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The challenges of girl-child education and alternative jobs in Nigeria
Abstract
AbstrAct The real life experiences of Nigerian girl children indicate that the current Global Economic Crisis (GEC) has worsened their situation. This study examines the effects of GEC on the education of the girl-child and their engagement in alternative jobs. Data were obtained from 1,200 female children between 6–14 years of age, selected with a purposive random sampling-technique, who were engaged in hawking in three Nigerian states. About twenty parents were also selected to go through in-depth interview sessions. They responded to a semi-structured questionnaire. Findings show that 45% of girls had recently dropped out of school and engaged in hawking to enhance their lives and that of their family household, making an average daily gain of one U.S. dollar. They hawk in crowded markets, hotels and at busy road junctions. There are reported cases of child-sexual abuse. Four percent of girls performing paid housework were impregnated, resulting in clandestine abortions. An improvement in the socio-economic conditions of parents and a social protection policy for girl-children are recommended.
... All the reviewed studies used exclusively descriptive survey research design out of which 14 studies used quantitative method of data collection (questionnaire and checklist) while 7 studies employed mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative methods often a combination of structured/semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews, FGD guide, document review and/or direct observation. Also, all the reviewed studies focused mainly on girls' education in Northern Nigeria (Oladeji, 2010;Femi, 2011;Fuad, 2014;Isiaka & Salisu, 2017) while some were on certain key element of the concept such as enrolment, attendance, performance, retention and completion. For example, Garba (2014) investigated the factors militating against the enrolment and retention of girl-child students while Shehu (2018) investigated the effects of children's household and state factors on primary school non-attendance in North West Nigeria. ...
... In addition, the studies utilised major sampling techniques of simple random, purposive and convenient to generate a range of sample sizes from 70 to 1200 (Femi, 2011;Garba 2014;Collins 2014;Temlong et al, 2018;Fakoya & Mustafa, 2018;Mohammed et al, 2019). Despite the sampling breath, there were some limitations with regard to sample selection procedure as most of the authors failed to explain in details how study participants were selected (Okafor, 2010;Omoniyi & Oloruntegbe, 2014;Fuad, 2014;Adeduro, 2017;Onoyase 2018). ...
... Appropriate statistical analyses and triangulation between qualitative and quantitative data were used in most of the reviewed studies. Most mixed-methods employed descriptive statistics together with thematic analysis as they were not designed to test hypothesis (Oladeji, 2010;Femi, 2011;Temlong et al, 2018;Fakoya & Mustafa, 2018). On the other hand, inferential statistics of Chisquare, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC), t-test and Regression were used for most of the quantitative studies (Oladeji, 2010;Oruonye, 2012;Adam & Abubakar, 2016;Danjuma, 2017). ...
Girls' education intervention is an important strategy to achieve gender equality and Universal Basic Education, improve maternal and child health and achieve overall development in Nigeria. Despite multisectoral efforts to achieve gender equality in education, Nigeria is still experiencing wide regional and gender disparity. This study reviewed existing empirical literature and critically synthesize factors inhibiting girls' education in Northern Nigeria. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify empirical studies which dealt with factors inhibiting girls' education in Northern Nigeria. Studies were identified using a reference period from year 2010 to 2020 based primarily on the variety of bibliographic databases. Additional search was conducted through Google browser to identify non-academic and non-peer reviewed literature related to the study. Systematic Review (SR) of 21 studies were conducted. The SR analysis identified similarity in design but difference in scope, setting, sample and findings. No study investigated all the identified inhibiting factors to girls' education in Northern Nigeria. Virtually all the studies reported socioeconomic factor (poverty) as an inhibitor to girls' education in Northern Nigeria followed by cultural factor and early marriage/teenage pregnancy. There is need to therefore consider the identified inhibiting factors when designing interventions and developing policies on girls education.
... These children may end up indulging in anti social habits like smoking, robbery, cultism and drug abuse. A similar study in Nnewi, Nigeria reported that 46 (32.7%) of the child hawkers had lost their earnings to robbers [29], while another study reported the kidnapping of three children who were hawking, two of whom were killed and the third had not yet been found [30]. ...
... It is worthy of note that more than half of the respondents were not happy with the job of hawking and were willing to quit. A study among across three States in Northern Nigeria revealed that 70% of child drop outs would quit hawking and go back to school if government and other stakeholders were to sponsor their education [30]. Similar findings were reported in a study where about 72% of the hawkers expressed willingness to quit the job [9]. ...
