ArticlePDF Available

Comparative studies of calf rearing and milking management practices in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh

Authors:
  • ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Abstract

SUMMARY In spite of a large percentage of farmers following various calf rearing and milking practices, there is still scope for improvement. Dairy farmers should be educated regarding significance of colostrum feeding within 2 h of birth and its advantages in building resistance against diseases. Weaning is also of great importance as well as cutting and disinfection of navel cord, which was practiced rarely. In view of these facts there is a need to educate farmers and milkers about the improved practices through conducting demonstration or planned extension programmes.
95
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 80 (5): 483–85, May 2010
Comparative studies of calf rearing and milking management practices in rural,
semi-urban and urban areas of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh
R R K SINHA1, TRIVENI DUTT2, BHARAT BHUSHAN3, R R SINGH4, M SINGH5 and SANJAY KUMAR6
Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
Received: 6 June 2009; Accepted: 26 November 2009
Key words: Calf rearing, Milking management practices
The self sufficiency in milk production is possible only
through the adoption of improved management practices.
Calves form the future dairy herd and they require good
management skills and constant attention. Keeping these
things in mind the present study was designed to gather
information on different aspects of calf rearing and milking
management practices under field conditions of Bareilly
District.
A multistage stratified random sampling procedure
was used for the selection of 3 village panchayats and 12
wards from Bithrichainpur, Bhojipura and Kiyara blocks
of Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. A total of 270 cattle
and buffalo rearers were selected from rural, semi-urban,
and urban areas (90 cattle and buffalo rearers from each
area). From rural area 30 cattle and buffalo rearers
were selected from each village panchayat and 15 from
each ward from semi-urban and urban areas. Cattle and
buffalo rearers were categorized on the basis of land holding
as landless (0 ha), marginal (0–<1 ha), small (1–2 ha),
medium (2–<4 ha) and large (4 ha and above). The data were
collected through personal interviews, using the structured
schedule.
Calf rearing practices: The findings regarding calf rearing
practices indicated that all farmers (100%), either from rural
or semi-urban areas attended calving and took care of the
calves after parturition, but it was less (95.6%) in urban areas.
In rural areas only 5.6% of the farmers practised ligation/
cutting and disinfection of the navel cord, this was higher in
semi-urban and urban areas, where it was 14.4 and 11.1%
respectively. This low percentage was probably due to lack
of awareness of above mentioned practices.
It was found that 90, 96.7 and 95.6% farmers from
rural, semi-urban and urban areas were feeding colostrum
to their animals after falling of placenta, which was similar
to the observations of Dhiman et al. (1990) in Hisar district
of Haryana. Only 7.8% of farmers from rural areas, 1.1%
from semi-urban and 3.3% from urban areas followed the
practice correctly, which is to feed colostrum within 2 h of
birth.
In rural areas majority of the farmers (77.8%) fed
milk to their calf till lactation ceased whereas, only 11.1%
in semi-urban and 5.6% of the farmers in urban areas
followed this practice. However, 62% of urban farmers did
not give milk to the calf, 22.2% of urban farmers gave milk
for less than 4 months and 11.1% gave for more than 4
months. Calves were allowed to suckle for more than 6
months by majority of the rural farmers. This increased the
calving interval of the buffalo. Therefore, to overcome
this problem, the practice of weaning calves after 3
months of age under suitable hygienic conditions is advised.
Weaning practice was significantly less, 3.3% in urban,
5.6% in semi-urban and 15.6% in rural areas. Deoras et al.
(2004) concluded in rural and urban areas of Rajnandagaon
of Chhatisgarh plain that no farmers practiced weaning
system of rearing which may be due to sentimental value
associated to it.
Watering the calf two times was generally practiced in all
the areas. In rural and semi-urban areas, farmers started giving
fodder from 3 month in most cases, but in urban areas, they
started within 2 months (63.3%) of age of the calf. In rural
areas, more number of farmers practised castration in
comparison to urban areas, which was probably due to the
requirement of good draught animals. Use of
ectoparasiticides was practised in 71.1% cases in urban areas,
85.6% in semi-urban areas, which was maximum and 77.8%
in rural areas. This finding implied that farmers were aware
of the harmful consequences of ectoparasitic infestations. In
rural areas, 86.7% of the farmers provided jacketing as well
as bedding on litter during winter whereas 41.1% of urban
farmers provided jacketing alone. The result found was in
Present address: 1, 4Ph D Scholar, 5Senior Scientist, Division of
Livestock Production and Management, 2Principal Scientist and
Joint Director (Extension Education), 3Principal Scientist, Animal
Genetics and Breeding, 6Senior Scientist, Livestock Economics
and Statistics (2e mail: jdee@ivri.up.nic.in).
