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The Scandal of Metaphor: Metaphorology and Semiotics
... Оно такође представља и основну карактеристику метафоре. Према Еку и Паћију (Eco & Paci, 1983, стр. 255) метафора не спаја само двије идеје, два појма или двије ствaри, она спаја и доводи до интеракције два система идеја. ...
... Метафора, дакле, функционише слично као једна врста екрана. Аристотел зато и сматра да је главна особина метафоре да постави (неке друге) ствари пред наше очи (Eco & Paci, 1983, стр. 234). ...
... I think that all the conceptualization of metaphor after Aristotle is just an explanation or rejection of the key features discussed by Aristotle. Umberto Eco says, "… of the thousands and thousands of pages written about metaphor, few add anything of substance to the first two or three fundamental concepts stated by Aristotle" (Eco &Paci, 1983, pp217-218) [9] . We come across a minimal Aristotelianism in almost every theory of metaphor. ...
... We find that Davidson agrees with Aristotle in this case. Aristotle says in Poetics that "good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars" (Aristotle, Poetics 1459a, 9). Metaphor directs our attention to see something that is hidden or hitherto unnoticed. ...
... This out-of-date stamp, however, has been more a matter of framing than anything else. During the last few decades, academics have convincingly shown that the supposed fallacies of Aristotle are based on misreading, and that ancient and modern metaphor theories are not opposed, but rather in many ways complementary (Eco, 1983;Kirby, 1997;Mahon, 1999;Nussbaum & Putnam, 1992;Ricoeur, 2003). New interpretations of the Rhetoric and the Poetics support the insight that their traditional interpretation has been narrowed during the centuries. ...
... In fact, Aristotle did recognize the abundant use of metaphor in normal language, but the focus of the Rhetoric and the Poetics is restricted to the rhetorical and poetic production of metaphor. While these specific uses also involve cognitive processes such as learning and the creation of new meaning (Eco, 1983;Mahon, 1999;Ricoeur, 2003), there is more to learn about Aristotle's ideas on metaphor in normal language and thought in other works. By comparing Aristotle's ideas on language (in On Interpretation) with the passages Aristotle wrote on metaphor, John Kirby made it plausible to argue that Aristotle endorsed what now would be called a "semiotic view on metaphor," which would clearly assign a cognitive function to the phenomenon (Kirby, 1997, p. 535). ...
Populism is on the rise as a global phenomenon, causing polarization
and societal unrest. This dissertation provides a new perspective on
this political development. It defines populism as directly related to
elitism and pluralism, the three concepts inhabiting one shared logic
across three dimensions. When existing in all three dimensions —
ideas, action, and presentation — populism is inevitably in contradiction
with itself, however, analyzing the dimensions separately reveals
the dimension in which populism is predominantly enacted. This new
insight into populism is used to construct an analysis tool for political
style that can address more than just populism — all political styles,
including the mainstream, can be assessed. Political styles are plotted
onto a logical triangular field according to their incorporation of
populist, elitist, and pluralist elements. This enables a detailed
comparison of styles. The tool helps to provide insight into diverse
political situations, varying from the Brexit campaign to the
2016 US presidential campaign.
... 108 104 Eluard (1966). 105 Eco and Paci (1983). 106 Warren Sack remarked that Amazon.com's ...
... 107 Freud (1997). 108 Eco and Paci (1983). ...
In this chapter, design is considered as a practice of composition of tensions. By laying out materials, ideas, forms, models of communication and activities, designers organize their practice not so much as a sequence of events but more as a field to compose within. Rather than using the metaphor of the project, the author uses the metaphor of the matrix to show how the design project brings together materials in unexpected ways without necessarily following a defined plan. Elaborating on Peirce’s theory of abduction, the composition is seen as a projective abductive practice.
... This 'out-of-date' stamp, however, has been more a matter of framing than anything else. During the last few decades, academics have convincingly shown that the supposed fallacies of Aristotle are based on misreading, and that ancient and modern metaphor theories are not opposed, but rather in many ways complementary (Eco, 1983; Kirby, 1997; Mahon, 1999; Nussbaum & Putnam, 1992; Ricoeur [1975], 2003). New interpretations of the " Rhetoric " and the " Poetics " support the insight that their traditional interpretation has been narrowed during the centuries. ...
... In fact, Aristotle did recognize the abundant use of metaphor in normal language, but the focus of the " Rhetoric " and the " Poetics " is restricted to the rhetorical and poetic production of metaphor. While these specific uses also involve cognitive processes such as learning and the creation of new meaning (Eco, 1983; Mahon, 1999; Ricoeur [1975], 2003), there is more to learn about Aristotle's ideas on metaphor in 'normal' language and thought in other works. By comparing Aristotle's ideas on language (in " De ...
There are currently attempts to dovetail classical and conceptual metaphor to improve analyses of metaphor in political discourse, but the results, to date, are not robust or sufficiently comprehensive. In this article, I return to Aristotle’s original definition of metaphor in order to set up a framework for the analysis of political metaphors. I first designate the exact position of Aristotle’s theory within conceptual metaphor theory, in order to avoid a lack of coherence between classical and conceptual metaphor theory. In the combination of the two theories I am able to define three styles of purposeful political use of metaphor: reason-based, emotion-based and strategy-based usage of (conceptual) metaphor. These styles are significant, because using a political metaphor is performing a political speech-act, and an important purpose of that speech-act, besides persuasion, is establishing a political identity and style. Examples of the three metaphor purposes and styles show how they can be identified in political discourse. The framework can be used in further political analysis to assess what the role of rhetorical style is in political processes.
