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Human rights and criminal procedure The case law of the European Court of Human Rights
... Personalities and state interests are opposing each other in the area of interests' restriction -personality despite its own interest is always restricted comparing with state since state guides and controls the overall interest of the commune; simultaneously, state, its apparatus and clerks is restricted following the rights of human and citizen. According to McBride (2009), a member of the Scientific Committee of the European Union's Fundamental Rights Agency, the relevance of the European Convention to the interpretation and application of Codes of Criminal Procedure and comparable or related legislation arises both from provisions in the former that explicitly set out requirements with respect to the operation of the criminal justice system and from many others that give rise to a range of implicit requirements that will also need to be taken into account. The explicit requirements come primarily from the right to liberty and security in Article 5 and the right to a fair hearing in the determination of a criminal charge in Article 6; but also from the right of appeal in criminal matters, the right to compensation for wrongful conviction and the right not to be tried or punished twice in Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Protocol No. 7 respectively (McBride, 2009). ...
... According to McBride (2009), a member of the Scientific Committee of the European Union's Fundamental Rights Agency, the relevance of the European Convention to the interpretation and application of Codes of Criminal Procedure and comparable or related legislation arises both from provisions in the former that explicitly set out requirements with respect to the operation of the criminal justice system and from many others that give rise to a range of implicit requirements that will also need to be taken into account. The explicit requirements come primarily from the right to liberty and security in Article 5 and the right to a fair hearing in the determination of a criminal charge in Article 6; but also from the right of appeal in criminal matters, the right to compensation for wrongful conviction and the right not to be tried or punished twice in Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Protocol No. 7 respectively (McBride, 2009). ...
International relationships, taking place along with integration and globalization processes, create optimal conditions for sharing and accumulating experience related to fundamental liberties of a human being. Moreover, during the last two decades all over the world human rights are in the focus of interest for specialists practicing in the area of political philosophy and international law. Human rights are deeply interacting with people's social life and public relations. These rights create a powerful basis for relations established between human beings, which include ordering of people relationships, coordination of their behaviour regarding normal functioning of state and society. The person's rights to life, liberty, honour, dignity, violability, conscience, private life and others are tightly connected with people's life in a modern society. Undoubtedly, the above mentioned fundamental rights should be adopted and ensured by the state. Analysis of international and national legal acts declaring fundamental human rights as the major values, from one hand, and Criminal Procedure Law regulating application of criminal procedural compulsory measures, from the other hand, suggests that, undoubtedly, protection of overall human values gets the highest topicality in our days.
... Zīmīgi ir tas, ka sabiedrības un Valsts prezidenta spiediena dēļ šim notikumam sekoja valdības politiskā izšķiršanās nogalinātās sievietes bērniem izmaksāt kompensāciju 150 000 euro apmērā. 27 Šāds gadījums nav bijis vienīgais jaunākajā Latvijas vēsturē. 2011. ...
The efficiency of criminal proceedings is commonly perceived as the equilibrium between ensuring just regulation of criminal legal relations and rational allocation of state resources. However, endeavours to enhance procedural efficiency may compromise the rights and interests of crime victims. This article explores the essential components of criminal proceedings that must be considered to ensure fairness and therefore efficiency from the victim’s standpoint.
... Збереження життя громадянина є найголовнішим завданням для будь-якої країни. Тому подальший розвиток подібних тренінгових центрів при закладах вищої медичної освіти повинен стати одним із пріоритетних напрямів неформальної освіти в Україні [3]. ...
Starting from February 2022, with the beginning of the russian federation’s unprovoked aggression against Ukraine, the time requirements for the direction of the trainings and the contingent for which they are intended have changed significantly. In addition, the issue of rapid spread of knowledge and skills in providing first aid to the injured persons has become very acute. The active help of the international community of higher medical education institutions contributed to the quick and effective training of our teachers as trainers for Basic Life Support (BLS), Stop Bleeding and PHTF courses. The use of innovative digital technologies, modeling of clinical situations, in particular, with the help of distance learning tools, the possibilities of modern simulation technologies and simulators allowed applicants to acquire the necessary theoretical knowledge and master practical skills quickly and at the best level. The objective: to perform a comparative assessment of the quality of conducting simulation trainings on providing pre-medical care to persons without basic medical education using various teaching techniques. Materials and methods. The trainings were conducted in two formats - traditional offline study with the participation of an instructor and using the HybridLab method (introduced by the Lithuanian University of Medical Sciences, Kaunas, Republic of Lithuania) for 112 schoolchildren and 27 teachers. 58 students and 14 teachers were trained according to the usual method in groups of 5-6 persons, according to the HybridLab method – 54 schoolchildren and 13 teachers in groups of 3-4 individuals. The duration of the trainings was 42 hours. Efficiency was evaluated according to two criteria: the average score of the final test and the indicator of acquiring new knowledge. Results. A unique combination of methods of organizing the educational process, such as HybridLab, trainings on pre-medical care, which were developed on the basis of the trainings “First on the scene”, “Stop the bleeding” and BLS, and modern tools that allow to evaluate the effectiveness of training, contributed to the achievement a high level of mastery of all the necessary skills by as many people as possible in the shortest time, which is the leading goal of today. Conclusions. We consider the experience of implementing these knowledge/skills and training methods, as well as the further evaluation of their effectiveness, to be the second task of all medical education institutions and training centers operating in Ukraine, after teaching training on tactical medical training of combatants and emergency tactical medical assistance for medical specialists.
... At the same time, the state can classify the sources of obtaining information and not grant the right to access them(European Court of Human Rights, 1978;1987;2010). Particular attention is paid to the legitimacy of the detention of suspects and retaining them in custody, including the determination of the terms of such detention(McBride, 2009). ...
The objective of the research was to identify threats to individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law. The research involved system methods, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, doctrinal approach and forecasting. Martial law introduced as a result of armed conflict carries important implications for criminal justice. Ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during this period applies to several crimes, the common feature of which is the time of their commission. The classification of subjects of prevention of infringement of such rights is presented. The prospects for improving the protection of individual rights in criminal proceedings require international assistance in the detection of crimes related to the armed conflict. It is concluded that ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law requires combining the efforts of national and international specialists. Prospects for improving this process envisage international assistance with increased use of its results as evidence in national and international courts. It is appropriate to develop international recommendations for national law enforcement agencies and judicial bodies.
... McBride 2018, 235-293 . 62 McBride 2018 ...
