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Comparison of SWAP and DRAINMOD models in evaluating subsurface drainage systems (In Farsi)

Authors:
Amir Sedaghatdoost at Texas A&M University
Amir Sedaghatdoost
Shafie Vazirpour
Shafie Vazirpour
Shafie Vazirpour
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Hamed Ebrahimian at University of Tehran
Hamed Ebrahimian
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SWAPDRAINMOD





sedaghatdoost.amir@gmail.com

SWAPDRAINMOD

                                                        
SWAPDRAINMOD
RMSESWAP


SWAP                                                              
DRAINMOD
SWAP
DRAINMOD
DRAINMODSWAP







      
      

  



        


        
DRAINMODSWAP

DRAINMOD  

 DRAINMOD 


     
DRAINMOD


SWAP
    
SWAP
          
SWAP                 


SWAP        
RMSE

WAVEDRAINMODSWAP
DRAINMOD
DRAINMODSWAP

SWAPDRAINMOD 
RMSESWAPDRAINMOD

DRAINMODSWAP

DRAINMODSWAP




                  





     RETC
ROSETTA RETC  


SWAP

SWAP

       
1ad
hh
C h K h S h S h
t z z

 

 


 


C(h)cm-1
tdayhcm K(h)cm day-1
z
cmSa(h)
cm3 cm-3 day-1
Sd(h)


SWAPsink term
        
         
SWAP
2
2
84
sat top sat top
drain
K d h K h
qL
 
qdrain
cm day-1
Ksat
cm day-1
dcmΔhtop

cmLcmdr0

D
        SWAP 

0
8
ln ln
8
L
dL D L
D L r





 
DRAINMOD

 

P f S Ro  
as
V D ET D F  
Pf∆SRo∆Va

DETDs
f
      DRAINMOD      
                
             
RETC    


RETC

cm
Ks(cm/hr)
θr
θs
α(1/cm)
n




















Ks
θr
θs
αn
SWAPDRAINMOD

DRAINMOD
SWAP




















R2
RMSE
 
 
2
21
1
1
N
mea sim
iN
mea mea
i
XX
RXX

 
2
1
1N
mea sim
i
RMSE X X
N

Xmea
Xsim

RMSER2



 SWAPDRAINMOD SWAP 

   DRAINMOD
 
SWAP
DRAINMOD
    
              .   
RMSE
RMSE    
  SWAP    DRAINMOD    
RMSE
RMSESWAPDRAINMOD
SWAPDRAINMOD
RMSER2
SWAPDRAINMOD
SWAP
DRAINMOD

R2
RMSE
R2
RMSE







0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70




SWAP
DRAINMOD
SWAPDRAINMOD

SWAPDRAINMOD





SWAPDRAINMOD


SWAP
SWAP


DRAINMODSWAP
SWAP
SWAP
-120.0
-100.0
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66





SWAP
DRAINMOD


SWAPDRAINMOD
SWAPDRAINMOD
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100




SWAP
DRAINMOD
-50.0
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91





SWAP
DRAINMOD


RMSER2
SWAPDRAINMOD
SWAP
DRAINMOD

R2
RMSE
R2
RMSE









SWAPDRAINMOD
SWAP
SWAP
DRAINMOD
SWAP
DRAINMOD
SWAP
SWAP
DRAINMOD

""
"DRAINMOD
"
"
"
"SWAPDRAINMOD
"