... Lakoff 1993 offers what is essentially a state-of-the-art overview of the cognitive approach to metaphor. 16 Eco [1983Eco [ ] 1984 520 et origo is worth the effort after all. Let us begin, then, by reaching back further still: before the beginning, as it were. ...
... Lakoff 1993 offers what is essentially a state-of-the-art overview of the cognitive approach to metaphor. 16 Eco [1983Eco [ ] 1984 520 et origo is worth the effort after all. Let us begin, then, by reaching back further still: before the beginning, as it were. ...
Afin de mesurer l'influence d'Aristote sur le debat s'articulant autour du traitement de la metaphore, l'A. fait le point sur l'analyse de la metaphore dans la litterature grecque avant Aristote, en se concentrant plus particulierement sur trois auteurs : Homere, Isocrate et Platon, puis il examine en detail le modele aristotelicien tel qu'il est presente dans la Poetique et dans la Rhetorique. Il ressort de l'analyse de ces deux ouvrages que la metaphore est un phenomene semiotique, qu'elle implique un processus cognitif de decodage de la part de l'auditoire, qu'elle ajoute une part de sophistication au discours, et que son usage doit etre approprie au contexte
... Two decades later, the works of G. Lakoff and M. Johnson highlighted the conceptual nature of the metaphor and brought a scientific foundation to the present topic (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). "The scandal of the metaphor" (Eco 1983), as Umberto Eco calls it, is far from being over. However, the idea that metaphor is a figure of thought, not merely of language, has revolutionized the way metaphors are perceived. ...
... Metaphorical devices are representations of tangible or visible objects, events, actions, or conditions intended to represent invisible or intangible events, actions, or conditions figuratively. While the term, metaphor has a long use history in semiotics (see Eco and Paci, 1983), in this conceptual framework the word metaphorical is reserved to this type of semiotic resource. ...
... Umberto Eco (1983) makes a difference between metonymy and synecdoche citing that ...
Hollywood plays a huge role in portraying different races and different cultures by virtue
of their movies. This dissertation sets out to examine the British stereotypes presented at the level of Hollywood movies by analyzing the Titanic movie. The study also aims to explain the different signs included in the Titanic movie so as to relate them to the common stereotypes about the British people. To obtain satisfactory results, this paper used a qualitative approach wherein content analysis was employed following the semiotic theory promoted by Charles Sanders Peirce as a theoretical structure of this work. The data for this research were collected from some selected scenes of the Titanic movie using the note-taking sheet as its main instrument. The main findings of this research show that the signs embedded in the movie scenes are abundant with stereotypes about the British people and their culture. This research’s findings also demonstrate that Americans’ views about the British are critical regarding the British attitudes, preferences, and style of life. Despite the fact that this study answers the question about the British stereotypes present in Hollywood movies, further studies are needed to crystallize other stereotypes about other racial and cultural aspects in different parts of the world.
... Metaphorical devices are representations of tangible or visible objects, events, actions, or conditions intended to represent invisible or intangible events, actions, or conditions figuratively. While the term, metaphor has a long use history in semiotics (see Eco and Paci, 1983), in this conceptual framework the word metaphorical is reserved to this type of semiotic resource. ...
This paper offers a conceptual framework on test design from the perspective of social semiotics. Items are defined as arrangements of features intended to represent information, convey meaning, and capture information on the examinees’ knowledge or skills on a given content. The conceptual framework offers a typology of semiotic resources used to create items and discusses item representational complexity—the multiple ways in which the semiotic resources of an item are related to each other—and item semiotic alignment—the extent to which examinees share cultural experience encoded by items. Since the ability to make sense of items is shaped by the examinees’ level of familiarity with the social conventions underlying the ways in which information is represented, unnecessary representational complexity and limited semiotic alignment may increase extraneous item cognitive load and adversely impact the performance of examinees from certain populations. Semiotic test design allows specification of optimal pools of semiotic resources to be used in creating items with the intent to minimize representational complexity and maximize semiotic alignment for the maximum number of individuals in diverse populations of examinees. These pools of semiotic resources need to be specific to the content assessed, the characteristics of the populations of examinees, the languages involved, etc., and determined based on information produced by cross-cultural frequency analyses, cognitive interviews, focus groups, and expert panels.
... Since they are adjacent, it is not necessarily limited to a fixed structure. As long as there is some form of connection between two things, one can be used as (Eco, 1983). For example, taboo words and auspicious words in Chinese actually use the correlation of phonetic symbols, such as "梨 (pear)" refers to "离 (separation)," "八 (eight)" refers to "发 (wealth)," "蝙蝠 (bat)" refers to "福 (happiness)," etc. ...
Traditional rhetoric theory regards metaphor and metonymy as two literary rhetoric devices. Modern cognitive linguistics believes that metaphor does not only exist in the field of literature. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device but also a way of thinking. However, the current research on metaphor and metonymy is still limited to the English language world. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge and research on metaphor and metonymy across languages and cultures. This paper begins with an overview of metaphor from the perspective of modern cognitive linguistics. Then, it expounds on the differences between metaphor and metonymy from two aspects of structure and function. Besides, this paper analyzes the differences between metaphor and metonymy with examples based on the Chinese cultural background.
