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Comparative antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera gel on microorganisms of public health significance
Abstract and Figures
The comparative antimicrobial activity of different preparations of Aloe vera gel (fresh gel, preserved gel, cooling gel and acne cream) was studied against a number of microorganisms of public health significance by disc diffusion method. It was found that the fresh gel and preserved gel exhibited maximum zones of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (24.7 & 34.5 respectively), where as cooling gel and acne cream against Staphylococcus aureus (30.3 & 26.3mm respectively) at 37 o C and similarly, minimum inhibition zones by all four preparations of Aloe vera gel were shown against Aspergillus ficuum (9.5, 15.5, 10.5 and 9.5mm respectively) after a period of 48h of incubation at 25 o C. However, its various preparations exhibited variable toxicity against one or more tested strains of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Candida, Escherichia, Salmonella, Proteus, Staphylococcus and Bacillus. It was found that Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus showed a minimum 1.0% decrease from 48 to 96h in zones of inhibition whereas Escherichia coli exhibited a maximum decrease of 29.6% against acne cream after a period of 96h of incubation. It was concluded that the cumulative mean value of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ficuum, Fusarium. solani, Penicillium digitatum, Candida utilus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus resulted in 14.25(I), 11.25(I), 15.66(S), 13.55(I), 20.28(S), 19.45(S), 13.37(I), 11.25(I), 26.22(S), 27.30(S) and 25.95(S) against fresh gel, preserved gel, cooling gel and acne cream respectively. The results of this study tend to give credence to the popular use of different preparations of Aloe vera gel as effective as modern medicine to combat pathogenic microorganisms.
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... Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and fungi pose a significant risk to human health, ranking among the primary contributors to global morbidity and mortality. The rise of drug-resistant human pathogenic bacteria has instigated a search for new reservoirs of antimicrobial substances, with a particular focus on plant metabolites [8] . ...
... Aloe vera has gained popularity in contemporary folk remedies and is promoted for a broad spectrum of ailments. The specific plant is scientifically known as Aloe barbadensis Miller and boasts a composition of about 99% water and 0.1% to 0.05% solids at a pH of 4.5 [8] . Aloe vera gel is derived from the parenchyma cells of its smooth-leaved peel and is characterized as a mucilaginous jelly. ...
... The gel is transparent and has a watery consistency. It contains several bioactive components, including mucopolysaccharides, prostaglandins, gamma-linolenic acid, glycoprotein, anthraquinone glycosides, and glycoprotein, which primarily contribute to its antibacterial and antifungal properties [8] . Aloe vera is the desiccated sap obtained by cutting the base of the leaves from several aloe species within the Liliaceae family. ...
The utilization of herbal medicines, derived from plants and their parts, has experienced a significant resurgence globally. This is attributed to their perceived cost-effectiveness and minimal side effects, particularly in underdeveloped regions where they continue to serve as the primary source of healthcare for a substantial portion of the population. In response to the growing demand, a multitude of companies have emerged to produce herbal remedies. Traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda and Siddha, have long relied on various plant species to combat a wide range of illnesses, driven by concerns about the toxicity and side effects of allopathic treatments. The surge in antibiotic use was anticipated to vanquish infectious diseases, but it inadvertently led to the proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria. Multi-drug resistant strains of pathogens like E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Candida albicans now pose a grave challenge to healthcare institutions worldwide, resulting in escalating treatment costs and patient fatalities. This study focused on Aloe vera, specifically Aloe barbadensis miller and Socotrine aloe, to assess their antimicrobial properties. Aloe vera gel was extracted and subjected to physicochemical tests to evaluate its bioactivity. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was examined against a range of clinical bacterial and fungal strains. The findings revealed that both Aloe barbadensis miller and Socotrine aloe possessed noteworthy antimicrobial activity, presenting a potential resource for treating bacterial and fungal infections. Socotrine aloe exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. typhi, while Aloe barbadensis miller excelled against P. Aeruginosa. Additionally, Socotrine aloe displayed heightened antifungal activity, particularly against Candida species. In conclusion, this research underscores the antimicrobial potential of Aloe vera gel, with Socotrine aloe showing greater efficacy in certain cases. These findings indicate the promise of incorporating Socotrine aloe into new antimicrobial formulations, further expanding the utility of herbal remedies in combating infectious diseases. The study provides valuable insights into the growing role of herbal medicines in modern healthcare, where conventional antibiotics face mounting challenges from drug-resistant pathogens.