Background: Street hawking is one of the commonest forms of child labor in Nigeria. This study
aimed at determining the social implications and factors associated with street hawking among
children in Uyo, South-South Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in Uyo in April,
2015. The instrument of data collection was a self designed, interviewer administered semistructured
questionnaire. All consenting children aged 5-17 years hawking along major traffic light
intersections within Uyo Metropolis during the days of data collection were included in the study.
Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.Level of significance was set at 0.05.
Results: A total of 225 respondents participated in the study; 119 (52.9%) were males and 106 (47.1%)
females. The mean age of respondents was 13.27 (2.52) years. Only 157 (73.03%)
were presently in school, while 48 (21.3%) had dropped out and 10 (4.4%) never went to school.
Up to 66 (29.3%) could not communicate fluently in English. Fifty six (35.7%) of those in school
reported worsening of their grades since hawking began. A greater number, 168 (74.7%) lived with
their parents. The most common singular occupation of respondents’ mothers, 139 (61.8%) and
fathers, 52(23.1%) respectively was trading. Up to 42 (18.7%) had lost their fathers. While hawking,
112 (49.8%) were robbed, 82 (36.4%) were involved in fights, 101 (44.9%) were physically
harassed by older adults and 6 (2.7%) had been targets of attempted kidnapping. Majority, 145
(64.4%) hawked to augment family income, while 63 (28.8%) hawked to earn a living. More than
half, 131 (58.2%) were unhappy with the work and desired to quit.
Conclusion: In view of the numerous negative effects of hawking on children, government should
implement and enforce the legislation addressing child street hawking in Nigeria and also set up
poverty alleviation programmes.
The study was carried out to determine challenges of girl child education as regards persistence in secondary education as well as determine innovations that will help to prevent this act in Delta state public secondary schools. It is an expose facto design that employed survey method to obtain the data. The population of the study consisted of 14,877 public secondary teachers in Delta state. The sampling technique adopted was the cluster and random sampling using balloting system. A total number of 744teachers were sampled to form the sample size. The instrument utilized was the Innovation for Attaining Girl Child Persisting in School Questionnaire (IAGCPSQ). Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics of mean rating, standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested using t-test. The study found the most outstanding challenges of school persistence and the most crucial innovation aimed at encouraging girl child in school. Based on the findings, it was recommended that abrogation of cultural barriers that inhibit girl child education be made, orientating girl child towards the value of education, making school environment friendly to girl child learning, improving living conditions of families amongst others.
The erosion of traditional work roles which had been male biased has led to the increase of women in the workplace. Although a welcomed development, it has an attendant problem – a vacuum in the homestead. Consequently, families are filling this vacuum by employing various hands (houseboys and girls, maids and nannies) to handle the house chores in the absence of parents. Being part of the society and mostly affected by female personnel (as Islamic conservativeness is reducing female personnel), many Christian parents are now faced with the issue of relating properly with their ‘servants’ and vice versa. In fact, there are many cases of maltreatment of these helps and pampering their own children while the helps are overstretched, on the one hand, and cases of outrageous and negative behaviours on the part of the ‘servants’. This article is aimed at giving a biblical guideline on domestic workers and masters relationship via a socio-rhetorical reading of Ephesians 6:5–9. It examines the Graeco- Roman household codes between servants and masters and provides a comparative analysis of these ethical codes with the Nigerian situation to emphasise the contemporary relevance of the passage.
Contributions: The article holds that rather than being treated as domestic workers, these servants should be treated as part of the family. They should be sent to school, properly clothed, and fed and treated equally with the children of the home. They are human beings created and loved by God before whom we are all equals.
Keywords: New Testament; Ephesians; Haustafel; slaves; domestic servants.