... Besides the already mentioned references, see, e.g., alsoRichardson 2006 ;Caracciolo 2013 ;Burke & Troscianko 2013 ;Harrison & Stockwell 2014 ;Cave 2014 ; Cave & Wilson 2018 . 2 I will take CMT to refer to the research line of Lakoff and associates, not to the research initiated byFauconnier and Turner (i.e., Blending Theory), although there are obvious institutional, personal, and intellectual connections between the two (see below). 3 It will not concern us here that Aristotle's notion of metaphor includes more phenomena (e.g., metonymy) than modern notions (seeRic oe ur 1975 ;Eco 1983 ). 4 To be precise,Black ( 1962 : 34, 36) coined the 'substitution view' and 'comparison view' fallacies, which he associated with Aristotle by means of two short footnotes. In the substitution view, saysBlack ( 1962 : 32, 36), "the word or expression having a distinctively metaphorical use within a literal frame, is used to communicate a meaning that might have been expressed literally", so that Richard is a lion "approximately means the same as" Richard is brave (32, 36). ...
... Firstly, metaphors are not simply ornamental or rhetorical devices, but cognitive tools (e.g. Eco 1983). They are means for establishing correspondences between previously remote semantic fields (Ricoeur 1979: 130) or concepts from disparate domains of knowledge (Bowdle and Gentner 2005: 193) and as such, are sites and media for knowledge transfer (Maasen and Weingart 2010: 34). ...
... The situation is different today, even if philosophers and literary critics are still active in the debate about metaphors (e.g. Ricoeur 1977, Davidson 1978, Searle 1979, Hesse 1966, Goodman 1976, Eco and Paci 1983, Sontag 1988, Borges 2000:Ch. 2, Blumenberg 2010. ...
Two main points are made in this paper about the use of metaphors in sociology. The first is that metaphors have a strong heuristic or suggestive power that can also be increased. The second is that metaphors can lead you wrong; but there exist some easy ways of proceeding to prevent this. In both cases the paper emphasizes the practical dimension of working with metaphors. The following topics are discussed as well: how to construct a new sociological metaphor; how to add to an existing one; and what exactly happens when you are led astray by a metaphor. By way of background, the paper introduces the reader to the current state of the discussion of metaphors which is interdisciplinary in nature. The ideas of I.A. Richards are singled out as being especially helpful to sociologists.
... Secondly, it fails to consider that the proposed, supposedly clean and analytical language, is also metaphorical, and therefore carries over its own assumptions about roles, responsibilities, and regulatory models. The question of whether we can ever escape metaphorical language is hotly contested in the philosophy of language (see Eco and Paci 1983) and largely outside of the scope of this paper. ...
Policy-makers involved in cybersecurity governance should pay close attention to the ‘generative metaphors’ they use to describe and understand new technologies. Generative metaphors structure our understanding of policy problems by imposing mental models of both the problem and possible solutions. As a result, they can also constrain ethical reasoning about new technologies, by uncritically carrying over assumptions about moral roles and obligations from an existing domain. The discussion of global governance of cybersecurity problems has to date been dominated by the metaphor of ‘cyber war’. In this paper, I argue that this metaphor diminishes possibilities for international collaboration in this area by limiting states to reactive policies of naming and shaming rather than proactive actions to address systemic features of cyberspace. We suggest that alternative metaphors—such as health, ecosystem, and architecture—can help expose the dominance of the war metaphor and provide a more collaborative and conceptually accurate frame for negotiations.
... 11 Another more specific example can be found in the study of the game metaphor in semiotics [38]. 12 Eco reminds us that "[e]ven the most ingenious metaphors are made from the detritus of other metaphors" ( [39], p. 256). 13 I am referring more specifically to the concept of primary and secondary modelling systems. ...
Metaphors constitute a relevant method for both building and making sense of theories. Semiotics is not exempt from their influence, and an important range of semiotic theories depends on metaphors to be meaningful. In this paper, we wish to examine the place of theory-constitutive metaphors considering the interaction view and the extent to which some areas of semiotics, particularly, the semiotics of culture and biosemiotics, are enriched by having metaphors dominate the way we think about them. The intention of the paper is not to document the different metaphors that have built semiotic theory, but rather to observe through a number of examples that semiotic research contains theory-building metaphors and that these are productive means of developing semiotic thinking further, with the caveat that theory change can be unexpected based on how we build metaphors for our theories.
... Firstly, metaphors are not simply ornamental or rhetorical devices, but cognitive tools (e.g. Eco 1983). They are means for establishing correspondences between previously remote semantic fields (Ricoeur 1979: 130) or concepts from disparate domains of knowledge (Bowdle and Gentner 2005: 193) and as such, are sites and media for knowledge transfer (Maasen and Weingart 2010: 34). ...
Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the problematics of methodology in semiotics concerns the more fundamental question of the disciplinary nature of semiotics – whether semiotics is, or should be, a theoretical discipline or an empirical discipline – or both – and the particular modes of inquiry deemed proper for each perspective. Although debating over the disciplinary nature, or, to put it more simply, over how to practice semiotics, in those terms might seem a thing of the past, the problematics reveals its acuteness each time the relationship between theories, methods and practices/applications, as well as their scope and meaning in semiotics is discussed. Yet what remains also latent in these discussions is a more fundamental question of the particular "brand" of ‘science’ and ‘scientificity’ that semiotics is expected (or not) to align with. One of the results of leaving these issues implicit and unarticulated is the divide often seen between theory and method, or theoretical and empirical semiotics.This article attempts to demonstrate how modelling functions as a bridge between theory and method. Yet the value of this bridging depends exactly on acknowledging the more fundamental layers of semiotic inquiry. The main aim of the paper is to propose and develop the concept of metaphorical modelling as a particular methodological tool in semiotic inquiry as well as the humanities more broadly. The role of metaphors in science is a known issue, however, there are few approaches that deal with it explicitly in the humanities, and as a methodological issue. The use of theories and concepts viewed as method brings to the fore the role of language in methodology. Thereby an awareness of the metaphorical functioning and processing of language becomes necessary for understanding how theoretical language is used in research.The article attempts to show that the traditional distinction between theoretical concepts as precise, literal and analytical, and metaphor as imprecise gure of speech is not adequate for understanding how theoretical constructs are used in the humanities in general and semiotics in particular. From this perspective, one can notice that the metaphorical use of theories, constructs and models has been central in the humanities and semiotics for a while. Thus better understanding of metaphor and of the metaphorical use of theoretical constructs could provide a basis for more explicit, precise and systematic use of metaphorical modelling as one specific and valuable mode of inquiry among others. After explicating the connections between method, theory, modelling and metaphor, the article examines these issues in the context of semiotics, more particularly as pertaining to the cross-domain use of a model of the sign and cross-disciplinary use of models of language.