... 4. Wound healing [14] Aloe vera accelerates wound healing and reduces scar formation. ...
... This indicates that the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Aloe vera gel shows the greatest inhibitory effect on the Staphylococcus aureus (18.0 mm). [14] 4. Wound Healing Activity: ...
Nutrition and medication are combined to form nutraceuticals was invented in 1989 to define materials that could be second hand as nutriments that have well-being paybacks. Widely construed, nutraceuticals are nutrients or components of nutrients that play a significant part in adapting to and maintaining the regular physiological functions necessary to maintain healthy human beings. Nutritional fibres, probiotics, prebiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, spices, phytochemicals and other diverse kinds of herbal/natural nutrients can all be categorised as nutrient items utilised in nutraceuticals. Healthcare branch focused on the all features about the nutraceuticals, ranging from systematic parts to medical trials, from efficiency studies to valuable effects on well-being status. Nutraceuticals describe themselves as a natural and essential component of our daily diet. These nutraceuticals aid in the fight against some of the most pressing health issues of the day, including obesity, heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, arthritis, diabetes, and cholesterol. Herbal nutraceuticals are utilised as a potent weapon for maintaining health and fighting major, chronic diseases that are brought on by poor nutrition, thereby encouraging the best health, longevity, and quality of life.
... Изследвани са антимикробните свойства на различни видове алое препарати, като пресни, консервирани и охлаждащи гелове, кремове срещу акне и различни микроорганизми. Установено е, че пресните и консервирани гел препарати показват максимално инхибиране срещу Bacillus subtilis, а охлаждащите гелове и кремове против акне срещу Staphylococcus aureus (Shahzad et al., 2009). Проучвания са проведени и за оценяване на антибактериалната активност на Aloe vera екстракти, като етанолов, метанолов и екстракти с дестилирана вода. ...
Настоящето проучване представя данни за биологичните и фармакологични свойства на растението Aloe vera. Доказано е, че в листата му са открити над 75 потенциално биологично активни съставни елемента - витамини, ензими, минерали, захари, липиди, сапонини, салицилова киселина и аминокиселини,
полизахариди, фенолни съединения и др., които определят неговото противовъзпалително, имуномодулиращо, хепатопротективно, антиоксидантно, антимикробно, антитуморно и антидиабетично действие. Описано е въздействието на тези физиологично-активни вещества върху човека, както и потенциалните възможности за използване на растението в борбата срещу редица заболявания.
... AV gel has demonstrated efficacy in decontaminating GP cones and exhibits bacteriostatic activity against Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. [16,17] Tulsi has been utilized in recent studies for the management of cancer including conditions such as oral lichen planus, leukoplakia, and other precancerous lesions and conditions. The antibacterial property of tulsi is attributed to its abundance of bioactive chemicals. ...
Context
Gutta-percha (GP) gets contaminated during handling. It becomes imperative to ensure GP is sterile before placement in root canal space.
Aims
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the tensile strength of GP treated with four different disinfectant solutions: 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), amla juice (AJ), Aloe vera (AV) juice, and pancha tulsi (PT).
Settings and Design
The study design was an in vitro study.
Materials and Methods
Fifty GP cones with a size of 30 were procured from sealed packages in five different groups. Experimental groups were disinfected for 1 min with 3% NaOCl, AJ, AV, and PT except the control group. Tensile and Brinell Testing Machine is used to measure the tensile strengths of GP.
Statistical Analysis Used
Results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test.
Results
The mean tensile strength values for Groups A, B, C, D, and E are 9.49 Mpa, 13.33 Mpa, 12.58 Mpa, 12.69 MPa, and 13.56 MPa, respectively. In the herbal disinfectant group, such as AJ, AV, and PT, the tensile strength was not significantly altered, whereas in the 3% NaOCl group, it was reduced considerably.
Conclusions
AJ, AV juice, and PT as a GP disinfectant do not alter the tensile strength of GP cones.