Az isztambuli 13. büntetőbíróság 2022. április 25. napján a kormány megdöntésére irányuló kísérlet vádjával tényleges életfogytiglani börtönbüntetésre ítélte Osman Kavala filantróp, török emberi jogi jogvédőt. Az ellene felhozott vádak a 2013. május és szeptember között a Gezi parkban történt eseményekhez (török büntető törvénykönyv 312. cikk) és a 2016. július 15-i puccskísérletben (török büntető törvénykönyv 309. cikk) való részvételhez kapcsolódtak. A vádpontok a kormány és az alkotmányos rend megdöntésére irányuló kísérlet és kémkedés, valamint a Recep Tayyip Erdoğan elnök kormánya elleni puccskísérletben való részvétel voltak. 2019. december 10-én az Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága ítéletében megállapította, hogy Törökország politikai célokra használta fel a fogva tartást, megsértve Kavala szabadsághoz való jogait, és rosszhiszeműen járt el. A Kavala-ítélet, mint az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságának minden ítélete, jogilag kötelező érvényű, a török hatóságok azonban figyelmen kívül hagyták a strasbourgi bíróság ítéletét. Válaszul a Miniszteri Bizottság 2022. február 2-án megszavazta, hogy kötelezettségszegési eljárást indítsanak Törökország ellen többek között az Európai Bíróság ítéletének be nem tartása miatt, amely fontos lépés a törökországi emberi jogok védelmének támogatása és a nemzetközi emberi jogi keretek betartása terén.
... 71 Second, the right to appeal involves an effective judicial control over decisions. 72 Third, 'a right to a public hearing irrespective of the nature of the issues' is normally required when appeals involve case review on facts and law. 73 Fourth, the right to be heard in person, including direct assessment of evidence given in person, and the right to public hearings must be observed when appeals involve case merits and/or regarding the seriousness of the matter. ...
Scholars have examined victim participation and reparations at the ICC. Nevertheless, no academic study focuses on victim participants and victims as parties (reparations claimants) in ICC appeals under international human rights law (IHRL) standards. This article seeks to: determine how victims’ roles as victim participants and parties (reparations claimants) take place in ICC appeals; and evaluate ICC’s law/practice on victims’ procedural roles/rights in appeals under IHRL. Victims at the ICC exercise procedural rights to: voice their views and concerns in appeals against final and interlocutory decisions (victim participants); and appeal reparations orders (parties). ICC’s law/practice on victims in appeals is generally consistent with IHRL. However, such law/practice present some important deficits under IHRL, including scope of victims’ procedural rights in ICC appeals and how these rights are exercised. Such deficits should be addressed to better realise victims’ procedural roles/procedural rights in ICC appeals.
... Cases from the practice of foreign courts indicate the essential importance of respecting the formal conditions for conducting a search, in the context of the strength of evidence obtained by searching, at later stages of the proceedings (McBride, 2009). It is important to emphasize that the search that conducted based on a court order must be taken within eight days of issuing the order. ...
... То слободно уверење се наравно, реализује у оквирима начела слободне оцене доказа, те правила која се односе на терет доказивања". 4 У теорији се основана сумња често објашњава тако што се наводи да њено постојање почива на одговарајућим доказима већег квалитета, односно убедљивости у односу на оне на којима се темељи обична сумња, односно основи сумње. 5 Стога се дакле може рећи да је за одређивање притвора потребан већи степен сумње него за покретање истраге (према одредбама новог Законика о кривичном поступку за покретање истраге је довољно постојање основа сумње). ...
Pritvor je najstroža od svih predviđenih mera za obezbeđenje prisustva okrivljenog i za nesmetano vođenje krivičnog postupka. Značaj pritvora potvrđuje ustavni karakter opštih odredbi o pritvoru i njegovom trajanju. Karakteristike ove mere su sledeće: ultima ratio prilikom primene, postupanje sa naročitom hitnošću i obavezno oficijelno ukidanje. U radu se detaljnije razmatraju razlozi za određivanje pritvora, propisani Zakonikom o krivičnom postupku, pre svega, prvi i osnovni uslov - osnovana sumnja, a potom i četiri opciona razloga, alternativno postavljena u odredbama Zakonika: 1.) opasnost od bekstva, 2.) ometanje postupka opstrukcijom dokaza, 3.) opasnost od ponavljanja, dovršavanja ili činjenja krivičnog dela kojim okrivljeni preti, 4.) težina krivičnog dela i uznemirenja javnosti koje može ugroziti nesmetano i pravično vođenje krivičnog postupka.
... In law enforcement, when conducting computer or any digital related investigations for a potential criminal infringement of the law, the lawful procedures one pursues rely upon local customs, legislative standards and rules of evidence. In general view, however, the criminal case follows mainly three phases: the complaint, the investigation, and the prosecution (McBride, 2009).Whereas, in an organisation, digital investigations may follow different procedures depending on the organisational guiding investigation policies and proceedings. These will therefore be the guiding instruments in guiding the digital investigators during the investigation process. ...
This article/report presents a comparative discussion of digital forensics investigations within the organization and how different it is to digital investigations for law enforcement; assesses the expectations of a computer forensics analyst in an organisational digital investigations; presents the proposed model for organisational digital investigations.
... Dakle, "ZKP dozvoljava kumulaciju, odnosno primenu dve ili više nabrojanih mera, te će njihova primena -više od jedne, biti uslovljena njihovom međusobnom prirodom". 6 U radu će najpre biti učinjene opšte napomene o pritvoru, njegovom trajanju, te razlozima za određivanje pritvora, shodno odredbama ZKP, a potom će u okviru posebnog podnaslova biti bliže analiziran opcioni razlog za određivanje pritvora -opasnost od bekstva. Paralelno sa analizom aktuelnih odredbi ZKP-a i pojedinih primera iz sudske prakse u Srbiji, biće prikazani i pojedini slučajevi iz rada Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, a povodom situacija u kojima je određivana mera pritvora usled postojanja konkretnih okolnosti koje su ukazivale na opasnost od bekstva. ...
