No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Role of Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use
... Finally, another study that investigates state tobacco control initiatives and referendum from 1998-2006 finds that 20 of 42 measures deal only with tobacco taxes and examines tobacco industry themes that appear in these media campaigns (Davis et al. 2008). The authors show that the most widely used themes "were that the measures would divert funds from the stated purpose of the proposal...and would impose an unfair tax increase" (Davis et al. 2008: 589). ...
... that hospitals and HMOs would profit from the tax increases; and that the measures were unfair and would increase "big government" and wasteful spending (Lum, Barnes, and Glantz 2009;Davis et al. 2008). ...
... While the argument about insufficient funding for tobacco control was prominent in the 1998-2008 period, there is no pattern showing that devoting a larger proportion of revenues to tobacco control efforts had a consistent impact on probability of passage in the past decade. Instead, anti-tax and anti-government rhetoric(Davis et al. 2008) played a central role. In contrast toLum, Barnes, and Glantz's (2009) conclusions, opponents did not emphasize how increased taxes would primarily benefit hospitals and HMOs -in fact, in 2 of 3 cases (Oregon and California), backing from hospitals and health groups was viewed as critical to the success of ballot proposals, and in other cases (such as Missouri), health groups declined to support such measures because the tax increases were viewed as being too small ...
Context: Researchers have examined the campaign strategies, messaging, and outcomes of popular votes on tobacco tax increases from 1998-2008, but no study has investigated measures that have appeared since 2008.
Methods: The author utilizes state newspaper archives, voter pamphlets, academic reports, advocacy websites, and personal interviews to obtain information about the 11 tobacco tax increase ballot measures that appeared from 2012-2022.
Findings: Winning proposals featured sufficient financial resources, collaboration with influential stakeholders, and early public support. Two of the 3 successful measures offered significant concessions to the tobacco industry, and both were designed as legislatively-referred statutes. Elsewhere, proponents sought unsuccessfully to enact citizen-led initiatives that would allocate revenue to progressive policy priorities. In contrast to previous eras, tobacco industry arguments often centered around anti-tax, anti-government rhetoric, which was viewed as especially compelling in conservative states. The industry's success rate was higher than in the past and it continued to outspend its opponents, sometimes by staggering margins.
Conclusions: Campaign spending and early support remain critical to the success of tobacco tax ballot measures. Big Tobacco can extract significant concessions even in defeat, and direct democracy is an effective but imperfect ally to tobacco control advocates.
... However, the restriction on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship (TAPS) could be more effective because it allows tobacco companies to shift their marketing strategies from restricted media (such as television) to other forms of communication. In other words, the PP 109/2012 is an incomprehensive law that enables the tobacco industry to have unrestricted access to all other forms of both "above-the-line" and "below-the-line" media to advertise and promote their products (Davis et al., 2008;Freeman, 2012;Wakefield et al., 2003). ...
... Growing research has claimed the salient of mass media in promoting tobacco use or pro-smoking messages (Davis et al., 2008;Wakefield et al., 2003). A study reveals that mass media campaigns are less cost-effective for most developing countries, particularly countries with leaders that prioritize solving health-related issues (Moodie et al., 2000), like Indonesia. ...
This chapter examines the role of Indonesian media in tobacco control, based on an empirical study combining media monitoring data and interviews with relevant stakeholders from the media agencies—the content analysis searches for news about Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship (TAPS) on online and printed media at local and national levels. The monitoring media specifically seeks news on TAPS between January and March 2023. The interviews with the media people elaborate perspectives on total bans on TAPS. The study revealed two prominent themes: pro-bans on TAPS (positive valence) and news that disapproves of bans on TAPS (negative valence). The weak tobacco regulation is a challenge to the efforts of Indonesia and the Southeast Asia region in their fight for a comprehensive ban on TAPS.
... 12 Previous studies have shown that there is a clear association between exposure to tobacco advertising and tobacco use. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The primary purpose of the various advertising methods is to link tobacco ...
... 16 Adolescents are typically more likely to engage in risky behaviours and seek social approval, making them a particularly vulnerable group to tobacco advertising. 14 The WHO has identified comprehensive bans on TAPS, and health warning labels for tobacco products, as key tobacco control measures included in their six key MPOWER tobacco control strategies (monitor tobacco use; protect people from cigarette smoke; offer help to quit tobacco use; warn about the dangers of tobacco; enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship and raise taxes). 10 20 However, implementation varies greatly by country, with only 66 out of 195 WHO member states having achieved WHO-recommended levels of TAPS bans in 2022. ...
Background
Implementation of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans and of health warning mandates varies by country, and their impact on adolescents’ exposure to tobacco-related messages is not well understood, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.
Aim
To explore the association of the implementation of TAPS bans and health warning mandates with the proportion of adolescents exposed to tobacco advertisements and health warnings in 80 countries from 2016 to 2021.
Methods
The proportion of 11–17 years old exposed to tobacco advertising was assessed using Global Youth Tobacco Survey data (80 countries, n=428 347). We conducted country-level multivariable linear regressions to explore the association between these policies and the proportion of adolescents exposed by country.
Results
Of the 80 countries assessed, 39 had implemented a ban on advertising at points of sale, 54 had a ban on free distribution, 44 prohibited the use of tobacco brand names on non-tobacco products and 72 had laws mandating health warnings on cigarette packages. Banning point-of-sale advertisements was associated with 7.8% (95% CI −3.7% to −12.0%) lower exposure to point-of-sale advertisements. There was no significant association between mandating health warnings and the prevalence of exposure to health warnings. We did not find significant associations between bans on the free distribution of tobacco products or labelling non-tobacco products with tobacco brand names with exposure to tobacco advertisements.
Conclusions
We found that, in the context of varying implementation levels, bans on point-of-sale advertisements were associated with lower exposure to advertisements.
... Pro-smoking messages are popular marketing strategies that tobacco companies use to target potential and existing customers. Previous studies have documented that pro-smoking messages not only promote smoking initiation, they also reduce intention to quit among people who currently smoke and encourage relapse among people who formerly smoked [7,8]. In China, pro-smoking messages have been distributed in mass media and public places with high volume and wide coverage for decades [9]. ...
... After controlling for smoking status and demographic differences, the relationship between reported exposure to pro-smoking messages and the belief that smoking can be harmful to health was not statistically significant. This finding differs from previous study findings, which provide consistent evidence that exposure to pro-smoking messages is associated with lower perceived harms of smoking as well as higher susceptibility to smoking [7,[44][45][46][47]. One possible explanation is that the reported exposure to pro-smoking messages in the present study was measured only as the number of sources where participants have been exposed, but not the content of the pro-smoking messages. ...
Significance
For decades, tobacco advertisements and promotions have been common in mass media and public places in China. In 2015, China amended the Advertising Law to prohibit the distribution of tobacco advertising, while also initiating waves of tobacco control media campaigns. This study investigates the associations between exposure to anti- and pro-smoking messages, smoking status, and people’s smoking-related beliefs and willingness to support tobacco control policies.
Methods
A secondary data analysis was performed with the 2018 Global Adult Tobacco Survey of 19,376 adults aged ≥15 years in China. Anti- and pro-smoking message exposures were measured as the sum of sources (media or places) where respondents have seen the messages. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among smoking status, message exposure, and the outcome variables (health harm beliefs, support for increasing tax on cigarettes, support for using part of the increased tax on tobacco control) controlling for smoking status and demographic differences.
Results
Overall, 63.3% of the respondents reported being exposed to anti-smoking messages from at least 1 source, while 18.1% were exposed to pro-smoking messages from at least 1 source. Adults who currently, formerly, and never smoked differed in their beliefs about smoking and willingness to support tobacco control policies. Greater reported exposure to anti-smoking messages was positively associated with belief that smoking is harmful, support for increased cigarette tax, and support for using increased tax revenue for tobacco control measures. Meanwhile, greater reported exposure to pro-smoking messages was negatively related to willingness to support cigarette tax increases.
Conclusions
While national and local tobacco control campaigns in China have reached a large proportion of the adult population, there is still room for improvement. China might consider expanding anti-tobacco campaigns, as reported exposure to these messages is associated with increased public awareness of the health hazards of smoking and support for increasing cigarette taxes.
... For over 60 years, tobacco companies have targeted menthol cigarettes to the African American community through aggressive marketing and promotion. [1][2][3] It is well known that a disproportionately high number of African Americans smoke menthol cigarettes. According to the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 85% of African American smokers used menthol versus 39% of those in the general population. ...
