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Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling Concepts and Cases
... The lifestyle is formed based on how a person overcomes a series of inferiorities to strive for superiority, and it changes very little after the age of 4 or 5 years. Lifestyle can be understood from the way people face the five tasks of life [7]. Adler and his followers compared the lifestyle to a tree that has roots, stems, and branches like a tree. ...
... In the next step, Persian and translated textbooks of counseling and psychotherapy theories, which are so-called library resources and are taught in Iranian universities, were used. Among these books, reference can be made to the counseling theories of Sharf [7] and the theory and practice of psychotherapy and counseling by Corey [6], from which his views on lifestyle and spirituality were extracted and presented. In the second stage, using Islamic sources, including verses and narrations, as well as some related sources, his views were examined and criticized. ...
... Fictions are ideas that do not exist in the real world but are useful in helping humans better cope with reality. The message of this philosophical view, which is "as if," conveys moral and value unrealism [7]. ...
Background and Objectives: Lifestyle is the cornerstone of Adler’s theory and manifests itself through five tasks of life, one of which is the task of spirituality. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and critique the concept of spirituality in Adler’s lifestyle concerning Islamic sources. Methods: The present review consisted of two stages: In the first stage, the concept of lifestyle in Adler’s theory was presented, followed by Adler’s perspective on spirituality and its importance as derived from various available sources. In the second stage, using Islamic sources, including verses and traditions, as well as some related literature, Adler’s views on spirituality were examined and critiqued. Results: The findings showed that according to Adler, spirituality and spiritual tasks are one of the branches of the lifestyle tree and represent a behavioral recommendation that lacks any cognitive (attitude) or motivational basis. In this theory, humans are social beings who move through life in pursuit of imaginary goals directed toward the future. Although Adler himself was a Christian, he considered God to be unreal, viewing Him as merely an imaginary idea, and his concept of spirituality had nothing to do with God and religion. Thus, his proposed spirituality is a personal and secular matter. In contrast, from the perspective of Islam, spirituality derives from the interpretation and knowledge that religion provides about humanity, existence, God, origin and resurrection, and the end and purpose of life. If all human behavior is regulated toward the goals of creation and worship, life will take on a spiritual dimension. Islamic spirituality does not exist without communication with God. Unlike Adler, who considered humans as purely social beings, Islamic teachings, which adopt a two-dimensional perspective on existence and humanity, lead to the generalization of life from this world to the hereafter and from the material to the material-spiritual, resulting in a more meaningful existence. Conclusion: Contrary to Adler’s theory, in which spirituality is viewed only as a personal behavior, Islamic spirituality is not only a ritualistic practice but also an integral part of life ; in the light of divine perspective, the entirety of life is imbued with spirituality.
... The primary objective of CBT is to enhance an individual's functionality by challenging and reducing distorted thoughts. Cognitive distortions are examined, critically evaluated, and discussed collaboratively with clients (Sharf, 2011). ...
... According to Sharf (2011), cognitive distortions can have detrimental effects on an individual's social, interpersonal, and professional lives. When individuals develop dysfunctional thoughts regarding their experiences, they may struggle to objectively evaluate their current situations. ...
... When individuals develop dysfunctional thoughts regarding their experiences, they may struggle to objectively evaluate their current situations. Consequently, negative thoughts can produce negative emotions, ultimately exacerbating anxiety symptoms (Sharf, 2011). Numerous studies have indicated that negative automatic thoughts stemming from cognitive distortions are closely associated with anxiety symptoms (Kashdan et al., 2006;Kim, 2005;Mansell, 2004;Rheingold et al., 2003;Tairi et al., 2016;Weeks et al., 2017;Wilson et al., 2011). ...
Anxiety symptoms often relate to perceived negative parenting styles inherited from one's parents, impacting cognitive processes in interpersonal relationships. This study investigates the association between anxiety symptoms, parenting styles, and interpersonal cognitive distortions in individuals with anxiety disorders compared to healthy controls. The study involved 164 adult participants—82 with diagnosed anxiety disorders and 82 without psychiatric diagnoses, comprising 42 (26%) males and 122 (74%) females, aged 18-60 years (mean age = 30.5±8.84). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Young Parenting Inventory, the Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The anxiety disorder group exhibited heightened levels of anxiety symptoms, interpersonal cognitive distortions, and specific maternal parenting styles (overprotective/unbounded, conditional/achievement-oriented, and pessimistic/anxious), as well as a paternal resistant/suppressive parenting style, in contrast to the control group. Interpersonal cognitive distortions were identified as mediators in the relationships between overprotective/unbounded maternal parenting and anxiety, as well as closed to change/repressing paternal parenting and anxiety. However, the diagnosis of anxiety disorder did not moderate the relationship between parenting styles and cognitive distortions. These findings emphasize the importance of targeting interpersonal cognition in treating and preventing anxiety disorders, especially in individuals with overprotective/unbounded mothers and resistant/suppressive fathers.
... Marriage, just like a family, is a system (Sharf, 2012). From a family systems perspective, each family functions interdependently from other systems within the same environment, for example, a neighbourhood, a town and country, ultimately influencing each other (Sharf, 2012). ...
... Marriage, just like a family, is a system (Sharf, 2012). From a family systems perspective, each family functions interdependently from other systems within the same environment, for example, a neighbourhood, a town and country, ultimately influencing each other (Sharf, 2012). Systems theory implies marriage, since it is a system dependent on or connected to other larger systems; it cannot be fully understood without first understanding how it functions as a whole and what its relationship is to other systems within the same environment (Sharf, 2012). ...
... From a family systems perspective, each family functions interdependently from other systems within the same environment, for example, a neighbourhood, a town and country, ultimately influencing each other (Sharf, 2012). Systems theory implies marriage, since it is a system dependent on or connected to other larger systems; it cannot be fully understood without first understanding how it functions as a whole and what its relationship is to other systems within the same environment (Sharf, 2012). Based on the perspective of marriage being a system, a couple's relationship is always changing due to environmental inputs, affecting couple's roles and ultimately influencing change in the entire system (Govender, 2008). ...
Development of knowledge on how to support marriages cross-culturally is necessary to inform appropriate solutions, especially for South Africa, where practical marital challenges amongst Black African married couples who are considered to be high risk are noted. The focus of this narrative literature-informed overview is to provide an appraisal of existing and most influential national and international marriage enrichment (ME) programmes, couples theories and social work models as the basis for the possible development of a culturally appropriate ME programme for Black African married couples. Findings reveal, among other things: 1) there are no culturally appropriate and empirically evaluated ME programmes beneficial to Black African married couples in SA; 2) appropriate theory is necessary and available for integration; 3) theories recognise marriage as a system, and therefore acknowledgement of various societal structures is fundamental; 4) existing empirically tested and effective programmes supporting couples theories and social work models are suitable to be adapted to the specific context.
... TA, in addition to a simple and attractive language matching our cultural and religious values and concepts, is a theory about personality and a systematic psychotherapy method used for personal growth and changes. (Corey, 2015;Sharf, 2015). Through the TA training in the group, selfunderstanding can be achieved in several ways. ...
... Group members facilitate their actions and tasks by reenacting the past and present of their family and career. While identifying the initial decisions and acknowledging the value of their work at those times, the group members are challenged to observe their preferences and enthusiasm for today's reality (Sharf, 2015). From One T E-ISSN: SOON of the logical reasons for the effectiveness of TA group sessions is providing the opportunity to experience life and members can understand their problems with family, friends and other members of their society (Corey, 2015). ...
... Changing the way of looking at life, taking into account the existential dimensions of oneself and others, leads to achieving a higher quality of life and ultimately to discovering a new way of life full of happiness and joy. TA can be one of the appropriate ways to take care of the mind and an effective way to promote happiness in the lives of married people (Corey, 2015;Eghbali, Mousavi, & Hakima, 2021;Sharf, 2015). ...