Pritvor je najstroža od svih predviđenih mera za obezbeđenje prisustva okrivljenog i za nesmetano vođenje krivičnog postupka. Suština ove mere je u oduzimanju slobode kretanja po osnovu odluke suda, kada su ispunjeni uslovi predviđeni Zakonikom o krivičnom postupku i u slučaju da se ista svrha ne može ostvariti drugom merom. U radu je, pored opštih napomena o pritvoru, učinjen osvrt prevashodno na prvi opcioni razlog za određivanje pritvora - opasnost od bekstva okrivljenog. Pored analize odredbi člana 211 stav 2 ZKPa, koje obuhvataju situacije koje će se u konkretnim okolnostima podvesti pod opasnost od bekstva okrivljenog, paralelno sa analizom aktuelnih odredbi Zakonika o krivičnom postupku i pojedinih primera iz sudske prakse u Srbiji, prikazani su i pojedini slučajevi iz rada Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, a povodom situacija u kojima je određivana mera pritvora usled postojanja konkretnih okolnosti koje su ukazivale na opasnost od bekstva.
... For example, women who are victims of sexual or family violence, or other vulnerable members of society such as sex workers or members of sexual minorities, may fear retribution as a result of bringing their claim and may experience high levels of stress when giving evidence. Simple measures such as suppression of names in judgments (McBride 2009) or the use of screens (or more complex video technology) to shield the individual giving evidence from the accused can have substantial results in respect of promoting the dignity and privacy of the individual in question (Lehr-Lehnardt 2002). ...
As more states incorporate health-related rights into their national constitutions, judges are increasingly being asked to enforce access to entitlements as well as to regulate the conduct of executive branches in relation to health. Decisions made by judicial bodies in the context of health rights litigation have far-reaching consequences, not only directly on litigants but also often indirectly on the broader population. This article argues that remedies should not be appended to broken health systems. For a meaningful “circle of accountability”, legal opportunity structures that inhibit access to justice must be considered alongside the framing of rights during adjudication, as well as procedural protections for litigants, in addition to the role of the judiciary in monitoring and enforcement of decisions post-judgment. The application of a reflective, purposive approach at each of these points in the judicial process has significant potential to enhance the impact of judicialization of health rights, in terms of equity and accountability within health system, and beyond. But access to justice and the ability to enforce judgements must also be contemplated by political actors from the beginning of the policy cycle.
This article analyses remote proceedings as a new form of participation in the criminal process in the context of EU law, with particular reference to the question of whether remote participation could be considered (and established) as part of the defendant’s right to be present at their trial. The question of how technological developments may be used to strengthen the rights of the accused is also considered. The author explores the EU legal framework promoting the use of video conferencing tools as innovative technologies, while also considering the perspective that sees them as representing a practical risk to the observance of procedural rights. The requirement that a videoconference hearing must meet the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights is identified. Following this, the question of whether a videoconference hearing can become an instrument that balances the protection of the rights of the accused with progressive e-justice digitalisation processes when adequately regulated in EU law is addressed. The article concludes with proposals relating to the measures that need to be implemented to effectively protect the rights of the accused, along with steps that should be taken to amend the relevant legislation.
Respecting the rule of admissibility of evidence is essential for a criminal process, certain rules regarding the admissibility of evidence being established in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR and incorporated into national legislation. Generally, the principle of admissibility of evidence means that in principle any evidence is admissible, except in cases where legal limitations and limitations imposed by general principles intervene. This article analyzes the rules of admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings provided at the European and national levels, paying attention to the functions of admissibility in the criminal process, especially the guarantee function. At the same time, the article reflects the state of scientific discussion regarding the recognition of illegally obtained evidence as “inadmissible evidence”, as well as the authors’ opinions on this issue.
الهدف: لطالما كان الغرض الرئيسي للمسؤولية المدنية هو التعويض لجبر الضرر. إلا أن المسؤولية المدنية – ومع مرور الوقت – لم يعد ينظر إليها على أنها قاصرة على التعويض فقط، مما حدا بالبعض بالمناداة لتنويع أغراض المسؤولية المدنية وضرورة تبني غرض عقابي لهذه المسؤولية. في هذا الشأن، يسعى مشروع قانون إصلاح أحكام المسؤولية المدنية الفرنسي، والمقدم في ١٣ مارس ٢٠١٧، وفي المادة ١٢٦٦-١ منه تحديدا، إلى إثراء المسؤولية غير العقدية بوظيفة عقابية عامة ومباشرة، من خلال فرض "غرامة مدنية" لتوفير علاج فعال لظاهرة الخطأ المربح. يلقي البحث الضوء على بعض أحكام الغرامة المدنية في هذا المشروع. المنهج: يتبني منهج البحث القانوني القائم على وصف المشكلة القانونية وتحليلها لاكتشاف القواعد القانونية ولشرح بعض الاتجاهات القانونية الحديثة. النتائج: إن تبني الغرامة المدنية بهذا الطابع العقابي يرتب عدة نتائج. أولا، الغرامة المدنية تؤسس مسؤولية مدنية مبنية على خطأ مدني جديد على مستوى القواعد العامة للمسؤولية وهو "الخطأ المربح". يبرهن المشروع الفرنسي بذلك على حداثته، لأنه يفصل مفهوم الخطأ المربح عن التعويض، الأمر الذي يستدعي طريقة وآلية مختلفة لاحتساب مبلغ الغرامة، بحيث يكون احتساب الغرامة بالنظر إلى آثار الخطأ – الربح غير المشروع – وليس إلى الضرر. ثانيا، الطابع العقابي للغرامة المدنية يجعلها أقرب للعقوبة الجزائية من حيث نوع الخطأ التي تعالجه. هذا الأمر قد يثير –على مستوى القانون الأوربي – فكرة ارتباطها بالاتهام الجزائي وهو ما يعرف بمشكلة "المسائل الجزائية" وما يترتب على ذلك من آثار، أخصها ضرورة استدعاء بعض الضمانات الجزائية. الخاتمة: خلصت الدراسة إلى عدة نقاط، أهميها أهمية الغرامة المدنية في الحالات لا يكون فيها التعويض رادعا لمرتكب الفعل الضار، وإلى أن الغرامة المدنية تتشابه مع نظام قانون مقارب وه، التعويضات العقابية.
The trial of a criminal charge may be held in absentia if the accused, duly summoned, fails to appear totally or after s/he was initially present when the trial begins. Ethiopia’s Criminal Procedure restricts trial in absentia to grave crimes and specific fiscal crimes. It also has procedures for summons and retrial. However, it lacks sufficient clarity about issues relating to the partial absence of the accused, the requirement of personal summons, setting aside sentences imposed in absentia, the possibility of rehearing if a defendant fails to appear in appeals by the prosecution and whether an accused may choose representation by defense counsel than standing trial in person. The Cassation Division of the Federal Supreme Court has continued giving binding interpretations that expand the scope of trial in absentia even for minor crimes precluding retrial. Having examined relevant literature and comparative experience, it is suggested that express provisions that address these gaps need to be embodied in the Draft Criminal Procedure and Evidence Law. The Cassation Division should also reconsider its binding interpretations in light of restricting the scope of trial in absentia and towards allowing retrial in cases the accused’s absence for good cause.