... Table A2: Overall cessation rates in 1980 for the general and African American populations. The cessation rates for African Americans were calculated by multiplying the overall cessation rates for the general population from [2] with the cessation ratio between the general and African American populations [3]. Table A3: Non-menthol and menthol cessation rates in 1980 for the African American population which obtained by using Table A2 and the procedure described in [1]. ...
Background
For many years, national surveys have shown a consistently disproportionately high prevalence of menthol smokers among African Americans compared with the general population. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has quantified the harm that menthol smoking has caused on that population. In this work, we estimate the public health harm that menthol cigarettes have caused to the African American community over the last four decades.
Methods
Using National Health Interview Survey data, we employed a well-established simulation model to reproduce the observed smoking trajectory over 1980–2018 in the African American population. Then, we repeat the experiment, removing the effects of menthol on the smoking initiation and cessation rates over that period, obtaining a new hypothetical smoking trajectory. Finally, we compared both scenarios to calculate the public health harm attributable to menthol cigarettes over 1980–2018.
Results
Our results show that menthol cigarettes were responsible for 1.5 million new smokers, 157 000 smoking-related premature deaths and 1.5 million life-years lost among African Americans over 1980–2018. While African Americans constitute 12% of the total US population, these figures represent, respectively, a staggering 15%, 41% and 50% of the total menthol-related harm.
Discussion
Our results show that menthol cigarettes disproportionally harmed African Americans significantly over the last 38 years and are responsible for exacerbating health disparities among that population. Removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit the overall US population but, particularly, the African American community.
... Consistent with almost all advertising, tobacco advertising relies on imagery to appeal to a potential consumer's desires, rather than provide factual information about the product. Childhood is a critical period of identity formation and tobacco companies have knowingly used themes of independence, athleticism, social acceptability, sexuality, popularity, wealth, power, rebelliousness, and adventurousness to fulfill adolescent aspirations (Davis et al., 2008). In fact, youth are three times more responsive to tobacco advertisements than are adults (Pollay et al., 1996). ...
... Results of a number of correlational and longitudinal studies have confirmed that exposure to images of smoking on television and in movies is one of the risk factors for onset of tobacco use among adolescents (Dalton et al., 2003;Davis et al., 2008;Sargent et al., 2004), and, according to a meta-analysis, it may account for nearly half of adolescent smoking initiation (Dalton et al., 2006). Again, a similar pattern for alcohol is clear from the research. ...
Objective:
Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal.
Method:
This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults."
Results:
In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous.
Conclusions:
Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.
... Exposure to cigarette advertising can increase the likelihood of youth smoking initiation and may encourage people who already smoke to continue [1,2]. In recognition of these effects, in 2009 Congress authorized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to promulgate regulations requiring cigarette companies to include graphic warning labels (GWLs) on all cigarette advertisements (ads), appearing in the top half and occupying at least 20% of the ad. ...
... An overwhelming majority of cigarette advertising studies find that advertising exposure predicts increased smoking behavior. Two systematic reviews found evidence of a causal relationship between ad exposure and youth smoking initiation and adult smoking continuation, although the youth effects appear strongest [1,2]. Cigarette ads with social cues-those which associate smoking with popularity, rebelliousness and fun-can be particularly impactful among adolescents, who identify with models and the lifestyles they portray [5][6][7], and may initiate smoking in response [1]. ...
Exposure to cigarette advertising can increase the likelihood of youth smoking initiation and may encourage people who already smoke to continue. Requiring prominent, graphic warning labels could reduce these effects. We test whether graphic versus text-only warning labels in cigarette advertisements influence cognitive and emotional factors associated with youth susceptibility to smoking and adult intentions to quit. We conducted two randomized, between-subjects experiments with middle-school youth (n = 474) and adult smokers (n = 451). Both studies employed a two (graphic or text-only warnings) by two (advertisements with social cues or brand imagery) factorial design with a fifth, offset control group (social cue advertisements with the current US Surgeon General's Warning). Graphic warnings outperformed text-only warnings in reducing visual attention to the advertisement, generating visual attention to the warning and arousing more negative affect. Graphic warnings also reduced the appeal of cigarette brands among youth relative to social cue advertisements with the Surgeon General's warnings. None of the warnings (graphic or textual) influenced health risk beliefs. Graphic warning labels on cigarette advertisements appear to have effects similar to those observed on cigarette packs in previous work, with an added benefit of reducing cigarette brand appeal among youth.
... In the U.S. context, it is well established that health news media are capable of serving as important health information sources. (Davis, Gilpin, Loken, Viswanath, & Wakefield, 2008). The utility of media as a public health tool has been noted around the world. ...
... In addition, U.S. federal government agencies mandated the inclusion of news media in all health communication and social marketing campaigns to assist efforts to reducing health disparities between ethnic minorities and the general population (Community Preventive Services Task Force, 2011). Together, these efforts demonstrate the understanding that news media serve as major conduits of health information, leading to health knowledge acquisition among the public and minority groups in particular (Brodie, Hamel, Altman, Blendon, & Benson, 2003;Davis et al., 2008;Radford, 1996). ...
This study helps bridge the existing divide between the knowledge on effective use of mass media to target mainstream populations and similar tactics for improving health reporting for indigenous populations. Using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants (N = 209) at a Native American powwow responded to questions assessing knowledge and intent to read stories. Results revealed thematically framed stories encouraged knowledge acquisition among non-Natives. An interaction between diabetes news with thematic framing enhanced knowledge among Natives and the general population. Results suggest messaging strategies can effectively convey health information to Native Americans and non-Native populations alike.
... Ecological momentary assessment studies indicate that BIS report higher rates of craving (Carter et al., 2010) and greater negative affect during abstinence (Soyster et al., 2016) than WIS. BIS may experience higher rates of craving for multiple reasons: increased exposure to smoking-related cues, such as targeted smoking advertisements in neighborhoods that are predominately Black and lower income (Davis et al., 2008;U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2013), lower cessation self-efficacy (Calixte-Civil & Brandon, 2021), and exposure to minority stress and discrimination (Dawson & Fletcher, 2021). ...
Smoking cue-exposure research provides a powerful experimental method to investigate craving, test new treatments, and identify individuals and groups who may be at heightened risk for relapse. Exposure to smoking cues consistently increases craving levels, and research indicates that these peak cravings reliably predict a range of clinically meaningful outcomes. To date, studies have been underpowered, however, to evaluate sociodemographic differences in lab-based cravings. This is unfortunate, as differences across racial identities and sex exist in smoking trends and health-related consequences of smoking. The present cue-exposure study leveraged a large sample size and a multifaceted statistical approach, using both means-based and person-centered analyses, to examine craving dynamics among Black and White and male and female smokers. We conducted preregistered analyses of 617 nicotine-deprived individuals who smoke daily (pooled from seven studies) reporting levels of urge before and during smoking cue exposure (i.e., holding a lit cigarette). The results indicated that Black female and male participants exhibited heightened urge ratings at the outset of the study and were more prone to experiencing maximal peak-provoked craving during cue exposure compared to White female and male participants. Further, White female participants demonstrated heightened cue reactivity relative to White male participants. Findings provide compelling evidence to support a more comprehensive approach to understanding experimentally induced cigarette craving than is currently employed in the literature and highlight the importance of considering intersecting identity factors when examining craving. Clinically, the results underscore the value of lab-based research to address racial and sex inequities in smoking behavior and health outcomes.
... A national survey in 2023 concludes that nearly 60% of the Germanspeaking population aged 14-19 years uses Instagram every day, and about 10% Facebook 5 . Tobacco advertising increases the likelihood of adolescents to start smoking 6 and increases overall tobacco consumption 7 . The available studies suggest that e-cigarette advertising increases the desire to try the products [8][9][10] . ...
... Social Cognitive Theory suggests the importance of environmental factors, for example, media exposure and social influence, in shifting one's perceptions and behaviors 13 . One environmental factor that may be associated with support and enforcement of smoke-free policies is exposure to tobacco-related media 14 . Pro-tobacco media include tobacco advertising (particularly prevalent in LMICs 15,16 ) and media opposing tobacco control (e.g. ...
INTRODUCTION
Armenia’s and Georgia’s high rates of smoking and secondhand smoke and recent implementation of smoke-free laws provide a timely opportunity to examine factors that increase compliance, like social enforcement and support for governmental enforcement.
METHODS
Using 2022 data from 1468 Armenian and Georgian adults (mean age=42.92 years, 48.6% male, 31.6% past-month smoking), multilevel linear regression examined tobacco-related media exposures, social exposures, and perceptions/attitudes in relation to: 1) likelihood of asking someone to extinguish cigarettes where a) prohibited and b) allowed; and 2) support of fines for smoke-free violations (1=not at all to 4=very).