484 SINHA ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 80 (5)
96
consonance with the earlier findings of Rao et al. (1992) and
Yadav et al. (1990).
Milking management practices: The results indicated that
place of milking was same where farmers were keeping their
animals in 55.6%, 82.2% and 86.7% cases in rural, semi urban
and urban areas, respectively. This increase in percentage in
semi-urban and urban areas might be due to less space. In
urban areas some farmers were milking their animals at the
door of customers. In contrary to this Malik and Nagpaul
(1999) reported that 61.1% of milkers used to milk their
buffaloes at a separate dry place in Haryana. In rural areas,
51.1% farmers were having clean and dry environment during
milking but in semi-urban and urban areas, it was only 36.7%
and 24.4%. Cleaning of animals before milking was not much
in practice in urban areas, but higher in rural and semi-urban
areas. Udder washing was followed by 90%, 93.3% and 100%
farmers in rural, semi-urban and urban areas, respectively,
which is similar to Kalyankar et al. (2004) and Samajder
and Chander (2003). Calf was allowed to suckle before
milking, after milking and both before and after milking in
6.7%, 15.6% and 76.7% in rural areas, whereas it was 3.3%,
7.8% and 74.4% in semi-urban areas and 17.8%, 5.6% and
40% in urban areas. Generally calves were used for milk let
down that is why farmers allowed them to suckle before
milking. A good number of farmers did not allowed calf to
suckle in urban areas. This might be due to culling of calves
in later stage. Farmers in urban areas were not interested in
calf rearing because they thought this is uneconomical. As
far as process of milk let down is concerned 86.7% farmers
in rural areas were using calf suckling, which was reported
earlier by Dubey and Kumar (1981) in Karnal district of
Haryana. Some farmers are also practicing hand massaging
method due to death of calves (13.3%).
In semi-urban area, 87.8%, 10% and 2.2% farmers were
using calf suckling, hand massaging, and injection,
respectively, for the milk let down but in urban areas, only
50% farmers were using calf suckling as milk letdown
process and remaining 40% and 10% were using hand
massaging and injection, respectively, as milk let down
process. Cleanliness of milker in rural area was seen in 62.2%
cases compare to semi-urban (61.1%) and urban areas
(58.9%), this might be due-self involvement in milking in
rural and semi-urban areas but in urban areas hired labour
was involved who does not care on cleanliness, but
cleanliness of pail was more in urban areas (84.4%) followed
by semi-urban (74.4%), and rural areas (70%). Mainly open
type of milking pails or buckets were used for milking in all
the 3 areas, under the study. In rural areas, 55.4% farmers
were milking once and only 41.1% twice in a day. This might
be due to low yield of milk. But in semi-urban and urban
areas, 73.3% and 97.8% farmers, respectively, were milking
animals twice may be because of high milk production. In
rural and semi-urban areas, knuckling method was followed
by 74.4% and 73.3% of farmers, but in urban areas it was
46.7%. Full hand method milking, which is a healthy practice
was followed by 18.9%, 16.7 and 46.7% of farmers in rural,
semi-urban and urban areas, respectively. This might be due
to lack of awareness of full hand milking and easiness in
practicing knuckling. Stripping was also in practice in some
cases and it was practiced by 10% farmers in semi-urban
areas. Similarly Malik et al. (2005) reported that in Uttar
Pradesh the most commonly used method of milking was
knuckling as indicated by 70% of the cattle owners, whereas
full hand milking was being followed by only 24% of the
respondents. Similar finding was also observed by Singh
and Singh (1999) in rural areas of Haryana district. Most
of the farmers 51.1%, 48.9% and 66.7% from rural,
semi-urban and urban areas, respectively, were taking
more than 7 min in milking but 24.4% of urban farmers
were taking less than 7 min of time in milking, which is a
better practice. Most of the farmers in all the areas were not
using any drying off procedure, and animals got self dried in
96.7% cases in rural areas and 98.9% each in semi-urban
and urban areas.
