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Fundamentals of physics. Part I. 6th ed
... 2203–2218, Dec. 2004. [8] M. Krstic, I. Kanellakopoulos, and P. V. Kokotovic, " Adaptive nonlinear control without overparameterization, " Syst. Control Lett., vol. ...
This note provides an error bound on an estimate resulting from a simple fusion scheme combining individual estimates based on measurements of different sensing mechanisms. An important benefit of the bound is that it requires only knowledge of the individual sensor covariances rather than the complete inter-sensor covariance structure. An example drawn from a previous paper is presented to assess the benefit to the accuracy of emitter location using a Doppler sensor for which the error bound is applied to the estimate of a set of local states entering the Doppler sensor model as parameters.
Blindness represents one of the major disabling societal causes, impacting the life of visually impaired people and their families. Regarding the access to written information, one of the main tools used by blind people is the traditional Braille code. This is the reason why in recent years, there has been a technological effort to develop refreshable Braille devices. These consist of multiple physical dots that dynamically change their configuration to reproduce different sequences of the letters in Braille code. Although promising, these approaches have many drawbacks, which are mainly related to costs, design complexity, portability, and power consumption. Of note, while many solutions have been proposed for multi-cell devices, the investigation of the potentialities of single-cell refreshable systems has received little attention so far. This investigation could offer effective and viable manners to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, likely fostering widespread adoption of such assistive technologies with end-users. In this paper, we present the design and characterization of a new cost-effective single-cell Electromagnetic Refreshable Braille Display, the Readable system. We report on tests performed with blindfolded and blind expert Braille code readers. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our device in correctly reproducing alphanumeric content, opening promising perspectives in every-day life applications.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the sound power radiation mechanism of air-core reactors and to describe the method that is used to calculate sound power by using the electrical load. Sound power radiation of an air-core reactor is related to the alternating current harmonics, the mechanical tension stiffness and, most importantly, the breathing mode resonance. An analytical model that is based on electrical loads and mechanical properties of the air-core reactor is developed to calculate radial and axial forces caused by the radial and axial magnetic induction fields. This study employs the hemispherical spreading theory, which is a simple and common method that is used to predict sound propagation. Additionally, a numerical model is proposed. In this, the excitation of the acoustic field that surrounds the reactor is introduced by considering the radial and axial displacements of the reactor's windings, as the windings are subjected to the action of the radial and axial electromagnetic forces. Finally, a comparison is presented between analytical and numerical models and it is observed that the models are correlated.
This book presents efficient metaheuristic algorithms for optimal design of structures. Many of these algorithms are developed by the author and his colleagues, consisting of Democratic Particle Swarm Optimization, Charged System Search, Magnetic Charged System Search, Field of Forces Optimization, Dolphin Echolocation Optimization, Colliding Bodies Optimization, Ray Optimization. These are presented together with algorithms which were developed by other authors and have been successfully applied to various optimization problems. These consist of Particle Swarm Optimization, Big Bang-Big Crunch Algorithm, Cuckoo Search Optimization, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm, and Chaos Embedded Metaheuristic Algorithms. Finally a multi-objective optimization method is presented to solve large-scale structural problems based on the Charged System Search algorithm. The concepts and algorithms presented in this book are not only applicable to optimization of skeletal structures and finite element models, but can equally be utilized for optimal design of other systems such as hydraulic and electrical networks. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014. All rights are reserved.
The confinement of ions in a cube-shaped ion trap and the mathematical formalism governing the behavior of ions in the trap is investigated theoretically. Afterwards, the stability regions are computed using the fourth-order Rung–Kutta method. Consequently, the influence of the direction of ions, injected into the trap from its center on the stability region, is numerically discussed. Moreover, the maximum angle of injection with respect to the vertical axis of the cube for which the ions could be confined in the trap without invoking any direct current component of voltage (henceforth referred to as limiting angle) was calculated. Strong
linear correlation between the angle of injection and the ratio of the stability region areas is confirmed. A nonlinear feature of a cube-shaped ion trap is demonstrated with a focus on the equations of motion for an ion confined into the trap. It is worthwhile to note that the stability region of our cubic ion trap, which has its own boundary conditions and electrodynamics, has been theoretically investigated for the first time. Besides, the limiting angle as well as the aforementioned strong linear correlation has not
been reported in the literature previously.
