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Indian
J.
Anim.
Nutr.
2008.25(2):
134-137 Indian
Journal
of
Animal
Nutrition
Arsenic
Content
in
Animal
Feeds
in
Different
Districts
of
Havana
Debashis
Roy,
Veena
Manil,
Harjit Kaur
and
Neelam
Kewdramani
Dairy
Cattle Nutrition Division,
National
Dairy
Research Institute,
Karnal- 13200
1 (India)
(Received on 12th
May,
2008)
In
order to assess the status
of
arsenic (As) in various
animal
feeds, berseem, oats fodder,
wheat straw, paddy straw, concentrate
mixture1 ingredients
and
mineral mixture samples were
collected from
all
the nineteen districts of Haryana classified into eaqtem (1) and western
(2)
zones
on
the
basis of agro-climatic conditions. Arsenic content
of
berseem ranged from
0.25
to
0.63
ppm
(DM
basis)
in
zone
1
and
from
0.29
to
0.85
ppm
in
zone
2
of
Haryana
and
the
overall mean
in both the zones was
0.43
ppm.
As
content of oats fodder in respective zone varied
from
0
to
0.53
(mean,
0.39
ppm) and
6.30
to 0.57 ppm (mean,
0.44
pprn). As
level
in paddy
straw
appeared to be somewhat
higher
in zone
1
than
in zone
2
(0.65
vs
0.56
ppm). Concentrate
ingredients contained As
in
the
range of
0.38
to 0.44 ppm. As content of
all
the
fwds
and
fodders
was within the normal range and far below the maximum dietary tolerable limit
recommended by
NRC,
which is
50
mg
for inorganic
and
100
mgkg
DM
for organic
As,
thereby
rendering the
feeds
fit
for
animal
consumption in Haryana.
Key
words
:
Arsenic, Feeds, Berseem, Oat, Straw
IlaaTRoB)UCTgBN
Nadia district of West Bengal where arsenic level in
Living beings a~ continuously exposed
to
various g0~IId water is more than the permissible
level
(Singh et
toxic metals due to rapid industrialization and d., 1998). The Zusenic Content of plants is influenced
by
technological advancement. Apart from this, many arsenic exposure via soil, water,
air,
fertilizers and
other
geographical areas in India
(six
district of West Bengal, chemicals. Soil arsenic concentration
as
well
as
ground
Chhatisgarh, Bhojpur district of Bihar and some areas in water content may also be reflected in animal feeds.
U.P.) have been found to contain toxic levels of arsenic Therefore, a survey was conducted
in
different districts
(As) in ground water in the inorganic form which is more of Haryana to estimate arsenic content in feeds
and
toxic. Due to cumulative nature
of
As, its chronic fodder samples.
toxicity with symptoms like general wasting and
unthriftiness along with
rough
hair
coat and congestion WOEUES
m'JTMOBPS
of visible mucous membrane have been reported
in
Feed samples were collected from
all
the nineteen
animals
(Buck et
al.,
1976).
Clinical signs such
as
skin
districts of
Haryana
during
the
months of February to
diseases,
skin
eruption, black
and
white spots in the
skin
April,
2006,
for the estimation of
arsenic
content. The
of neck, leg
and
other parts of body, -fall of hairs, State was divided into zone
1
(eastem)
and
zone
2
abortion, anoesmus, anorexia, watery s-tion&~eyes, (western) according to
AICRP
on agro metrology.
zone
poor health, weakness, diarrhoea,
and
dark colored
1
and
2
consisted of
10
(Karnd,
Kdhe-
Ambd%
urination
have
been recorded
in
cattle in the villages of Panipat, Ssnepat, Uamunaaagar, Panchkula, Kaithd,
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Ray
et.
al.
Table
I.
Arsenic
content
in
commoanly
used
fertilizers
NPK
Zinc sulphate
0.34
Super phosphate
0.38
Urea
0.27
Di-ammonium phosphate
0.79
Gurgaon,
and
Fariddxtd)
and
9
districts
(Jind,
Hissnr,
Rohtak, Jha-jhnr,
Rewari,
Mahendragarh, Bhiwani,
Fatehabad and Sirsa), respectively. The
sur~~plcs
were
collected
randulnly
at
abornl
20-25
km-11 disia~~cc, keeping
in
mind
the representative sampling
plan.
Due care
was
taken to avoid
any
sort of contamination of samples.
Sampling was also
done
from locations (fields/ houses)
near industrial areas.
A
total
of
158
berseem,
51
oats
fodder,
52
wheat straw,
28
paddy straw, and 113
concentrate ~nixture/ingrediel.~ts samples were collectecl
it1
polythene bags from the fields/owners of animals.
Green fodciers available during the period of survey were
berseem
and
oats.
