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Effective ways of struggles applied by teenage female
judoka during Spanish Judo Cadets Championship
Vicente Carratalá Deval1ABCDE, José Manuel García García2ABE,
Fernándes Monteiro Luís3BE, Alfonso López Díaz de Durana4BE
1 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
2 Faculty of Sports Science, University of Castilla La Mancha, La Mancha, Spain
3 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University Lusófona of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
4 Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Science, University Politecnic of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Source of support: Departmental sources
Received: 11 December 2009; Accepted: 9 February 2010; Published online: 23 March 2010
Abstract
Background
To analyse the most efficient technical actions used by national-level female judokas of the cadets category (15
and 16 years), in each of the weight categories, advantages and sanctions obtained throughout the development
of combats and distribution of the results achieved in each of the four-minute rounds. The objective is to estab-
lish the judokas’ technical profile according to weight categories.
Material/Methods:
The sample consists of 116 female judokas between the age of 15 and 16, divided into seven weight categories,
who participated in a total of 166 combats during the Spanish Championships. The acquisition of data was car-
ried out by the referees selected for the study follow-up throughout the development of competition, who filled
in the official entry form of each of the combats. A descriptive analysis was performed on the statistical software
SPSS 14.
Results:
The results show that the most frequently used techniques by female judokas, the dynamic structure of the com-
bat and the number of sanctions is similar to the ones used by high-level judokas. However in this age category
the most frequent technical groups are generally the te-waza group with seoi-nage as the most efficient technique,
and the sutemi-waza with tani- otoshi as the most representative technique, followed by sanctions.
Conclusions:
Spanish female judokas, irrespective of the weight category, achieve the higher effectiveness of the fight in the ver-
tical posture (tachi-waza) than in the horizontal posture (ne-waza).
Key words:
judo technique • effective ways of judo struggle • specific judo terminology
Author’s address:
Carratalá Deval, Vicente, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte C/ Gascó Oliag n
o
3 46010
Valencia, Spain, e-mail: vicent.carratala@uv.es
Background
The aspects to be considered in the judokas’ training are
diverse and complex, given that it is a dynamic combat
sport, with a high technical-tactical complexity and in-
tense work, arranged by weight categories and conditioned
by the uncertainty caused by the opponent and made
up of two main areas: tachi-waza or projection technique,
whose application is characterized by a great coordina-
tion, speed, agility, strength of the upper and lower body
[1] and ne-waza, or judo work that needs a great extension
strength, flexion and trunk rotation, static strength of the
upper and lower limbs and flexibility [2,3] points out that
in this category there are difficulties in terms of rigour
and studies to standardise the observation of the physi-
ological and temporary-structure variables, which proba-
bly accounts for the scarcity of researches on this matter.
According to Mansilla et al [4] the factors leading to suc-
cess in judo competition are very complex. The intrinsic
and Study Aim:
Authors’ Contribution:
A Study Design
B Data Collection
C Statistical Analysis
D Manuscript Preparation
E Funds Collection
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and regulation characteristics of this sport make that the
physical-energetic needs required during competition
might vary according to combat. Same happens with the
application of an efficient technique tokui-waza, particu-
larly due to the great variety of techniques and tactical
situations that may arise in each combat. Therefore, it
is necessary to conduct studies on the sports event par-
ticipation in order to prepare contestants to face and
solve the problems arising throughout the judo combat.
Since the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964, some stud-
ies have been made with the aim of extracting informa-
tion on the most successfully used technical elements.
From this point of view, and within the studies refer-
ring to sports performance in judo, we have focused on
those which analyse the technical aspects throughout the
combat development. There are many authors [5–18],
who focus their studies on the technical actions analy-
sis, the combat structure and the judokas’ physiologi-
cal profile according to these parameters, providing in-
teresting data for the training construction, such as the
grappling techniques as follow-ups to throws, technical
actions, the most common technical actions according
to weight categories, time organization of the combat,
referees penalties, etc.
Somehow the classic judo techniques such as osoto-gari,
hari-goshi, uchimata, seoi-nage and tai-otoshi, are usually
made by most contestants, showing a great efficiency.
Both the introduction of new application techniques and
the possibilities are usually adapted to the competition
characteristics, the regulations parameters, and the ju-
dokas’ peculiarities in order to obtain a small technical
advantage. Judoist with a short and a little ectomorphic
lower limbs, light category related to the explosive pro-
file, show a greater mechanical fluency when executing
the arm techniques (te waza) or those who use the hip
(koshi waza) as point of support. Judokas with long and
more ectomorphic lower limbs, related to the endur-
ance profile, show a greater mechanical ability to exe-
cute techniques of ashi-waza. These references provide us
with the necessary data to adapt the gestures to the judo-
kas’ structure and the demands of the combat [19–21].