Objective: Teaching can be very stressful, and teachers suffer more mental health problems than other workers. Job burnout occurs due to severe, continuous, and uncontrolled stress and when the work environment demands exceed the individual's abilities to adapt or succeed. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of transactional analysis on job fatigue and job attachment of teachers working in education. Method: This research method was quasi-experimental and in the form of a pre-test-post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all teachers (teachers and principals) of Boyer Ahmad city, from among whom 30 people were selected randomly as a sample. They were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (15 people) and control (15 people). The experimental group was trained with a transactional analysis approach, and the control group received no intervention. A researcher-made job attachment questionnaire and Vodanovich & Kass (1990) job fatigue inventory were used to collect data. The analysis of variance through SPSS-24 statistical software was used to analyze the research data. Results: The results showed that the teaching approach based on Bern's transactional analysis was effective on the tendency of job fatigue and teachers' attachment (P<0.01). Conclusion: Considering that the present study has confirmed the positive effect of Bern's transactional analysis therapy on job fatigue and increasing personal growth, it is suggested to provide the possibility of using TA approach in career counseling centers.
... She suggests that dreams serve the purpose of allowing the rehearsal of threatening scenarios in order to better prepare an individual for real-life threats. Weldhorn (1988) focuses on the supernatural and phenomenal nature of dream and sleep and the shifts in beliefs about their natures in Western tradition Hallucination is a typical example of unconscious state of the mind when a person sees or hears things that are not physically seen or heard by others around him (Sharf, 2008). Fftyche (2012) sees hallucination as illusory symbolic creation or perception in human psyche. ...
... I can even hear them sing. I am renewed".(11).Yerima plays aesthetically with the mental faculty of his character through the hallucination to expose or introduce the conflict of the plot. Father says, "I am renewed"(11). ...
... I am renewed".(11).Yerima plays aesthetically with the mental faculty of his character through the hallucination to expose or introduce the conflict of the plot. Father says, "I am renewed"(11). It means there is a lingering of chaos, conflict, tension and unhealthy occurrence of events that make the hallucinated to see internal renewal of life in death. ...
... Anlatı terapisi insanların yaşadıkları deneyimleri, çevrelerini nasıl ve ne şekilde anlamlandırdıkları üzerine temellenmiştir (Sharf, 2015). Anlatı terapistleri insanların öykülerine, öykülerde oluşturdukları anlam parçalarına odaklanarak sorunların nedenlerini keşfetmeye çalışmazlar (Gladding, 2017;Sharf, 2015). ...
... Anlatı terapisi insanların yaşadıkları deneyimleri, çevrelerini nasıl ve ne şekilde anlamlandırdıkları üzerine temellenmiştir (Sharf, 2015). Anlatı terapistleri insanların öykülerine, öykülerde oluşturdukları anlam parçalarına odaklanarak sorunların nedenlerini keşfetmeye çalışmazlar (Gladding, 2017;Sharf, 2015). Anlatı terapisine göre insan doğası nesnel bir gerçeklikle değerlendirilemez (Gladding, 2017). ...
... Anlatı terapisine göre insan doğası nesnel bir gerçeklikle değerlendirilemez (Gladding, 2017). Problemin, baskın öykülerin kişiyi nasıl etkilediği üzerine odaklanılır (Sharf, 2015). Terapistin bireyleri çeşitli bağlamlarda değerlendirmesi, baskın söylem unsurlarını insanı tahakküm altına alan unsurlar olarak görmesi ve iktidar ve bilgi kaynaklarını sürekli olarak sorgulaması gerekmektedir (White & Epston 1990). ...
Narrative Terapi: Terapötik Dünyaya Yeni Renkler Katmak Üzerine Bir Derleme Öz Narrative terapi üçüncü dalga yaklaşımlar arasında yer alan, felsefi ve kurumsal temellerini sosyal yapısalcılık, post-yapısalcılık, söylem, feminizm, hermenötik, postmodernizm üzerine temellendiren ve geleneksel psikoterapi yöntemlerinden oldukça farklılaşan bir psikoterapi modelidir. Narrative terapi, insanların hayatının sosyal ve kültürel bağlamlar tarafından şekillendiğini varsaymaktadır ve bu bağlamların belirli söylemler ve kabul edilen 'gerçekler' ile anlatılara dönüştüğünü öne sürmektedir. Bu anlatılar, insanların kimliklerini belirlemekte ve nasıl düşüneceklerini, nasıl hissedeceklerini veya nasıl davranacaklarını etkilemektedir. Narrative terapi baskın anlatılardan kaynaklı olarak insanların yaşadıklarına karşın alternatif hikayeleri ortaya çıkarmaktadır ve gelecekteki yaşamlarını daha anlamlı ve zengin kılacak davranışları sürdürmelerine yardımcı olmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, narrative terapiyi tanıtmak ve genel olarak ele almaktır. Bu amaçla, öncelikle narrative terapinin ortaya çıkışı ele alınacak ve ardından felsefi temelleri ve kuramsal dayanakları açıklanacaktır. Daha sonra terapi süreci ve terapötik süreçte kullanılan teknikler incelenecek ve son olarak narrative terapinin etkililiğine dair yapılan çalışmaların sonuçları gözden geçirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Narrative terapi, Etkililik, Psikolojik danışma, Anlatı, Derleme makalesi Narrative Therapy: A Review on Adding New Colors to the Therapeutic World
... The counselor teaches the client how to use these techniques, and the client obtains information about these techniques in each session in therapeutic cooperation (Beck & Beck, 2011). In this context, the role of the counselor in CBT is didactic (Sharf, 2015). The counselor is like a teacher introducing the cognitive model and explaining how to use the techniques to the client. ...
... In this case, clients can apply the techniques they participate in in the counseling environment to their life, revealing the change (Beck & Beck, 2011). Although the client is less active than the counselor, roles are shared equally (Murdock, 2004;Sharf, 2015). ...
Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum is an applied course in which Guidance and Psychological Counseling undergraduate senior students have an opportunity to have a practical experience with an actual client in Turkey. In the course, the theoretical approaches chosen by the counselors and their views on this approach may affect their attitudes towards the practicum process and their experiences. In this context, this study aims to determine the opinions of guidance and psychological counseling senior students who took the course Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum about using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in individual psychological counseling with the Q-methodology approach. For this purpose, 33 senior undergraduate students took the Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum course. In the study, Q statements prepared by the researcher and a Q-sort consisting of 18 sentences between -3 and +3 with forced placement were used as a data collection tool. Results showed that the opinions of the counselor candidates about the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy were gathered in a single dimension which indicates a positive attitude.
... Realistic counseling represents one of the indicative and therapeutic approaches used at present with various problems and mentors who have an imbalance or personality disorders to help them in a real confrontation of life and get rid of negative behaviors and the problems that follow [12]. It conveys to the student the idea that the mentor believes in his self-worth, competence, and ability to succeed and act responsibly through the supportive guidance environment that enables him to become better able to effectively control his life and be aware of what he wants and explore his needs [13]. Realistic therapy also helps the bullying student change his social behaviors, and it not only changes these incompatible behaviors but also helps him learn general coping skills. ...
... Bani Khalid [28] research aims to verify the positive effects of a behavioural cognitive group counselling programme on adolescent depression and self-esteem in the Badia region of the north-west of Spain. Thirty (12)(13)(14) year old students participated in the study. They attend a school in the Mafraq area that is associated with the Northwestern Badia Brigade, where they are in grades seven and eight. ...