RESULTS
There was low average likelihood of asking someone to extinguish cigarettes where allowed (mean=1.01, SD=1.12) or prohibited (mean=1.57, SD=1.21) and ‘little’ agreement with fines for smoke-free violations (mean=2.13, SD=1.06). Having fewer friends who smoked, greater support for indoor smoke-free laws, and no past-month cigarette use were positively associated with all 3 outcomes. Greater exposure to media and community-based action supporting smoke-free policies, and witnessing more requests to stop smoking where prohibited, were associated with higher likelihood of asking someone to extinguish cigarettes where allowed or prohibited. Less exposure to news stories opposing smoke-free policies and cigarette ads and higher perceived harm of cigarettes were also related to higher likelihood of asking someone to stop smoking where prohibited. Higher perceived harm of cigarettes was also associated with greater agreement with fines for smoke-free violations.
CONCLUSIONS
Comprehensive strategies targeting social norms, media exposure, and risk perceptions are needed to effectively facilitate strategies to enhance smoke-free law enforcement.
... Tujuan dari penelitian pasar itu nantinya akan menghasilkan lebih banyak e isiensi, jangkauan yang lebih Metode Penelitian dan Evaluasi Penerapan Kebijakan besar, peningkatan efektivitas untuk kegiatan pemasaran yang ditujukan pada populasi sasaran, dan bahkan membuka peluang lapangan kerja baru dengan cara melakukan endorsement produk rokok tertentu. (Davis et al., 2008). ...
... Lonsway and Fitz Gibbon (1997) conducted a review of rape myths and found that media often perpetuates harmful beliefs about sexual violence and reinforces rape culture. McKinney (2007) studied the role of media in promoting or reducing sexism and found that media has the potential to either reinforce or challenge gender stereotypes. Ward (1995) reviewed the role of media in adolescent sexual health and made recommendations for media to play a more positive role in promoting healthy sexual attitudes and behaviors. ...
The study of modesty culture and its correlation with rape culture in the media of Indonesia is a crucial examination of the societal norms and values that have a profound impact on the lives of women. The modesty culture, which values the suppression of sexuality and the need for women to be demure and reserved, has been shown to have a strong correlation with the perpetuation of rape culture in the media. This study aims to delve into this relationship, using a critical reading approach to analyze media content, in order to identify and understand the connection between modesty culture and rape culture using Stuart Hall encoding/decoding model in collecting data and analysis. The research design of this study involves a crucial examination of the correlation between modesty culture and rape culture in Indonesian media, with a focus on societal norms impacting women. The findings of this study will be used to develop recommendations that will contribute to the creation of a safer and more gender-sensitive professional and personal space for Indonesian women which include developing education programs, media literacy initiatives, and promoting gender equality and respect for women's rights to challenge and address harmful cultural norms and beliefs.
... Tobacco advertising, packaging, and health warnings communicate messages to the public about product characteristics 17 , in turn shaping consumers' perceptions about tobacco/nicotine products, including health risks. In South Korea, HTP tobacco refills and NVP e-liquids containing nicotine extracted from tobacco leaves are subject to the same marketing regulations as tobacco cigarettes 18,19 . ...
INTRODUCTION
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) and nicotine vaping products (NVPs) both are legal consumer products in the Republic of Korea. Little is known about perceptions of harmfulness of HTPs and NVPs relative to cigarettes in South Korea among adults who smoke, and how exposure to marketing may be associated with harmfulness perceptions.
METHODS
This study used data from the 2020 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Korea Survey, and included 3713 adult (aged 19 years) cigarette smokers who were: 1) exclusive smokers (n=1845); 2) dual HTP + cigarette consumers (n=1130); 3) dual NVP + cigarette consumers (n=224); and 4) triple consumers (all three products, n=514). Weighted multinomial regression models were conducted to estimate smokers’ perceptions of harmfulness of HTPs and NVPs compared to cigarettes, NVPs to HTPs, and self-reported exposure to HTP/NVP advertising. Analyses compared the perceptions of harmfulness between the four different consumer groups, and tested whether exposure to HTP/NVP advertising was associated with perceptions of lower relative harm.
RESULTS
Among all respondents, 27.5% believe that HTPs are less harmful than cigarettes and 23.4% believe that NVPs are less harmful than cigarettes. Exclusive cigarettes smokers were significantly less likely to perceive that HTPs and NVPs are less harmful than cigarettes compared to dual HTP + cigarette consumers, dual NVP + cigarette consumers, and triple consumers (all p<0.001). Half of respondents perceive NVPs as equally harmful as HTPs (14.1% perceive NVPs as more harmful than HTPs). Exposure to HTP/NVP advertising was associated with perceiving these products as less harmful than cigarettes.
CONCLUSIONS
About one-quarter of Korean cigarette smokers perceive HTPs and NVPs as less harmful than cigarettes. Further investigation is required to understand how harm perceptions and HTP/NVP advertising are related to changes in product use, such as switching between products, using multiple products, or discontinuing all product use.
... Decades of research have demonstrated that mass media campaigns in numerous countries are an effective tool in preventing smoking initiation and prompting cessation, particularly among youth and young adults. [1][2][3][4] Numerous studies have provided strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of these campaigns in changing tobacco-related attitudes, intentions and behaviours to reduce cigarette use. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Coupled with comprehensive tobacco policies, including tobacco taxes and smokefree indoor air restrictions, campaigns have been instrumental in helping to reduce cigarette use from 28.3% in 1997 to 2.3% in 2021 among youth in the USA. ...
Background
Mass media campaigns have been shown to be effective in reducing cigarette use. However, evidence is limited for whether campaigns can shift e-cigarette use among youth and young adults (YYA). To assess the impact of the truth anti-e-cigarette campaign, which focused on the effects of vaping on mental health, this study examines the relationship between campaign awareness and e-cigarette behaviour among YYA.
Methods
Data from weekly cross-sectional surveys of YYA aged 15–24 years from September 2021 to October 2022 were used for multilevel models assessing how weekly campaign awareness is related to intentions to use e-cigarettes and current e-cigarette use (past 30 days). Weekly campaign awareness was calculated by averaging individual-level awareness for each week. Control variables included individual-level campaign awareness, sociodemographics, perceived financial situation, parental smoking, sensation seeking, and mental health.
Results
Weekly campaign awareness ranged from 50% to 78%, with most weeks (77%) being within 65% and 75% of weekly campaign awareness. At weekly awareness levels between 65% and 75%, there was a significant association with lower intentions to use e-cigarettes. A dose–response relationship was observed for current use: compared with weeks with lower (<65%) awareness, weeks with awareness of 65–70% had 14% lower odds of current use, weeks with 70–75% awareness had 16% lower odds and weeks with >75% weekly awareness had 18% lower odds (p=0.018, p=0.009 and p=0.007, respectively).
Conclusions
Findings from this analysis of weekly campaign awareness demonstrate that exposure to the truth anti-e-cigarette campaign is associated with significantly lower odds of intentions to use and current use of e-cigarette among YYA.
... A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that health communications have a significant impact on tobacco-related behavior [19][20][21]. With the onset of COVID-19, media coverage of all aspects of the pandemic in Israel was frequent. ...
Background
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, reports about a possible protective effect of nicotine on COVID-19 conflicted with messaging by public health organizations about increased risks of COVID-19 due to smoking. The ambiguous information the public received, combined with COVID-19-induced anxiety, may have led to changes in tobacco or other nicotine product use. This study examined changes in use of combustible cigarettes (CCs), nargila (hookah/waterpipe), e-cigarettes, and IQOS and home-smoking behaviors. We also assessed COVID-19 related anxiety and perceptions regarding changes in risk of COVID-19 severity due to smoking.
Methods
We used cross-sectional data from a population telephone survey that was conducted in Israel in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (May–June 2020) and included 420 adult (age 18+) individuals who reported having ever used CCs (n = 391), nargila (n = 193), and/or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)/heated tobacco products (e.g., IQOS) (n = 52). Respondents were asked about the effect that COVID-19 had on their nicotine product use (quit/reduced use, no change, increased use). We assessed changes in product use, risk perceptions, and anxiety using adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses.