... The metaphorical process is a very complex one. Although people seem to have no great difficulty in understanding a metaphor (which leads to the conclusion that it is a neurological process), yet, from a semiotic point of view, the whole process of producing and interpreting a metaphor is long and intricate (Eco, 1983). As the present paper deals with cross-mapping domains, the metaphor's trope-sisters (i.e., synecdoche and metonymy), which also play a very important role in determining the structure and the terminology of a certain specialized field, will be ignored. ...
The main objective of this chapter is to look at the concept of marketing from an integrative perspective, arguing for the complexity of the marketing philosophy and practices from linguistic, psychological and social points of view. Revisiting the concept of metaphor as a cognitive instrument will provide new insights into how it is employed and functions in marketing. Looking at the society’s evolution and the importance it gives to the individual will contribute to understanding the changes in the way marketing is conceptualized and will help the author formulate some cognitive and linguistic consequences of these changes.
... Aristotle describes metaphor, referring to the art of poetry as means for the poet to provide knowledge through artistic imitation, the mimesisand to the art of rhetoric, as having a philosophically significant role in the making of persuasive arguments. In both cases, metaphor is a powerful means of achieving insight (Eco, 1983;Johnson, 1981;Lloyd, 1987Lloyd, , 1996. ...
This paper lays out a formulation of the psychoanalytical contribution to linguistic metaphor theory. The author's main argument is that psychoanalysis can help enrich and shed light on linguistic metaphor theories, since these have focused on the cognitive aspect, to the exclusion of the role played by affect. Based on the tight link between metaphor and symbol – both configurations of figurative language – the author shall apply ideas sourced from some of the key psychoanalytic symbolization theories, focusing in particular on Klein, Winnicott, and Ogden. The course of exploration will serve to trace the unconscious emotional aspects that participate in the metaphor's mechanism, just as they participate in the symbol's workings. The study leads to the main conclusion that the intersubjective transitional space is of substantial importance to metaphor's constitution, particularly in regard to novel metaphors. Expanding the understanding of metaphor's modus operandi has important implications in conceptual clarification and for an in‐depth analytical work, and is of immense significance when it comes to analytical work with patients who suffer impairment of their metaphoric ability.
... Aristotle describes metaphor, referring to the art of poetry as means for the poet to provide knowledge through artistic imitation, the mimesisand to the art of rhetoric, as having a philosophically significant role in the making of persuasive arguments. In both cases, metaphor is a powerful means of achieving insight (Eco, 1983;Johnson, 1981;Lloyd, 1987Lloyd, , 1996. ...
Translations of summary
en This paper lays out a formulation of the psychoanalytical contribution to linguistic metaphor theory. The author's main argument is that psychoanalysis can help enrich and shed light on linguistic metaphor theories, since these have focused on the cognitive aspect, to the exclusion of the role played by affect. Based on the tight link between metaphor and symbol – both configurations of figurative language – the author shall apply ideas sourced from some of the key psychoanalytic symbolization theories, focusing in particular on Klein, Winnicott, and Ogden. The course of exploration will serve to trace the unconscious emotional aspects that participate in the metaphor's mechanism, just as they participate in the symbol's workings. The study leads to the main conclusion that the intersubjective transitional space is of substantial importance to metaphor's constitution, particularly in regard to novel metaphors. Expanding the understanding of metaphor's modus operandi has important implications in conceptual clarification and for an in‐depth analytical work, and is of immense significance when it comes to analytical work with patients who suffer impairment of their metaphoric ability.
Une contribution psychanalytique à la théorie linguistique de la métaphore
fr L'auteur de cet article propose une formulation de la contribution psychanalytique à la théorie linguistique de la métaphore. Son principal argument est que la psychanalyse permet d'enrichir et d’éclairer les théories linguistiques de la métaphore, étant donné que celles‐ci ont mis l'accent sur l'aspect cognitif en excluant le rôle joué par l'affect. S'appuyant sur le lien étroit entre la métaphore et le symbole – qui sont tous deux des formes du langage figuré, l'auteur s'inspire d'idées issues des principales théories psychanalytiques relatives à la symbolisation, en particulier celles de Klein, Winnicott et Ogden. Il retrace l'origine des composants émotionnels inconscients qui participent au mécanisme de la métaphore ainsi qu'au fonctionnement du symbole. Il aboutit notamment à la conclusion que l'espace transitionnel intersubjectif joue un rôle crucial dans la constitution de la métaphore, en particulier les métaphores novatrices. L’élargissement de la compréhension du modus operandi de la métaphore permet d'apporter des clarifications conceptuelles et d'approfondir le travail analytique, ce qui revêt une importance majeure quand on a affaire à des patients qui présentent un trouble de la capacité métaphorique.