لطالما كان الغرض الرئيسي للمسؤولية المدنية هو التعويض لجبر الضرر. إلا أن المسؤولية المدنية – ومع مرور الوقت – لم يعد ينظر إليها على أنها قاصرة على التعويض فقط، مما حدا بالبعض بالمناداة لتنويع أغراض المسؤولية المدنية وضرورة تبني غرض عقابي لهذه المسؤولية. في هذا الشأن، يسعى مشروع قانون إصلاح أحكام المسؤولية المدنية الفرنسي، والمقدم في ١٣ مارس ٢٠١٧، وفي المادة ١٢٦٦-١ منه تحديدا، إلى إثراء المسؤولية غير العقدية بوظيفة عقابية عامة ومباشرة، من خلال فرض "غرامة مدنية" لتوفير علاج فعال لظاهرة الخطأ المربح. إن تبني الغرامة المدنية بهذا الطابع العقابي يرتب عدة نتائج. أولا، الغرامة المدنية تؤسس مسؤولية مدنية مبنية على خطأ مدني جديد على مستوى القواعد العامة للمسؤولية وهو "الخطأ المربح"، والذي سمح بدوره بتحديد نطاق الغرامة المدنية. يبرهن المشروع الفرنسي بذلك على حداثته، لأنه يفصل مفهوم الخطأ المربح عن التعويض، الأمر الذي يستدعي طريقة وآلية مختلفة لاحتساب مبلغ الغرامة، بحيث يكون احتساب الغرامة بالنظر إلى آثار الخطأ – الربح غير المشروع – وليس إلى الضرر. ثانيا، الطابع العقابي للغرامة المدنية يجعلها أقرب للعقوبة الجزائية من حيث نوع الخطأ التي تعالجه. هذا الأمر قد يثير – على الأقل على مستوى القانون الأوربي – فكرة ارتباطها بالاتهام الجزائي وهو ما يعرف بمشكلة "المسائل الجزائية" أو الاتهام الجزائي وما يترتب على ذلك من آثار، أخصها ضرورة استدعاء بعض الضمانات الجزائية.
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Civil liability has always been restricted to the idea of reparation and the compensatory function. However, in the Reform Bill on Civil Liability (2017), the French legislator has recently modernised the general theory of civil liability. The Bill aims to introduce an innovative mechanism that goes beyond the compensatory function. Such mechanism is “civil liability”, which is intended to establish a general, punitive function for the civil liability. The adoption of civil penalty brings in a number of consequences. First, it establishes civil liability on a new kind of civil wrong (profitable wrong), which is calculated in different way. Second, civil penalty has its distinct nature that is distinguishable from the civil remedies (including compensation), and therefore, it has its own significance. Third, the penal dimension of civil penalty renders it – at least at the level of European law – closer to criminal penalty in terms of its seriousness and the type of wrongs it deals with. Thus, its nature makes its highly associated with the idea of criminal charge, which requires the application of some procedural safeguards.
The article is devoted to the study of the essence of constitutional law, together with judicial guarantees, their interpretation and normative consolidation in international legal acts and national regulations, as well as to the clarification of the place of the right to a fair trial in human rights. Thanks to the use of a system of general scientific and special scientific concepts and methods, it was established that the conceptualization of the right to a fair trial was given by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and, moreover, is reflected in the precedent practice of the European Court of Human Rights. In this context, characteristic features of the right to judicial guarantees are defined, its procedural and functional components are distinguished, and procedural and substantive justice are characterized. Everything allows concluding that, the characteristic features of the constitutional right to a fair trial in a state governed by the rule of law are defined as: the perceived ability of a person to exercise the specified right; the presence of a special subject-object structure; appropriate actions in specially created state judicial institutions to restore violated rights.
Kişisel veri kavramı içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda önem kazanan bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktaysa da geçmişten günümüze değin adım adım ilerleyen bir alan olmuş ve yavaş da olsa gelişim göstermiştir. Ancak modern toplum düzeninde kişisel veri alanlarının sınırlanmasının kolaylaşması kişisel veri kavramının önemin artmasına neden olmuş ve insanoğlu kişisel veri kavramına yönelik yoğun mücadeleler vermiştir. İnsanoğlunun bu mücadelesi yoğun biçimde güvenlik maksatlı egemenlik gücünü kullanan devletlere karşı olmuş ve bu sebeple de neticede uluslararası yargı mercilerine intikal etmiştir. Kişisel veri kavramındaki gelişmelerin her biri adeta somut bir olaya konu olması nedeniyle kabul görmüş gelişmelerdir. Kişisel veri alanının en temel gelişim kaynağı ihlallere yönelik ulusal yargı tutumları ve ulusal yargı tutumlarına yönelik uluslararası yargı tutumlarıdır. Bu sebeple kişisel veri kavramı normatif belirliliklerden meydana gelen bir hukuk kavramı olmamakta, yargısal içtihatlardan gelişen bir hukuk kavramı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çalışmamızda kişisel veri kavramının gelişimi, kişisel veriye dair bakış açıları, AİHM’in kişisel veriye dair değerlendirmeleri ve içtihatları yer alacaktır.
The subject of research is the implementation of covert activities in criminal proceedings through the prism of international acts, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.
The purpose of the work is to formulate common standards for ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process through the prism of legal positions of the European Court Of Human Rights.
The methodological basis or research isthe totality of general and special scientific methods of scientific cognition. The formal-legal (legal-technical) method was used to study the rules of law, to analyze the features of legal technique; and the hermeneutical method revealed the legal content of the norms, legislative proposals and defects in legal regulation. The statistical method helped to generalize judicial practice of ECHR. While building up the system of the standards for the ensuring the legality of implementing covert activities in criminal process we used the system-structural method.