... A major investigation examined the antimicrobial effects of various aloe preparations, including fresh, preserved, cooling gel, and acne cream, on a variety of microorganisms. It was found that the cooling gel and acne cream had the greatest antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus, while the fresh and preserved gel preparations had the greatest antimicrobial effects on Bacillus subtilis [62]. The methanol extract has showed the highest antibacterial activity among the solvent extracts in an experiment to test the bactericidal effects of Aloe vera extracts, including ethanol, methanol, and distilled water extracts [54]. ...
Dillenia retusa (Godapara) is an endemic medicinal plant in Sri Lanka and Aloe vera (Komarika) is a succulent plant that probably originated in Northern Africa exhibiting different biological activities. These medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive metabolites in drug development. Skin infection is a global public health issue caused by various microorganisms. Due to the toxic activity and resistance to antimicrobial drugs, the world is focusing to search for effective natural-based antimicrobial drugs to combat microbial diseases. Among the herbal plants, natural bioactive compounds are abundant in Dillenia retusa and Aloe vera with the potential in the application as active ingredients in drugs. Bioactive compounds present in Dillenia retusa such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids are responsible for antimicrobial activity through several mechanisms including the inhibition of microbial metabolism, biofilm formation, membrane function, and extracellular microbial enzyme synthesis. Similarly, bioactive compounds present in Aloe vera such as polysaccharides, phenols, and flavonoids have been linked with antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the present review mainly focuses on the bioactive compounds present in Dillenia retusa and Aloe vera and how these compounds are effective against skin infections.
... Yet, along with their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, they allow the diffusion of hydroxyl ions through dentinal tubules to encourage curing and remineralization (Shabbir et al., 2022). As such, aloe leaves are now recommended in dental root canal treatment as an intracanal medicament due to their inhibitory effect on many oral pathogens, including the Enterococci species E. faecalis (Shahzad et al., 2009). Related in-vitro studies have shown effective outcomes of Aloe vera use against E. faecalis (Alemdar and Agaoglu, 2009;Athiban et al., 2012). ...
Introduction:
This review article aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in comparison to other intracanal medicaments by assessing experimental in-vitro studies associated with the objective, many of which performed bacterial inoculation on extracted human teeth or directly on laboratory petri dishes.
Materials & methods:
Publications from 2012 to 2022 were retrieved from databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, and they were screened against our inclusion criteria, leading to the incorporation of 18 studies into the systematic review and nine into the meta-analysis. Colony-forming units (CFUs) in the Aloe vera group were compared with saline, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexidine (CHX), and calcium hydroxide (CaOH) using a meta-analysis (Stata software version 16.0), and forest plots were computed to record the sample size, mean and standard deviation value of the outcome CFU, and 95% confidence intervals.
Results:
This systematic review indicates that Aloe vera demonstrates bactericidal properties that are higher than or similar to those of saline and CaOH, but CHX, NaOCl, and propolis exhibited higher antibacterial properties against E. faecalis than Aloe vera. In a meta-analysis, Aloe vera showed a non-significantly lower CFU count than CaOH and saline (p > 0.05), while Aloe vera had a higher CFU count than CHX and NaOCl (p > 0.05).
Conclusion:
In summary, Aloe vera exhibits antibacterial capabilities against E. faecalis that are superior or equal to those of saline and CaOH, respectively, while CHX and NaOCl showed greater antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis than Aloe vera (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022314790).
... Both S. aureus and B. subtilis are signifcantly inhibited by A. vera gel extract [33]. Previous studies showed that the A. vera has a signifcant efect on S. aureus and B. subtilis and an insignifcant efect on A. fcuum [34]. Ethanolic extract of A. vera had a greater inhibition zone than methanolic extract with S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhimurium. ...
To evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity, Aloe vera and Opuntia ficus-indica plants were collected from the Jeddah, Al Baha, and Taif areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (SA), and their ethanolic extracts were screened by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The di(2-propylpentyl) ester and hexadecenoic acid ethyl ester of phthalic acid were the most abundant compounds in the A. vera extract, and 1-(benzyloxy)-3,5-dinitrobenzene and phenol, 5-ethenyl-2-methoxy were the most abundant compounds in the O. ficus-indica extract. The antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of these plants against seven fungi and five pathogenic bacteria was also tested. Among all the tested fungi, A. chevalieri showed the largest inhibition zone when treated with the A. vera gel ethanolic extract, followed by P. funiculosum and P. minioluteum, which were more sensitive to and showed larger inhibition zones upon treatment with aqueous extract. For the O. ficus-indica ethanolic extract, T. funiculosus showed the largest inhibition zone. The aqueous extract of the O. ficus-indica showed low antimicrobial activity against all tested fungi. By contrast, both the A. vera and O. ficus-indica extracts showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Shigella sp., E. coli, and MRSA except S. typhimurium, which was the most resistant bacterium to both the aqueous and ethanol extracts of A. vera and O. ficus-indica.
... It inhibits Na+ -K+ pump and thus it improves cardiac output and reduces distention of heart. It has been reported that carbohydrate and amino acids form complexes with other substances and thus act on the cell membrane of bacteria (Shahzad, 2009;Shokeen, 2009). This showed their importance in exhibiting antibacterial activity. ...
Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in curing various human ailments. The incidence in the frequency of diseases due to pathogenic microorganisms has increased alarmingly due to the development of resistance to existing drugs and the present scenario necessitate the continuous search for new classes of antimicrobial agents preferably from natural resources. Phytochemicals are ecologically derived secondary metabolites synthesized by the plants from the primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids to protect them against environmental challenges such as UV-irradiation, extreme cold, drought, microbial attack, wound, sugar and nutrient deficiency. They often contribute to the unique odor, taste and color in plants. Diseases due to pathogenic microbes pose a great burden on human health and they have been correlated with socioeconomic, environmental, ecological factors. The threat due to infectious diseases is further intensified by the continued emergence of new and multidrug resistant microorganisms.
... The study revealed that the Aloe vera extract has a greater medicinal potential against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Similarly, in another study, gram-positive test organisms were found to be more susceptible to the sterile Aloe vera extract (Shahzad et al., 2009). Determination of pathogenic microorganisms (coagulase-positive staphylococci and Escherichia coli) during storage highlighting the influence of essential oils and Aloe vera microcapsules on their evolution. ...
The aim of this study was to develop a new assortment of high-quality cream cheese, with a high amount of biologically active compounds, namely a spreadable cheese from goat milk with addition of Aloe vera microcapsules and essential oils of thyme and oregano. The research was focused on the testing and optimization of an appropriate manufacturing recipe for this new product. Two assortments were made: one with Aloe vera microcapsules and thyme essential oil and the other one with Aloe vera microcapsules and oregano essential oil. For each assortment two different concentrations of Aloe vera and essential oils were tested. The obtained products were analysed for organoleptic, physico-chemical (fat, protein, total dry matter, sodium chloride and acidity) and microbiological parameters. In terms of consumer preferences, the cream cheese with 3% microcapsules of Aloe vera gel and 0.018% thyme essential oil was the most appreciated in terms of commercial aspect, consistency, and taste. We concluded that the addition of Aloe vera microcapsules improves the sensory characteristics and leads to an increase nutritional value of the finished product. Also, the addition of essential oils (thyme and oregano) ensured a stable quality during storage.
Background: Infrared radiation therapy and the use of aloe Vera have been independently suggested to enhance diabetic sensory neuropathy and diabetic foot ulcer. The current case study aimed at investigating the application of aloe Vera gel after the infrared radiation therapy on a diabetic foot ulcer. Case Description: The participant was a 62 year old male patient with a 10 year history of type 2 diabetes and 5 ulcers on both plantar parts of the feet (three ulcers on the left foot, and two on the right foot). The ulcers were graded 1 on Wagner Ulcer Classification. Initially, blood perfusion on both legs was evaluated by Doppler Ultrasound, and the foot with less perfusion (left) was selected as the case and the right foot as the control group, and both feet were washed daily with normal saline solution and draped for 5 weeks. First, the ulcers on the case foot were washed, then, radiotherapy was conducted for 20 minutes from 35 cm with infrared lamp, after that, aloe Vera gel was rubbed on the ulcer and then draped; but, the control foot was just radiated by a normal red lamp that was similar to the infrared lamps at a distance of 35 cm for 20 minutes.