Understanding the introductory courses in physics is considered as a milestone for understanding all courses of natural sciences. Careful evaluations have demonstrated serious drawback in the conceptual knowledge of students. Trials to formulate golden rules for understanding these courses were completely unsuccessful. In the present work we propose a practical model for challenging learning abilities and maximizing outcomes of these courses. In order to investigate the efficiency of the model we apply it to the course "Introduction to Classical Mechanics" which is known at many Universities under the name "General Physics I". As a matter of face, the proposed model is based on three components, namely: (i) Effective teaching technique in which different Power Point facilities are employed in parallel with proper distribution of the lecture time; apart from supporting the course materials with many daily life examples, each lecture contains two interesting quizzes and two short problems in which students are encouraged to present their answers and discuss the physical implications of their results. Our main goal in all these activities is to enhance the interactive teaching of the courses and focus on the concepts rather than solving complicated problems. (ii) Developing an effective self-assessment approach based on online multiple-choice self tests at the end of each chapter which enable students to practice solving problems and answer conceptual questions. At the end of each self-test, students are able to check their scores and have other two chances to improve their results. It has been shown that this training is very decisive in the activation of students' learning process and challenging their deep understanding of the course basic concepts. Thus, we noticed that the students' interest and active participation increase drastically when they feel that they possess valuable skills, they can evaluate themselves and correct their mistakes online. In addition to the self-tests, students are asked to solve Homework which contains complex problems on the material of each chapter. Problems connected with the wording or lack of understanding the questions could be resolved during the teacher office hours. (iii) The third component of our model is an assessment approach based on well-designed multiple-choice assisted midterm and final exams that measure the understanding of the concepts and the capability to solve short problems. In order to test the efficiency of the preceding model we applied it to "General Physics I" students. Critical analyses of the course outcomes have shown that contrary to previously applied traditional teaching methods, the outcomes of our three components model are significant. They show that the students learning process has been tremendously enhanced. The impact of our model on understanding and realizing the course concepts was huge. Particularly, the students' attitude towards the course was extremely encouraging.
The study development regarding Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator (AFPMG) has been increasingly interesting, since its construction is simple and easy to construct; permanent magnet type NdFeB has high density, available everywhere and relatively low cost; without using brushes and slip ring, thus the maintenance cost can be low, long usage duration, direct drive connection. These will affect in the increasing efficiency and reliability. One of the problems which remain to be the main issue in AFPMG is rotor disc dimension influenced by distance between magnets in rotor disc. This paper discussed magnetic field distribution simulation between permanent magnet NdFeB type N40 with diameter dimension 40 mm and 10 m in height on different pole rotor disc in order to obtain the minimum disc dimension with maximum magnetic flux distribution. Simulation was performed by Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM). The simulation result was presented in the form of magnetic field distribution geometry on two permanent magnets inside rotor disc. It showed that the magnetic field strength in the midpoint between different pole single rotor was very low (44 mT) on the distance of 25 mm.
The motion of charges around a centrally charged object is often
compared to gravitational orbits (such as satellites around planets).
Recently, a video1 taken by astronaut Don Pettit onboard the
International Space Station shows water droplets orbiting a charged
knitting needle. Here we attempt to model this motion and estimate the
charges on the objects involved in this system.
In this work, nanostructured bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) was prepared by a surfactant-assisted method. Bismuth trichloride and dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) were dissolved in non-aqueous media, producing a fine precipitate. The calcination of the precipitated particles at 180°C produced 3D hierarchical BiOCl semi-spherical architectures, assembled by microplates. The increase of the calcination temperature to 600°C produced nanostructured ribbons, which are formed by the stacking of several BiOCl layers. Other microstructures can be formed at different calcination temperatures or by using other surfactants. Thick-films of the as-prepared BiOCl ribbons were made by its direct deposition on alumina substrates. The gas sensing characterization was performed at 300 and 400°C using alternating current (AC). The tests gases were compressed air, CO, CO2 and O2. Humidity effects were discarded by using the extra dry version of these gases. At 300°C, reproducible CO gas sensing patterns were obtained; however, the detection of CO2 and O2 produced unreliable results. At 400°C, reliable gas sensing patterns were obtained in CO, CO2 and O2. According to its gas response, BiOCl behaved as a p-type seminconductor material.