Der Beitrag der Psychoanalyse zur Theorie der Sprachmetapher
de Diese Arbeit beschreibt einen möglichen psychoanalytischen Beitrag zur Theorie der Sprachmetapher. Das Hauptargument der Autorin besagt, dass die Psychoanalyse Theorien der Sprachmetapher bereichern und erhellen kann, weil diese sich zu Lasten der Rolle des Affekts auf den kognitiven Aspekt konzentrieren. Auf der Grundlage des engen Zusammenhangs zwischen Metapher und Symbol –beides Konfigurationen bildlicher Sprache – bringt die Autorin Überlegungen aus den zentralen psychoanalytischen Symbolisierungstheorien zur Anwendung, wobei sie sich insbesondere auf Klein, Winnicott und Ogden konzentriert. Ihre Untersuchung lotet die unbewussten emotionalen Aspekte aus, die am Mechanismus der Metapher ebenso beteiligt sind wie an der Wirkungsweise des Symbols. Die wichtigste Schlussfolgerung der Autorin lautet, dass der intersubjektive Übergangsraum für die Bildung von Metaphern von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist; dies gilt vor allem, wenn es sich um neuartige Metaphern handelt. Das Verständnis des Modus operandi der Metapher zu verbessern hat wichtige Implikationen, was die konzeptuelle Klärung betrifft, aber auch für die analytische Arbeit. Sie ist von immenser Bedeutung für die analytische Arbeit mit Patienten, die unter Beeinträchtigungen ihrer Metaphorisierungsfähigkeit leiden.
Un contributo psicoanalitico alla teoria linguistica della metáfora
it L'articolo presenta un contributo psicoanalitico alla teoria linguistica della metafora. La tesi principale dell'autore è che la psicoanalisi può aiutare ad arricchire e a comprendere in una luce nuova le teorie linguistiche della metafora, nella misura in cui queste ultime si sono finora concentrate prevalentemente su aspetti di natura cognitiva trascurando il ruolo esercitato dalla sfera affettiva. Partendo dallo stretto rapporto che lega la metafora al simbolo –entrambi configurazioni del linguaggio figurativo – l'autore applicherà una serie di idee tratte da alcune delle principali teorie psicoanalitiche relative alla simbolizzazione, e in particolare dai lavori della Klein, di Winnicott e di Ogden. Nel percorso esplorativo qui seguito verranno rintracciati i principali aspetti emotivi inconsci coinvolti nel meccanismo della metafora – e, parimenti, anche nelle dinamiche che presiedono alla simbolizzazione. La principale conclusione a cui perviene lo studio è che lo spazio transizionale intersoggettivo riveste una grande importanza nel costituirsi della metafora, e in particolare nella creazione di nuove metafore. Aumentare la nostra comprensione del modus operandi della metafora ha importanti implicazioni sia in termini di chiarificazione teorica sia per un lavoro analitico svolto in profondità, e ha grandissima importanza soprattutto per la clinica con pazienti la cui capacità di produrre metafore è in qualche modo compromessa.
Hacia una contribución psicoanalítica a la teoría lingüística de la metáfora
es Este trabajo plantea y explica la contribución psicoanalítica a la teoría lingüística de la metáfora. El principal argumento de la autora es que el psicoanálisis puede enriquecer y esclarecer las teorías lingüísticas de la metáfora, en vista de que estas se han centrado en los aspectos cognitivos, excluyendo el rol desempeñado por los afectos. La autora, basándose en el estrecho vínculo entre la metáfora y el símbolo —ambas configuraciones del lenguaje figurado— aplica ideas procedentes de algunas de las teorías psicoanalíticas clave sobre la simbolización, centrándose sobre todo en Klein, Winnicott y Ogden. El curso de la exploración sirve para rastrear los aspectos emocionales inconscientes que participan en el mecanismo de la metáfora, de la misma manera en que participan en el trabajo del símbolo. La principal conclusión del estudio es que el espacio transicional intersubjetivo es vital en la constitución de la metáfora, en particular respecto a las nuevas metáforas. La ampliación de la comprensión del modus operandi de la metáfora tiene importantes implicancias para la aclaración conceptual y el trabajo psicoanalítico profundo, y una inmensa significancia cuando se trata del trabajo analítico con pacientes con una incapacidad metafórica.
An insight of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) is that metaphor is more than a mere literary device; it influences readers through cognitive connections. Yet biblical metaphors have most often been studied in poetic, theological contexts and within linguistic rhetorical devices like “YHWH is my shepherd.” In contrast, some of the most ideologically powerful metaphors are those that shape the Hebrew Bible's prose stories. These metaphors reify cultural constructs and experiences, making them seem “natural.” The study of realized metaphor —metaphor embodied as a literal narrative feature—offers a new pathway for applying CMT to narrative texts, even those without overt linguistic metaphors. This article surveys the history of realized metaphors in literary theory, then provides some brief examples of biblical texts where a CMT approach reveals metaphors embedded in the fabric of the narrative. It concludes with a challenge: how can we extend metaphor theory to the full range of biblical texts, poetry and prose alike, in order to understand how metaphor shapes human perception in the past and the present?
The purpose of this article is to isolate and preliminarily describe a type of ontological-rhetorical predication that can be labeled as 'mortification.' It is a peculiar and paradoxical modality of animation, a mechanism upon which dying, deadness or lifelessness are predicated of animated beings as well as beings, objects, phenomena, and actions that are not, apart from figurative modes of language, attributed with the quality of vitality. Mortifications are based on the analogy of proportionality and attributions and also on the homologous relation between the real and symbolic register.