The analysis of the most efficient technical actions and,
in its case, the most common one in each of the weights
will provide more efficient judo data according to weight
category. If we add to this the combat profile with re-
gard to the different actions time, we will have a valu-
able tool for the design of the training plans and teach-
ing of the technique, being this an aspect that may be
approached throughout the learning process and devel-
opment of judo, according to the judokas’ liking and at-
titudes, weight categories, type of opponent, received
teaching etc. [22].
The objectives to be attained in this study:
• to identify the technical characteristics of national-
level female judokas in each of the weight categories,
• to provide coaches and young athletes with some clear
guidelines in the training approach which allow them
to develop their possibilities to the maximum.
Material and Methods
The study group consists of 116 female judokas par-
ticipating in the Cadets’ Spanish Championship, aged
15 to 16 and divided into seven weight categories, who
took part in 166 combats (Table 1).
The variables measuring was attained through the direct
observation of the Spanish Judo Federation’s referees
who filled in the official entry form of the Children and
Junior Spanish Championship’s combat development.
Procedure
The day before the competition took place a meeting with
selected referees of the Junior Spanish Championship,
intended to give an accurate instructions such as the
way in which they should carried out the observation
and fill in the official entry form of the development
of each of the judo combats. An observant referee was
situated in each of the competition mats.
The competition was supervised by the person responsi-
ble for the technical project throughout its development.
When the competition was finished the official entry
forms were collected. The different weight categories were
analysed by the same variables (the most frequently used
techniques for the achievement of the technical advan-
tages and the minute of the combat in which the advan-
tage took place). In each figures we show the results of
te-waza, koshi-waza, ashi-waza, sutemi-waza, osaekomi-waza,
kansetsu-waza and penalties, in the same order.
Weight
category
Number
of participants
Number
of combats
–44 14 21
–48 16 22
–52 18 26
–57 17 24
–63 17 25
–70 18 24
+70 16 24
Total 116 166
Table 1. Study group according to weight categories.
The judo technique (in
the jargon: technical
actions) – the detailed way
of the solution of motive
tasks during the fight of
judo (throwing, grappling,
etc) – in the text briefly:
technique.
Effective ways of judo
struggle – use of such
technique of the fight
(throwing, grappling, etc) or
utilization of the sanctions
(penalties) put on the rival
by the referees which will
provide the victory (or before
the outflow of the regulation
time, or by the obtainment
of the advantage during the
fight). The connection of
these elements with different
factors is defined the tactics
of the fight.
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The study presents the techniques score of the judoist
who won by koka. This score has been replaced by the
new competition rules. However authors decided to
show in this article, because with this score the judoist
would win the contest.
A descriptive analysis was performed on the statistical
software SPSS 14.
results
Female cadets –44 kg
In this category, the combats were characterized by
the achievement of 26.5% of the advantages through
the ashi-waza (kouchi-gari 38.5%; ouchi-gari, 23.1% and
kosoto-gake, 15.4%), followed by the sutemi-waza 22.4%,
(tani-otoshi 100%), and sanction (14.3%) were the most
common techniques in each of the groups (Figure 1).
The combats were characterized by the achievement of
70% technical actions obtained during the first two min-
utes (49% in first minute and 31% in second minute); the
sutemi-waza and ashi-waza were the most frequently used
groups during the first minute, and the sanctions (20%)
and the ashi-waza techniques (27%) during the second
minute. In the third minute 16% of the results were ob-
tained through the sanctions (penalties), osaekomi-waza
and ashi-waza technique groups. The combat efficiency
level is reflected on the 38.8% victories achieved through
yuko, 34.7% by ippon, 18.4% by koka and 8.2% by waza-ari.
Female cadets –48 kg
The advantages in this weight were mainly obtained
through the opponents’ sanctions (33.3%), the te-waza
(29.8%), being seoi-nage (80%) the most common tech-
nique (Figure 2). In the sutemi-waza group, the most fre-
quently used technique is tani-otoshi (71.4%).
The judokas of this weight category executed 38% of the
technical actions during the first minute, with te-waza
and sanctions (25%). In the second, third and fourth
minutes the advantages in this weight were mainly ob-
tained through the opponents’ sanctions.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 29.8%
victories achieved through koka, 28% yuko, 26.3%, waza-
ari 34.7%, ippon 15.7%.