Results
Most respondents did not change their frequency of product use (CCs: 81.0%, nargila: 88.2%, e-cigarettes/IQOS: 96.8%). A small percentage either decreased use (CCs: 7.2%, nargila: 3.2%, e-cigarettes/IQOS:2.4%) or increased use (CCs:11.8%, nargila:8.6%, e-cigarettes/IQOS:+ 0.9%). 55.6% of respondents used a product in the home prior to COVID-19; but during the first lockdown COVID-19 period, a greater percentage increased (12.6%) than decreased (4.0%) their home use. Higher levels of anxiety due to COVID-19 were associated with increased home smoking (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI:1.04–2.42, p = 0.02). Many respondents believed that increased severity of COVID-19 illness was associated with CCs (62.0%) and e-cigarettes/vaping (45.3%), with uncertainty about the association being lower for CCs (20.5%) than for vaping (41.3%).
Conclusions
While many respondents believed that nicotine product use (particularly CCs and e-cigarettes) was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 disease severity, the majority of users did not change their tobacco/nicotine use. The confusion about the relationship between tobacco use and COVID-19 calls for clear evidence-based messaging from governments. The association between home smoking and increased COVID-19-related stress suggests the need for campaigns and resources to prevent smoking in the home, particularly during times of stress.
... As the participants commented, any form of advertisement for HS should be banned. With this concern, some relevant works of research showed that media played a key role in forming attitude toward tobacco consumption and the existing evidence shows that all media related to tobacco affect tobacco consumption and prevention [23,31]. Contrary to the present ndings, another study found no signi cant effect of TV advertisements on non-smokers' attitude and knowledge (those who watched the advertisement versus those who did not) [32]. ...
Background: There is evidence that HS is correlated with severe diseases. The present research aims to explore the determinants of hookah smoking (HS) control in Bandar Abbas city in the south of Iran.
Method: This study is the first qualitative conventional content analysis of the determinants of hookah smoking (HS) control between 2018 and 2019. The participants were 62 in number (21 women with a history of failed cessation, 20 with successful cessation and 21 experts in tobacco consumption control) were selected purposively to take part in a semi-structured interview. An interview guide was followed and the interviews continued until data saturation. The interviews were audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. MAXQDA 10.0 was used for data analysis.
Results: The participants. Overall, 5 main themes were extracted: Employing trusted influentials to address HS, Controlling HS by alternative services, Changing beliefs and attitudes toward HS, Executing administrative and regulatory measures, Facilitating HS cessation.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the key determinants of controlling hookah smoking are wide and varied. They are also multi-dimensional and include different environmental, social and political factors. Controlling hookah smoking can be only effective when all individual, inter-individual, social, political and organizational determinants are considered.
... The study noted that the marketing of tobacco products was done by promoting them as an inalienable part of the consumer's lifestyle. Direct and surrogate advertising of these products through the media influences the consumers and encourages them to use them [20]. However, the Indian parliament had introduced the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, which came into effect from May 2004 to ensure that Indian people do not indulge in or increase their tobacco consumption by being influenced by the media content [21]. ...
Background
Despite introducing different policies and initiatives, India is recognized as one of the global players in the tobacco epidemic race. Our study explores the association between tobacco consumption and mass media exposure among the Indian population, considering the contextual factors affecting the clustering at the community and state levels.
Methods
Using two waves of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) conducted in 2005 and 2012 for 16,661 individuals, the present study explores the association of mass media exposure and tobacco consumption in the short-term and the long-term period of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) implementation, which came into existence in 2004. Bivariate analysis using the chi-square test for association showed the correlation of tobacco consumption with its respective predictors. Multivariable analysis using three-level random intercept logit models showed the adjusted association between tobacco consumption and its relevant covariates and the extent of clustering of tobacco consumption behaviour of persons in the communities and states.
Results
We found that watching television (TV) [(OR:1.03; CI:0.92–1.15) in 2004–05 and (OR:0.99; CI:0.88–1.12) in 2011–12], listening radio [(OR: 0.99; CI:0.90–1.10) in 2004–05 and (OR:1.04; CI:0.94–1.15) in 2011–12] and reading newspaper [(OR:1.02; CI:0.91–1.15) in 2004–05 and (OR:0.96; CI:0.87–1.06) in 2011–12] did not have any significant effect on consumption of combustible tobacco. Similarly, no effect of mass media was found on smokeless tobacco consumption. Further, the clustering of combustible and smokeless tobacco usage was higher at the community level than at the state level. In both rounds, smokeless tobacco consumption was found to be higher than combustible tobacco.
Discussion
The present study provides evidence that COTPA has achieved its aim of nullifying the significant effect of mass media on combustible and smokeless tobacco consumption among the Indian population. However, the influence of state- and community- level clustering had failed in curbing the increment of smokeless tobacco consumption. There is a need for policy reforms to curb the significant impact of factors that promotes smokeless tobacco consumption in India. Further, initiatives must focus on specific communities from high-risk states, reducing the time and cost required for implementation.
... As information regulatory body, mass media play a critical role in tobacco control, helping to counterbalance the pro-tobacco cues in the environment (O'Hegarty, Pederson, Nelson, Mowery and Wortley, 2006). At the same time, the media have an equally powerful role in influencing individuals and policymakers and have made critical contributions to the cause of tobacco control (Davis, Gilpin, Loken, Viswanath, Wakefield, 2008). ...
Smoking is the inhalation and exhalation of fumes of burning tobacco and other dangerous nicotine substances that endanger health. It is also a learned behaviour capable of causing addiction. The study examined civic engagement through digital media on health risks of smoking among drivers in Onitsha, Anambra State. The study focused on drivers of registered Mass Transit companies: Eastern Mass Transit and Onitsha South Mass Transit. The study was anchored on two theories: grounded theory of smoking decision which explains pre-and-post effects of smoking quitting, and mediatisation theory which examines the long-term structural change in the role of media in culture and society. The study adopted a survey of drivers of select Mass Transit companies in Anambra State. This was to ensure that these drivers were studied in their varying work atmospheres concerning smoking. Findings of the study showed that drivers of both companies make effective use of digital media for information on the dangers of smoking while driving and erring drivers are adequately penalised. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that media messages on the dangers of smoking tobacco or other dangerous substances on the wheel should be sustained. It equally recommended psychological tests on drivers before recruitment.
... Moreover, many studies indicated a direct correlation between exposure to cigarette advertisements and smoking initiation in adolescents (Luke C, 2007;Davis et al., 2008;Sargent et al., 2009). Mass media is argued to have powerful effects in influencing adolescents to start smoking, in particularly when the young groups are high exposed to tobacco advertisements. ...
Indonesia’s tobacco control law enforcement remains weak and has not regulated the total ban on tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorship bans (TAPS). Meanwhile, mediated anti-smoking messages have been significantly found to reduce smoking prevalence in many countries, helping people to stop smoking and preventing new smokers. Unfortunately, the anti-smoking Public Service Advertisements (PSAs) in Indonesia is unable to compete with the extensive and creative cigarette advertising or pro-smoking messages in many media platforms. Messages encouraging people to stop smoking and delivering the hazardous effects of smoking remain spotty in terms of numbers and visibility, leaving people with limited information about the adverse effects of smoking. There has been little research literature looking at how people perceived the effectiveness of anti-smoking messages. This study aims to identify and assess the anti-smoking PSAs by #suaratanparokok. A content analysis is carried out to examine the perceived effectiveness of the #suaratanparokok PSAs on YouTube. The involvement of YouTube influencers and optimizing social media platforms are important in delivering the PSAs. This study provides insights and recommendations to warn people about the danger of smoking through effective anti-smoking messages.
... Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of various chronic diseases and death in the U.S. 1 Media campaigns have commonly been used as a strategy to curb tobacco use, [2][3][4] as there is substantial evidence that they can promote quit attempts [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and cessation 12,13 among adult smokers. However, little is known about potential differences in campaign effects on cessation behaviors across sociodemographic groups. ...
Purpose
To evaluate sociodemographic differences in the relationship between state and national anti-smoking media campaigns and cessation behaviors among adult smokers in the U.S.
Design
Repeated cross-sectional analysis.
Setting
U.S. nationally representative survey of adults ages 18 and older, 2001-2015.
Subjects
76,278 year-ago smokers from the 2001-2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey.
Measures
Area-level exposure to State-sponsored and “Tips from former smokers” anti-tobacco media campaigns was the primary predictor of this study. Outcome variables included: quit attempt in the past 12 months, past 30-day smoking cessation, and past 90-day smoking cessation among year-ago smokers.
Analysis
We conducted modified Poisson regression models to examine the association between media campaign exposure and cessation behaviors. We also examined effect modification on the additive scale by sex, race/ethnicity, income, and education using average marginal effects.
Results
Year-ago smokers with greater exposure to media campaigns were more likely to report 30-day (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.18, CI: 1.03, 1.36) and 90-day cessation (PR: 1.18, CI: 1.00, 1.41) compared to respondents with less campaign exposure. We found no evidence of effect modification by sociodemographic variables.