Artykuł poświęcony jest wyodrębnieniu i wstępnemu opisaniu typu predykacji ontologiczno-retorycznej, którą można nazwać mortyfikacją. To szczególna, paradoksalna modalność animi-zacji, mechanizm służący orzekaniu obumierania, martwoty lub braku życia w odniesieniu do bytów żywotnych oraz bytów, przedmiotów, zjawisk i czynności, którym poza rejestrem figura-tywnym nie przypisuje się atrybutu żywości. Mortyfikacje opierają się na analogii proporcjo-nalności oraz analogii atrybucji, także relacji o charakterze homologicznym między rejestrami faktycznym oraz symbolicznym.
Human conversation is an extremely intricate social ritual that involves the strategic utilization of signs and sign systems that will ultimately determine how it will unfold successfully or not. When two people speak the same language and belong to the same culture they automatically can plug into the same semiotic codes (language, facial expression, relevant cultural allusions, etc.) that ensure the flow of meaning exchanges, thus determining the outcome of the conversation. What happens when the interlocutors speak different languages and belong to different cultures, yet engage in conversation through a common language, which may or may not be spoken by either one of them as a native language? In such situations the codes that regular conversations may trigger meaning anomalies that lead to unanticipated reactions or misunderstandings. This chapter looks at the problem of intercultural communication from the perspective of semiotic method, focusing on the semiotic codes (verbal and nonverbal) involved in any interaction.
Rhetoric at the ontological level—for instance, the way in which hegemony is structured like speech—is a tool that can be used to give meaning to narratives such as the medical populist claims that arose in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Although these populist claims ranged from explicitly trivial conspiracies to rational demands about healthcare, outside the truth–falsity binaries we can explain how the narratives functioned metaphorically to gain acceptability. While guarding against linguistic reductionism, but considering that hegemony works like grammar, rhetorical discourse analysis, inspired by the work of Ernesto Laclau, is used to read the metaphorical transformation of disinformation into “rational” demands and the construction of enemy outsiders to stabilise this populist hegemony. Through a metaphoric mechanism, disinformation is converted to information and linked to rational demands, which enables what is otherwise irrational to become believable. This linking is achieved through disinformation and rational demands metaphorically substituting each other to become what they are not in their literal form. Thereafter, the metaphorical meaning loses its metaphoricity, allowing the disinformation to become catachrestic and to be taken as literal or genuine knowledge. Several cases are cited to illustrate concrete examples of knowledge generated through metaphorical contamination of rational demands with disinformation.
En este artículo propongo que las visiones de intelectuales latinoamericanos del siglo XX acerca de la injusticia ambiental y su comprensión sobre la relación entre esta y los procesos coloniales y neocoloniales pueden ser aplicadas como aparato de lectura para expandir –y subvertir– las interpretaciones simbólicas de distopías juveniles como The Hunger Games y The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, de Suzanne Collins. Sostengo que leerlas como una alegoría expone los puntos ciegos del Norte Global respecto a su intervención y responsabilidad en la creciente deuda ecológica y su escandalosa huella del extractivismo en el Sur Global. Complemento esta lectura alegórica con una comparación desde la esperanza crítica de Paulo Freire, para resignificar la novela y entenderla no como una distopía postapocalíptica en un futuro incierto y ficticio, sino como una narración figurada desde el pensamiento utópico; es decir, leída en clave desde un presente que podemos transformar.
“Baroque Predication: A Continuous Fresco, an Inner Conceptconcept, the Propositional Conceptconcept Itself” fleshes out the structural claim of the previous chapter alongside a readingreading of Leibniz’s metaphysics of monadsmonad. The chapter does this by taking seriously the sensesense in which both Benjamin and Deleuze understand conceptsconcept as relational rather than definitional termsterm—beings generated not via the serenity or beatitude of comparisons and equations but always, and only ever, as termsterm in more or less disquieted harmony with one another.
“Theses on the Baroque” consolidates the previous chapter’s thematic by way of a consideration of the historical difficulty of defining the Baroque. The chapter shows how this notorious question of art-history (of canonical definition and classification) together with the characterisation of seventeenth-century sensibility (as one of agitation and hallucination) are evinced in the distinction between seeing and reading—and how the realisation of such an experience is what gives Benjamin’s interest in allegory its philosophical register and, at the same time, allows for the recognition of the same in Deleuze.
Рад се бави анализом сазнајних могућности метафоре унутар области географског образовања. Суштинска когнитивна функција метафоре састоји се у томе да на основу познатог објашњава непознато. Овај процес догађа се путем спајања различитих система идеја. Метафора се, према томе, показује као веома ефикасан начин објашњења кључних идеја и појмова у наставном процесу конципираном на принципу интерпретације. У раду су дати и практични примјери могућности примјене различитих географских метафора.