SUMMARY
In spite of a large percentage of farmers following various
calf rearing and milking practices, there is still scope for
improvement. Dairy farmers should be educated regarding
significance of colostrum feeding within 2 h of birth and its
advantages in building resistance against diseases. Weaning
is also of great importance as well as cutting and disinfection
of navel cord, which was practiced rarely. In view of these
facts there is a need to educate farmers and milkers about
the improved practices through conducting demonstration
or planned extension programmes.
REFERENCES
Deoras Rajiv, Nema, R K and Mishra U K. 2004. Management
practices of calves in Rajnandagaon district of Chhatisgarh plain.
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 74 (1): 91–3.
Dhiman P C, Singh Narendra and Yadav B L. 1990. A study on
cattle and buffalo feeding and breeding practices in adopted
and non-adopted village of Hisar district. Indian journal of
Animal Production and Management 6 (2): 90–4.
Dubey V K and Kumar R. 1981. Identifying existing animal
husbandry practices as followed by the cattle keepers in Karnal
district. Dairy Guide 3 (2): 9–15.
Kalyankar S D, Gujar B V, Patange D D G R and Londhe G K.
2004. Adoption of dairy management practices of Marathwadi
buffaloes in their home tract. Indian Journal of Dairy Science
57 (6): 421–3.
Malik D S and Nagpal P K. 1999. Studies on milking and calf
rearing mangement practices of Murrah buffaloes in its home-
tract of Haryana. Indian Journal of Animal Production and
Management 15 (2): 52–4.
Malik B S, Meena B S and Rao S V N. 2005. Study of existing
dairy farming practices in Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Dairying
Foods and Home Science 24 (2): 91–5.
Rao S V N, Kherde R L and Tyagi K C. 1992. Why delay in
May 2010] CALF REARING AND MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 485
97
farmers adoption of dairy technologies. Indian Dairyman 44
(4): 288.
Singh R and Singh N. 1999. Effect of socio-economic variable on
management of milking practices under different farming
systems. Indian journal of Animal Production and Management
15 (1): 31–2.
Yadav R S, Yadav M S, Singh M P and Kashi Ram. 1990. Effect of
provision of bedding and jacketing on growth performance
buffalo calves during winter season. Indian Journal of Animal
Production and Management 6 (4): 195.
... It might be due to the awareness of dairy farmers regarding incorporation of fodder in the ration of calves which hastens the development of rumen function at an early age. This finding is supported by the findings of Sinha et al. (2010) [16] who observed that 63.30 per cent of the dairy farmers started green fodder feeding to calves within 2 months of age of calf. ...
... It might be due to the awareness of dairy farmers regarding incorporation of fodder in the ration of calves which hastens the development of rumen function at an early age. This finding is supported by the findings of Sinha et al. (2010) [16] who observed that 63.30 per cent of the dairy farmers started green fodder feeding to calves within 2 months of age of calf. ...
Article
Full-text available
The study on status of calf rearing management practices followed by the dairy owners in Gujarat was conducted in Sabarkantha districts. The data were collected randomly from selected 150 dairy animal owners through personal interview using pre-tested structured schedule in randomly selected three clusters (Ider, Prantij and Himmatnagar). The study revealed that the majority of the respondents (86.66 per cent) attended calving and 62.0 per cent of the respondents did not clean the calves soon after parturition, the result being highly significant (P<0.01). Majority (58.67 per cent) of respondents practiced cutting and disinfection of the navel cord the result being highly significant (P<0.01). All the respondents followed practice of feeding colostrum to new born calves but only 37.34 per cent of the respondents fed colostrum to new born calves within one hour of birth, the result being highly significant (P<0.01). Majority (93.33 per cent) of the respondents followed dehorning practice in calves and the results are also highly significant (P<0.01).
... Except grooming, farmers are aware about clean milk production practices viz. washing of teat/ udder, cleanliness of milker, cleaning of milking utensils (Table 1) which are partially similar to the findings noted by 14 . According to the survey out of 150 respondents, 66.67 percent were following knuckling method for milking, 32 percent were following full hand milking, and 1.33 percent was following strip method for milking. ...
... According to the survey out of 150 respondents, 66.67 percent were following knuckling method for milking, 32 percent were following full hand milking, and 1.33 percent was following strip method for milking. These findings are quite in consonance with 14 . About 73.33 % farmers were selling milk to milk cooperative society and 26.67 % farmers were keeping some amount of milk for house hold purpose or private sale apart from selling in milk society. ...