Conclusion
Exposure to anti-smoking media campaigns were associated with year-ago smokers’ cessation behaviors. However, there were no differences in the association by sex, race/ethnicity, income, or education, indicating that broadly focused media campaigns may be insufficient to reduce smoking cessation among priority populations, and thus health disparities generally.
... Cessation plans could be better if parents and their adolescents quit together, as young people are heavily affected by their parents' smoking [18,24,25]. Moreover, government and public health professionals should engage in intensive efforts to reduce tobacco use, by developing tobacco control policies (e.g., legislation to ban smoking), media campaigns, educational exhibitions, and public service announcements [9,14,36,37]. Above all, it is important for adolescents to realize the need to quit smoking and be alert to this need. ...
This study aimed to examine the association of smoking exposure at home with attempts to quit smoking and the success or failure of such attempts among South Korean adolescents. We utilized the data of 28,652 South Korean adolescents who smoked from the 2015–2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, including demographic variables (age, sex, and family structure), socioeconomic variables (allowance per week, household income level, and grade), and health-related characteristics (alcohol consumption, intensity of physical activity, stress level, self-reported health status, attendance in smoking cessation programs, and smoking onset). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that attempting to quit smoking was less likely among those exposed to smoking at home every day compared to those without such exposure (boys exposed to smoking every day: OR = 0.52, CI = 0.45–0.60; girls exposed to smoking every day: OR = 0.48, CI = 0.38–0.61); cessation success showed similar results (boys exposed to smoking every day: OR = 0.51, CI = 0.46–0.58; girls exposed to smoking every day: OR = 0.56, CI = 0.47–0.66). These findings highlight the impacts of smoking exposure at home and the importance of considering this exposure when supporting adolescents to quit.
... ly selling, rather than explaining, its position to audiences (Rennie 2015). The Australian tobacco organisations chose to do the same. This is unsurprising, given the fact that the U.S. campaigns were successful in shifting public debate away from the health concerns around the dangers of smoking to the importance of preserving individual rights. Davis et. al. (2008) note that advocacy advertising relating to youth smoking, in particular, favorably influenced public attitudes toward individual tobacco companies. The campaigns as a whole were so effective that the U.S. gun lobby took notice of them and began to use a similar approach in battling restrictions to the use of firearms. Since that time, t ...
This chapter explores the role of lobbying in a democracy and its position within the broader field of public relations. Core case studies are discussed including the strategies and tactics of the tobacco lobby and the mining and engery industry in regards to Australian legislation and public policy contests.
... Policymakers should try to prevent marketers from promoting or distributing agerestricted products to adolescents. Substantial research indicates that ads for alcohol and nicotine including e-cigarettes and vaping devices currently target adolescents and encourage adolescent use (Biener & Siegel, 2000;Davis, Gilpin, Loken, Viswanath, & Wakefield, 2008;Gordon, Hastings, & Moodie 2010;Henriksen, Feighery, Schleicher, and Fortmann, 2008;Pechmann, Biglan, Grube, & Cody, 2012;Snyder, Milici, Slater, Sun, & Strizhakova, 2006). Ads for agerestricted products often persuade adolescents to use the products by conveying positive images of user groups (Pechmann & Knight, 2002;Seidenberg, Rodgers, Rees, & Connolly, 2012), with adolescents more susceptible to such influence than adults (Pollay et al., 1996;Seidenberg et al., 2012), and even very young adolescents affected (Harris, Gordon, MacKintosh, & Hastings, 2015;Stacy, Zogg, Unger, & Dent, 2004). ...
Adolescents face exceptional challenges and opportunities that may have a lifelong impact on their consumption and personal and societal well‐being. Parents, community members (schools, and neighborhoods), and policymakers play major roles in shaping adolescents and influencing their engagement in consumption behaviors that are either developmentally problematic (e.g., drug use and unhealthy eating) or developmentally constructive (e.g., academic pursuits and extracurricular activities). In this paper, we discuss two main topics: (1) the challenges and opportunities that characterize adolescence, based primarily on research in epidemiology and neuroscience, and (2) the ways that parents, community members, and policymakers can facilitate positive adolescent development, based on research from many disciplines including marketing, psychology, sociology, communications, public health and education. Our goal is to summarize the latest scientific findings that can be used by various stakeholders to help adolescents navigate this turbulent period and become well‐adjusted, thriving adults. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Telah banyak studi yang meneliti peran media massa dalam mempromosikan penggunaan tembakau (pesan pro-merokok) dan pengendalian tembakau (pesan antimerokok) (Bryant & Oliver, 2009;Davis, Gilpin, Loken, Viswanath, & eld, 2008). Namun Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan besar dalam mempromosikan dampak buruk merokok melalui media massa. ...
The number of smokers among women in Indonesia is increasing every year, even though smokers are predominantly male. In order to educate the public about the negative impacts of tobacco consumption, the government has produced anti-smoking Public Service Advertisements (PSAs) aired on television. The information gap about smoking hazards is due to lack of anti-smoking messages which is unable to compete with the extensive and creative pro-smoking messages in many media platforms. The way people use media for information-seeking, such as messages about smoking, dictates how they look for the messages and helps to understand how they encounter messages the most. By interviewing 39 women in Banda Aceh and Jakarta, this study presents women’s opinion about television and the media preference for searching and gaining information about smoking. The findings show that participants of the study prefer to obtain information about smoking through the media—online social media than through television, such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Line, WhatsApp, and non-media like friends and their doctor’s advice. Given the substantial cost of television health campaigns, the study findings can provide input on alternative media in communicating about the harms of smoking.
... Further, while a content analysis of tobacco-industry ads found intense visual images were important for ad saliency among adolescents (Davis, Gilpin, Loken, Viswanath, & Wakefield, 2008), participants here did not appear to differentially identify target age groups based on how the ad looked. Rather, participants overwhelmingly indicated that all flavors were for people about their age. ...
Introduction:
E-cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among adolescents and young adults ("AYA") and are available in many flavors. The e-cigarette industry argues that flavors are not meant to appeal to youth, yet no study has asked youth what age group they think ads for flavored e-liquids are targeting. We asked AYA which age group they thought ads for flavored e-liquids targeted.
Methods:
In 2016 as part of a larger survey, a random sample of 255 youth from across California (62.4% female, mean age = 17.5, SD = 1.7) viewed eight ads, presented in randomized order, for fruit-, dessert-, alcohol-, and coffee-flavored e-liquids and indicated the age group they thought the ads targeted: younger, same age, a little older, or much older than them. Population means and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using bootstrapping (100,000 replicate samples).
Results:
Most participants (93.7%) indicated the cupcake man flavor ad targeted an audience of people younger than they. Over half felt ads for smoothy (68.2%), cherry (63.9%), vanilla cupcake (58%), and caramel cappuccino (50.4%) targeted their age and for no flavor ad did most feel the primary target age group was much older.
Conclusions:
Youth believe ads for flavored e-liquids target individuals about their age, not older adults. Findings support the need to regulate flavored e-liquids and associated ads to reduce youth appeal, which ultimately could reduce youth use of e-cigarettes.
... T he vast majority of adult smokers report that they began smoking regularly as teenagers or as young adults; few people initiate smoking after the age of 25 years. 1 Whereas the forces that influence smoking initiation and maintenance are undoubtedly complex, advertising and promotion are important factors to consider. 2,3 Continuing profitability of the cigarette industry depends on a manufacturer's ability to replace the large numbers of adult smokers who stop smoking each year or die. The cigarette companies' own internal business records acknowledge the importance of cigarette advertising, observing that "… we have millions of individual purchases every day of the year, and every consumer is presold, specifying his/her brand by name. ...
Background
Despite restrictions on where and how cigarette
companies can market their products, cigarettes remain a heavily advertised
consumer product in America. Examining the brand preferences of smokers may provide
clues to understanding how shifting consumer preferences and industry marketing
strategies are influencing smoking related behaviors. This study presents
estimates of cigarettes brand preferences of adolescents and adults in the
United States.
Methods
Data for 10,509 adult (>18 years old)
and 283 adolescent (12-17 years old) current cigarette smokers were available
from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) wave 1 (2013-2014)
survey. Only respondents who reported smoking in the past 30 days and
purchasing their own cigarettes were included in this analysis.