"SWAP

"
7- El-Sadek, A., Feyen, J., and Berlamont, J, 2001, “Comparison of models for computing drainage discharge”, Journal of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 127, 363–369.
8- F.A.O, 1986, “Drainage testing”, Food and Agriculture Organization, Irrigation and Drainage paper, No. 28,Rome,
Italy.
9- Ritzema, H.P, 1994, “Drainage Principles and Applications” ILRI Publication No. 16, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
10- Sarwar, A. and Feddes, R.A, 2000, “Evaluatingdrainage design parameters for the Fourth DrainageProject, Pakistan
by using SWAP model: part II-modeling results” Journal of Irrigation and DrainageSystems, Springer, 14, 281-299.
11- Singh, R., Helmers, M.J. and Qi, Z, 2006, “Calibrationand validation of DRAINMOD to design subsurfacedrainage
systems for Iowa’ s tile landscapes” Journalof Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, 85, 221-232.
12- Skaggs, R.W, 1980, “DRAINMOD Reference Report: Methods for design and evaluation of drainage water
management system for soils with high water tables” United State Department of Agriculture.
13- Skaggs, R.W, 1982, “Field evaluation of a watermanagement simulation model, DRAINMOD”Transacation of the
ASAE, 25(3), 666-674.
14- Van Dam, J.C., Huygen, J., Wesseling, J.G., Feddes,R.A., Kabat, P., Van Walsum, P.E.V., Groenendijk,P. and Van
Diepen, C.A, 1997, “Theory of SWAPversion 2.0” Technical Document , 45. WageningenAgricultural University and
DLO Winand StaringCentre.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Comparison of Models for Computing Drainage Discharge
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2001
The WAVE model describes the transport and transformations of matter and energy in the soil, crop, and vadose environment. A lateral field drainage subprogram was added to the WAVE model to simulate lateral subsurface drainage flow. The subsurface drainage is considered as the drainage provided by evenly spaced parallel drains with a free outlet: drain tubing or ditch. The rate of subsurface water movement into drain tubes or ditches depends on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, drain or ditch spacing, hydraulic head in the drains, profile depth, and water table elevation. Hooghoudt's steady-state equation was selected for incorporation in the WAVE model. The subsurface drainage subprogram was calibrated and validated by comparison with the SWAP model (The Netherlands) and DRAINMOD (the United States) and partially by using 7 years of drain outflow data from an experimental field under fallow and cropped conditions. The comparative study revealed that the three models performed equally well and that the models were reliable and accurate tools for predicting the drainage flux as a function of rainfall-evapotranspiration and local conditions. The WAVE model, in comparison to the SWAP and DRAINMOD model, provided as good a prediction of the lateral subsurface drainage flow to drains. The statistical analysis between each model and observed data revealed that the three models were able to predict with sufficient accuracy the observed drainage discharge. The DRAINMOD model, however, has the advantage of giving a more accurate estimate of the discharge, resulting in a more precise modeling. The models were consistent in predicting water table levels, but they could not be verified against field data because of a lack of suitable measurements.
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Evaluating Drainage Design Parameters for the Fourth Drainage Project, Pakistan by using SWAP Model: Part II – Modeling Results
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2000
This paper presents the results of modelsimulations to evaluate drainage designparameters for the Fourth Drainage Project(FDP), Punjab, Pakistan. The SWAP model wasapplied to compute the effects of landdrainage (12 combinations of drain depthand spacing) on soil moisture conditions inthe root zone and their effect on cropyield and soil salinization. For theconditions considered, the selection ofdrain depth is found to be more criticalthan that of drain spacing. Deeper drainsperform technically better in relation tocrop growth and soil salinization. Theoptimum drain depth for the multiplecropping system of the FDP-area was foundto be 2.2 m. This drain depth will producereasonably good crop yields at rather lowdrainage intensity while keeping the rootzone salinity within acceptable limits.This drainage design also maintained thegroundwater table depth below the root zonethroughout the growing season. The outcomeof this study reveals that the drainagedesign criteria applied for the FDP israther conservative with high drainageintensity. The FDP-area can effectively bedrained with a 25 percent lower drainageintensity (q drain/h)provided no operational or maintenanceconstraints are present. However, the finaldecision on the optimum combination ofdrain depth and drain spacing would requirea thorough economical analysis. Thenon-steady state approach proved successfulin analyzing the complex interactionsbetween irrigation and drainage components.It is a valuable tool to optimize thedesign of drainage systems against cropyields and soil salinization.
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Drainage Principles and Applications
Book
Full-text available
  • Feb 2006