... Owing to conducive climate and topography, Animal husbandry and Dairying Sectors have played prominent socio-economic role in India. Also reported by Sinha et al. (2010). ...
Article
Full-text available
The opening balance (herd strenth of murrah buffaloes as on 01/04/2012) was 150 heads (32 males and 118 females). The weight at first caving during currentthe current year was 535.71 kg. Buffaloes produced 82098 kg milk. Overall wet and herd averages were 5.66and 3.59 kg, respectively. On an average 62.92% of the total females were in milk.The milk analysis of 872 samles revealed fat, SNF and total solids per cent as 7.88.9.81 and 17.75, respectively. Herd strength for next year was maintained. The opening herd strength of Murrah buffaloes as on 01/04/2013 was 165 heads (38 males and 127 females). In all, 47 animals were deleted from the herd due to various reasons, whereas 57 animals were added due to new births (23 female and 34 male). The new calvings were well distributed over all the months of year, except April 2013 and March 2014 when no calvings took place. The male:female ratio of new calvings was 1.48:1.00. The closing balance of the buffalo herd as on 31/03/2013 was 175 (129 females and 46 males).
... Low Susceptibility to Pneumoniya and Dairreha in Thier Pedigries: Sires preferred for Breeding: Data Reprts shows that at the same time sires expressing low incidence of Pneumonia and diarrhea in their pedigrees may be preferred for breeding as compared to high incidence groups. Similar results reported by Sinha et al. (2010). ...
Article
Full-text available
At ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatagar, Bareilly, UP, India at Cattle and BuffaloFarm the opening balance of Vrindavani cattle as on 01-04-2011 was 500 heads (95 males and 405 females). Additions in the herd were due to birth of 82 female and 93 male calves (175 heads). The closing balance of the Vrindavani cattle herd as on 31-03-2012 was 358 heads (46 males and 312 females). The overall mortality per cent was 5.78%. The overall female mortality was 5.95%, whereas for males it was 5.32%. The overall culling per cent was 27.56 with repective values for male and female culling % as 25.00 and 28.54, respectively.Vrindavani cattle produced 536846.0 kg milk during the current year. On an average, 78.8% if the total adult Vrindavani females were in the milk during the year. Means for overall wet and herd averages were 10.53 and 8.31 kg, respectively. The Fat, SNF and Total solids were 4.30%, 8.76 and 13.06%, respectively. The LSM’s for total lactation milk yield, total lactation length, 305 days milk yield, milk yield per day of 305 days lactation period, peak yield, days to attain peak yield and weight at calving were 3499.48±38.11 kg, 316.33±3.81 days, 10.74±0.14 kg/d, 3492.63±73.59 kg, 11.46±0.24 kg/d, 18.41±0.26 kg, 71.42±7.91 days and 405.96±4.23 kg respectively.The least squares’ means (LSM) for overall live body weights at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were 22.25±0.33 m 45.23±0.95, 90.92±1.59, 150.15±3.22, 246.23±3.53 and 300.08±4.06 kg., respectively.Vrindavani cattle produced for 305 days as lactation period. The herd strength of Vrindavani as on 01/04/2010 was 532 heads (74 males and 458 females). Vrindavani cattle produced 6,18,684 kg milk during the current year.On an average 71.03% of the total adult Vrindavani females were in the milk during the current year.Means for overall wet and hered average were 10.82 and 7.75 kg, respectively.
... Most common method (95.0%) of milking was knuckling type in area. Similar finding of high rate of Knuckling practice (74.4%) was also reported by Sinha et al. (2010b). Teat dipping was not followed in the research area. ...