Conceiltrate ingredients included
mustard oilcnke, cotton seed cake, grains (maize,
barley)
and wheat bran.
Eight
brands
of mineral mixture
samples for a~limal feeding were purchased from the
Table
2.
Arsenic
content
of
berseem
and
oats fodder
(
DM
basis)
in
Haryana
Zome-l
Berseenva
Qppm)
Oats;
(PP~)
District
m
Meam
Range
n
Mean
Range
+S,E.
*$.I%.
Karnal
11
Q.43k0.024
0.35-0.58
4
0.37k0.01
0.35-0.40
Kuriikshetra
7 1).39&0.0f 0.33-0.43
-
-
Amnbala
6
0.43;O.OZ' 0.35-0.53
1
0.46~0.00 0.46
Panipat
6
0.461-0.02 0.37-0.53
3
0.4620.02 0.43-0.50
Sonepat
9
0.43rc.O.O
1
0.35-0.5
1
3
0.2720.
I
3
0-0.46
Faridabaci
7
0.4050.04
0.25-0.55
1
0.4Xk0.00
0.48
Total
77
0.43+0.008
0.25-0.63
-
70
0.39+0.02
0-0.53
Zorne3
Jir~d
Hissar
Rohtak
Jhajhar
Rewari
Mahendragah
Bhiwani
Fatehabacl
Sirsa
8
0.38-sO.O
1
0.32-0.4'7
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Arsenic
Content
in
Feeds
market. Various fertilizer samples were also collected Digested sanlples were further diluted ten times with
from the market. double distilled water to bring the acid concentration of
The collected samples were dried in hot air oven sanlple below
5%
as higher concentration damages
the
at
100+5"C
overnight, ground and stored in air tight graphite cuvette. Data obtained were analyzed as per
polythene packets for As analysis. The lrlodified mehod method
mean,
standard error and least square analysis
of closed system of digestion of sa~l~pl~~
@PA,
2001)
by
Duncal Mean Range Test (Snedecor and Cochran,
was adopted for the estimation. One
g
ground feed
1994)-
sarnples were taken in flat bottom round flasks and
15
rnl
IRJE~UL~S
AND
DBS~~SSIQ~N
of tri acid mixture
(HNO,:
H,SO,:
HCIO,
=
3: 1:l)
was The arsenic (As) content in corn~~lonly used
added. The contents were kept overnight. The flasks were cheIllical fertilizers varied froln
0.27
to
1.67
ppm
(Table
fitted with condensers (through adapters) arid retluxed
1).
Highest collce&ation was found in
NPI<
and
lowest
at controlled temperature on hot plate until
completely
was
ill
urea sanple. Data on arsenic content in bersee~n
digested. The digested samples were filtered through samples is
given
in Table
2.
Its contellt in berseem (on
Whatman filter paper
No.
1.
Repeated washing of
DM
basis)
ranged from
0.25
to
0.63
ppm
in
zone
1
and
digestion vessel and filter paper was done
by
triple
0.29
to
0.85
ppm
in
zone
2
with
m
overall mean of
0.43
distilled water and final volume was made to
25
ml. The
ppnz.
Statistical a~lalysis
of
data revealed that there was
samples were analyzed with the
help
of atonlic no variation
anlong
various districts in each zone. As
absorption spectsophotometer
(HITACH1
mo&lZ-.5000)
content of oats fodder varied from
0
to
0.53
and
0.30
to
in
graphite furnace (GF). Argon gas was used as fuel.
0.57
ppnl
in
the two zones, respectively. The
As
content
Table
3.
Arsenic
content
of
wheat
and
paddy
straw
(
DM
basis)
in
Hargrama
Zone-1
Wheat straw (ppm)
Paddy
straw
(ppm)
District
I~B
Mean
Range
n
Mean
Range
tS.E.
*§.E.
Karnal
5 0.376k0.04 0.21-0.52 4 0.58~0.04 0.48-0.66
Kurukshetra
3 0.5 140.07 0.43-0.65 3 0.69~0.03 0.64-0.75
Arnbala
3 0.56k0.12 0.36-0.78 2 0.80~0.05 0.75-0.86
Panipat
2 0.4940.01 0.48-0.51 2 0.60k0.25 0.35-0.86
Sonepat
4 0.36a0.02 0.29-0.41
2
0.68*0.05 0.63-0.74
Y
amunanagar
6
0.41
-t.0.06 0.15-0.64 2 0.6620.08 0.58-0.75
Panchkula
3 0.39rt0.1 0.24-0.58 1 0.77k0.00 0.77
Kaithal
4 0.46k0.03 0.35-0.53
2
0.58kO.