Introduction. Physical, mental, and emotional development all speed up significantly during adolescence. Girls' social anxiety and low self-esteem in particular have been identified as major causes for concern among the many difficulties that teenagers confront nowadays. Increases in peer pressure, cultural expectations, and puberty can all contribute to an already common sense of inadequacy and social anxiety among adolescents. The study explores the feasibility of a tailored intervention to solve these problems. By analysing the effectiveness of a behavioral-cognitive counselling method, this study intends to offer light on strategies that help build emotional resilience and improve self-worth in adolescent girls. The purpose of this research was to determine if a group cognitive-behavioral counselling programme for adolescents was successful in reducing social anxiety and boosting self-esteem. Materials and methods. 84 high school students with high scores on a social anxiety scale participated in the study. Throughout the course of the study, a number of instruments were used, including a social anxiety scale, a self-esteem measure, and a counselling programme, all with the goal of achieving the study's stated aims. A total of (40) students were assigned to the experimental group and received the joint cognitive-behavioral counselling programme, whereas (44) students were assigned to the control group and received no intervention whatsoever. Mathematical means and standard deviations of pre and post-measurements were calculated based on students' responses to social anxiety and self-esteem scales in connection to group classification to answer the research objectives. In addition, the joint single-covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used to evaluate the differences in total score between the experimental and control groups. The results. The experimental group (40 students) who participated in the counselling programme showed significant improvement in their social anxiety symptoms, with an average post-test score of 16.90 compared to a pre-test average of 10.66, while the control group (44 students) showed no significant change in their scores. According to the analysis of variance, which showed a statistically significant difference at the 0.000 level, the counselling programme was responsible for 80.1% of the decrease in social anxiety shown in the experimental group. The post-test average for the experimental group was 16.14 on the measure of self-esteem, while the average for the control group was 10.71. The related variance indicated that the counselling programme was responsible for 76.5% of the observed improvement in self-esteem in the experimental group. This progress was made possible by the program's incorporation of techniques including cognitive reconstruction, role playing, and problem solving. The results of this study are consistent with those of other studies, demonstrating the importance of cognitive-behavioral therapy in improving students' psychological and social health. Conclusions. Adolescent girls can benefit from a behavioral-cognitive counselling approach, as shown in this study, which shows promise in reducing social anxiety and boosting self-esteem. Results from the experimental and control groups showed that the girls who participated in the counselling course benefited greatly from the individualised intervention. Proof of the programme's efficacy in helping high school students is found in the reduction of social anxiety symptoms and the rise in self-esteem seen in the experimental group. Based on these encouraging findings, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) should be seriously regarded as an integral part of school-based mental health efforts aimed at addressing the pervasive problems of social anxiety and low self-esteem among adolescent girls.
... Table No. (1) shows the distribution of the study sample according to its variables. The researchers developed a scale of cognitive distortions based on Beck's cognitive theory, (Sharf, 2012;Covino, et al 2011;Beck, 1999). which focused on cognitive distortions, and the tool included 9 cognitive distortions of 3 items for each dimension, and thus the scale consists of (27) items. ...
... The researchers explain that there is a high level of cognitive distortion related to reducing the matter and minimizing it and achieving the highest rank that the study sample is from the adolescent group and this category in which the individual seeks to search for his identity and either reach a successful identity formation or go through an identity crisis as Erikson's mechanism indicated that in the stages of psychosocial development (Sharf, 2012). And the abusive juvenile sees himself as having little value and having no positives; even if he has positives, he does not see them and does not stop at them. ...
Objectives: The study aimed to identify cognitive distortions among juvenile drug abusers in Jordan. Methods: The sample consisted of (55) male juveniles in short-term detention at Al-Zohour Security Center, using the available method. The cognitive Distortions scale was applied to them after extracting its validity and reliability. Results: The results indicated that the level of cognitive distortions was moderate and that cognitive distortion “minimization and maximization” came at a high level while “reading what was in the minds of others” came last at a low level. The results also showed no significant differences attributed to the effect of the family’s monthly income in all areas except in excessive generalization” in favor of those with monthly income from 500 to 1000 JD. There were no significant differences due to the effect of birth order. Conclusion: It was found that cognitive distortions exist among juveniles who are drug abusers to a moderate degree, and this means that these juveniles have a problem regarding the use of these cognitive distortions. These individuals need to know the reality of these distortions and the extent of their impact on its lives. The study recommends designing and implementing counseling programs to reduce these distortions thus reducing the use of drugs, and replacing them with effective coping strategies in dealing with life stressors.
... Additionally, affective empathy bridges the process between emotional regulation and the ability to experience feeling (Ivey et al., 2018). Ivey et al. (2018) there must be a separation between one's views and values (Sharf, 2008). In person-centered theory, empathy is viewed as a process that goes beyond reflecting the client's feelings. ...
... Rogers reinforced that it is not enough for the counselor to accept and empathetically understand the client unconditionally. The client must also understand and receive empathy from the counselor (Capuzzi & Gross, 2009;Sharf, 2008;Sue & Sue, 2013). Therefore, empathy should be unforced and genuine. ...
What is in the book?
The book is divided into three volumes that comprise the following: Moments of Excellence in Counseling in a
1. mental health counseling setting 2. school counseling setting
3. career counseling setting
In each volume, the following six elements known to improve the quality of the therapeutic relationship and, thus, improve the therapist’s effectiveness and client’s outcome, are: Empathy, Goal Consensus and Collaboration, Positive Regard and Affirmation, Alliance Ruptures, Managing Countertransference, and Evaluating Suicide.
These will be followed by six other elements known to meet the needs of clients that require different treatment and relationships. Researchers have identified specific client characteristics and optimal matches by which to tailor or adapt treatment for each client and specific situation. The following six ways to tailor therapy to client’s characteristics are: Reactance Level, Stage of Change, Preferences, Culture, Coping Style, and Religion/Spirituality.
Each one of these elements are presented in individual chapters, organized into two sections: Section I. Elements to enhance the therapeutic relationship, and Section II. Methods of adapting psychotherapy to particular client characteristics.
Each chapter is an invitation for you to consider each one of these elements, explore them and find best ways to integrate them into your work. Each one of these has the potential to increase your capacity to excel in your work with clients seeking help, especially clients affected by the stress imposed by societal challenges such as the Covid-19 pandemic and racism pandemic currently observed.
... On this basis, the counselee's active participation is also an important element that determines the success of counseling services. It will be an obstacle if the counselee does not work optimally in counseling, especially in conveying problems and starting to learn to strengthen himself so that he can design the best plan to get out of his problem (Sharf, 2012). Therefore, a conducive alliance between the counselor and the counselee needs to be built by the counselor who has a brief counseling orientation. ...
In face developments of the era that are changing so quickly, counselor creativity be one of the important indicator that needs to be developed in implementation counseling service. This counselor's creativity can encourage achievement counseling service goals that was meaningful and has a significant impact on changes in counselee behavior. The aim of this article is to describe the opportunities of integration solution-focused brief counseling with the creative arts. This article is study literature with a structured and systematic meta-analysis from ideas development and research of solution-focused brief counseling with the creative arts. This article is an analysis of 46 articles published between 2007 and 2022 . In addition, there are 5 scientific articles directly related to the combination of brief counseling focus solution with creative arts. The results of an analysis of these articles found that integration of solution-focused brief counseling with the creative arts is a counseling innovation by integrating principles in creative counseling that seeks to help students realize their abilities and potential so that they can come up with solutions to the problems they have. Integration of the creative arts in solution-focused brief counseling is important to do to increase the effectiveness of the counseling services provided. Creative art that can support the effectiveness of solution-focused brief counseling are drawings, puppets, metaphors, and sand trays. The findings of this study provide recommendations for further research to identify the effectiveness of solution-focused brief counseling with other creative arts empirically in overcoming certain problems in counselees.
... Overall, these findings highlight the importance of integrating self-differentiation and mentalization techniques into therapeutic practice, with a particular focus on tailoring interventions to the specific needs of each gender (Sharf 2015). ...
This study explored the structural relationships among family of origin health, self‐differentiation, mentalization, and marital satisfaction, focusing on indirect effects and gender differences. Data from 400 married Korean adults aged 30–49 were analyzed using structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis. Results revealed that all paths were significant except the direct impact of family‐of‐origin health on marital satisfaction. Indirect effects analyses confirmed significant individual and sequential indirect effects of self‐differentiation and mentalization. Gender differences emerged: mentalization significantly influenced marital satisfaction in men but not in women, while family of origin health directly impacted marital satisfaction in women but not in men. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating self‐differentiation and mentalization into couple counseling and suggest the need for gender‐sensitive interventions to address marital satisfaction effectively.