Article
Full-text available
A field survey was undertaken in Narmada valley region, four taluka of Narmada district of south Gujarat to collect first hand information on management practices of dairy animals followed by tribal peoples. The breeding, health care and milking management practices were studied using pre tested questionnaire through three stage sampling. Two villages, from four taluka were selected. From each village, 10 tribal farmers were selected randomly with a total of 80 respondents. Study revealed that maximum farmers (41.30 %) of this area were less educated belongs to middle age (53.80% 30-50 years) category having medium size family (5-8 members). The estrus detection in cattle was based on sign and symptoms (100.0%) rather than using teaser, moreover main symptoms for identification of animal in heat were bellowing and thin mucus discharge (58.80%). The farmers (86.30%) were observed to inseminate their animals within 12-18 hrs of heat. Method of breeding adopted in area was mostly (46.30%) by combination i.e., Natural and artificial insemination (A.I.). Mostly the pregnancy diagnosis (P.D.) was practiced by 18.80% of the farmers. Dry period was more than three months in both indigenous cows (92.40%) and buffaloes (91.20%). Castration was performed in 72.70% of male animals of age more than 2 years. Vaccination was adopted by 53.80% of farmers. Regular de-worming was also practiced by 3.80 and 7.50% farmers for milch cow and calf respectively. Clean milk production was well adopted by farmers of the area. Knuckling (95.0%) was common method of hand milking followed by full hand type (3.80%) and stripping (1.30%). The management practices followed by tribal farmers of area were exceptional for few facets however most of the practices required to be improved a lot.
... Incorporation of fodder in the ration of calves which hastens the development of rumen function at early age. This finding is supported by the earlier findings of author 18 . It was observed that 27.50% of respondents practiced castration of male calves, while 72.50% of respondents didn't follow this practice. ...
... It was further seen that 91.25 percent of the respondent used to house the calf with the adults. It was stated that the only 11.88 percent of the farmer's practiced ligation/cutting and disinfection of the navel cord 13 . This low percentage was probably due to lack of awareness about the importance of disinfection. ...
Article
Full-text available
Calf management in traditional dairy farming receives less attention as compared to milking animals. Though calves represents the main source of replacement stock and are important in letdown of milk, they are the key to a successful dairy enterprise and preserving & maintaining good quality germplasm. Therefore it is necessary to keep calf alive during the first few weeks of life by providing careful management of the nutrition, health and wellbeing will ensure the calves get off to a good healthy start. Thus the study was planned to assess the existing adoption of calf management practices and change in knowledge level of farmers after exposure to E-information module in Uttar Pradesh. A total of 160 dairy farmers who were rearing the dairy animals and having one recently born calves was interviewed to get first-hand information about calf management and were exposed to E-information module containing details about the scientific calving management practices. The results state that majority (63.38%)of respondents were feeding colostrum but only 1.87 percent used to feed the colostrum within one hour and the concept of preparing and feeding artificial colostrum was not known to the farmers. It was observed that the only 13.75, 19.38, 3.75 and 17.25 percent of respondent in the study area were following deworming, bedding to calf, disbudding and exposure to sunlight. The information module had change the knowledge and thus mean gain in knowledge was 16.60 percent among the respondents. Thus the utilization of ICT tools can be effectively used to enhance the knowledge of farmers about scientific calf management practices.
... It was further seen that 91.25 percent of the respondent used to house the calf with the adults. It was stated that the only 11.88 percent of the farmer's practiced ligation/cutting and disinfection of the navel cord 13 . This low percentage was probably due to lack of awareness about the importance of disinfection. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study was conducted in eight randomly selected villages of Ajmer district in Rajasthan. Data was collected through structured interview schedule. A total sample size was constituted with 160 Gir cattle owners. Perusal of data revealed that knuckling (87.50 per cent) was the main method of milking. All the respondents used to clean udder and teats, wash hand before milking and milked their cattle twice a day. None of the cattle keepers follow dry hand milking. About 56.25 per cent of the respondents used sand and clean water for cleaning of milking utensils. All (100%) of the respondents follow the practice of drying of the pregnant animals about 60 days before calving. About 82.50 per cent of the respondents adopt intermittent milking method of drying of the pregnant animals. Results indicated that 85.62 per cent of the owners cleaned and trimmed hooves of the calf after birth. Majority 93.13 per cent of the respondents did not cut the naval cord of calf. About 47.50 percent respondents allowed adlib quantity of colostrum to calf. About 51.50 per cent of the owners are feeding colostrums to calf within 2 hr of birth. It was found that 55.62 per cent of the owners allowed suckling of calf up to 6 month of age. Majority 91.87 per cent of owner did not perform deworming of calves.