The production of drinking water from fresh surface water involves several processes, energy consumption and chemical dosing, all having global environmental impacts. These should be considered in the choice of water treatment processes.The objective of the present study was to conduct a comparative life cycle assessment of two water treatment plants: one enhanced conventional plant and one nanofiltration plant. One existing nanofiltration plant was chosen and investigated in great detail, including its operation and construction phases. This plant is located in the northern part of the Province of Quebec and has been in operation for over 10years. A virtual conventional plant was designed for comparative purposes. The comparative life cycle assessment was performed using SimaPro software for inventory and impact assessment phases. The study revealed very different impacts for the two plants, drawing attention to the importance of the choice of water treatment chemicals and energy source.
The hemostasis systems applied in surgery are based on endothermic heat production resulting from the interaction between energy and tissue.The most frequently used energy source is electrocoagulation, applied through two systems: monopolar and bipolar. More sophisticated electrocoagulation systems have progressively been developed such as the Argon beam, in which coagulation is superficial and does not injure the deep tissues, or LigaSure™, based on the use of a bipolar system with an inbuilt feedback system allowing vessels to be sealed without excessive heat and a consequent reduction of collateral lesions.Another system that has been developed in the last few years is the ultrasonic scalpel, based on the ability of the cell membrane proteins to denature as a result of ultrasonic vibration. This system avoids some of the risks involved in the use of electrical energy such as accidental burns due to stray electrical current or faulty insulation of an instrument. Moreover, the harmonic scalpel reaches a temperature of no more than 100° and the effect of lateral tissue destruction is much lower than with electrosurgery, although this reduction is negligible when compared with the electrosurgical methods developed in the last few years such as LigaSure.Another system that is also used is laser energy, consisting of a photon beam containing a specific wavelength; each photon moves in step with the others in both time and space. This system has not become widely used due to its high cost, the difficulty of controlling this type of energy, and the lack of objective advantages over conventional electrosurgery.
In gases an electron-neutral collision averaging method, which gives the Langevin equation, is usually used to determine the average velocity of the electrons. Diffusion effects are then added to allow the computation of the total charge flux. In this paper the concept behind the contiguous-collision-averaging (CCA) method — which can be used to determine the average velocity of the free charges located at any point in a solid, liquid or gas — is developed wherein the diffusion and thermal effects are included within the averaging. Then the CCA method is initially used to determine the average velocity of a single free charge species when forces due to thermal and charge gradients along with a constant electrical force are all acting on the species. The result leads to a general charge flux equation for the species when magnetic field effects are ignored. In the development of the charge flux equation the electrical conductivity, mobility, diffusion coefficient and thermophoresis coefficients are explicitly and clearly defined, and the relationships between each of these terms are presented. Next the assumptions required for the charge flux equation to reduce to Ohm's Law are presented and discussed. Finally, the charge flux equation for a material possessing multiple species of charge is developed. The CCA method is an approach that offers intuitive simplicity and an easy way to understand the main physics involved in the transport of charge.
Thermal infrared data is acquired by a multitude of ground-based, airborne, and space borne remote sensing instruments. A broad variety of fields apply thermal infrared remote sensing, for example to assess general land- or sea-surface temperature dynamics, detect forest, coal and peat fires, map urban heat islands or thermal water pollution, differentiate geologic surfaces, analyze soil moisture, or even to test materials, to name only a few applications. As thermal infrared data has to be analyzed slightly differently than reflective data, this chapter contains the relevant theoretical background. The thermal domain of the electromagnetic spectrum, the laws of Planck, Stefan-Boltzmann, Wien, and Kirchhoff, as well as important parameters such as kinetic and radiance temperature, emissivity, and thermal inertia are briefly explained. The chapter thus provides readers with a common understanding before proceeding to subsequent chapters
This study investigates the magnitude of movement of the area of deposition of electrospun fibres in response to an applied auxiliary electric field. The auxiliary field is generated by two pairs of rod electrodes positioned adjacent and parallel to the line of flight of the spun fibre. The changes in shape of the deposition area and the degree of movement of the deposition area are quantified by optical scanning and image analysis. A linear response was observed between the magnitude of movement of the deposition area and voltage difference between the auxiliary and deposition electrodes. A squeezing effect which changed the aspect ratio of the deposition area was also observed to result from the application of symmetric electrical fields. Statistical analysis showed that the deflection and squeezing responses can be thought of as independent control actions. The results from this experiment suggest this particular application of superposition of electric fields could be used as to control the flight path of an electrospun fibre.