... Epictetus'un 'Olaylar değildir insanı rahatsız eden ancak o olaylara ilişkin insanın bakış açısıdır' sözü Ellis'in düşüncelerini etkilemiştir (Dryden, 2002 (Sharf, 2012). Ellis'in geliştirdiği kişilik kuramına göre insanlar doğduğundan itibaren büyümeye ve gelişmeye eğilimlidirler fakat irrasyonel veya yıkıcı düşünmeler sebebiyle kendilerini sabote edebilir, büyüme ve gelişmelerini engelleyebilirler (Dryden ve Ellis, 2001). ...
İnsan ve ruhunu inceleme süreçleri yıllar boyu farklı sistemler veya uygulamalarla
süregelmiştir. Bu sistemler ve uygulamaların modern anlamda ve bilime dayalı olarak
incelenebilmesi, eleştirilebilmesi ve değerlendirilebilmesine dayanan psikoterapi tarihini
Sigmund Freud’un çalışmalarıyla başlatmak doğru olacaktır. Süreç içerisinde psikoterapi
anlamında incelemeler farklı boyutlarla ve yaklaşımlarla çoğalarak gitmiştir. Günümüz
itibariyle 400’den fazla psikoterapi yaklaşımı ve tekniği mevcuttur. Bu gelişen ve çoğalarak giden yaklaşımlar veya teknikler zamanla bir karışıklık yaratsa da dört temel kuram altında kendilerine yer bulmuşlardır. İnsanın varoluşundan kaynaklanan sorunlara odaklanan varoluşçu yaklaşımlar, kişinin geçmiş yaşantılarının bugünkü zihinsel ve duygusal süreçlerine etkisine odaklanan psikodinamik yaklaşımlar, insanın biliş, duygu ve davranışlarını hedef alarak yaşadığı psikolojik sorunları çözmeyi amaçlayan bilişsel
yaklaşımlar ve insanı bir bütün olarak ele alan; tek bir yaklaşımın insanı izah etmede yetersiz kalabileceğini öne süren bütüncül yaklaşımlardır. Bu çalışmada, ruh sağlığı süreçlerinin incelenmesi amacıyla 451 kişiye Çok Boyutlu Varoluşsal Pişmanlık Envanteri, Savunma Biçimleri Testi, Genel Tutumlar ve İnanışlar Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, varoluşsal sorunların bilişsel sorunlar üzerindeki etkisinin psikodinamik sorunlar aracılığıyla sağlandığına dair bulgular ortaya koymuştur.
... Typically, it involves interaction between two parties, namely the patient and the caregiver. The patient initiates the interaction to seek psychological help, while the caregiver's role is to organize that interaction based on psychological aspects (Scharf 2010). The goal is to help patients change their thoughts, feelings, and actions, thereby enhancing their ability to selfregulate. ...
... Selain aspek penerimaan diri, panduan ini juga memaparkan hakikat penerimaan diri (Ryff & Singer, 1996;Shepard, 1979) serta manfaat penerimaan diri (Hurlock, 2008) secara teoritis untuk membantu konselor memahami dan menguasi topik penerimaan diri. Panduan ini turut memaparkan hakikat konseling CBT (Kaplan dalam Stallard, 2004), tujuan konseling CBT (Sharf, 2012), prinsip konseling CBT (A. T. Beck, Wright, Newman, & Liese, 1993) dan hakikat, tujuan, serta prosedur teknik restrukturisasi kognitif sehingga konselor dapat memahami dan konsep dari metodologi membimbing. ...
Self-acceptance is an aspect that is needed by students, especially in self-actualization. This study aims to produce a product in the form of an individual cognitive behaviour counseling guide for cognitive restructuring techniques to increase the self-acceptance of students at state vocational high schools who meet the acceptance criteria, which include usability, accuracy, convenience, and attractiveness. The research was conducted using the Research and Development approach developed by Borg and Gall. The subjects in this study were two Guidance and Counseling lecturers as material expert tests, two Education Technology study program lecturers as media experts, and two school counselors as potential users. The results of the validation data for material experts, media experts, and potential users were analyzed using an inter-rater agreement. Based on the results of validation data analysis, this guide obtains a rater agreement index of 1.00 from each validation of material experts, media experts, and potential users. The results of the guide validation analysis entered the very high rater agreement category. It can be concluded that the development of individual cognitive behaviour counseling guidelines for cognitive restructuring techniques to increase student self-acceptance has fulfilled the product acceptance criteria, which include four aspects, namely aspects of usability, accuracy, convenience, and attractiveness, and this guide is very feasible to use. Abstrak: Penerimaan diri merupakan aspek yang dibutuhkan siswa terutama dalam proses aktualisasi dirinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan produk berupa panduan konseling individual kognitif behavior teknik restrukturisasi kognitif untuk meningkatkan penerimaan diri peserta didik di SMKN yang memenuhi kriteria keberterimaan, yang meliputi kegunaan, ketepatan, kemudahan, serta kemenarikan. Adapun penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan Research and Development yang dikembangkan oleh Borg dan Gall. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah dua dosen Bimbingan dan Konseling sebagai uji ahli materi, dua dosen program studi Teknologi Pendidikan sebagai ahli media, dan dua konselor sekolah sebagai calon pengguna. Hasil data validasi ahli materi, ahli media, dan calon pengguna dianalisis menggunakan inter-rater agreement. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data validasi, panduan ini mendapatkan indeks kesepakatan rater sebesar 1,00 dari masing-masing validasi ahli materi, ahli media, dan calon pengguna. Hasil analisis validasi panduan masuk pada kategori kesepakatan rater sangat tinggi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan panduan konseling individual kognitif behavior teknik restrukturisasi kognitif untuk meningkatkan penerimaan diri peserta didik telah memenuhi kriteria keberterimaan produk yang meliputi empat aspek yaitu aspek kegunaan, ketepatan, kemudahan, dan kemenarikan, dan panduan ini sangat layak untuk digunakan.
... How well this small objective is fulfilled is evaluated at some points during the therapy. Frequently, the client is asked to assess the progress on a scale of 0 to 10 (Sharf, 2004). Both techniques could be combined to ease the counselee in finding the solution to their problems. ...
Purpose - This research aims to test miracle tests and scaling questions to reduce social anxiety in a foster child.Method - This research applied an experimental method with One Group Pretest-Posttest design involving 7 foster children in SOS Children's Village Semarang as the subject of the research.Result - The result of this research shows that group counseling using the miracle technique and scaling questions is found effective to reduce social anxiety in foster children.Implication – These techniques could help the counselee to think in the present and the future. The use of miracle questions is perhaps on how the client's feeling or how the client would think. Miracle questions technique could be combined with scaling questions that could be done in helping the counselee to determine their objective, measure their progress, or to determine priority to take action..Originality - This research is presented the scaling questions technique focuses on the solution as well as the use of scaling questions on the individual's experience experiencing changes.***Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji miracle test dan skala pertanyaan untuk menurunkan kecemasan sosial pada anak asuh.Metode - Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan desain One Group Pretest-Posttest yang melibatkan tujuh anak asuh di SOS Children's Village Semarang sebagai subjek penelitian.Hasil - Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konseling kelompok dengan menggunakan teknik miracle dan scaling questions terbukti efektif untuk menurunkan kecemasan sosial pada anak asuh.Implikasi - Teknik-teknik ini dapat membantu konseli untuk berpikir di masa sekarang dan masa depan. Penggunaan pertanyaan keajaiban mungkin dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perasaan klien atau bagaimana klien berpikir. Teknik pertanyaan ajaib dapat dikombinasikan dengan pertanyaan penskalaan yang dapat dilakukan untuk membantu konseli menentukan tujuan, mengukur kemajuan, atau menentukan prioritas untuk mengambil tindakan.Orisinalitas - Penelitian ini menyajikan teknik scaling questions yang berfokus pada solusi serta penggunaan scaling questions pada pengalaman individu yang mengalami perubahan.