The comparative antimicrobial activities of the gel and leaf of Aloe vera were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Trichophyton mentagraphytes, T. schoeleinii, Microsporium canis and Candida albicans. Ethanol was used for the extraction of the leaf after obtaining the gel from it. Antimicrobial effect was measured by the appearance of zones of inhibition. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that both the gel and the leaf inhibited the growth of S. aureus (18.0 and 4.0 mm, respectively). Only the gel inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes (20.0 mm), while the leaf possesses inhibitory effects on both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The results of this study tend to give credence to the popular use of both Aloe vera gel and leaf.
Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.
The volatile oil of tangerine fruit (Citrus reticulata) was extracted by steam distillation and assessed for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The volatile oil was tested against some Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter spp); Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and a fungus (Candida albicans). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined with concentrations of oil extract ranging from 0.87 to 445 mg/ml. Result of the study showed that the oil has a broad spectrum antibacterial activity. MIC recorded were S. aureus (0.74 mg/ml), S. aureus ATTC 25923 (2.46 mg/ml), E. faecalis (1.26 mg/ml), S. typhi (2.07 mg/ml), K. pneumoniae (0.56 mg/ml), E. coli ATTC 35218 (0.19 mg/ml), E. coli (1.95 mg/ml), P. aeruginosa (0.97 mg/ml), C. albicans (0.68 mg/ml). Antioxidant screening with 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was negative. Analysis of the chemical constituent by GC-MS showed the presence of D-limonene as the major constituent. Other constituents found were α α α α-pinene and β β β β-pinene.
The antibacterial activity of essential oils and their derivatives has been recognized for a long time. In the present study, the chemical composition and the antibacterial properties of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of the four Lamiaceae species, wild oregano (Origanum minutiflorum) (endemic in Turkey), oregano (Origanum onites), black thyme (Thymbra spicata) and wild savory (Satureja cuneifolia), with commercial importance in Turkey, were evaluated.The major constituent of the oils determined by GC was cavracrol (86.9% in O. onites, 84.6% in O. minutiflorum, 75.5% in T. spicata and 53.3% in S. cuneifolia). Four essential oils were investigated for activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. brevis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Corynebacterium xerosis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica, using a paper disc diffusion method. All essential oils inhibited all bacteria at concentrations of <1/100 (v/v). The essential oil of T. spicata was the most active. B. amyloliquefaciens was the most sensitive. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using these four essential oils in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria and extend the shelf life of processed foods.
A commercially viable process for preparing a stable and pharmacologically active crystalline substance from the fresh whole leaf meal has been developed. Dermatological testings of the product on experimental animals and volunteers have shown promising wound healing remedy for all kinds of damaged skin conditions.
Antifungal activity of the essential oils was studied against the strains of Aspergillus niger, A. parasiticus, A. flavus, A. oryzae, A. fumigatus, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma Spp. and Helminthosporium oryzae by zone inhibition method. These oils were also tested for their fungicidal/fungistatic activity. Varaible toxicity was observed against one or more of the test fungi. The essential oil of seed and gum portion of Ferulassafoetida exhibited antifungal activity against all of the 8 test fungi.
Objective: To investigate the antiinflammatory principles of the total alcoholic extract (TAE) and total aqueous extract (TAQ) of the seeds of Carum copticum. Linn. (Umbelliferae). Methods: Antiinflammatory potential was evaluated using acute rat model (carrageenan induced rat paw oedema) and a sub acute rat model (cotton pellet induced granuloma). Aspirin (ASA) (150 mg/ kg) and antiinflammatory drug phenyl butazone(PBZ) (150 mg/kg) were used as standard positive controls. Results: TAE and TAQ in 100 mg/kg doses exhibited significant (P<0.001) antiinflammatory activity in both the animal models. In carragenan induced rat paw oedema, ASA and PBZ showed an inhibition of 45.23% and 43.83% respectively, while TAE and TAQ extracts showed an inhibition of 38.32% and 41.11%. In cotton pellet induced granuloma studies also TAE and TAQ produced 38.05% and 43.87% inhibition of the pellets weight respectively whereas ASA and PBS produced 44.69% and 42.04% inhibition. The weights of the adrenal glands were found to be significantly increased in TAE and TAQ treated animals (25.53% and 32.2%) where as ASA and PBS showed an increase of 18.86% and 10.00% respectively.
Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimi-crobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.