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REAKCIA KRVNEHO OBRAZU TEI,IAT NA NIZKE TEPT.OTY
A JEHo vzTAH K RAsru ZwI'I HMorNosrr
f. Broudek, L. Nov6k, K. Kovaldik
BROUdEK, I. - NOVAK, L. - KoVALCIK, K. (Vfskumnf (stav ZivoEISneJ vyroby,
Nitra): Reakcia krundho obrazu teliat na nizke teplotA a ieho uztah k rastu tluei
hmotnosti, Zivod. Vfr., 36, 1991 (10): 835-847.
20 teliat-JaloviUiek holStajnsko-frlzskeho plemena a kriZencov so slovenskfm
strak'atym plemenom sa v priemernom veku 19 dni rozdelilo do dvoch skupfn.
Pokusnd skupina bola ustajnen6 v drevenich vonkaj5ich btdach, kontrolne v za-
teplenom telatnlku. Krv sa odober,ala vo veku 20, 33, 48 a 60 dnf, pri vonkaJ-
Sich teptrot6ch 3, -2, -5 a -8 oC. V dervenom ani bielom kfvno;rn obraze sa
nezistili medzi skupinami signifikantn6 zmeny. Vo vSetkf ch sledovaniach bol
mierne zvflenf obsah hemoglobinu u teliat z brid, najvad5i rozdiel bol stano-
veny pri teplote -8"C [117,1 oproti 112,9 g.I-1). Pri tomto odbere krvi sa tieZ
zistili na j_viid5ie diferencie v leukograme, pridom absolfltny podet lymfoci,tov
[3,28.nl-t;4,72.n1-1) a neutrofilov [4,35.nI-1; 5,4z.rll-llbot u teliat i tnariiZSi
neZ u teliat kontrolnej skupiny. V r6mci skupln sme vypoditali signifikancie vypli-
vaj(ce z vekovfch zmien. Najtesnej5ie zdvislosti medzi hematologlckfmi para-
metraml a prlrastkami Zivej hmotnosti sme zaevidovali u derven6ho kfvneho
obrazu. Koreldcie boli v prlpade hematokritu a hemoglobfnu pozitlvne, vo veku
48 a 60 dn1 signifikantne vo vztahu k prirastkom za cel6 obdobie mltednej vf-
Zlvy.
telat6; nlzke teploty; dervenf a biely kfvny obraz; rast
Reakcia hematologickfch Lrkazovatelov na nizku teplotu prostredia,
podobne ako na kaZdf zdtaZ, sa dd rozdelit na niekolko f6z. Podla auto-
rov S chreiber et al. (19851 nasteva najskOr obdobie kompenzdcie,
kedy sa maximAlnym risilim termoreguladnfch mechanizmov dari e5te
udrZat teplotu tela v norme. Potom dochddza k f.dze dekompenzdcie a hy-
potermie. V tomto 5t6diu sa zvy5uje spotreba kyslika, v krvi sa hroma-
dia neokysliden6 medziprodukty ldtkovej premeny a doch6dza k hemo-
koncentr6cii s poklesom plazmatick6ho objemu. Obclobiu kompenzdcie
prakticky zodpovedA poplachov6 a rezistentnS, fdza Selyeho klasickej
te6rie stresu, zaznamenlva sa neutrofilne leukocyt6za s lymfop6niou
a eozinop6niou [NetouSek, 1962; Wiersma, Stott, 1969], pri-
dom sa udAva, Ze zvyienl drdZdenie parasympatick6ho nervstva sp6so-
buje leukop6niu a zvf5en6 drSZdenie sympatickeho nervstva leukocyt6-
zu. Obsah hemoglobinu stripa pri strese pOsobenim adrenalinu a tieZ
zrvoersNA vYRoBA 1ee1 935
vplyvom hemokoncentrdcie [s un der- p lassmann, 1gg0]. Koncen-
tr6cia hemoglobinu pravdaZe zdvisi od in a za_
tal,e: z toho vyplyva, il,e podla stupfla zahu hod-
notit fidinok zdtaZe v jednoilivfch fdzach j alar_
movej reakcie sa hemokoncentrdcia zvy5uj stdva
zriedenie krvi. B i a r-r-c a (7grt) uv6dza, ze hemokoncentrdcia je zapri-
dlnen6 spodiatku zvf5enim podtu erytrocytov, neskorsie dehydrat6c'iou
plazmy. sidorov t1988l zistil u tetiat chovanfch vo vonkaj5ich bf-
dach pri teplotdch az -31"c vo veku 30 dni signifikantne zvfseiri obsah
lemgslobinu v porovnani so zvieratami ustajnenfmi v zateplenom te-
Iatniku. ESte vy55i rozdiel bol zaevidovanf vo veku 60 dni.