... The counseling approach that is widely used in dealing with academic stress in students is cognitive behavioral counseling by changing the irrational thoughts experienced by students who experience academic stress (Andriati & Hidayati, 2021;Damayamti & Masitoh, 2020;Mardianti & Dharmayana, 2020;Ningtias et al., 2019). The cognitive behavioral approach helps students to change thought patterns, beliefs, attitudes, assumptions, and wrong relationships between situations and their habits in responding to problems (Sharf, 2012). ...
The response of an individual when facing something can be classified as a form of stress; if it occurs in students who experience symptoms caused by academic activities that can cause stress, this can be classified as a form of academic stress. Counselors must provide intervention services to help kids manage their academic stress because this issue cannot be left untreated. This research aims to determine and analyze the approaches and techniques used in handling academic stress experienced by students. The method for carrying out this research is a literature review which is an activity of collecting, reading, studying, and researching the research topic. Data collection was assisted by the Publish or Perish 7 application with library sources via Google School, Science Direct, and the open-access journal directory. The results of the study show that the implementation of the intervention is carried out through individual counseling and group counseling services. Keywords: Academic stress; counseling approaches; counseling techniques; students.
... SFBT se postupně stal široce respektovaným psychoterapeutickým přístupem (Becvar & Becvar, 2012;Sharf, 1995;Sommers-Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 2012), který má své mezinárodní asociace (např. SFBTA, EBTA) a je aplikován na široké spektrum problémů a klinických kontextů (Dolan, 1991;Froerer et al., 2018;Pichot et al., 2009;Simon & Nelson, 2007). ...
Párová psychoterapie představuje svébytnou a rozvíjející se oblast psychoterapie. V tomto textu je pozornost věnována jednomu z přístupů k psychoterapeutické práci s páry, a to přístupu zaměřenému na řešení. Cílem textu je představit přístup zaměřený na řešení a možnosti jeho praktické aplikace v kontextu párové psychoterapie. V první části textu jsou představeny principy zvoleného přístupu a základní metody, které lze využít v rámci párové psychoterapie. Jádrem textu jsou dvě oblasti, které jsou zvlášť významné pro práci s páry s využitím přístupu zaměřeného na řešení a které zároveň představují určitou výzvu pro psychoterapeuty využívající přístup zaměřený na řešení v párové psychoterapii. První z uvedených oblastí je způsob, jak v terapeutickém sezení propojovat perspektivy partnerů tak, aby mohly být slyšeny, akceptovány a dále užitečně rozvíjeny v konverzaci. Druhou oblastí, jíž se v tomto textu věnuje detailnější pozornost, je dojednávání preferované budoucnosti (tedy představy žádoucí změny) s partnery. Jsou zde popsány možnosti, jak rozvíjet společnou představu žádoucí změny s partnery i jak pracovat v situacích, kdy jsou představy partnerů ohledně preferované budoucnosti různé, či dokonce protikladné. Text je doplněn příklady z praxe autora i ilustrativními příklady.
... Na rozdíl od českého překladu se zde o principech mluví jako o tom, co 1. slouží jako vodítka pro praxi, 2. "informují" (inform) daný přístup (ve smyslu dávat přístupu nějaký charakter, ovlivňovat ho, utvářet ho, tedy daný přístup z nich čerpá "informace") a 3. charakterizují (characterize) daný přístup. Tyto tři funkce mají v psychoterapeutických přístupech jejich teorie(Sharf, 1995).19 Úroveň hodnot a přesvědčení se navíc do značné míry prolíná s filosofií na jedné straně a s principy na straně druhé a je navíc formulována spíše předběžně. ...
Přístup zaměřený na řešení 2 je již etablovaný, i když relativně mladý, přístup. Původně vznikl v kontextu psychoterapie a poradenství, ale postupně se šířil do dalších kontextů a profesí jako je koučování, supervize, facilitace, sociální práce apod.3 Vznik tohoto přístupu lze datovat do 80. let minulého století a za jeho tvůrce jsou považování Steve de Shazer, jeho manželka Insoo Kim Berg a jejich další kolegyně a kolegové z Brief Family Therapy Center v Milwuakee (USA). Steve de Shazer patřil k průkopnickým osobnostem, které razily to, čemu dnes můžeme říkat "postmoderní/systemický obrat" v psychoterapii (a dalších profesích) a jak uvidíme dále, tento postmoderní étos hraje v SFBT významnou roli dodnes. Na vznik SFBT jako samostatného přístupu měly vliv především dvě okolnosti. Především oba zakladatelé studovali ve slavném Mental Research Institute v Palo Alto (jejich tamním mentorem a dlouholetým přítelem byl John Weakland) a vliv strategické a komunikační terapie i myšlenek Gregory Batesona byl pro začátky SFBT určující. Dalším výrazným zdrojem inspirace bylo důkladné studium práce Miltona H. Ericksona, fenomenálního (hypno)terapeuta, jehož vliv se zejména uplatnil v důrazu na využití zdrojů, které má klient k dispozici, a na individualizaci terapie podle přání a potřeb jednotlivých klientů. Samotný SFBT přístup se postupně utvářel a měnil, stal se patrně nejlépe výzkumně podloženým přístupem z rodiny postmoderních terapií a zároveň přístupem, který si získal značnou oblibu mezi konzultanty pracujícími v různých kontextech a s různými cílovými skupinami klientů (Franklin et al., 2011; Tarragona, 2008). V tomto textu chci nabídnout ucelený pohled na přístup zaměřený na řešení (SFBT) a to z hlediska jeho teorie i praxe. Obvykle bývá v různých příručkách teorie zmíněna jen velmi stručně a praxe naopak velmi podrobně, což je i příklad knih, na nichž jsem se sám dříve podílel (Zatloukal & Vítek, 2016; Zatloukal & Žákovský, 2019). Zde se snažím poměr otočit a z úvah o teorii SFBT udělat místo krátkého povinného "přílepku" kapitolu, která zahrnuje i praxi SFBT a představuje ji v určitém kontextu. Přesto může být pro čtenáře, kteří hledají spíše praktická vodítka pro uplatnění SFBT v kontextu práce multidisciplinárními týmy, užitečné přeskočit rovnou na druhou kapitolu tohoto textu. 2 Oficiální pojmenování je "krátká terapie zaměřená na řešení" (Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, zkráceně SFBT), někteří autoři vynechávají "krátká", protože když je terapie zaměřená na řešení, pak je obvykle krátká a neplete se to s krátkodobou terapií. Někdy se objevují i označení jako terapie orientovaná na řešení (Solution-Oriented Therapy) nebo neutrálnější praxe zaměřená na řešení (Solution-Focused Practice) nebo přístup zaměřený na řešení (Solution-Focused Approach). V tomto textu bude používán poslední jmenovaný pojem a zkratka SFBT. 3 Vzhledem k šíři kontextů, v nichž se přístup zaměřený na řešení uplatňuje, používám v tomto textu většinou pro označení profesionála, který s tímto přístupem pracuje, neutrální označení "konzultant" nebo "pracovník".-47
... In EP, depression comes from existential emptiness and frustration due to the absence of meaning in life (Gonzalez et al., 2011;Mascaro & Rosen, 2005). The core themes of EP dealing with existential subjects are more significant than any unique interventions or techniques (Sharf, 2015). Existential topics include "existence" such as "relationships with others," "freedom and choice of humans," "existential limitation such as death," and "meaning and goal of life" (M. ...
The present study includes an Motivational Interviewing-
Existential Psychotherapy (MI–EP) group counseling program
development and assessment of its effectiveness for college
students having depressive symptoms. The program, consisting
of 8 sessions over 4 weeks, was developed based on MI–EP to
reduce depression and enhance a sense of meaning in life. The
analysis, using a quasi-experimental design, demonstrated
a significant decrease in depression of the experimental group.
The sense of meaning in life was higher in the experimental
group than in the control group. These results remained persistent
during the follow-up test period, extending one-month
post-treatment. The theoretical implications for the development
and effectiveness verification of the MI–EP group counseling
program were discussed, and suggestions were made for
further research.