Ion density measurements have been performed on the plasma generated by an ablative diode laser thruster using a negatively biased flatplate probe. The biased probe data was coupled with measurement of the ablation crater through use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM was used to analyze the post-pulse ablation spots to determine the volume of fuel ablated. Themicro-laser plasma thruster (uLPT) discussed here ablates a target material through the back surface by focusing the laser through a transparent substrate in a process typically referred to as Transmissive mode (T-mode) ablation. The target materials investigated were polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), while the substrates used were cellulose acetate and Kapton(R). Peak ion densities for a GAP (target)/acetate (substrate) were found to be 1.6x107cm-3, while for GAP/kapton and PVC/acetate the peak ion densities were 4.5x107cm-3 and7.9x109cm-3 respectively. Although these corresponded to low ionization fractions calculated from the observed mass loss, the results indicate there are ways to improve the ionization fraction and in turn increase the specific impulse.
In animal cells, the resting potential is established by the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions and the different permeabilities of the cell membrane to them. The large concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions are maintained by the Na(+)/K(+) pump. Under physiological conditions, the pump transports three sodium ions out of and two potassium ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed. However, unlike other primary or secondary active transporters, the Na(+)/K(+) pump does not work at the equilibrium state, so the pumping ratio is not a thermodynamic property of the pump. In this article, I propose a dipole-charging model of the Na(+)/K(+) pump to prove that the three Na(+) to two K(+) pumping ratio of the Na(+)/K(+) pump is determined by the ratio of the ionic mobilities of potassium to sodium ions, which is to ensure the time constant τ and the τ-dependent processes, such as the normal working state of the Na(+)/K(+) pump and the propagation of an action potential. Further, the concentration ratios of potassium ions outside and inside the cell to sodium ions inside and outside the cell are 0.3027 and 0.9788, respectively, and the sum of the potassium and sodium equilibrium potentials is -30.3 mV. A comparative study on these constants is made for some marine, freshwater and terrestrial animals. These findings suggest that the pumping ratio of the Na(+)/K(+) pump and the ion concentration ratios play a role in the evolution of animal cells.
Models are important both in the development of physics itself and in teaching physics. Historically, the consensus models
of physics have come to embody particular ontological assumptions and epistemological commitments. Educators have generally
assumed that the consensus models of physics, which have stood the test of time, will also work well as teaching models, and
for many topics this assumption is at least unproblematic and in many cases productive. However, in the case of electric circuits
the consensus models are highly abstract and consequently inaccessible to beginning learners. Certain historically derived
analogues for the consensus models are accepted in texts, but these are demonstrably ineffective for helping learners grasp
the fundamental concepts of electric circuits. While awareness of other models circulates informally in the teaching community,
these are not well documented in the science education literature and rarely referred to in authoritative texts, possibly
because the models do not share the ontological assumptions and epistemological commitments that characterise consensus models.
Consequently these models have not been subjected to a disciplined critique of their effectiveness for teaching purposes.
In this paper I use criteria drawn from the science education literature to reflect on why I have found particular models
valuable in teaching electric circuits. These criteria contrast with the epistemological and ontological features that characterise
the consensus models of science, and my reflection leads me to attend explicitly to the ways in which meanings are created
within physics. This suggests that all models, whether consensus models or not, can be used more knowingly for important educational
ends.