Female cadets –52 kg
The most efficiently technical group applied by these
judokas is the ashi-waza 26.9% (osoto-gari 44.4%, kouchi-
gari 22.2%, ouchi-gari 16.7%), koshi-waza (19.4%), and
sanctions (16.4%) (Figure 3).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 65% of the technical advantages
during the first and second minute. During the first min-
ute the most common techniques are ashi-waza (27%)
and te-waza and koshi-waza both with 21%. In the sec-
ond minute, the most frequently used group is ashi-waza
(45%) and koshi-waza and sutemi-waza. During the third
minute the most common techniques are koshi-waza, te-
waza and sanctions. It is during the fourth minute when
sanctions reach a relevant level.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 35.8%
victories achieved through yuko, 26.9% ippon, 20.9%
koka, 16.4% waza-ari.
Figure 1. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –44 kg.
Figure 2. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –48 kg.
Figure 3. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –52 kg.
Specific judo terminology (in
Japanese):
Waza – technique.
Tachi-waza – fighting
techniques used in vertical
posture; usually throwing
techniques (nage-waza) and
combinations of different
throws (renzoku-waza).
Te-waza – hand techniques.
Goshi/Koshi-waza – hip
techniques.
Ashi-waza – leg techniques.
Sutemi waza – rear-fall
throws and side-fall throws.
Ne-waza – fighting
techniques used in horizontal
posture (pinning-, strangle-,
joint techniques).
Osaekomi-waza – pinning
techniques.
Shime-waza – strangle
techniques.
Kansetsu-waza – joint
techniques.
Tokui-waza – techniques
that are specialties of the
player.
Ippon – 10 point; ends the
fight before full time.
Waza-ari – equivalent of 7
point score.
Yuko – equivalent of 5 point
score.
Koka – equivalent of 3 point
score.
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Female cadets –57 kg
The most efficient technical group applied by these ju-
dokas is the te-waza 28% (seoi-nage 78.6% and kuchiki-
taoshi 14.3%), koshi-waza, 18.9% (harai-goshi 80%) fol-
lowed by sanctions and sutemi-waza all of them with
15.1% (Figure 4).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 86% of the technical advantag-
es during the first and second minute. During the first
minute the most common techniques are te-waza 58%,
koshi-waza 23%, ashi-waza 16%. In the second minute the
most frequently used group is te-waza 27% and osaekomi-
waza 20%. During the third minute the most common
techniques are sutemi-waza 50%. The combat efficiency
level is reflected on the 37.7% victories achieved through
ippon, yuko 30.2%, koka 17%, and waza-ari 15.1%.
Female cadets –63 kg
In the category under 63 kg we noticed that 20.5%
of the obtained advantages correspond to the te-waza
techniques group, being seoi-nage the most representa-
tive technique with a percentage of 86%. It is followed
by advantages obtained by ashi-waza 19.2% (kouchi-gari
28.6%), sutemi-waza 15.1% (tani-otoshi 90.9%) and sanc-
tion (20.2%), being the most common sanction the one
due to the opponents’ passivity (Figure 5).
The combats of this weight category are characterized
by the achievement of 38% of the technical advantages
during the first minute, 27% in the second minute. In
the third minute 18% of the advantages was obtained
and 15% in the fourth one.
The combat efficiency level is reflected on the 31.5%
victories achieved through koka, 30.1% by yuko, 20.5%
by waza-ari and 17.8% by ippon.
Female cadets –70 kg
The combats of the weight categories under 70 kg re-
flect a high percentage of sanctions (23.1%) due to the
opponents’ passivity. It is followed by advantages ob-
tained by osaekomi-waza, koshi-waza and sutemi-waza, with
harai-goshi and tani-otoshi, the most frequently used tech-
niques (Figure 6).
The greatest number of advantages occurred during the
first minute of the combat (63%), osaekomi-waza 24%,
followed by the koshi-waza 21% and sanctions 21%. In
the second minute 42% of the advantages were mainly
obtained through the opponents’ sanctions. The com-
bat efficiency level is reflected on the 30.8% of victo-
ries achieved through ippon, 25% by yuko, 23.1% by koka
and 21.1% by waza-ari.
Female cadets +70 kg
Analysing the combats of this category we notified that
28% of the advantages were obtained because of the op-
ponents’ sanction, due to passivity and lack of initiative,
and sutemi-waza 28%, ashi-waza 13.1%, koshi-waza 9.8%.
The most common techniques are kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari,
osoto-gari, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi and immobilization
techniques (Figure 7).