The main results and conclusions . The analysis of the legal positions of the ECHR made it possible to conditionally single out the following standards for ensuring the legality of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings:
– predictability. Its essence lies in the fact that the grounds, procedural order, conditions, timing, the circle of persons and crimes in relation to which it is allowed to carry out covert activities should be as detailed, clear and accurate as possible in the criminal procedural legislation. Moreover, any person had the opportunity to familiarize himself with the relevant regulatory prescriptions and foresee the actions that can be carried out in relation to him;
– warranty against abuse. The content of this standard can be disclosed by more detailed highlighting of clarifying provisions ("substandards"). These include: control of interference in human rights and freedoms; the certainty of the circle of persons in relation to whom it is possible to carry out secret activities; limited corpus delicti, for the purpose of investigation or prevention of which covert activity is allowed; the existence in national legislation of procedures that facilitate the law of the implementation of covert activity in criminal proceedings; the temporary nature of the implementation of secret activities in the criminal process;
– verifiability. The essence of this standard can be disclosed through the establishment of judicial control over the decision of the issue regarding the possible destruction of information obtained in the course of conducting covert activities, which is not relevant to criminal proceedings, as well as the requirement for the mandatory opening of decisions that were the basis for conducting covert investigative actions;
– exclusivity. The main content of this standard is that covert activity in criminal proceedings can be carried out only in cases where the disclosure or prevention of a crime in another way is impossible or is too complicated;
– proportionality of the intervention and its expediency. The essence of this standard is that the implementation of certain covert coercive actions that are associated with the restriction of human rights and freedoms must be proportionate to the goals for which such actions are directed. Moreover, these goals and the applied coercion must be necessary in a democratic society;
– inadmissibility of tacit interference in the communication of some subjects. First of all, this requirement concerns the need to legislatively guarantee non-interference in communication between a lawyer and his client, a priest and an accused, etc., which means a ban on targeted control over the communication of certain subjects, as well as the obligation to destroy information obtained in the course of an accidental, situational interfering with their communication.
The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the exhumation of a human corpse and reveals the procedure for conducting an examination of a corpse related to the exhumation during the pre-trial (preliminary) investigation, provided for by the current legislation of Ukraine. The author draws attention to the existing problems in the modern investigative practice of conducting an examination of a corpse associated with the exhumation and suggests ways to solve these problems. It is noted that the examination of the corpse associated with the exhumation is one of the most complex investigative (detective) actions since it consists of several successive stages (initiation, with the adoption and execution by the prosecution of the decision to conduct it; taking measures to address the decision on the exhumation of the corpse to execution; direct implementation of this decision, etc.), each of which is also structured according to certain organizational, procedural, tactical and forensic criteria and other aspects of investigative activity. The author of the article draws attention to the significant shortcomings of the legal regulation of the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine of 2012 on the procedure for examining a corpse related to exhumation. Errors of the investigator in choosing the type of examination of the corpse, as well as violation of the procedure established by law for exhumation and the penetration of the prosecution into the tomb (crypt), which are private property, without the consent of the owner or the determination of the investigating judge (court), may subsequently lead to recognition by the court the inadmissibility of using the results of this investigative (detective) action in court as evidence. The author proposes ways to solve these problems. In particular, it is proposed in the decision-making mechanism for the exhumation of a corpse to determine the place of close relatives or family members of the deceased in order to guarantee their right to respect for family and private life, in accordance with Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the implementation of which should not depend entirely on the discretion of the pre-trial investigation bodies and the prosecutor’s office. This provision does not meet the requirements of international standards, in particular, the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Solska and Rybicka v. Poland (Solska and Rybicka v. Poland, nos. 30491/17 and 31083/17, 20 September 2018). The early introduction of the amendments proposed by the author to Article 239 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine will bring the national procedure for examining a corpse related to exhumation closer to international standards. Key words: pre-trial investigation, investigative (search) action, exhumation of a corpse, inspection of a corpse, body identification, forensic examination.
The article makes a meaningful analysis of the scientific works and the rules of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, which define the concept of testimony as a procedural source of evidence in criminal proceedings, its methods of obtaining, verifying, and evaluating. The legislative regulations and procedural procedure for the judicial interrogation of participants in criminal proceedings have been studied. Attention is paid to certain innovations in legislation that require scientific understanding, interpretation, and choice of appropriate tactics by a defense attorney, prosecutor, and judge. The methodological basis of the article is the complex application of general methods and special methods of scientific knowledge in its relationship, selected considering the purpose and objectives of the study, its object and theme. By way of conclusion, the proposals and recommendations of an organizational and tactical nature are based, aimed at improving police practice to address the existing problems of obtaining, verifying, and evaluating testimonies in the evidentiary process.
Increasingly dangerous, and internationally distributed, (organized) crime has caused the need for states to find adequate means to put an end to all this. Of course, today, as many years before, we can hear that criminals are "one step ahead of the state." That, when we look at the situation around us, is unfortunately not far from the truth. However, faced with this problem, states at the normative level, in order to anticipate criminal behavior, as well as, if the crime has already been committed, to reliably identify the perpetrators, stipulate (besides general evidentiary actions) special evidentiary actions/techniques in national legislation. That is quite legitimate. However, when the state prescribes certain rules, or conditions under which certain (evidentiary) actions must be taken, then it is more than unusual that state does not respect what it has prescribed. In the following lines, we were dealing with special evidentiary actions, predominantly the general characteristics of the same and in connection with them the practice of the ECtHR. All this with the aim of trying to present (from our point of view) a plausible practice, with the hope that we will break with the previous one, which in our opinion is not good.
This research shall be taking a comprehensive look and a constructive approach towards the nature of locally issued Attachment Orders and will seek to provide a comprehensive analysis of the situation in Malta, identifying and benefits and potential flaws within the system, should these emerge.
The level of realization of the right to a fair trial is one of the crucial indicators of democracy in any state. In order to ensure this right, all the minimum standards deriving from it must be clearly understood by law enforcement agencies and their practice must meet these standards. As equality of arms, the right to a fair trial, is not directly enshrined in the text of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter - the Convention) and is of implicit character; the issues like its essence, content and the way it should manifest in practice are open for discussion. For this reason, the focus on those issues is highly relevant. The aim of this article is, with reference to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter - ECHR) and the modern doctrine based on this right, to explain the role of this principle and the essence of its mutual relations with the other elements of the right to a fair trial. Selected case law of ECHR bears great interest compared with other decisions and is discussed in the form of empirical materials of the study. From the doctrinal materials, interpretation of Article 6 of the Convention and theoretical sources related to the European standards in the criminal procedure are also analyzed. The article exercises methods of dialectical comprehension; they are determinism, induction, deduction, case studies and methods of law interpretation. As a result of the study, a unique doctrinal commentary has been obtained in the context of adversariality and impartial and independent court principles of the concept of equality of arms, as well as, interaction of the minimum rights of persons subject to criminal prosecution, guaranteed by the Convention.