MATERIAT, A METODA
pouZ dtek holstaj
skfm s vy55fm -
vek pr dni, Telce
pridom sa bral do tvahy ich vek I Ziv6
v individudlnych drevenfch btidach s p
teplenom telatnlku, volne v kotercoch
kfmnou zmesou Laktavit bolo individuAlne dvakrAt denne, Start6rovA kfmna zmes
a -seno sa poddvali do chuti, odstav od mliedneJ vfzivy sa prevledol vo veku E0 dnt.
]lskulodnili sa styri pozorovania: vo veku zo, is, aa d oo dnl, pri vonkajslch tepio-
tdch 3, -2, -S a -B oC.
Krv sa odoberala vZdy o 6smej hodine r6no. V krvi triffgou
hematokrit a-pomocou Bio-La-testu obsah hemoglobinu. komor-
k_e- sa-zlstoval podet leukocytov a panoptickou iret6dou kogram.
Vfsledky boll spracovan6 f-testom, anilyzou variancii
VfSLEI'KY
Cervenf krvnf obraz
ukazovatele derven6ho krvn6ho obrazu [hematokrit a hemoglobin)
nepreukdzali ziadne slgnifikantn6 rozdiely medzi telatami z bfid a za-
teplen6ho obJektu (tab. I). Takmer vo vsetkfch pozorovanlach boli vys-
Sie h_odnoty u- prvej skupiny, .zretelne je to vidno v pripade hemoglo'bi-
nu.- Vfraznejsie zvfsenie to(to param-etru u teliat odirrovavanic[ pri
nizkych teplo!6ch bolo zaznamenan6 vo veku 48 a 60 dni, pri vont<alsittr
teplotdch -5"c a -B'c. stredne hemoglobinovd koncentrdcia [tab. II),
ktord_ sa _vypodita ako pomer obsahu hemoglobinu k hematotritu, boli
vo veku 33 dni nepreukazne vyssia u kontrolnej skupiny teliat zo zate-
plen6ho objektu.
Biely krvnf obraz
Podei leukocytov bol pri prvfch dvoch pozorovaniach u obidvoch sku-
pin. takmer rovnakf; vo veku 48 a 60 dnf sa zistil nepreukazne vyssi
podet bielych krvinlek u jalovldiek zo zateplen6ho obJektu ttab. iI).
signifikantn6 rozdiely v rdmci jednoilivfch skupin sa sfanovili u teliat
z btrd' medzl druhfm a tretim odberom krvi fvek 33 a 4g dni] a u Jalovic
kontrolnej skupiny medzi prvfm a druhfm a prvfm a Btvrtfm odLerom.
-Rozdiely medzi percent'udlnym obsahom lyhfocytov v krvi sledova-
nfch skupin boli Statisttcky nepreukazn6 [tali. IIIJ, najviidsia diferencia
936 zrvoersNA vfRoBA 1ee1
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podtov vztahov na sledovanie vo veku 33 di 48 dni sa dd hovorit o urdi-
tom trende fprirastok zadiatok az 90. defl r :0,477 a 0,530 u podtu lym-
focytov a t :0,651+ a 0,311 u absolftneho podtuJ. obsah neritrofilnfch
granulocytov s prirastkami v obdobi mliednej vizivy koreloval vtidsinou
zdporne, preukazn6 koeficienty boli prevaZne u kontnolnej skupiny Itab.