... This included a key element: Men who sought help were seen as weak. Early Adlerian theorists shifted the focus of men's resistance to counseling away from biological underpinnings, a concept first introduced by Freud (McKelly, 2007), and toward sociocultural factors (Scharf, 2000). McKelly (2007) identified Adlerian therapy as being able to assist men in therapy by addressing these five traditionally held male attributes: Focusing on performance and goals, limiting emotional expression, valuing autonomy, utilizing a problem and solution-focused mindset, and limiting close personal connections with other men. ...
Although there is no lack of research on masculinity and help-seeking behavior, men continue to seek counseling less often than women. It is crucial we find effective therapeutic approaches to connect and meet men where they are, acknowledging the positive aspects of their masculinity while addressing their needs in the counseling setting. In this conceptual research article, we propose a new approach for counselors to utilize with men seeking counseling, the Relational Resilience Approach, which applies tenets of Relational-Cultural Theory, Positive Psychology, and Shame Resilience Theory.
... Guidance and counseling teachers need to master reality therapy as one of the counseling approaches. Reality therapy emphasizes that an individual is responsible for life, and changes in behavior, and can control what they do, feel, and think [7]. Reality therapy is proven to be effective in helping counselees in dealing with problems regarding career decision-making, academic achievement, and personal and social development [8]. ...
Extended Abstract Counseling and psychotherapy consist of three main stages: initial, middle, and final. The initial stage includes primary assessment, problem evaluation, multidimensional assessment, interviews, testing, diagnosis, and case conceptualization. A comprehensive understanding of the client's issue-its origins, developmental trajectory, the influence of upbringing, social and familial factors, medical history, and clinical symptoms-is essential from the outset. This process inherently involves gathering background information about the client, which remains relevant throughout therapy. Thus, one of the key research topics in counseling and psychotherapy is the practice of obtaining a client's history within the counseling session-a critical and universal step across all therapeutic approaches. However, the methods of gathering a "disorder history" in counseling may sometimes resemble tajassus (intrusive inquiry), a concept viewed negatively in Islam. In a Muslim society, Islamic ethics must guide the counselor-client interaction, prohibiting any unethical behavior. For instance, "free association," a Freudian technique where clients verbalize every thought that comes to mind-including potentially inappropriate or shameful memories-is impermissible in Islam, as it violates privacy and moral boundaries. Research Questions: This study addresses the following questions: 1. How can these two approaches-the necessity of obtaining a client's history and Islam's prohibition of intrusive inquiry into private matters-be reconciled? 2. Is the counseling room an exception to this rule? 3. Does ijtihadi methodology (Islamic jurisprudential reasoning) offer a solution to this dilemma? If so, what is it? Methodology: This research adopts a scientific-religious approach, employing ijtihadi methodology-a systematic process of deriving Islamic rulings based on the Qur'an, Sunnah, reason (aql), and scholarly consensus (ijma). The methodological steps include: * Defining the problem and clarifying the subject.
Counseling and psychotherapy consist of three main stages: initial, middle, and final. The initial stage includes primary assessment, problem evaluation, multidimensional assessment, interviews, testing, diagnosis, and case conceptualization. A comprehensive understanding of the client’s issue—its origins, developmental trajectory, the influence of upbringing, social and familial factors, medical history, and clinical symptoms—is essential from the outset. This process inherently involves gathering background information about the client, which remains relevant throughout therapy. Thus, one of the key research topics in counseling and psychotherapy is the practice of obtaining a client’s history within the counseling session—a critical and universal step across all therapeutic approaches.
However, the methods of gathering a "disorder history" in counseling may sometimes resemble tajassus (intrusive inquiry), a concept viewed negatively in Islam. In a Muslim society, Islamic ethics must guide the counselor-client interaction, prohibiting any unethical behavior. For instance, "free association," a Freudian technique where clients verbalize every thought that comes to mind—including potentially inappropriate or shameful memories—is impermissible in Islam, as it violates privacy and moral boundaries.
Research Questions: This study addresses the following questions:
1. How can these two approaches—the necessity of obtaining a client’s history and Islam’s prohibition of intrusive inquiry into private matters—be reconciled?
2. Is the counseling room an exception to this rule?
3. Does ijtihadi methodology (Islamic jurisprudential reasoning) offer a solution to this dilemma? If so, what is it?
Methodology: This research adopts a scientific-religious approach, employing ijtihadi methodology—a systematic process of deriving Islamic rulings based on the Qur’an, Sunnah, reason (aql), and scholarly consensus (ijma). The methodological steps include:
Defining the problem and clarifying the subject.
Gathering textual data (Qur’anic verses, hadiths, jurisprudential principles).
Evaluating the authenticity (sanad) and implications (dalalah) of the texts.
Analyzing data for internal and external consistency.
Drawing conclusions and resolving the issue.
The study is structured around two premises and a final analysis:
Premise 1: Psychological experts unanimously agree that obtaining a client’s history is indispensable for effective therapy. This was verified through a review of psychological literature.
Premise 2: Islam’s ruling on tajassus was examined through jurisprudential analysis, evaluating 50 relevant hadiths from multiple angles.
Findings: The research yielded several key insights:
Psychotherapy approaches emphasize that information gathering must be client-driven, with full consent. Terms like "uncensored recall" (Sharf, 2019, pp. 47–48), "free expression," "emotional catharsis," and "honest disclosure" (Prochaska & Norcross, 2019, p. 274) reflect this principle.
The content of self-disclosure often includes distressing or taboo subjects (e.g., repressed memories, unconscious material, shameful acts).
Islam prohibits intrusive inquiry (tajassus) into others’ private matters, as stated in the Qur’an (49:12) and supported by juristic consensus.
D. However, exceptions exist—when necessity (e.g., medical or therapeutic need) justifies limited inquiry. Islamic jurisprudence permits tajassus in such cases, provided it remains within strict boundaries.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that therapeutic necessity can legitimize history-taking in counseling, provided:
1. The client consents.
2. The inquiry is strictly limited to what is necessary for treatment.
3. Privacy and dignity are upheld.
This balance aligns with Islam’s broader ethical framework, where necessity overrides prohibition (al-darurat tubih al-mahzurat).
Keywords
Islamic counseling Islamic psychotherapy tajassus (intrusive inquiry) Islamic psychology ijtihadi methodology
This book is a comprehensive study about mental health and stress, its causes, prevenetion and therapies. Mental health as is a growing public health issues a multi-speciality approach has been taken in the conceptualisation and making of this book.
Psychological well-being is defined as the state of an individual who can have a positive attitude towards themselves and others and can make decisions according to needs by developing their potential. One strategy to overcome low psychological well-being is through narrative counseling. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of narrative counseling in overcoming the low psychological well-being of students who are victims of bullying. The approach used in this research is quantitative with a pre-experimental design. The method used was one group pretest-posttest. The research subjects were selected based on specific criteria made by the researcher. Data collection uses Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale which has gone through an adaptation process. The data analysis technique used in this study is the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to determine the difference in pretest and posttest scores. The test results are known to point to the number 0.028 <0.05. A significance value of less than 0.05 is said to have a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. So it can be concluded that narrative counseling is effective for overcoming low psychological well-being. Suggestions that can be given to future researchers are to implement other research designs such as true experiments or develop narrative counseling media through research and development designs
Çevre kavramı diğer bilimlerde olduğu gibi psikoloji içerisinde de gittikçe artan bir öneme sahip olmaktadır. Bu durumun ortaya çıkmasında son yıllarda artık göz ardı edilemeyecek kadar büyük bir probleme dönüşen çevre kirliliği ve küresel ısınma gibi doğa olaylarına ek olarak gittikçe artan sayıda uluslararası göç olgusunun da etkisi yüksektir. Çevre kavramının psikoloji biliminde üstlendiği rol önemli olmakla birlikte tartışmalıdır. Psikoloji tarihi temel alındığında bütüncül olmayan ve karşılıklı etkileşime izin vermeyen çevre anlayışı son yıllarda çevre psikolojisi alanında yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde değişmektedir. Çevre psikologlarının üzerinde önemle durduğu yer bağlılığı ve yer kimliği gibi değişkenler bu algılayışın değişmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Bu kavramlar üzerine eğilen fenomenologların, coğrafyacıların ve filozofların ortak olarak ifade ettikleri gibi modern zamanlarla birlikte insanoğlunun yer deneyiminde farklılaşmalar olmuştur. Estetik manada kalıcı bir tatmin sağlamayan ve bireylerin kök salmalarına izin vermeyen modern dünyada insanlar gittikçe daha çok yersizleşmektedir. Yersizlik, artan sayıda mültecilik ve göç faaliyetleri sonucunda insanoğlunun yaşadığı nesnel ve sosyo-mekânsal bir gerçeklik olmasına ek olarak psikolojik ve duygusal anlamda kaybedilmiş bir yer deneyimine de işaret eder. Bu durum gerek sosyal düzeyde gerek klinik düzeyde psikoloji biliminin ele alması gereken önemli bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışma modern dünyada insanoğlunun deneyimlediği yersizlik probleminin izini sürmeye çalışmaktadır.