Thirty-three years ago, the first International Course on Land Drainage was held at ILRI in Wageningen. Since then, almost 1000 participants from more than 100 countries have attended the Course, which provides three months of post-graduate training for professionals engaged in drainage planning, design, and management, and in drainage-related research and training. In the years of its existence, the Course has proved to be the cornerstone of ILRI's efforts to contribute to the development of human resources. From the beginning, notes of the Course lectures were given to the participants to lend support to the spoken word. Some twenty-five years ago, ILRI decided to publish a selection of these lecture notes to make them available to a wider audience. Accordingly, in 1972, the first volume appeared under the title Drainage Principles and Applications. The second, third, and fourth volumes followed in the next two years, forming, with Volume I, a set that comprises some 1200 pages. Since then, Drainage Principles and Applications has become one of ILRI's most popular publications, with sales to date of more than 8000 copies worldwide. In this second edition of the book, the text has been completely revised to bring it up to date with current developments in drainage and drainage technology. The authors of the various chapters have used their lecture-room and field experience to adapt and restructure their material to reflect the changing circumstances in which drainage is practised all over the world. Remarks and suggestions from Course participants have been incorporated into the new material. New figures and a new lay-out have been used to improve the presentation. In addition, ILRI received a vast measure of cooperation from other Dutch organizations, which kindly made their research and field experts available to lecture in the Course alongside ILRI's own lecturers. To bring more consistency into the discussions of the different aspects of drainage, the four volumes have been consolidated into one large work of twenty-six chapters. The book now includes 546 figures, 166 tables, a list of 132 symbols, a glossary of 332 definitions, and an index of 2125 catchwords. It has new chapters on topical drainage issues (e.g. environmental aspects of drainage), drainage structures (e.g. gravity outlets), and the use of statistical analysis for drainage and drainage design. Current drainage practices are thoroughly reviewed, and an extensive bibliography is included. The emphasis of the whole lies upon providing clear explanations of the underlying principles of land drainage, which, wisely applied, will facilitate the type of land use desired by society. Computer applications in drainage, which are based on these principles, are treated at length in other ILRI publications.
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Field Evaluation of a Water Management Simulation Model
Article
  • Jan 1982
  • T ASABE
Comparison of predicted and measured water table elevations were in excellent agreement with the daily water table depths having standard errors of estimate ranging from 7.5 to 19.6cm. The average absolute deviation between predicted and observed water table depths for 21 site-years of data (approx 7500 pairs of daily predicted and measured values) was only 8.1cm. Based on the results of the study, DRAINMOD can be reliably used to predict the effect of drainage system design on water table elevations.-from Author
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Calibration and Validation of DRAINMOD to Design Subsurface Drainage Systems for Iowa’s Tile Landscapes
Article
  • Dec 2006
  • AGR WATER MANAGE
The study presents the potential use of existing common data sources such as a soil database, and techniques such as a pedotransfer function and a non-linear parameter estimator to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model to design subsurface drainage systems for Iowa's tile landscapes. A field scale deterministic hydrological model, DRAINMOD has been calibrated and validated for two soils: Webster soil cultivated with continuous corn (WEBS_CC) and Canisteo soil cultivated with corn–soybean rotation (CANI_CS). The cumulative subsurface drainage over the calibration and validation years from 1990 to 2003 was predicted 2% higher than the observed subsurface drainage for WEBS_CC (coefficient of mass residual CRM = 0.02) and 10% lower for CANI_CS (CRM = −0.10). The overall values of index of agreement IoA and model efficiency EF were higher than 0.85 for both WEBS_CC and CANI_CS, and showed a close agreement between the predicted and observed subsurface drainage. The calibrated and validated DRAINMOD was further used to simulate impacts of varying designs of subsurface drainage system for WEBS_CC over the 14 (1990–2003) years of weather record in Iowa's tile landscapes. Simulation results suggest that a drainage system designed for a drainage intensity of 0.46 cm day−1 with a drain depth of 1.05 m and drain spacing of 25 m is sufficient enough to maximize crop production (average relative yield ≈98%) while minimizing subsurface drainage and its associated nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) loss. Though the results are based on the simulations with simple and approximate methods to represent the real system, they indicate that installing the drains at shallower depth (<1.05 m) might help to reduce subsurface drainage, but there might be negative impacts in terms of increased excess water stress on crop production and increased surface runoff. Field experiments are recommended to study the impact of shallow drainage on the complete water balance and crop production in Iowa's tile landscapes.
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Theory of SWAP version 2.0" Technical Document
  • Jan 1997
  • J C -Van Dam
  • J Huygen
  • J G Wesseling
  • R A Feddes
  • P Kabat
  • P E V Van Walsum
  • P Groenendijk
  • C A Van Diepen
-Van Dam, J.C., Huygen, J., Wesseling, J.G., Feddes, R.A., Kabat, P., Van Walsum, P.E.V., Groenendijk, P. and Van Diepen, C.A, 1997, "Theory of SWAP version 2.0" Technical Document, 45. Wageningen Agricultural University and DLO Winand Staring Centre.