The study traces the textual relationship between medieval animal descriptions by gathering seemingly disparate sources about a particular animal behaviour—spraying their pursuers when chased. Through the diligence of medieval Latin authors, the classic Bonnacon of Phrygia, as seen on the Hereford Mappamundi for example, is shown to have begotten a range of curious creatures such as the misplaced onager of Gervase of Tilbury, and the ferocious Bohemian loni, first appearing in Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s thirteenth-century encyclopedia, and becoming indelible from Bohemia’s image for centuries to come. The increasingly complex afterlife of these passages, especially a number of similar quadrupeds in works by Albertus Magnus, Thomas of Cantimpré, and Giovanni Marignoli, show an even more diffuse picture whereby cognate animals proliferate by splitting and merging existing passages with abandon. At a glance, these animals seem to have little in common, but the intertextual relationship between texts and images about them sheds light to more commonalities than their odd defence mechanism. On the lexical level, nuanced discrepancies in word use and phrasing are used to explain some of the trajectories detected in descriptions of the bonacon and its textual offspring. Finally, overviewing a range of variations, it becomes clear that the beast of many names and forms is but an adaptable cultural construct, whose enduring popularity stems not only from its scatological appeal but its versatility in various contexts and genres. Moving from Solinus to Early Modern encyclopedias; moving from Anatolia to the “northern provinces” of medieval Europe; moving their projectile attack from the backside to the front; and moving across genres and formats in textual transmission, these animals are certainly dynamic in more ways than one.
Policy-makers involved in cybersecurity governance should pay close attention to the “generative metaphors” they use to describe and understand new technologies. Generative metaphors structure our understanding of policy problems by imposing mental models of both the problem and possible solutions. As a result, they can also constrain ethical reasoning about new technologies, by uncritically carrying over assumptions about moral roles and obligations from an existing domain. The discussion of global governance of cybersecurity problems has to date been dominated by the metaphor of “cyber war”. In this chapter, we argue that this metaphor diminishes possibilities for international collaboration in this area by limiting states to reactive policies of naming and shaming rather than proactive actions to address systemic features of cyberspace. We suggest that alternative metaphors—such as health, ecosystem, and architecture—can help expose the dominance of the war metaphor and provide a more collaborative and conceptually accurate frame for negotiations.
This commentary on Wooffitt’s lucid article discusses three major implications of the phenomenon of poetic confluences or ESP puns to our understanding of minds and selves. The first reinforces the view of mind as associative and metaphorical, rather than merely computational. The second reviews various strands of evidence, including experimental research on psi phenomena, to reveal that selves and individuals are not sharply distinct or separate from others. The final, epistemological, implication is that poetic confluences add to the irresolvable causal uncertainty about mental events.
This paper is concerned with cognitive research advances in a comparative study of the metaphor within educational contexts. By focusing on the role
of metaphorical processes in reasoning, we investigate the metaphor over a period of time from 334 B.C. to 2014, specifically, from Aristotle’s seminal rhetorical theory – tradition acknowledges him as the founding father of the metaphor
as a research method and as a scientific tool – up to Lakoff & Johnson’s and
Gola’s arguments. The pivotal role of metaphor in the evolution of linguistics
and neuroscience is represented through three diagrams in a Cartesian reference
system, highlighting its ascending staircase paradigm: the undisputed star of
many essays and theories, as stated by Eco and Paci, either despised or cherished as it happens with any star. The abscissas (i.e., x-axis) and the ordinates
(i.e., y-axis) draw the biography of metaphor: since birth, Aristotle describes its
embellishment qualities in the linguistic labor limae, but it is even more exalted
as a sign of ingeniousness which develops different research perspectives. This
paper aims to clarify the development path of the metaphor: until the seventeenth
century, after losing its cognitive quality detected in paternal writings, it was diminished as a similitudo brevior, a “will-o’-the-wisp” or sentenced to a sort of
“linguistic deceit”. Furthermore, the paper aims to share a theoretical and methodological approach which releases the metaphor from the rhetorical cage where
it has been enveloped by some ancient and modern authors of the rhetorical tradition. Indeed, we embrace the idea that metaphor is not merely a part of language, but reflects a primordial part of people’s knowledge and cognition. In so
doing we show who and how has outlined that the pervasiveness of metaphors
cannot be overlooked in human understanding and life, although, among the mysteries of human cognition, metaphor remains one of the most baffling.
Cambridge Core - Biblical Studies - Old Testament, Hebrew Bible - Myth, History, and Metaphor in the Hebrew Bible - by Paul K.-K. Cho
Case #1: In New Guinea there is a tribe of crocodiles, that is, human beings who say they are crocodiles. These tribesmen are neither blind nor crazy; for example, they do not swim in crocodile-infested rivers (otherwise, they could not survive). They are not so foolish as to believe that they are more like crocodiles, or more similar to crocodiles, than other tribes are, or that they resemble crocodiles more than they resemble fish or sharks. It is not that an etiological story relates them to crocodiles; they say not that they are related to crocodiles but that they are crocodiles. How are we to understand these people? To call a man ‘a crocodile’, we say, is to use the term ‘crocodile’ metaphorically. Right: but what is that? If these people are crocodiles metaphorically, they are not merely being crocodile-like or crocodile-related. To “translate” them thus banalizes and impoverishes what these people say. On the other hand to say that they use the term ‘crocodile’ metaphorically, without explaining what the metaphorical sentence says, is empty. To explain what a metaphor is we must, therefore, explain how a human being can be a crocodile.
This paper attempts to answer the question “How are metaphors born?”, as far as lexical creation in slang is concerned. Quite a number of theorists (e.g. F. Rastier, U. Eco, M. Le Guern, G. Lakoff & M. Johnson) posit that sememes are thoroughly examined prior to the isolation of one seme for the creation of a metaphor, which appears not to be compatible with the characteristics of slang; this suggests another mechanism is at work here, one for which the name “magnifying-glass effect” is proposed. How this works is described in the “autopsy” of an almost live metaphor of French slang and in the analysis of a corpus of English slang words and expressions; these also stress the strong link between metonymy and metaphor, which are indeed the two essential semantic processes at work in slang.