The misuse of precursor chemicals by unauthorized persons is a challenge in containing domestic terrorism in Nigeria. This study examines the association between the number of government policies to contain terrorism and the number of bombing campaigns by the major terrorist groups in Nigeria. The data used for the study is categorized into three groups: (1) the presidential order’s record to counter the Boko Haram bombing campaigns: (2) the government policies to regulate the purchase and delivery of precursor chemicals: and (3) records of reported bombing campaigns by Boko Haram. A PRISMA flow chart was used to select materials for the experiment. The study concludes that there is no relationship between the number of chemical security measures and the number of bombing campaigns by terrorist groups in Nigeria (p < 0.319). The study also found that the number of government policies increases at 0.219 per year and shows a significant positive trend (r² = 0.764. p = 0.0004). However, there is no significant trend in the number of bombing campaigns (p = 0.646). Regulating access to precursor chemicals may over time reduce domestic terrorism but this is not currently reflected in the proliferation of new government policies.
Quality education is the main focus of the fourth Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which specifies inclusivity in the learning process and improves the quality of students. Therefore, this research used a single subject design with an A-B-A design, engaging five 10th grade students who had low public speaking skills based on observations and guidance counselor reports. Data were collected through direct practice sessions and assessed using a public speaking practice evaluation sheet. The results showed that there was an improvement in the average scores of students’ public speaking practice from the baseline phase before intervention (A) to after intervention (A2). The average practice scores for each students during the baseline phase before intervention (A) were 38.33, 36.66, 34.3, 38.6, and 43.6. After the intervention (A2), the average scores increased to 74, 75, 69, 78.6, and 75.6. Based on these results, the introduction of behavioral counseling with modeling strategies effectively enhanced the public speaking skills of high school students. This method could help school counselors develop programs to enhance the public speaking skills of students.
الأهداف: هدفت الدراسة إلى تعرُّف مستوى أعراض اضطراب ضغط ما بعد الصدمة وتمايز الذات لدى اللاجئين في الأردن، وتعرُّف مدى مساهمة تمايز الذات في التنبؤ بأعراض ضغط ما بعد الصدمة. المنهجية: جرى استخدام المنهج الوصفي التنبؤي. تم تطوير مقياسين: تمايز الذات وأعراض ضغط ما بعد الصدمة، والتحقق من خصائصهما السيكومترية من صدق وثبات. وتم تقسيم المستويات حسب المدى إلى ثلاثة فئات: المستوى المنخفض وتمثله الدرجة بين 1-2.33، والمستوى المتوسط وتمثله الدرجة بين 2.34-3.67، والمستوى المرتفع وتمثله الدرجة بين 3.68-5. تألفت عينة الدراسة من (320) لاجئا ولاجئة، تم اختيارهم من مجتمع الدراسة بطريقة متسيرة من المراجعين لمؤسسة نور الحسين/ معهد العناية بصحة الأسرة بجميع فروعها في الأردن. النتائج: أشارت النتائج إلى أن مستوى كل من أعراض ضغط ما بعد الصدمة وتمايز الذات لدى أفراد الدراسة كان متوسطًا، حيث بلغ المستوى الحسابي لتمايز الذات (2.73)، والانحراف المعياري (0.4)، بينما بلغ المتوسط الحسابي لأعراض ضغط ما بعد الصدمة (3.6) والانحراف المعياري (0.46). كما تبين أن تمايز الذات كان إسهامه دالًا في تفسير التباين لأعراض اضطراب ضغط ما بعد الصدمة بنسبة (45.9%). الخلاصة: بناء على نتائج الدراسة فإن من الضروري العمل على تطوير برامج إرشادية للاجئين لتخفيض أعراض ضغط ما بعد الصدمة، ومساعدة الأفراد في تنمية تمايز الذات أنه يلعب دورا هامأ في التقليل من أعراض اضطراب ضغط ما بعد الصدمة لدى اللاجئين.
Cognitive emotion regulation refers to the ability to manage personal emotional reactions through cognitive strategies that occur after an unfortunate event. Emotional dysfunction is thought to be common among the elderly due to their certain limitations. Cognitive-behavioral Music therapy (CBMT) seems to be capable to act as a bridge to new insights and behaviors. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of CBMT on cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly registered in the day care centers in Babol, Iran in 2019 among which one was selected using convenience sampling method. Out of 53 people eligible to participate in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 were randomly assigned in two groups of experiment and control (each group with 15 people). Experimental group underwent six sessions of cognitive-behavioral music therapy, while no intervention was performed for the control group. The research tool was Garnefskis's cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. Findings indicated that CBMT resulted in cognitive regulation of elderly emotions (P<0.05). Based on the findings, CBMT can be applied as an effective model in counseling and psychotherapy centers for cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. This treatment method contributes to the cognitive control and the alteration of negative and self-defeating thoughts.
Erikson's ego counseling is an individual counseling approach based on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This approach views that individuals develop through eight stages of ego development. The goal of Erikson's ego counseling is to help clients achieve ego integrity by overcoming psychosocial crises at each stage of development. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Erikson's ego counseling as an individual counseling approach through a literature review. The method used is a systematic literature review of previous research on the application and effectiveness of Erikson's ego counseling. The results of the study show that Erikson's ego counseling is effective in helping clients overcome problems in achieving developmental tasks, identity crises, career stagnation, and other psychosocial problems. Erikson's ego counseling has also been proven to be able to increase the achievement of ego integrity. In conclusion, Erikson's ego counseling is an effective individual counseling approach based on the literature review conducted.
This thesis combines the psychoanalytic, cognitive-behavioural, and existential con-ceptualisations of depression into a unified theory. The unconscious dynamics of melancholia (defined as the inability to separate from something that has been lost) and the antilibidinal ego (where rejections/antagonisms from the outside world result in hatred directed against an infantile part of the self) are connected to the nega-tive/self-punishing beliefs and automatic thoughts that result in depression. These are then additionally connected to existential anxieties about meaning, death, free-dom, and isolation that may occur as a consequence. With this integrated theory as a basis, a framework for therapy for depression is proposed. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the necessity for integration in psychotherapy and the possibility for a re-framing of how psychotherapy may be practiced.