The purpose of this article is to determine whether the forfeiture of assets as a result of declaring them unjustified should be considered as a penalty.Provisions governing the recognition of assets unjustified and its further forfeiture in the state revenue (RAS) were introduced into the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine in 2015 and were criticized by the scientific community due to the similarities with the special confiscation provided by the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and were never implemented in practice. However, at the end of 2019, the essence of these provisions was dramatically changed via a combination of a foreign model of “non-conviction based forfeiture” and certain features of the crime of illicit enrichment. Right after the adoption of these new provisions, the members of the Ukrainian parliament initiated the constitutional petition. They claim that the RAS, being, in essence, a punishment, unreasonably deprives the party of protecting its rights and guarantees provided by the criminal legislation of Ukraine.Given the foreign origin of this legal mechanism and that this type of penalty was introduced into Ukrainian law not so long ago, the methodology of this research covers both analysis of current legislation, research of Ukrainian and foreign scholars, and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The analysis allowed us to assess to which extent the procedure, severity, nature, and objectives of unjustified assets forfeiture coincide with the procedure, severity, nature, and objectives of punishment.The results suggest that such a penalty can be considered as a punishment neither under the European Convention on Human Rights nor national legislation, as it does not, inter alia, prove or disprove the facts of any offense or the connection of assets with any offense and is not intended to punish and prevent from committing other offenses. Given the fundamental nature of the issue under investigation in the context of its constitutional appeal and the lack of practice of applying such a penalty in Ukraine as of the preparation of the present research, the article has theoretical and practical importance.
The right of a party to exercise a judicial function in a case deciding its rights and obligations is impartial to a judge, which is determined by the obligation of the state to provide, first in a normative and then in a practical framework, the right to be upheld. Prima faciae, when it comes to the Serbian and legal frameworks of surrounding countries, it has been done nomotechnically in an impeccable way, but there are a number of essential shortcomings. The results we have obtained, using comparative legal review and analyzing practice of ECHR indicate that the Serbian, as well as the legislatures in the region, faces major problems in this area. As an anomaly we identified the possibility that a judge, although biased, in accordance with applicable regulations (in Serbian, Croatian and North Macedonian legal framework), could exercise judicial function in the case (because, there Criminal procedure codes stipulates that judge "can" be disqualified if there are doubts in his impartiality). Furthermore, very big problem in all legislatures (except Montenegrin) was that the injured party, although entitled to make a compensation claim (and this claim, within the meaning of Article 6(1) of the European Convention constitutes a civil claim), has no opportunity to seek a judicial excption/recusation. Finally, all analyzed legislation, except the Slovenian, allows a judge to take immediate action when it comes to an optional recusation. Disagreeing with this, we suggested that in the future they follow their Slovenian colleague who arranged it in a much better way.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of Article 3 of Directive 1/2019 when transposing it by Member States. The incompleteness and vagueness of Article 3 of Directive 2019/1 could cause non-harmonization in the various EU Member States, especially those in Eastern Europe, of the right of defence for the defendant party in the antitrust procedure. More specifically, to avoid this effect, Member States must adapt to European standards. In doing so, the paper intends to shed some light on how the right of defence is protected by the European Commission during competition proceedings.
Аccording to its performance detention is the strictest of all the measures
envisaged to ensure the presence of the defendant in the proceedings. The Serbian
Constitution prescribes the conditions and procedure for detention, while the legal
arguments for detention are laid down in the Code of Criminal Procedure. For the
interpretation and application of the Code of Criminal Procedure of great importance
is the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, because the provisions of the Convention expressly prescribe conditions
relating to the functioning of the criminal justice. After a detailed analysis of specific
rules of conduct with detainees, which are prescribed in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, the paper reviews the guidelines of the European Prison Rules about the
treatment of detainees. The starting point for the adoption of European prison rules
represent the human rights standards that are established at the level of the UN and
the Council of Europe. Bearing in mind that the institution of detention restricts
certain human rights and freedoms, the rule dealing with detainees must be strictly
regulated, and complies with the relevant European rules and laws, primarily with
the European Prison Rules
O artigo, por intermédio de estudo bibliográfico e documental, demonstra que o processo penal se relaciona com a Convenção
Americana de Direitos Humanos, em um duplo sentido: como objeto de convencionalização e como instrumento de convencionalidade. De um lado, (i) os atos, procedimentos e duração do processo ganham uma significação conforme a Convenção, dando origem, ainda que de forma gradual, e como um standard mínimo de garantias processuais, um devido processo convencional (o processo como objeto de convencionalização). De outro, (ii) em virtude do seu fundamento de existência – instrumentalidade garantista -, o processo penal converte-se em um privilegiado instrumento de direito interno afeto à proteção dos direitos humanos, por intermédio de um controle de convencionalidade das intervenções estatais-penais do poder público (o processo como instrumento de convencionalidade).
Palavras-chave: controle de convencionalidade; direitos humanos; processo penal; sistema interamericano.
In modern criminal procedure regulations, the will of a criminally prosecuted person is gaining a greater influence on the criminal procedure, sometimes directing it, and in other cases — predetermining its results. The lawmaker is giving a criminally prosecuted person more opportunities to influence criminal procedure activities, and direct criminal case proceedings. In the current legal landscape, the expression of the will of the accused (the suspect) is supported by a sound legal basis and has become a prerequisite for the implementation of many criminal procedure institutions. A criminally prosecuted person has a certain scope of permissible actions, and is free to act within this scope. The author describes historical changes in the attitude of the state towards a person accused or suspected of a crime and examines the evolution of a new criminal procedure phenomenon — the expression of the will of the accused (the suspect). The author also breaks the development of Russian criminal proceedings into periods depending on the influence that the will of the prosecuted person has on the criminal procedure activities. It is shown that the will of the accused (the suspect) has a certain impact on the criminal procedure at all stages of criminal court proceedings. The author proves that the will of the accused (the suspect) as a legal phenomenon has become a criminal procedure category. It is concluded that, from the viewpoint of current criminal procedure legislation and the practice of its enforcement, especially in view of its further improvement, there is a necessity to introduce a new criminal procedure category, which has, in fact, already emerged — the category of «the expression of the will of the accused (the suspect)».