In the Dialogues, through the character of the Frenchman, Rousseau’s advised reading his works in the reverse order of publication. Emile revealed the first principles of his system—the forming of consciousness through victimization. The Discourse on Inequality built on this and moved into the world of scandal by postulating a humanity abandoned by God. Only with the Discourse on the Sciences and Arts (Discours sur les sciences et les arts, 1750) and its attendant Controversy does the depth of Rousseau’s scandal reveal itself.
Music is often described in terms of emotion. This notion is supported by empirical evidence showing that engaging with music is associated with subjective feelings, and with objectively measurable responses at the behavioural, physiological, and neural level. Some accounts, however, reject the idea that music may directly induce emotions. For example, the 'paradox of negative emotion', whereby music described in negative terms is experienced as enjoyable, suggests that music might move the listener through indirect mechanisms in which the emotional experience elicited by music does not always coincide with the emotional label attributed to it. Here we discuss the role of metaphor as a potential mediator in these mechanisms. Drawing on musicological, philosophical, and neuroscientific literature, we suggest that metaphor acts at key stages along and between physical, biological, cognitive, and contextual processes, and propose a model of music experience in which metaphor mediates between language, emotion, and aesthetic response.
Aristotle (Rhetoric III, 1412 b 34 - 1413 a 21) quotes a poetical fragment in which the bow is said to be an "akhordhos lyre", that is usually understood as a "stringless lyre" - which seems absurd. Another explanation would be the bow as a "single string lyre." That solution seems preferable: the phrase would be a kenning, that is to say an enigmatic metaphor.
The study is a product-oriented investigation into the translation of metaphor in four modern English versions of a stretch of text from Dante's Inferno. Its first aim is to establish the extent of equivalence of semantic field between the metaphors of the source text and their realizations in the target texts. This then provides the basis for exploring the mediation of metaphor by the translators and for analyzing the strategies they use. Toury's norms model is the frame of reference drawn on to explain the patterns of equivalence that emerge in the group. The discussion analyzes the findings of the data collection, as well as individual examples of mediation from the translated texts, for what they reveal about orientations towards ST- or TT-norms. Though there are interesting correspondences across the English versions, the study focuses on divergent mediations of source text metaphor because this is the perspective that enables features of the praxis of individual translators to emerge most clearly. The data are presented in a detailed table in an appendix to the study to supplement the material under discussion and provide a point of reference for it.
This essay examines the Apocryphon of John through the lens of intertextuality and cognitive poetics, shifting the investigative focus from the search for its hypothetical Grundschrift and different redactional layers to exploration of its revisionist poetics and its transformative integration of the master narratives of Judaism (Genesis and sapiental literature) and Greek philosophy (Plato's Timaeus and its diverse Middle Platonist reverberations). The first section analyzes the ways in which the three leading voices speaking within the Apocryphon of John ('Plato' - 'Sophia' - 'Moses') became pardy integrated at its narrative, thematic, and doctrinal levels. The Platonist model of the universe is superimposed on the Genesis story of creation both as its narrative supplement and as the corrective interpretive model. Special importance is assigned to Jewish wisdom literature, whose philosophically intoned oracles play the role of an intertextual link between 'Plato' and 'Moses', in the same way in which the figure of Sophia acts as a mediator berween the (Platonic) spiritual realm and the (Mosaic) physical world. The second section discusses the impact of this intertextual poetics on the language and style of the Apocryphon of John - more specifically, on its systematic blending and condensation of analogical metaphors and philosophical concepts. The same strategy of'conceptual blending' characterizes the hybrid diction of Jewish wisdom theosophy and of the Alexandrian Jewish commentators of the Pentateuch (Aristobulus, Philo), signaling a profound indebtedness to religious and exegetical traditions of Hellenistic Judaism. This sort of revisionist integration of Greek philosophy and Jewish scriptural and exegetical traditions in the Apocryphon of John can best be explained by acculturative yet polemical tendencies within the second-century Christianity.
This discussion follows the etymological clue and addresses traditions in terms of transmission, cultural selection, and evolution over time. It examines some things that narrative scholars wrote on tradition, and it submits that tradition pervades much of what scholars and authors actually write.
Metonymy - the process of representing a concept with an associated element or feature - is a useful strategy for encapsulating or alluding to a larger idea without fully stating it. For metonymies to be successful, however, readers must recognize and be able to compensate for the information that has been omitted. Metonymic omissions can pose a barrier to readers, even in texts that are written in plain language, largely because metonymies operate indirectly: first, by prompting readers to infer information that is not provided; second, by constraining meaning rather than specifying it; and third, by requiring readers to possess the insider knowledge and values of a particular discourse community. These barriers are compounded by the fact that frequently used metonymies become so commonplace that their users may not even be able to detect, let alone address, these omissions.
This essay addresses Jacques Derrida’s theory of metaphor, as it has been handed to literary theory and continental philosophy. Our aim is to reassess the relationship between metaphor and metaphysics, using two distinct critical lenses. We will contrast Derrida’s influential position to an anachronistic author – Giambattista Vico (1668–1744). Vico initiated what is now (retrospectively) called the romantic theory of metaphor, but the details of his theory are missing from current discussions. For this reason, Vico’s view is given closer attention. Two new concepts are introduced: mute metaphor and heroic metaphor. These terms help specify precisely how metaphor can be conceived as a process of consciousness rather than a grammatical rule or grammatical exception. Finally, it is suggested that Vico’s theory is preferable to Derrida’s. Vico’s vision of metaphorical language is more fruitful and less problematic than Derrida’s, both methodologically and terminologically. The romanticism espoused by Vico also suggests itself to new modes of contemporary research concerning the purpose and function of metaphor within language.
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