This article reports an analysis of 44 prospective middle school mathematics teachers’ pre-existing knowledge of rigid geometric
transformations, specifically the geometric translations. The main data source for this study was the participants’ responses
to the tasks that were presented during semi-structured clinical interviews. The findings of the study revealed that prospective
teachers had difficulties recognizing, describing, executing, and representing geometric translations. The results indicated
that teacher candidates held various views about the geometric translations: (1) translation as rotational motion, (2) translation
as translational motion, and (3) translation as mapping. The results further revealed various interpretations of the vector
that defines translations: (1) vector as a force, (2) vector as a line of symmetry, (3) vector as a direction indicator, and
(4) vector as a displacement. Although many of the teacher candidates interviewed knew that a vector has a magnitude and a
direction, this knowledge did not generally lead them to conclude that vectors define translations.
KeywordsPreconceptions–Geometric translations–Prospective middle school mathematics teachers
Surgical robot instruments are driven by using cable-pulley structure. The elasticity at cable-pulley structure causes slack
effect of cable. Elastic region of cable must be compensated for preventing the slack. The surgical instrument inputs a pretension
for compensation at cable’s elastic region. Therefore pretension is an important factor in the design of a surgical instrument.
However, the pretension is related with friction force which is affected by normal force at the driving shaft pulley. The
shaft and contact surface of the pulley consist of sliding bearing structure. Typically, the friction coefficient in the sliding
bearing structure is determined by the Petroff equation. The pressure of Petroff equation is related to the denominator of
the equation. Therefore increasing normal force brings about an effect which decreases friction coefficient. Eventually, in
theoretically, that means the pretension can be increased to infinity to decrease friction coefficient. However actual result
comes out different. Therefore in this paper, the friction analysis method according to a pretension is proposed and an experiment
method for the analysis of the friction is introduced. The correlation between pretension and friction is estimated by the
analysis. The estimated result is compared with the experiment one and is analyzed. Also finally this paper suggests an appropriate
pretension for surgical robot instrument by the friction analysis result.
KeywordsSurgical Robot–Cable-Pulley System–Slack effect of cable–Sliding friction–Pretension
A completely new method of noncontacting, hostile-environment displacement measurement based on the focus and scanning of X rays has been developed and shows promise of overcoming many of the limitations associated with available techniques. The chief advantage lies in the ability to make undisturbed measurements through stratified or flowing gases, smoke and flame.
The system is based on the focus and scanning of lowenergy, hard X rays such as those emanating from copper or molybdenum sources. The X rays are focused into a narrow and intense line image which can be swept onto targets that fluoresce secondary X-ray radiation. This radiation is monitored and target-edge position can be determined by measuring the focused image position when the marker begins to fluoresce. The final goal for the system is to be able to conduct macroscopic strain measurement in hostile environments by utilizing two or more fluorescing targets. Current work has been limited to displacement measurement of a single target with a resolution of 0.5 micron. Tests have also been conducted at target temperatures of 1200°C, directly through an open flame. The main advantage of the technique lies in the penetrating nature of X rays, which are not affected by the presence of refracting gas layers, smoke, flame or intense thermal radiation, all of which could render conventional extensometry methods inoperative or greatly compromise their performance.
In a heterogeneous wireless environment, seamless mobility is the basis of network support with which mobile users who roam between or among various wireless access networks are able to fully enjoy uninterrupted wireless services. When users are in a mass transportation vehicle, e.g., a bus or a train that provides network service, the vehicle can be regarded as a network which is serving users as it moves from one location to another. The movement of a network is called network mobility (NEMO). The network mobility protocol based on Mobile IPv6 as proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 has some fundamental drawbacks, such as header overhead and the pinball problem. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid method for network mobility called Hybrid-NEMO, which provides a soft handoff scheme at the transport layer basically utilizing SIP and SCTP protocols to ensure a lossless packet-transmission environment and less handoff-delay variation, which are critical in providing QoS voice and multimedia applications. Experimental validation and performance evaluation were also conducted in this study.
A differential method with an optical lever system was used to determine the thermal expansion of the glasses based on Na2O–SiO2 and containing the following oxides: Al2O3, CaO, TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3–TiO2, CaO–TiO2, or ZnO–TiO2. The determination was carried out on both as-drawn and annealed rods. The influence of the thermal history as well as of the added oxide(s) on the thermal expansion of glasses is dealt with in this paper. The experimental results for the thermal expansion of annealed rods show that the addition of CaO–TiO2 in the glass has the lowest value while the addition of CaO in the glass has the highest value for the coefficient of linear expansion. At the same time, the characteristic points of the annealed glasses, determined from the expansion-temperature curves, show that the addition of ZnO in the glass has the lowest values while the addition of TiO2 in the glass has the highest values.
