).
Article
Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva. Leída el 17 de mayo del 2007
El perfil funcional del competidor de lucha leonesa: comparación con otro deporte de lucha , el judo
  • M Mansilla
Mansilla M: El perfil funcional del competidor de lucha leonesa: comparación con otro deporte de lucha, el judo. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de León.
Techniques used by judoists during the World and Olympic tournaments 1995-1999
  • S Sterkowicz
  • E Franchini
Sterkowicz S, Franchini E: Techniques used by judoists during the World and Olympic tournaments 1995-1999. Human Movement, 2000; 2: 24-33
Análisis de las acciones técnicas en los Campeonatos de España Universitarios
  • V Carratalá
  • L Carqués
  • I Gil
  • H Carratalá
Carratalá V, Carqués L, Gil I, Carratalá H: Análisis de las acciones técnicas en los Campeonatos de España Universitarios. In: Campos J, Llana S, Aranda R (eds): Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la actividad física y el deporte. Universitat de Valencia, 2001; 37-46 [In Spanish]
Análisis diferencial entre los paradigmas experto-novato en el contexto del alto rendimiento deportivo en judo. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
  • J M García
García JM: Análisis diferencial entre los paradigmas experto-novato en el contexto del alto rendimiento deportivo en judo. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2004; 1-465 [In Spanish]
Dynamics of judo, boxing and taekwon-do contests performed by finalists of Olympic Games in Sydney
  • R M Kalina
  • A Kulesza
  • B Mysłowski
Kalina RM, Kulesza A, Mysłowski B et al: Dynamics of judo, boxing and taekwon-do contests performed by finalists of Olympic Games in Sydney. In: Szopa J, Gabryś T (eds.), Sport training in interdisciplinary scientific researches. Faculty of Management Technical University of Częstochowa. Częstochowa, 2004: 326-31