The study was carried out to determine challenges of girl child education as regards persistence in secondary education as well as determine innovations that will help to prevent this act in Delta state public secondary schools. It is an expose facto design that employed survey method to obtain the data. The population of the study consisted of 14,877 public secondary teachers in Delta state. The sampling technique adopted was the cluster and random sampling using balloting system. A total number of 744teachers were sampled to form the sample size. The instrument utilized was the Innovation for Attaining Girl Child Persisting in School Questionnaire (IAGCPSQ). Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics of mean rating, standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested using t- test. The study found the most outstanding challenges of school persistence and the most crucial innovation aimed at encouraging girl child in school. Based on the findings, it was recommended that abrogation of cultural barriers that inhibit girl child education be made, orientating girl child towards the value of education, making school environment friendly to girl child learning, improving living conditions of families amongst others. Received: 19 March 2021 / Accepted: 5 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
While greater trade liberalisation is expected to boost Vietnam’s economic growth and contribute to the country’s market economy transition, there are concerns about potentially negative impacts on vulnerable groups. To explore the possible impacts of trade liberalisation on children in poor communities, this paper examines key mediating factors that impact child well-being and the ways trade reforms could affect these variables. It employs a sequential mixed methods approach: econometrics analysis of household survey data followed by complementary in-depth qualitative analysis of two key agricultural commodity sectors, aquaculture and sugarcane, expected to be significantly impacted by Vietnam’s increasing market integration. The quantitative findings identify significant differences in child well-being outcomes based on household poverty status and vulnerability to declining living standards, parental education levels, and overall community poverty status. The qualitative results provide complementary insights on underlying intra-household dynamics and familial coping strategies in the context of economic shocks that contribute to a richer understanding of the potential linkages between trade reforms and intra-household poverty. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications.
This note reviews the targeting performance of Bolsa Família and its impact on inequality, poverty, consumption, education, health care, and labor force participation. Bolsa Família has several design and implementation characteristics that distance it from a pure human-capital-based conditional cash transfer model. For that reason, we compare the impact of Bolsa Família to that of other conditional cash transfer programs in Latin America, such as in Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile. We show that, as have other programs, Bolsa Família has helped reduce inequality and extreme poverty and has improved education outcomes, without having a negative impact on labor force participation. Where the program has failed to have its intended impact, in health and nutrition, supply-side constraints seem to be the principal problem. Esta nota resume a performance do Programa Bolsa Família em termos de sua focalização e seu impacto sobre desigualdade, pobreza, consumo, educação, saúde e participação na força de trabalho. O desenho e a implementação do Bolsa Família apresenta características que o distanciam de um programa "puro"de transferência condicionada de renda baseado no capital humano. Por este motivo, nós comparamos o impacto do Bolsa Família com o de outros programas de transferências condicionadas da América Latina, como aqueles do México, Colômbia, Equador e Chile. Nós mostramos que assim como outros programas, o Bolsa Família ajudou a reduzir a desigualdade e a extrema pobreza e teve impactos positivos sobre indicadores educacionais, sem apresentar resultados negativos sobre a participação na força de trabalho. Nas áreas onde resultados positivos não foram encontrados como saúde e nutrição, restrições da oferta parecem ser o principal problem.a
The volume brings together information on women's education from a variety of data bases and literature reviews, examines the relationship between women's education and development, reviews research results for each developing region, identifies gaps in current knowledge, and discusses problems of methodology. There are eight papers, abstracted separately. -from Publisher
States and Union Territories have been asked, in the context of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, to launch the BPL (Below Poverty Line) Census 2002 as per the recommendations of the Expert Group on Identification of Households Below Poverty Line. Besides being used for the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the poverty alleviation programmes of the ministry of rural development, the BPL-APL (Above Poverty Line) distinction is already being used for pricing grain under the public distribution system and is likely to be used by other ministries also for 'better targeting' of their programmes. Since expenditure of vast sums of taxpayers' money annually will thus be riding on the APL-BPL categorisation of households, it is imperative that the methodology proposed by the Expert Group underpinning the 2002 BPL Census is widely discussed and debated.
Nobel laureate Robert Fogel's compelling study, first published in 2004, examines health, nutrition and technology over the last three centuries and beyond. Throughout most of human history, chronic malnutrition has been the norm. During the past three centuries, however, a synergy between improvements in productive technology and in human physiology has enabled humans to more than double their average longevity and to increase their average body size by over 50 per cent. Larger, healthier humans have contributed to the acceleration of economic growth and technological change, resulting in reduced economic inequality, declining hours of work and a corresponding increase in leisure time. Increased longevity has also brought increased demand for health care. Professor Fogel argues that health care should be viewed as the growth industry of the twenty-first century and systems of financing it should be reformed. His book will be essential reading for all those interested in economics, demography, history and health care policy.
Children's participation in decision-making is complex: it is undertaken for different purposes and is reflected in different levels of involvement, different contexts and different activities. This paper reviews the current state of participation and, drawing on practice and research literature, highlights several aspects of practice where further consideration is needed if participation is to develop positively. This suggests that, if participation is to be more meaningful to children and effective in influencing change, it is necessary to move beyond one-off or isolated participation and consider how participation becomes embedded as an integral part of our relationship with children. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.