Results
Overall, adult respondents reported 64
different cigarette brands and 330 sub-brands while youth respondents reported
a total of 14 brands and 50 sub-brands. The three most popular brands purchased
by adolescents were Marlboro (48.5%), Newport (14.5%), and Camel (12.6%),
accounting for over 75% of the total market share in that age group. Among
adults, the 3 top brands Marlboro (40%), Newport (15%) and Camel (11%) accounted
for 66% of the market share. There was more diversity in the brand purchasing
with increasing age, though Marlboro was the top selling brand in all age
groups. Many of the top selling brands had different brand styles. Among adult
smokers of Marlboro, over 40 different brand styles were reported; 20 styles
were reported for Camel, and 14 for Pall Mall. Across all age groups brand
market share did not differ for daily and non-daily smokers.
Conclusions
Marlboro was the top selling brand among
both adolescents and adult smokers. The number and variety of brands and brand
styles increased with age. The regular purchase of value priced brands was
common in all age groups, but most popular with smokers over age 55 years.
... , more than 30 U.S. states launched mass media campaigns, the majority of which were financed by cigarette excise taxes and/or the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement [89]. Sufficient evidence now has demonstrated that these state antitobacco communication campaigns have effectively influenced attitudes, beliefs, and population smoking behavior [70,[90][91][92][93]. ...
The 60% decline in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among U.S. adults over the past 50 years represents a significant public health achievement. This decline was steered in part by national, state, and local tobacco control programs and policies, such as public education campaigns; widespread smoke-free air laws; higher cigarette prices that have been driven by large increases in federal, state, and local cigarette excise taxes; and other tobacco control policy and systems-level changes that discourage smoking. Using the MPOWER framework informed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health and the World Health Organization (WHO), this paper reviews these accomplishments and identifies gaps in tobacco control policy implementation and additional research needed to extend these historic successes.
... Media and stereotype priming The media play a large role in the definition of youth culture, particularly through the dissemination and perpetration of social stereotypes, showing what is normal and socially acceptable ( Austin et al., 2006;Davis et al., 2008;Golmier et al., 2007;Pechmann and Knight, 2002; Pechmann and Shih, 1999). For instance, it has been largely demonstrated that the social perception of smokers among the young population depends largely on how they are represented by the media and that this perception impacts young people's intention to smoke ( Pechmann and Knight, 2002;Golmier et al., 2007). ...
Purpose -
This paper aims to examine how reckless driving scenes in action movies affect young male drivers’ perception of reckless drivers and proposes a targeted social marketing strategy to counteract this effect.
Design/methodology/approach -
The hypotheses were tested through a 2 (reckless driving scenes vs control) × 2 (road safety advertising vs control) online experiment with 151 young male drivers.
Findings -
Reckless driving scenes in action movies prime a positive image of reckless drivers which impacts young male drivers’ attitudes and reckless driving intention. However, a road safety message specifically addressing the positive image of reckless drivers efficiently counteracts this effect.
Research limitations/implications -
A few studies have experimentally tested the impact of reckless driving promotion on young drivers’ attitudes and intention, but none have analysed this impact in terms of the development of a positive image of reckless drivers. In addition, this study emphasises that a targeted message based on social norms can cancel the effect of reckless driving promotion and have a beneficial impact on the most risk-prone drivers.
Practical implications -
Social marketers working in the field of road safety can improve the efficacy of their social marketing programmes by taking into consideration the positive image of reckless drivers promoted by the media.
Social implications -
Practitioners should develop interventions and targeted messages that help young drivers cultivate a less idealised and masculine social image of reckless drivers.
Originality/value -
This paper enhances the awareness of the effect that the media’s positive depiction of reckless drivers can have on the youth and proposes a strategy to counteract this effect.
... According to the Agenda Setting Theory, the salience and importance of a particular issue is heavily influenced by media coverage of that topic 6 and news stories have historically played an important role in shaping public perceptions about tobacco products and policies. [7][8][9] News about e-cigarettes appears to be reaching the public, with over 60% of US smokers hearing about e-cigarettes in the news. 10 To date, however, only two known studies have examined the content of e-cigarette news stories. ...
Background:
Coverage of e-cigarettes in the news media may shape public perceptions about them but little is known about such news content. This content analysis characterized discussion of e-cigarettes in leading print and online US news sources in 2015.
Methods:
We searched Access World News and Factiva databases for e-cigarette-related news articles appearing in the top 30 circulating newspapers, 4 newswires, and 4 online news sources in the United States in 2015 (n = 295). Coders identified the presence of various e-cigarette topics (e.g. regulation), and benefit and risk statements.
Results:
Nearly half of articles (45.1%) focused primarily on e-cigarette policy/regulatory issues, although e-cigarette prevalence (21.0%) and health effects (21.7%) were common main topics. Concerns about youth were frequently mentioned, including the rise in youth e-cigarette use (45.4%), gateway to smoking potential (33.9%) and appeal of flavors (22.4%). Youth e-cigarette prevalence was more frequently mentioned than adult prevalence in articles discussing FDA regulation (61% vs. 13.5%, respectively). News articles more frequently discussed potential e-cigarette risks or concerns (80%) than benefits (45.4%), such as smoking harm-reduction. Quoted physicians, researchers, and government representatives were more likely to refer to e-cigarette risks than benefits.
Conclusions:
In 2015, rising rates of e-cigarette use among youth and policy strategies to address e-cigarettes dominated US e-cigarette news stories, leading up to their FDA regulation in 2016. Statements about e-cigarettes' potential risks were frequently attributed to trusted sources such as physicians, and outnumbered claims about their harm-reduction benefits. Such coverage may impact e-cigarette risk perceptions, use intentions and policy support.
Implications:
In the year leading up to the FDA's Deeming Rule, concerns about youth use or potential use were frequently discussed in e-cigarette news. News articles more frequently discussed potential e-cigarette risks/concerns compared to potential harm-reduction benefits relative to tobacco cigarettes. While such coverage may inform the public about potential e-cigarette risks, they may also contribute to increasing perceptions that e-cigarettes are as harmful as tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarette risk and benefit statements were most frequently made by or attributed to researchers and physicians in articles, which is significant given that they may be particularly trusted sources of e-cigarette risk information.
... This further supports previous research 46,47 which demonstrated that mass media campaigns promote quitting, particularly those messages displaying negative health effects and that are emotionally evocative. Increasing exposure to anti-smoking media reinforces beliefs about the harms of smoking and increases smoking quit and intention to quit rates 43,48,49,50,51 . ...
Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a existência de uma associação entre o fato de ver um ator fumando em telenovela brasileira, filme brasileiro ou filme internacional e as tentativas de parar de fumar e abstinência entre fumantes adultos brasileiros. Foram utilizados os dados de 39.425 participantes da versão brasileira do Global Adult Tobacco Survey. O estudo calculou a prevalência de ex-fumantes (ex-fumantes/ex-fumantes + fumantes atuais) e as proporções de fumantes atuais, ex-fumantes e indivíduos que nunca fumaram. Foi utilizada a regressão ponderada multivariada para testar associações significativas entre cessação e exposição ao tabagismo em telenovelas e filmes. Para fumantes atuais, as chances de tentar de parar foram significativamente mais altas entre aqueles que haviam visto ator fumando em filme brasileiro. Aqueles que acreditavam que o fumo causa doenças graves e tinham regras contra fumar em casa apresentavam chances significativamente maiores de terem tentativas de parar e de abstinência. A exposição ao tabagismo na mídia pode ser diferente em adultos e adolescentes. Fatores que influenciam as tentativas e o sucesso na cessação incluem as regras contra fumar em casa, a crença de que o fumo provoca doenças graves e receber informação sobre os perigos do tabagismo através da mídia.
Smokers experience multiple disadvantages throughout their lives, yet there is another disadvantage, political, that is less widely recognised. Smokers are less likely to vote but only so far in studies conducted in Western democratic regimes. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between current smoking and voting behaviour and intentions in nine countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Data were analysed from 18,000 individuals aged ≥ 18 in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, collected in the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) survey in 2010/11. Information was obtained on smoking status and voting behaviour and intentions. In a fully adjusted logistic regression analysis, current smoking was associated with significantly higher odds of ‘never voting’ (not having voted in the past or intending to vote in future) in the pooled sample (OR: 1.29, 95% CI 1.13–1.47). In stratified analyses, smoking was associated with never voting in women but not men and in young but not middle-aged or older adults. The smoking-never voting association was observed in flawed democracies (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.07–2.32) and hybrid regimes (OR: 1.31, 95% CI 1.08–1.59) but not in authoritarian regimes (OR: 1.02, 95% CI 0.81–1.29). Smoking is associated with never voting in these FSU countries although not in all population subgroups or types of political regime. A necessary task for future research will be determining the factors associated with not voting among smokers in these countries.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-95632-4.