VIIIJ.
Najvfraznejsie vztahy_ medzi pomerom lymfocytov a neutrofilov a pri-
rastkami v obdobi mliednej viiivy sa zistili vo veku 33 d,ni - prirasiok
do 30 dni r : 0,658+ a 0,355, prirastok do veku 50 dni r = 0,325 i 0,66g+.
DISKUSIA
Pod1a literdrnych ridajov [Wier.sma, Stott, 1969; Suncler-
-P-lussmann, 1980 a dalsiJ, by malo pri poklesu teploty prostredia
pod dolnri hranicu termoneutrality, za ktorri je povazovan6 0"C IBian-
ca, 1971J, d6jst k hemokoncentr6cii a vyraznym kvanfltativnym a kva-
litativnym zmen6m leukocytov. v na5om experimente sme vsak v uka-
zovateloch derven6ho a bieleho krvn6ho obrazu signifikantn6 reakcie
nezaznamenali. Dokazuje to dobrri prisposobitelnost teliat nasich ple-
mien na bezn6 nizke teploty v podmienkach n65ho klimatick6ho pdsma.
Zrejme by bol rozdielny stav, keby teploty poklesli n6hle na -g'C, a nie
takto postupne ako v naSom pripade; tieZ extr6mne zniZenie aZ na -30 "C,
ako uddva S i d o r.o v [1S80], by moZno spdsobilo viraznej5i dopad
na sledovan6 hematologick6 ukazovatele. DOkazom pre menej priazniv6
prostredie vo vonkajsich bridach sri vsak Sirsie z6vislosti medzi krvnfm
obrazom a rastom zivej hmotnosti teliat pokusnej skupiny v porovnani
s kontrolnou skupinou zo zateplen6ho objektu.
Llteratlira
BIANCA, W.: Die Anpassung des Haustieres an selne klimatische
landwirtsch. Forsch., 70,7977, d,. 2-3, s. 155-205.
NETOUSEK, M.: Klinickd hematologie. praha, SZdN 1962.
SCHREIBER, V. et al.: Stres. Patofyziologie - endokrlnologle :-
cenum 1985.
SIDOROV, V. I.: Izmenenija metabolizrna teljat prl poniZennyctr
terlnarija, 1988, d. 7, s. 20-22.
SUNDER-PLASSMANN, W.: Kreislaufshock. Berlin -
ger Verlag 1980.
WIERSMA, F. - STOTT, G. H.: New concepts in
cattle of lnterest to engineers. Trans. ASAE, 72,7989,
Heidelberg -
the physiology
s. 130-132.
Umgebung. Schweiz.
klinika. Praha, Avl-
temperaturach. Ve-
New York, Sprin-
of stress ln dalry
DoSIo dfia 25. 1. 199L
BROUCEK, J. - NOVAK, T,. - KOVALCIK, K. IResearch Institute of Anlmal producilon,
Nitra): Responsp ol blood picture ol calues to low temperatutes and its rclatton t6
the body weight. Zivod. Vfr., 36, 1gg1 (10): 835-847.