Tvrdnja ili verovanje, da je pravosuđe bilo koje države, u bilo kom
momentu, organizovano i uređeno na takav način da je njegova reforma
okončana, moralo bi biti rezultat ili velikog neiskustva koje čini da se reforma
zamišlja kao jednokratni proces ili pak, politikantskog poricanja potrebe za
daljim promenama, usled rizika da ono bude shvaćeno kao neuspeh dotadašnje
vladavine.
Ređe, ali ne i nemoguće, može se raditi i o poricanju ljudske prirodne
potrebe da, težeći ka savršenstvu, neprekidno menja na bolje sve što čoveka
okružuje, a na šta svojim delanjem može da utiče.
Nešto češće, iako pomalo prizemno i razočaravajuće, javno istupanje
protiv kontinuiranih reformi, uzrokovano je individualnom, ličnom nespremnošću
na promene, prilagođavanje i usavršavanje. Konzervativnost ili lenjost
- u praksi je razlika neretko neprimetna.
Pravosuđe Republike Srbije, decenijama unazad, poprište je veoma
intenzivnih promena. Posmatrano iz ugla evolucionizma, ovo bi trebalo
da bude znak da je prevaljen značajan put ka nezavisnom, nepristrasnom,
stručnom, odgovornom, transparentnom i efikasnom pravosuđu. U realnosti,
taj put je bio obeležen brojnim zastojima, nedoumicama, lutanjima i stranputicama.
Imajući ovo u vidu, ne čudi što bi se na pitanje o realnim postignućima
reforme, kao i trenutnom kvalitetu našeg pravosuđa teško mogao dobiti
jednoznačan odgovor. Procenama i ocenama realnog stanja, bavili su se
prethodnih petnaestak godina brojni međunarodni i domaći akteri. Analize i
preporuke dolazile su sa svih strana, neretko od autora čiji se jedini kontakt sa
pravosuđem Republike Srbije svodio na dvodnevnu posetu koju su započinjali
tražeći Srbiju na mapi Evrope, a završavali taksativnim nabrajanjem kako
izmeniti pojedinačne članove zakona, ukinuti postojeće institucije ili osnovati
nove. Preporođeni njihovim nadahnućem i mudrošću, sudije, javni tužioci i
državni službenici, vraćali su se potom svojim poslovima i s godinama sve
više gubili nadu da će ovakvi misionarski pohodi doneti bilo šta, osim još
nekoliko radnih dana utrošenih na snishodljive molbe, da im se pomogne u
nabavci računara, vozila i opreme ili adaptaciji objekata.
Otvaranje pregovora sa Evropskom unijom, naše pravosuđe dočekalo
je rastrzano između pokušaja da za sutrašnje suđenje obezbedi papir za štampanje
zapisnika i obaveze da poznaje, čita, razume, u elektronskim bazama
pretražuje, i najzad, primenjuje međunarodne standarde i praksu međunarodnih
sudova. Zarobljeno na pola puta između lepih želja i loših navika; starih
kalupa po kojima je pravljeno i nastojanja da se, sve ono što je iz tih kalupa
poteklo, iako već odavno formirano i teško promenljivo, gotovo preko noći
spakuje u nove okvire (posve drugačijeg oblika i veličine), srpsko pravosuđe je utonulo u veliku galamu u kojoj gotovo da niko ne čuje svog sagovornika
ali uprkos tome nastavlja da ponavlja sopstveno viđenje stvari. I dok jedna
strana krivi arhaičnost starih kalupa i konzervativnost onih koji su po njima
krojeni, oni koje je potrebno promeniti i prekrojiti, tvrde da je to nemoguće
učiniti u potpunosti (ili makar ne u kratkim rokovima), ali i da novo ne mora
nužno biti bolje od starog, te da bi se radije menjali svojim tempom i po sopstvenim
planovima.
U atmosferi konstantnih previranja, promena i podela, čini se da je
svrstavanje u tabore i prihvatanje kolektivnog, postalo mnogo prihvatljiviji
obrazac ponašanja od formiranja sopstvenog mišljenja. Najmanje dobrodošli
jesu pokušaji da se akterima ovih događaja pojasni, da gotovo da nema
životne situacije u kojoj za sve postoji samo jedan krivac i jedan izlaz. Ipak,
čini se da najteže od svega, do sluha „reformatora i reformisanih“, dopire podatak
da svi zajedno moraju biti i jedno i drugo - i oni koji menjaju i oni koje
treba menjati, a sve u interesu građana Republike Srbije.
Polazeći upravo od pretpostavke podeljenih uloga i zajedničke odgovornosti,
ova knjiga nastala je kao pokušaj da se, kroz jednostavan pregled
normativnog i institucionalnog okvira pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji, a potom
i kroz detaljnu analizu dometa, modaliteta primene i tendencija promena u
važenju ključnih načela organizacije i funkcionisanja pravosuđa, stvori štivo
prijemčivo širokom krugu čitalaca, bez obzira da li tragaju za osnovnim informacijama
o strukturi i funkcionisanju pravosudnog sistema ili pak tragaju
za odgovorima o napretku načinjenom u kontekstu sprovođenja ključnih
strateških dokumenata i procesu pristupnih pregovora sa EU.
Sama sadržina monografije postavljena je tako da oslikava i statičku i
dinamičku komponentu pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji. Koncipirana po principu:
ko želi da se bavi medicinom- prvo mora da savlada anatomiju, struktuirana
je tako da u prvom delu može poslužiti kao abeceda organizacije i funkcionisanja
pravosuđa Republike Srbije, namenjena svima koji o ovoj materiji
usvajaju početna znanja.
U skladu sa tim, Deo I obuhvata prikaz normativnog i institucionalnog
okvira, polazeći od šireg shvatanja pojma pravosuđa, po kome ono ne uključuje
samo sudove i tužilaštva, već čitav niz institucija koje, uz jasnu podelu
nadležnost, sa manjim ili većim udelom, čine da pravosudni sistem ostvaruje
svrhu koja mu je Ustavom i zakonima namenjena. Ovakav pristup zastupljen
je i u ključnim strateškim dokumentima koji uređuju ovu oblast, a njegova
opravdanost s godinama se potvrđuje kroz sve značajniju ulogu pravosudnih
profesija koje su, u poslednjoj deceniji, preuzele značajan deo, ranije sudskih
nadležnosti. Opravdanost ovakve koncepcije oslanja se i na sve snažniju
poziciju Viskog saveta sudstva i Državnog veća tužilaca, kao i na rastući
značaj Pravosudne akademije. Iako neopravdano skrajnuto i u reformskim
Dr Milica Kolaković - Bojović 19
procesima zapostavljeno, Državno pravobranilaštvo je od vitalnog značaja za
efikasnu sudsku zaštitu imovinskih interesa Republike Srbije.