This review aims to explore the determinants and impact of passive smoking on oral health among adults in Malaysia. Passive smoking, also known as second hand smoke exposure, refers to the inhalation of tobacco smoke emitted by active smokers in the surrounding environment. While the adverse effects of active smoking on oral health are well-documented, the specific impact of passive smoking on oral health in Malaysia requires further investigation. This review will examine the determinants of passive smoking, including social and cultural factors, as well as the consequences it has on oral health, such as periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and dental caries. By understanding these determinants and consequences, appropriate interventions can be implemented to reduce passive smoking and its detrimental effects on oral health.
Background
Positive portrayals of tobacco use in entertainment media can normalize and perpetuate use. In 2012, the Government of India implemented the Tobacco-Free Film and Television Rules, a first-of-its-kind comprehensive regulation to restrict tobacco depiction in films and television programs. Two complementary studies were undertaken to assess the implementation of the film rules on television and in movie theaters.
Methods
In the first part, movie theater observations and exit surveys were conducted from Feb. 3 to March 24, 2015. In total, 308 movie theaters were selected for the observation of films. A total of 3080 exit surveys were conducted to assess moviegoers’ reactions toward the film rule. The second part comprised the systematic observation of 424 prerecorded television programs that aired from Nov. 20 to Dec. 30, 2015.
Results
Compliance with the Tobacco-Free Film and Television Rules policy was lower on television than in movie theaters. While 66% of television programs with tobacco scenes implemented at least 1 of the 3 elements of the film rule, not a single program executed all required elements correctly. In movie theaters, 99% of films that contained tobacco scenes implemented at least one element of the film rule. However, all elements of the film rules were implemented correctly during 27% of the films observed. Exit surveys showed that among moviegoers who recalled viewing at least one element of the film rule, there was increased concern about tobacco’s harms and intentions to quit.
Conclusion
Implementation of the film rules was higher in movie theaters than on television, though there were gaps in implementation for both. Despite inconsistent application, audience reactions to the anti-tobacco messages were favorable, with increased concern about tobacco’s harms and intention to quit. Overall, the film rules offer a strong tool for countering tobacco promotion, reaching hundreds of millions with anti-tobacco messaging.
The idea of 'rebellion/disobedience as an immanence of freedom' is a frequently used concept in storytelling strategies, whether art, marketing, or political activism. This idea can simultaneously or successively permeate all three areas, which is plastically demonstrated by the example of the rebel archetype. Originally used to advertise cigarette brands by celebrities, the archetype served as a means by which the tobacco industry reached new categories of consumers, who saw smoking as an act of liberation from social restraints and prejudices. By strengthening the so-called health agenda, and especially its use for political purposes, there are many bans on both direct consumption and advertising of cigarettes. Instead of directly promoting brands, the tobacco industry opts for indirectly mediating the act of smoking in visual culture, but this time with the use of narratives with a central rebel figure. By additional labeling and marginalization of smokers in public discourse, which often turns out to be a kind of act of political hypocrisy/screen for numerous undemocratic activities, smoking within the visual culture is increasingly presented as an act of rebellion, that is, a symbol of the struggle against political correctness and law-washed repression. In that context, through the historical presentation of the use of the rebel archetype in visual culture, mainly in movies and TV series, that is, through a descriptive-analytical approach to selected figures of smokers-rebels, within this research we will consider the decades-long symbiosis of the tobacco industry and marketing strategies of storytelling, as well as subversive artistic practices that oppose them. The results of the undertaken research indicate that the (de) instrumentalization of smoking in contemporary visual culture turns out to be a very current topic that pretends to anticipate cultural trends in a way and in ranges that go beyond the act of smoking and its direct implications.
While television has been the most widely used medium for food and beverage marketing, companies are shifting in favor of digital media. The ubiquitous digital marketing of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) and foods and beverages high in saturated fat, salt, and/or free sugars (FBHFSS) has been considered a powerful environmental determinant of inadequate dietary practices during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. The scoping review’s aim was to systematically identify and map the types of methodologies available to monitor the digital marketing of foods and beverages targeting infants, children, and adolescents (ICA) worldwide. Research evidence published from 2011 to October 2021 was examined using search strategies including multiple databases and citation tracking. A total of 420 sources were evaluated, and 28 studies from 81 countries meeting the inclusion criteria were retained. Most of the studies (n = 24) documenting methodologies to monitor inappropriate digital marketing were published since 2015 and were primarily aimed at identifying the promotional techniques and nutritional content of FBHFSS targeting adolescents (n = 13). It is paramount to develop a feasible and scalable monitoring system to develop effective policies to protect parents and ICA from BMS and FBHSFF digital marketing.
Front-of-package and on-shelf nutrition labelling systems in supermarkets have been shown to lead to only modest increases in the purchase of more nutritious foods. Educational campaigns may increase the use of these types of product labels if 1) there is a lack of consumer awareness and/or understanding of the labels, and 2) the information provided lead consumers to prefer different products. We study a large-scale, national campaign for the Guiding Stars® nutrition labels conducted by a grocery retailer in Canada who implemented the labels. Using detailed household transaction data, we find only a small increase in the purchase of higher star-rated foods during the campaign, driven by produce purchases, and 60% of the effect disappears after the campaign’s conclusion. To explain the limited response, exit surveys were conducted outside of stores before and after the campaign. Awareness and understanding of the nutrition labelling system increased marginally after the campaign, but there was no increase in self-reported use.
Background
Mass media campaigns can be used to communicate public health messages at the population level. Although previous research has shown that they can influence health behaviours in some contexts, there have been few attempts to synthesise evidence across multiple health behaviours.
Objectives
To (1) review evidence on the effective use of mass media in six health topic areas (alcohol, diet, illicit drugs, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health and tobacco), (2) examine whether or not effectiveness varies with different target populations, (3) identify characteristics of mass media campaigns associated with effectiveness and (4) identify key research gaps.
Design
The study comprised (1) a systematic review of reviews, (2) a review of primary studies examining alcohol mass media campaigns, (3) a review of cost-effectiveness evidence and (4) a review of recent primary studies of mass media campaigns conducted in the UK. A logic model was developed to inform the reviews. Public engagement activities were conducted with policy, practitioner and academic stakeholders and with young people.
Results
The amount and strength of evidence varies across the six topics, and there was little evidence regarding diet campaigns. There was moderate evidence that mass media campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour and influence sexual health-related behaviours and treatment-seeking behaviours (e.g. use of smoking quitlines and sexual health services). The impact on tobacco use and physical activity was mixed, there was limited evidence of impact on alcohol use and there was no impact on illicit drug behaviours. Mass media campaigns were found to increase knowledge and awareness across several topics, and to influence intentions regarding physical activity and smoking. Tobacco and illicit drug campaigns appeared to be more effective for young people and children but there was no or inconsistent evidence regarding effectiveness by sex, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. There was moderate evidence that tobacco mass media campaigns are cost-effective, but there was weak or limited evidence in other topic areas. Although there was limited evidence on characteristics associated with effectiveness, longer or greater intensity campaigns were found to be more effective, and messages were important, with positive and negative messages and social norms messages affecting smoking behaviour. The evidence suggested that targeting messages to target audiences can be effective. There was little evidence regarding the role that theory or media channels may play in campaign effectiveness, and also limited evidence on new media.
Limitations
Statistical synthesis was not possible owing to considerable heterogeneity across reviews and studies. The focus on review-level evidence limited our ability to examine intervention characteristics in detail.
Conclusions
Overall, the evidence is mixed but suggests that (1) campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour, improve sexual health and contribute to smoking cessation, (2) tobacco control campaigns can be cost-effective, (3) longer and more intensive campaigns are likely to be more effective and (4) message design and targeting campaigns to particular population groups can be effective.
Future work
Future work could fill evidence gaps regarding diet mass media campaigns and new-media campaigns, examine cost-effectiveness in areas other than tobacco and explore the specific contribution of mass media campaigns to multicomponent interventions and how local, regional and national campaigns can work together.
Study registration
This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015029205 and PROSPERO CRD42017054999.