Article
Full-text available
A field survey was conducted to collect the information on array of existing breeding and health care practices followed by dairy animal owners of coastal area of South Gujarat. Perusal of data revealed that the majority of respondents (98.7%) relied on behavioral signs of heat as a method of heat detection. They preferred artificial insemination process (86%) for breeding their animals. For majority of indigenous cattle & buffalo calving interval was more than 15 months (86.7%) and 16-18 months (56.7%), respectively. Majority of respondents (88.7%) were following the vaccination programme against FMD & HS for their animals. About 71% of the respondent followed the practices (dusting, spraying, injectable drugs) to control ecto-parasites. The animal shed was clean and dry for about 85.3% of the respondents. Except few overall dairy animal owners were following more scientific and organized herd management practices in the coastal area of South Gujarat.
Article
Full-text available
The present study entitled study of existing diUry fanning practices was conducted in Uttar Pradesh. The information was collected from 400 respondents having sufficient number of crossbred animals. It was· observed that artificial Insemmatlon (All' was the breeding practice folowed In both crossbred as well as local cattle. In buffafoe's, natural shVIce was the choice br.-ling practice as indicated by majority of fanners. The fan'l'lers.were·adopted milk production crlteiafor feeding their 2II1ImaIs. Regarding the housing of antmaIs 64 per cent of the respondents were malntalMng PUccas shed for their animals. 70 per cent of the cattle owners were using
Article
Data on first colostrum feeding, quantity of colostrum fed to the calf, milk provided to calves were collected from 300 farmers from rural area covering 20 villages of all 9 blocks and 100 farmers from Rajnandgaon city under urban area. The managemental practices like disbudding identification of animals and record keeping were studied. The information was collected from respondents by a questionnaire already prepared. About 41% rural and 45% urban farmers provide colostrum to the newly born calf within 2 hr after birth, whereas 31 and 40% rural and urban farmers provide colostrum within 2-4 hr, and remaining 28 rural and 15% urban farmers feed colostrums 4 to 8 hr after the birth of calf. Significantly higher (27.66%) rural farmers allowed one quarter for calves in comparison to 14% urban farmers. All the farmers in rural and in urban area followed suckling method of calf rearing. Significantly (P < 0.01) higher number of urban farmers practice regular deworming of calf. None of the dairy farmers in rural area and barely 7% of the urban dairy farmer followed identification procedure.
A study on cattle and buffalo feeding and breeding practices in adopted and non-adopted village of Hisar district
  • P C Dhiman
  • Singh Narendra
  • B L Yadav
Dhiman P C, Singh Narendra and Yadav B L. 1990. A study on cattle and buffalo feeding and breeding practices in adopted and non-adopted village of Hisar district. Indian journal of Animal Production and Management 6 (2): 90-4.
Identifying existing animal husbandry practices as followed by the cattle keepers in Karnal district
  • V K Dubey
  • R Kumar
Dubey V K and Kumar R. 1981. Identifying existing animal husbandry practices as followed by the cattle keepers in Karnal district. Dairy Guide 3 (2): 9-15.
Adoption of dairy management practices of Marathwadi buffaloes in their home tract
  • S D Kalyankar
  • B V Gujar
  • D Patange
  • G K D G R And Londhe
Kalyankar S D, Gujar B V, Patange D D G R and Londhe G K. 2004. Adoption of dairy management practices of Marathwadi buffaloes in their home tract. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 57 (6): 421-3.
Studies on milking and calf rearing mangement practices of Murrah buffaloes in its hometract of Haryana
  • D Malik
  • P K Nagpal
Malik D S and Nagpal P K. 1999. Studies on milking and calf rearing mangement practices of Murrah buffaloes in its hometract of Haryana. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 15 (2): 52-4.
Why delay in CALF REARING AND MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 485
  • S V N Rao
  • R Kherde
  • K C Tyagi
Rao S V N, Kherde R L and Tyagi K C. 1992. Why delay in CALF REARING AND MILKING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 485
Effect of socio-economic variable on management of milking practices under different farming systems
  • Singh R
  • N Singh
Singh R and Singh N. 1999. Effect of socio-economic variable on management of milking practices under different farming systems. Indian journal of Animal Production and Management 15 (1): 31-2.
Effect of provision of bedding and jacketing on growth performance buffalo calves during winter season
  • R S Yadav
  • M S Yadav
  • M Singh
  • Kashi Ram
Yadav R S, Yadav M S, Singh M P and Kashi Ram. 1990. Effect of provision of bedding and jacketing on growth performance buffalo calves during winter season. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management 6 (4): 195.