In 1994, University of Southern California computer scientist Dr. Leonard Adelman solved the Hamiltonian Path Problem using DNA as a computational mechanism. He proved the principle that DNA computing could be used to solve computationally complex problems. Because of the limitations in discovery time, resource requirements, and sequence mismatches, DNA computing has not yet become a commonly accepted practice. However, advancements are continually being discovered that are evolving the field of DNA Computing. Practical applications of DNA are not restricted to computation alone. This research presents a novel approach in which DNA could be used as a means of storing files. Through the use of Multiple Sequence Alignment combined with intelligent heuristics, the most probabilistic file contents can be determined with minimal errors.
Injuries to tendons and ligaments are prevalent and result in a significant decrease in quality of patient life. Tissue-engineering strategies hold promise as alternatives to current treatments for these injuries, which often fail to fully restore proper joint biomechanics and produce significant donor site morbidity. Commonly, tissue engineering involves the use of a three-dimensional scaffold seeded with cells that can be directed to form tendon/ligament tissue. When determining the success of such approaches, the viability and proliferation of the cells in the construct, as well as extracellular matrix production and structure should be taken into account. Histology and histochemistry, microscopy, colorimetric assays, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are techniques that are employed to assess these biological characteristics. This review provides an overview of each of these methods, including specific examples of how they have been used in evaluation of tissue-engineered tendon and ligament tissue. Basic physical principles underlying each method and advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are summarized.
Austin Peay State university's (APSU) department of Physics and Astronomy has reinvigorated its struggling major physics program at undergraduate level by adding computational methods in its curriculum, after suffering from low enrollment and attrition. The faculty, in revising the upper-level curriculum, determined that the ability to follow a complex problem from conception to conclusion is the most important thing. The tools selected to augment the APSU physics program are LaTeX, Mathematica, Matlab and C++/Fortran. As most APSU physics graduates go on to graduate school in applied physics or engineering, Matlab is added in the curriculum. C++ is commonly used modern language and Fortran is still in use in the scientific community due to legacy code, so APSU added these two languages. This revised curriculum resulted in an increase in the number of physics majors at APSU and a shift in their postgraduate career paths.
Deformable object modeling is a technology that will enable a broad range of new applications. Unfortunately, current techniques are far from being able to offer interactive performance for realistic scenes. We examine the idea of using low-cost highly specialized hardware in order to accelerate deformable object modeling. Details are presented regarding two generations of such experimental systems.
In this paper, the concept of a new form of mobile network formed in the sky is introduced, where the mobile routers are simply the commercial aircraft. This implementation aims to eliminate two main problems arising from the current in-flight broadband implementation. The first problem is the resource management issue that may arise from the rapid increase of in-flight broadband Internet use in the near future. This could consequently limit current satellite resources, and bandwidth. The other issue is the inherent problem associated with Internet use over satellite, such as the degraded performance of delay sensitive applications due to the long propagation delay of a satellite link. A system model for data access, stable clustering of aircraft, and efficient routing schemes are introduced, which are suitable for the aeronautical mobility model. Link stability is predicted by a novel approach using Doppler shift subjected to control packets to dynamically form stable clustering and routing protocols. Another aim of this paper is to show that relative velocity between nodes is adequate as a stability metric, dominating relative distance, and this becomes evident in the simulations presented. An outline of how the new system could potentially interact with the traditional Internet using Mobile IP is also briefly discussed
We propose a unified approach to addition of some physical quantities (among which resistors and capacitors are the most well-known) that are usually encountered in introductory physics such that the formulae required to solve problems are always simply additive. This approach has the advantage of being consistent with the intuition of students. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we propose and solve several problems. We hope that this article can serve as a resource paper for problems on the subject.
We propose a unified approach to addition of resistors and capacitors such that the formulae are always simply additive. This approach has the advantage of being consistent with the intuition of the students. To demonstrate our point of view, we re-work some well-known end-of-the-chapter textbook problems and propose some additional new problems. Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, uses additional packages, 7 eps figures; one comment added after the truncated-cone resistor
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