79% of the techniques took place through the first two
minutes of the combat, being the sanctions and sutemi-
waza with tani-otoshi the most frequent ones. The com-
bat efficiency level is reflected on the attainment of
Figure 4. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –57 kg.
Figure 5. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –63 kg.
Figure 6. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets –70 kg.
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31.1% victories through ippon, 21.3% yuko, waza-ari
21.3% and koka 16.4%.
discussion
The judokas’ profile within the –44 kg category are char-
acterized by the development of high activity in the first
two minutes of the combat and a high level of efficiency,
as they achieve a high number of advantages and victo-
ries through ippon. The most frequently used techniques
among them are ko-uchi-gari, ouchi-gari, ko-soto-gake and
tani-otoshi. The opponents’ common and efficient coun-
terattack is tani-otoshi. The advantages obtained as a re-
sult of actions are very important. The combats of the
–48 kg categories are characterized by balancing tech-
nical actions in the fourth minute, during which they
achieved the greatest efficiency with the seoi-nage and
tani-otoshi techniques. Sanctions increased progressively
throughout the combat. The technical profile of judo-
kas under 52 kg is characterized by the development of
a high activity during the first two minutes, when they
achieved a high percentage of advantages. The most effi-
cient techniques are osoto-gari, kouchi-gari and ouchi-gari.
Judokas under 57 kg obtained the greatest number of
advantages during the first two minutes with the seoi-
nage, kuchiki-taoshi, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi techniques.
The efficiency of combat level is reflected on the greatest
number of victories through ippon. The combat of judo-
kas under 63 kg is characterized by the achievement of
the greatest number of advantages in the first two min-
utes. The most efficient technique is seoi-nage, ko-ouchi-
gari, ko-soto-gake and tani-otoshi. Judokas of the catego-
ry under 70 kg are characterized by the achievement of
their victories throughout the first minute of the com-
bat, being harai-goshi and tani-otoshi the most frequently
applied techniques. The advantages obtained by the op-
ponents’ sanctions are very high. The efficiency of com-
bat level is reflected on the achievement of the greatest
number of victories through ippon. In judokas over 70
kg the greatest number of advantages occurred through-
out the first minute of the combat, being the sanctions
and the tani-otoshi, ko-uchi-gari, ouchi-gari, osoto-gari and
harai-goshi the most frequent ones.
During the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona and
the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta the most efficient
techniques were: seoi-nage and kuchiki-taoshi among the
hand techniques. Ouchi-gari, uchi-mata, osoto-gari, kosoto-
gake, kouchi-gari and kosoto-gari among the leg techniques.
Harai-goshi predominated in the hip techniques and fi-
nally tani-otoshi was the most common technique of all
the sutemi-waza. As for the immobilizations, the kesa-,
yoko- and tate- groups were the most frequent, together
with the elbow dislocation ude-hisigi-juji-gatame [8]. In
general terms, these techniques coincide with the ones
used by the judokas in our study who applied more ef-
ficiently techniques such as harai-goshi, tani-otoshi, seoi-
nage, kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari, uki-goshi and osoto-gari. A
small technical repertory and the inclusion of certain
techniques such an uki-goshi was shown, which may be
due to the evolution process and the judokas’ youth.
According to Sterkowicz [8] the penalty advantages were
caused by avoidance of fight, step outside the combat
area and defensive posture. During Olympic Games in
Atlanta the second decisive factor in victories were the
referees’ sanctions. These results are in accordance with
the ones obtained in this study where a high number
of advantages were obtained through the referees’ sanc-
tions due to passivity and the opponents’ false attack.
conclusions
1. Spanish teenage female judokas irrespective of the
weight category achieve the higher effectiveness of
the fight in the vertical posture (tachi-waza) than in
the horizontal posture (ne-waza).
2. Judokas are characterized by the frequent use of the
following techniques: seoi-nage, kouchi-gari, ouchi-gari,
kosoto-gari, kosoto-gake, harai-goshi and tani-otoshi.
3. A high number of technical advantages are obtained
through the referees’ sanctions due to passivity and
false attack.
Recommendations
In order to achieve a high level, judokas have to broad-
en their knowledge towards the most evolved techniques
such as the pick-ups or modern versions of sukui-nage,
the twist down, competitive versions of uki-otoshi, the
new version of the kata-guruma, and they should mas-
ter at least four projection techniques (among them the
kouchi-gari, two ground techniques, a technique to im-
mobilize and to dislocate juji-gatame).
Figure 7. Groups of judo techniques used by the female
cadets +70 kg.
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