Nasuprot tome, drugi deo knjige, vodič je kroz ciljeve, prepreke, pravila
i (ne)uspehe na reformskom putu, trasiranom procesom pristupnih pregovora
sa EU. Deo II monografije, odraz je dinamičke komponente pravosuđa i
posvećen je dubinskoj analizi reformskih koraka u pravosuđu, pri čemu su
oni sagledani iz ugla procesa evropskih integracija, kao okvira koji nadilazi i
kontekst sprovođenja strateških dokumenata, koji i sami imaju ulogu agende
oblikovane EU standardima i pravilima pristupnih pregovora. Struktura drugog
dela postavljena je tako da oslikava ključne principe reforme pravosuđa,
definisane u Nacionalnoj strategiji reforme pravosuđa za period od 2013-2018
(u daljem tekstu: NSRP 2013-2018.)1, i Akcionom planu za Poglavlje 232 pa
reformske procese prati kroz načela nezavisnosti, nepristrasnosti, stručnosti,
odgovornosti i efikasnosti pravosuđa, ali i iz ugla monitoringa i evaluacije
reformskih procesa. Fokus analize je na načelima nezavisnosti i efikasnosti,
budući da složenost i intenzitet reformskih procesa u okviru ovih principa
daleko nadmašuju ostale segmente.
Kontekstom protiv selektivnosti, balansom protiv krajnosti, ovo delo je
skromni pokušaj da se u realnom svetlu sagleda stanje, procesi i perspektive
u jednom od najvitalnijih segmenata države i društva.
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter “the ECtHR”) regarding the length of civil and criminal proceedings in Russia and the Czech Republic. Analysis shows that the Czech Republic has passed a long way in solving the problem of ‘reasonable time’ and, today, its legislation and practice are to a large extent in compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter “the ECHR”). In Russian Federation, the problem in question was partially solved by Law no. 68-FZ. However, judicial practice has shown that the application of this law has its shortcomings, which led to the adoption of the second pilot judgment of the ECtHR against Russia in the case of Gerasimov and Others v. Russia. Therefore, it could be of use for the Russian authorities to study the experience of the Czech Republic in order to resolve this long-standing problem in the near future.
Keywords: European Court of Human Rights, European Convention on Human Rights, ECtHR, ECHR, length of proceedings, Russia, Czech Republic.
Este artigo almeja estudar as etapas da persecução penal e suas funções cognitivas, com o objetivo de, por um lado, verificar a importância da centralidade do juízo oral, e, por outro, a necessidade e a amplitude do respeito aos direitos fundamentais em todas as fases. Assim, espera-se determinar o fundamento e a função do processo penal, que deverão orientar a estruturação da justiça criminal como instrumento de limitação do poder punitivo estatal. A partir de revisão bibliográfica, esta pesquisa pretende responder os seguintes problemas: 1) qual é o fundamento e a função essencial do processo penal?; 2) qual é a relação entre as fases procedimentais do processo penal e a sua função de um modo amplo?; 3) qual é a relação das fases procedimentais do processo penal entre si?
In this chapter, the content of fundamental rights is analysed in the light both of the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights, as interpreted by the Strasbourg Court, and of the law of the European Union, which in the last few years has adopted a number of directives aimed at strengthening the procedural rights of suspected or accused persons, as well as the rights and protection of victims in criminal proceedings.
The right to counsel is one of the constitutional rights of the accused person. This right is enshrined in Rwandan domestic law, regional and international human right treaties ratified by Rwanda. These include inter alia, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, etc. Besides, Rwanda also signed declarations and resolutions that create obligations against all members of international community in matter of the rights of the accused person. According to these international instruments, the accused person should have the right to counsel from the very early stages of the proceedings, at least immediately upon arrest, in order to guarantee that his other rights are respected throughout the criminal proceedings. Thus, it is the purpose of this article to consider whether Rwandan courts act in compliance with Rwanda’s obligations arising from global and regional human rights standards and domestic law. This Article analyses cases which demonstrate that the right to counsel for the accused person was allegedly violated. It suggests a number of recommendations that could be implemented in order to strengthen the respect and protection of the rights of the accused, particularly the right to be assisted with a counsel of his/her choice or the right to have an assigned counsel.
This paper discusses the new model of criminal procedure introduced in 2011. The author holds that the new criminal procedure represents the compilation of the public prosecutor's investigation, dominated by the investigative principle, inherent to the inquisitive procedure, on the one hand, and the adversarial main hearing, modeled on the Anglo-American procedure, dominated by the accusatory principle. Aiming at coherence of the Code, as well as efficiency of the procedure based on the postulates of justice, the new regulations are subject to critical analysis. On the conceptual level, the public prosecutor's investigation as a formal phase and a structural element, is criticized, especially the equalization of evidence taken by the public prosecutor, with those taken by the court, Thereafter it is held absolutely inacceptable, the banishment of truth from the criminal procedure and the total passivization of the court regarding the evidentiary initiative and proving legally relevant facts. From the right to a fair trial point of view, it is pointed out the lack of normative grounds for the realization of the right access to justice, the right to the so called 'equality of arms' and the right to defend, as well as the unacceptably inferior position of the accused at the main hearing compared to the opposite party. It is held inacceptable introducing into the Code of the statutory definitions of multiple procedural institutes, often erroneous or theoretically suspicious, but not useful for the correct use of the procedural law. The party agreements are analyzed as instruments of rationalization and modernization of the procedure, with remarks that may be aimed at the improvement of some aspect of legislation. The analysis of the concept of the new procedure, procedural institutes and principles contains the concrete suggestions and conceptual guidelines for the improvement of criminal procedure de lege ferenda. The author does not exclude the possibility for a new Code of Criminal Procedure to be adopted, whereby a new form of criminal procedure would be introduced, taking into consideration its public legal nature, legal tradition of our country and the attitudes of modern doctrine of criminal procedure law.
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