Teknik Cognitive Restructuring dilakukan peneliti dalam praktik layanan konseling individu bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan tanggung jawab siswa terhadap kewajibannya sebagai peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat hasil penerapan teknik Cognitive Restructuring dalam menumbuhkan tanggung jawab siswa. Gejala yang terjadi di kalangan siswa berkaitan dengan aktivitas sekolah daring. Perilaku kurang bertanggung jawab yang dimaksud antara lain ketidakhadiran dalam kelas daring tanpa ada keterangan, terlambat mengumpulkan tugas sampai tidak mengumpulkan tugas yang diberikan guru. Dampak yang timbul dari tidak mengumpulkan tugas yang dilakukan siswa antara lain penilaian tengah semester yang tidak mencapai KKM (Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal). Peneliti menerapkan Teknik Cognitive Restructuring terhadap 6 orang siswa dari berbagai kelas selama praktik konseling individu dalam waktu 1 bulan. Secara umum gejala perilaku tampak sama, tapi setelah didalami ada beberapa perbedaan sesuai dengan kondisi konseli. Simpulan utama adalah terdapat perubahan pemikiran yang tampak pada perilaku sesuai dengan keadaan siswa masing-masing. Perubahan tersebut antara lain adanya kehadiran di kelas online, pengumpulan tugas mulai bergerak, perubahan sikap siswa yang diamati oleh orang tua di rumah.
Aim: To determine the effectiveness of emotional rational behavior therapy on body image, body mass index and reduce social anxiety in overweight adolescents. Methods: The present research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of adolescent girls and boys who had referred to clinics in Tehran in 2019 with the problem of overweight and obesity, from which 40 people were selected as a sample by available sampling method. After selecting individuals, they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group). The experimental group intervention was group therapy based on emotional rational behavioral therapy (Ellis and Dryden, 1997) and consisted of eight sessions lasting 120 minutes. Data were analyzed using Littleton et al.'s (2005) Body Image Concern Questionnaire, Connor et al.'s (2000) Social Anxiety Inventory, and repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS.22 software. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS.22 software. Significance level in this study was considered 0.05. Results: The results showed that rational-emotional behavior therapy in body image (F=25.29, P<0.001), body mass index (F=3.59, P=0.036), and reduction of anxiety Social (F=5.49, P=0.026) Adolescents were effective overweight (P<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be said that rational-emotional behavior therapy can have positive effects on body image, body mass index and reduce adolescent social anxiety.
time to heal. It can be defined as the normal process people go through to readjust their lives after a loss. Grief is expected to occur not only after the death of a loved one but also after separation, divorce, movement, migration, and abstract changes such as loss of trust, approval, security, faith, belief, or control over one's body. The core feeling behind all losses may be explained by disappointment in any change that occurs in one's life. To comprehend the psychology behind grief, it is important to understand the theoretical and conceptual framework of grief and use effective treatment approaches to move beyond grief. In this chapter, I provide a theoretical framework of grief, along with myths and cultural implications about the grieving process, and normal and pathological grief processes diagnosed as persistent complex bereavement disorder. Also, I mentioned about effective grief recovery methods as grief counseling, family therapy approaches, expressive art therapy; in addition to the psychotherapeutic approaches (cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, complicated grief therapy, and existential therapy).
The purpose of this research is to develop a model of religious counseling based on local wisdom in reducing bullying behavior. This research is research development (Research & Development). The development model used is the ADDIE Model (analyze, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The results of the development were validated by 2 counseling experts in order to obtain validation and reliability of the local wisdom-based religious counseling model. Next, a limited trial was carried out through experiments on 10 (ten) bullying students. The instruments used were expert validation sheets, questionnaires about bullying behavior, and student response questionnaires about the local wisdom-based religious counseling they received. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the validation test by 2 (two) counseling experts were categorized as good (75%). Notes and suggestions for improvement include highlighting religious values and local wisdom and telling more folklore related to friendship. Furthermore, based on input and comments from the 2 counseling experts, a revision of the religious counseling model based on local wisdom was carried out in phase I. The implementation phase will end with an evaluation, namely revision in phase II. Based on the data from the trial results through experiments on bullying students, the result was a reduction in bullying behavior with a difference in pretest and posttest scores of 52%. Then tested through the Wilcoxon test, obtained a significant value of 0.005 less than 0.05, it means that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest values. Students' responses to the local wisdom-based religious counseling that they attended were generally categorized as fun, interesting, clear and easy to understand. Overall, it can be concluded that the developed local wisdom-based religious counseling model is able to reduce student bullying behavior.
The current study aimed to verify the relative contribution of quality of life to institutional innovation among DEWA employees. To achieve the objectives of the study, an available sample of (416) employees from Dubai Electricity and Water Authority was selected, and metrics were developed: Quality of life and institutional innovation, and the characteristics were verified. The psychometric evidence of the measures of validity and reliability. The measures were applied electronically. The results of the study found a high level of quality of life and institutional innovation on the total degree, and it was found that the quality of life predicts institutional innovation, and the results indicated that female employees are better than male employees in institutional innovation. The study came out with a number of recommendations, including: Taking care of new employees and working on developing institutional innovation for them.
Bu çalışmada Çok Kuşaklı/Kuşaklararası Aile Terapisinin temel kavramları açıklanmış, ardından ‘Yol Ayrımı’ filmi kapsamında bu kavramların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Çok Kuşaklı Aile Terapilerinin temel kavramları olan benliğin farklılaşması, üçgen, kardeş konumu, çekirdek ailenin duygusal sistemleri, ailenin yansıtma süreci, duygusal kopma, toplumsal gerileme, kuşaklar arası geçiş süreçleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan inceleme sonucunda aile analizine temel olan ‘Mazhar’ karakterinin hem ebeveynlerinden hem de kendi çocuklarından farklılaşma düzeyinin düşük olduğu söylenebilir. Buna ek olarak filmde gözlemleme imkânı bulduğumuz Mazhar’ın çekirdek ailesi ve annesiyle olan ilişkisinde Çok Kuşaklı Aile Terapisinin temel kavramları olan benliğin farklılaşması, üçgenleşme, duygusal geri çekilme, çekirdek ailenin duygusal sistemleri, kardeş konumu, aile yansıtma süreci gibi kavramların bulunduğu söylenebilir. Filmde yer alan diyaloglar ve olay örüntüleri Çok Kuşaklı/Kuşaklararası Aile Terapisinin temel kavramları kullanılarak somut bir biçimde değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ‘Yol Ayrımı’ filminin Çok Kuşaklı/Kuşaklararası Terapisinin temel kavramları açısından incelenmesinin uygun olduğu ifade edilebilir.
The present study aimed at investigating the effect of acceptance and commitment group therapy on perceived stress and aggression in women with premenstrual syndrome. This is quasi-experimental study with pretest - posttest and control group. The statistical population included all women referred to maternity hospital Hafez Shiraz city, therefore from among them, 30 female subjects were selected randomly and assigned into two control & experimental groups (each with 15 subjects). The experimental group received the commitment and acceptance group therapy in eight sessions each of which in one hour and the control group received no treatment. The measurement tools were Kohen's perceived stress scale and Buss and Perry questionnaire that were filled by the participants in the pretest, posttest stages. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings showed significant difference between experimental and control groups in total scores of perceived stress and components of aggression (p < 0.05). Results emphasize the importance of the use of these interventions in perceived stress and aggression in women with premenstrual syndrome and presenting new horizons in clinical interventions and it can be used as an effective intervention method.
Literature has shown that stress of high severity predisposes to psychiatric/psychological condition. Some persons in the course of experiencing traumatic stress react in a way that manifest the feature of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In the past seven to eight years and now, Northern Nigeria has been a beehive of violence hence subjugating the population to much traumatic stress. This situation/condition is reviewed in this Work. Managing/helping children, adolescents and adults with this condition and coping are enshrined in this work. Also, the role of parents and public health workers with regards to the management of PTSD was addressed.
Divorce is a stressful process for the children as it requires them to readopt to the new family and school life and new friends. Although some teenagers receive psychological help from the experts following their parents’ divorce, some others become introverted due to their developmental period or can exhibit risky behaviors. This study aims to describe the application process of brief-intensive-emergency psychotherapy, which has proved its success on depression, mourning and traumatic events, with teenagers going through their parents’ divorce. In this study, six sessions of brief-intensive-emergency psychotherapy were carried out with a teenager with divorced parents. The client was given Symptom Check List (SCL-90-R), Hacettepe Personality Inventory, Beier Sentence Completion Test (Form B) as pretest-posttest and the effects of brief-intensive-emergency psychotherapy on this client were examined.
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