We divided 20 female calves of the race Holstein-Friesian and their cross with Slovak
spotted race into two groups in their age of 19 days, Experimental group was housed
in wooden individual outdoor hutches and the control group in the insulated calf
house. Blood was sampled at the age of 20,33,48 and 60 days-at the outdoor tempera-
tures 3, -2, -5 and -B oC.
g46 zrvoersNA vYRoBA 1se1
We did not found any slgnificant alteratlons between the groups in the red blood
picture ITab, I]. In all the observations the s1lgh increase of haemoglobin was found
in the calves housed'in hutches, the highest difference was at -B"C (117,1 g/I agalnst
172.9 glL). Significant higher count of leucocytes was found in the fernale calveifrom
the insulated house at their age of 48 and 60 days [Tab. II). The highest difference
in the lymphocyte percentage [Tab" III] was recorded at the age of 33 days [59.3 0/o
in the group from hutches and 55,1 0/o in the animals from insulated house). This
characteristic decreased in the both groups fr,orn original 61.6 % and 5B.B % down to
47.g 0/o and 42.3 0/0. Therefore the difference between samplings were significant. At
the age of 48 and 60 days the higher absolute counts of tymphocytes were lound in
the control group [3.65 nl-l against 4.19 nl-l and 3.28 n1-1 against 4.12. nl-L).
Percentual count of neutrophilic granulocytes ITab. IVJ increased in the calves from
hu , difference of 4.3 o/o compared with the contlol was,
ho 0/o and 38.5 %1. In the both groups the counts of
ne age from 37 0/o atd,37.6 0/o to 55.9 % and 55.7 0/0,
the differences between the 4th and other samplings were within the both groups
significant- The highest difference in the absolute counts of neutrophiles belween
experimental and control group was recorded at the end of experiment at -B oC
(4.35 nt-t in the calves from hutches arrd, 5.47 nI-1 in the animals flom insulated
house). There were found no significant flifferences in the lvhite blQod picture, that is
in the relationship between lymphocytes and neutrophiles. Ir-r the course of raising the
relation between the both Sroups narrowed from initial 1.98 and 7.73 to the final 0.78
and 0.78 [tab. V).
Relations between the characteristics of red blood picture (haematocr,ite and hae-
moglobin) and the mean daily increments in the phase of rnilk nutrition were mostly
positive and close (Tab. VI). At the age of 20 and 33 days significan't correlatlon
coeficients were found within the control group from insulated house only; to the
increments from the stat't of experiment to 90th day r:0.738+; r:0.726+ [haema-
tocritel and r: 0.748+; 0.713+ (haemoglobin]. At the age of 48 days the significant
correlations with the increments during the entire phase of mi]k nutrition also within
the experimental group from the hutches were computed Ir:0.636+ and 0.934+++
with haematocrite, and r:O.623 61fl Q.$[g+++ with haemoglobin]. Similar trend was
found also at the age oI 60 days. The mean haemoglobin concentr.ation was in nega-
tive correlation to the increments during the phase of milk nutrition at all the
observ,ations. The correlations to the increments for the entire time were in the age
of 20 days r: -0.572 in the ,calves from hutches and r - -0.619 in the calves from
insulated house, at the age of 33 days r: -0.577 and r: -0.730+, at the age of
48 days r : -0.500 and r: -0.711+ and at the age of 60 days r: -0.240 and r =
--0.745+, The course of the relation cf leucocyte counts and increments ln the
phase of milk and plant nutr,ition might be c,onsidered variable and rare slgnlficant
correlations casual. Percentual and absolute counts of lymphocytes (Tab. VII) exerted
variable relations, distinct trend was observed only at the age of 33 or 48 days. The
content of neutrophllic granulocytes correlated mostly negatively with the inciements
in the phase of milk nutrition, significant correlations were found mostly with the
control group [Tab. VIIIJ. Most expressive relations in the ratio of lymphocytes and
neutrophiles and the incre,ments in the phase of milk nutrltion were found at the
age. of 33 days - increments till 30 days r - 0.659 and 0.355, increments til the age
of 50 days t - 0.325 and 0.668.
calves; low temperatures; red and white blood picture; g,rowth
Adresa autotoD:
Ing. Jan Broudek, CSc., ing. Ladislav Novdk, ing. I(ornel Kovaldik, DrSc.,
Vfskumnf fstav Zivodi5nej vfroby, 949 92 Nitra
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