1
0.48-0.69
Gurgaon
2
0.43a0.04 0.39-0.47
1
0.65s0.00 0.65
Faridabacl
1 0.29+0.00
0.29
-
Total
33
0.42k0.02 0.15-0.78
19
0.65k0.02
,
0.35-0.86
Zone-2
Jind
7
0.46kO.07 0.24-0.80
4
0.62s0.09 0.48-0.861
Hissc~r
2 0.46k0.02 0.44-0.48 1
0.5
ls0.00 0.5 1
Rohtak
2
0.49+0.01 0.48-0.5 1
-
Jhajhar
2 0.3840.35 0.35-0.42 1 0.42k0.00
0.42
Rewari
2 0.49*0.01 0.48-0.51
2
0.47rt0.05
0.42-0.52
Mahendragarh
2 0.49~0.03 0.46-0.52 1 0.75~0.00 0.75
Bhiwani
-
..
-
-
Fatehabad
1
0.36k0.00 0.36
-
-
Sirsa
1
0.41&0,00
0.41
-
-
Total
19
0.45k0.02 0.3-0.57
9
0.56~0.04 0.42-0.87
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Roy
et.
al.
Table
4.
Arsenic content
of
concentrate feeds
--
-
Ingredients Arsenic
(ppm)
-
Cotton seed cake (n=48)
Mustard oil cake (n=23)
Concentrate mixture (n=9)
Pellets (n=14)
Wheat bran (n=5)
Grains (n= 14)
Mineral mixture (n=g)
Mean
2S.E.
0.38*0.01
0.44~0.01
0.44k0.02
0.44h0.02
0.39rt0.01
0.40rt0.02
0.44*0.04
Range
0-0.65
0.33-0.64
0.34-0.53
0.27-0.57
0.35-0.45
0.32-0.63
0.33-0.61
in wheat straw averaged 0.42 and 0.45 pprn whereas, it
was
0.65
and 0.56 pprn in paddy straw in the two
respective zones (Table
3).
Average As content of
concentrate feed ingredients and concentrate mixture
samples is given in Table 4. Cotton seed cake showed
wide variation in As content (0 to 0.65 pprn). As content
in other ingredients ranged from 0.27 to 0.64 ppm.
Underwood (1977) reported that most feeds contain less
than
0.5
pprn arsenic
and
rarely exceed 1 pprn on fresh
basis. The survey conducted in As affected areas of
Nadia District in West Bengal (Singh et
al.,
2005)
indicatedaverage arsenic content in paddy straw to be
1.67
and 7.18 pprn
in
Ghontigah and Gontra villages,
respectively. They also observed higher level of As i.e
3.68 and 4.54 ppnl in field grasses; 2.17
and
4.5 1 ppm in
vegetable wastes in Ghontigarli and Gontra villages,
respectively. However, there was not much variation
between concentrate ingredients i.e. rice
bran,
rice grits,
mustard cakes or prepared concentrate mixtures from
the two areas which ranged from 1.96-2.38 ppm. The
critical level of As
in
animal feeds (both roughage and
concentrate) has been reported to be 1.4 pprn (Sulgh et
al., 2005). As content varied from 0.33 to 0.61 ppm in
eight samples of commercial mineral mixture (Table
4).
Specific reports with regard to As levels as
contaminants in mineral mixture are not available. For
cattle, sheep, swine and poultry, the maximum tolerable
dietary arsenic level is 50 and 100 mglkg for inorganic
and organic As, respectively {NRC, 2005). The level of
As observed in all the feeds, fodders and concentrate
ingredients in different districts of Haryana is much less
than
the maximum permissible Limit.
REFEBNCES
Buck, W.B., G.D. Oswoiler, and
G.A.
Van
Gelder.1976.
Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology.
2nd edn. Kendall Hunt, Dubgue.
EPA U.S. 2001. Method
-
1631, Development of
digestion procedures for determination of Mercury
in solid and semisolid samples, Frontier
Geo-science, available from EPA sample control
centre DYN Corp I
&
ET, Alexandria, VA 22304
(703- 461-2100;
SCC@
dyncorp.com)
NRC "2005. Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals.
in
Nutrient Requirements of
Dairy
Cattle. 7th rev.
ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington,
DC.
pp. 147
Singh, R.B., R.C. Saha, and R.K. Misra: 1998. Annual
Report, National
Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal,
Haryana, India, pp. 67.
Singh,
R.B.,
R.C. Saha, and
R.K
Misra. 2005. A report
on arsenic profile of livestock feeds and livestock
products in West Bengal. ERS,
NDRI,
Karnal
Snedecor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran.1994. Statistical
Methods. Iowa State University press, Ames,
Iowa.
Underwood, E.J.1977. Trace Elements in Human
and
Animal Nutrition. 4th edn., Academic Press, New
York.