Funding
The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
Tobacco use remains a critical public health issue in the United States. Young adults are disproportionately affected by high rates of tobacco use and heavily targeted by tobacco marketing. Social media has become an important source of exposure to tobacco and nicotine product marketing and messaging for young adults. This dissertation examined the prevalence and socio-environmental characteristics associated with young adults’ exposure to and engagement with tobacco-related social media (paper 1); the prospective associations between young adults’ exposure and engagement and tobacco and nicotine product use (paper 2); and young adults’ experiences with tobacco and nicotine product messaging on social media, as well as perceptions of existing e-cigarette social media advertisements (paper 3). Participants were two- and four-year college students from the Marketing and Promotions across Colleges in Texas Study (n=4,384; mean age=20.4, standard deviation=2.32; 64.6% female; 35.5% non-Hispanic white, 30.8% Hispanic, 18.2% Asian, 7.9% African American/black, and 7.6% another race/ethnicity or multi-racial). In paper 1, 30% of students reported past 30-day exposure to cigarette, e-cigarette, hookah, cigar, and/or smokeless tobacco advertising on Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, Reddit, and/or Pinterest, and 23% of students reported engagement. Anti-engagement activities such as posting links to anti-tobacco messaging were more prevalent than pro-engagement. Racial/ethnic minorities, dual- and poly-users, higher social media users, students with friends that use tobacco, and students with higher depressive symptoms were significantly more likely to report exposure. Racial/ethnic minorities, two-year college students, poly- and dual-users, higher social media users, and students with higher depressive symptoms were more likely to report pro-engagement. Poly-users, higher social media users, students with friends that use tobacco, and students with higher depressive symptoms were more likely to report anti-engagement. In paper 2, multiple logistic regression analyses revealed exposure to and engagement with tobacco-related social media significantly predicted past 30-day use of e-cigarettes, cigars, and hookah at one-year follow up. Controlling for other social media, exposure to any product advertising via Reddit predicted e-cigarette use. Pinterest exposure predicted cigar use. Snapchat exposure predicted hookah use. Pro-tobacco engagement predicted future use of all products. Anti-tobacco engagement predicted use of cigars and hookah. In paper 3, thematic content analysis of qualitative interviews with a subsample of 30 revealed all participants recalled seeing tobacco or nicotine product messaging on social media, primarily for alternative products like e-cigarettes and hookah. Perceptions of researcher-selected advertisements were generally positive, with students preferring advertisements that did not look like traditional advertisements and conveyed fun and social themes. Findings support a critical need for social media-based federal regulation, countermarketing and health communication campaigns, and intervention focused on tobacco.
Using telemarketing to make sales has become a common practice in a wide range of businesses during recent decades and turns over large sums of money. Despite the rising popularity of online sales, telemarketing remains a common and popular marketing method. Initiated from a distance, telemarketing brings commerce into customers’ home, during their spare time. Ostensibly, this makes it easier for customers to fulfill their wishes. These advantages are particularly significant for customers whose limited mobility makes it difficult to access stores or service providers. Nevertheless, despite its many advantages, telemarketing has inherently alienating and impersonal characteristics that also embody potential risks to the customer. When companies and organizations do not adopt and enforce a code of ethics, telemarketing is a fertile ground for customer fraud and unethical behavior. This is true for legitimate commercial companies, but far more so, for companies that exist solely for using telemarketing to defraud people. These companies seek potential victims who are easy to deceive and, therefore, direct their marketing activities at people with characteristics and weaknesses that make them more susceptible to fraud. Stereotypes about the elderly (“ageism”) and processes that often accompany ageing make senior citizens a preferred target for telemarketing fraud. This chapter reviews the phenomenon of telemarketing fraud and traces the main reasons why elderly people have become a preferred target for fraud. The discussion also raises the dilemma of choosing between protecting the elderly against fraud and the desire to preserve their right to make independent decisions.
Television (TV) news, and especially local TV news, remains an important vehicle through which Americans obtain information about health-related topics. In this review, we synthesize theory and evidence on four main functions of TV news in shaping public health policy and practice: reporting events and information to the public (surveillance); providing the context for and meaning surrounding health issues (interpretation); cultivating community values, beliefs, and norms (socialization); and attracting and maintaining public attention for advertisers (attention merchant). We also identify challenges for TV news as a vehicle for improving public health, including declining audiences, industry changes such as station consolidation, increasingly politicized content, potential spread of misinformation, and lack of attention to inequity. We offer recommendations for public health practitioners and researchers to leverage TV news to improve public health and advance health equity.
Using telemarketing to make sales has become a common practice in a wide range of businesses during recent decades and turns over large sums of money. Despite the rising popularity of online sales, telemarketing remains a common and popular marketing method. Initiated from a distance, telemarketing brings commerce into customers’ home, during their spare time. Ostensibly, this makes it easier for customers to fulfill their wishes. These advantages are particularly significant for customers whose limited mobility makes it difficult to access stores or service providers. Nevertheless, despite its many advantages, telemarketing has inherently alienating and impersonal characteristics that also embody potential risks to the customer. When companies and organizations do not adopt and enforce a code of ethics, telemarketing is a fertile ground for customer fraud and unethical behavior. This is true for legitimate commercial companies, but far more so, for companies that exist solely for using telemarketing to defraud people. These companies seek potential victims who are easy to deceive and, therefore, direct their marketing activities at people with characteristics and weaknesses that make them more susceptible to fraud. Stereotypes about the elderly (“ageism”) and processes that often accompany ageing make senior citizens a preferred target for telemarketing fraud. This chapter reviews the phenomenon of telemarketing fraud and traces the main reasons why elderly people have become a preferred target for fraud. The discussion also raises the dilemma of choosing between protecting the elderly against fraud and the desire to preserve their right to make independent decisions.
Objectives
In 2012, Australia was the first country in the world to introduce plain or standardised tobacco packaging, coupled with larger graphic health warnings. This policy was fiercely opposed by industry. Media coverage can be an influential contributor to public debate, and both public health advocates and industry sought media coverage for their positions. The aim of this study was to measure the print media coverage of Australian’s plain packaging laws, from inception to roll-out, in major Australian newspapers.
Methods
This study monitored mainstream Australian print media (17 newspapers) coverage of the plain packaging policy debate and implementation, over a 7-year period from January 2008 to December 2014. Articles (n=701) were coded for article type, opinion slant and topic(s).
Design
Content analysis.
Results
Coverage of plain packaging was low during preimplementation phase (2008–2009), increasing sharply in the lead into legislative processes and diminished substantially after implementation. Articles covered policy rationale, policy progress and industry arguments. Of the news articles, 96% were neutrally framed. Of the editorials, 55% were supportive, 28% were opposing, 12% were neutral and 5% were mixed.
Conclusions
Protracted political debate, reflected in the media, led to an implementation delay of plain packaging. While Australian media provided comprehensive coverage of industry arguments, news coverage was largely neutral, whereas editorials were mostly supportive or neutral of the policy. Countries seeking to implement plain packaging of tobacco should not be deterred by the volume of news coverage, but should actively promote the evidence for plain packaging in the media to counteract the arguments of the tobacco industry.
Introduction
While understanding factors that lead to successful adolescent
smoking cessation outcomes is necessary, it is also prudent to determine factors
and conditions that contribute to failure to quit smoking. The present study posits
that adolescents’ proximal environments, such as schools, may influence cessation
treatment outcomes.
Methods
Using aggregated and geographically-referenced data from multi-year
school-based cessation trials with 14-19 year olds seeking cessation in 5 States of
the USA, the present study developed and applied a tobacco-specific socio-spatial
model inclusive of Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Specifically, this novel approach
spatially joined individual data files (n=8855) with measures of school (n=807)
and county socio-economic factors. Once linked multi-level analyses explored
the extent to which cessation treatment failure was explained by the interplay of
individual, school and county-level factors. Treatment was deemed as failing to
meet its primary goals if participants continued to smoke cigarettes, measured
3-months post baseline.
Results
Ten per cent of the variation in cessation treatment failure was attributable to
school-level variables. Adolescent smokers were more likely to experience failure to
quit in: a) school districts with large percentages of the population having less than
high-school education, and b) schools with a higher ratio of students to teachers. The
strength of the relationship between cessation self-efficacy and treatment success was
further weakened among adolescents attending schools with higher percentages of
students eligible for free or reduced lunch programs.
Conclusions
Findings implicate school-level socio-economic disadvantage as a
significant factor inhibiting cessation, regardless of adolescent self-efficacy to
quit smoking. Understanding the interplay of proximal school environments and
individual-level factors may provide insights to educators, policy makers and
practitioners into the complexities that inhibit or strengthen an adolescent’s smoking
cessation treatment experience.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exposure to tobacco marketing and perceptions of peer tobacco use among college students.
Participants: Participants were 5,767 undergraduate students from 19 colleges/universities in the State of Texas.
Methods: Students completed an online survey, in the spring of 2016, that assessed past 30 day exposure to e-cigarette, cigar, smokeless tobacco, and traditional cigarette advertising across multiple marketing channels, past 30 day use of each product, and perceived prevalence of peer use. Multi-level linear regression models were run to examine the associations between exposure to tobacco advertising and perceptions of peer tobacco use controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, use and school.
Results: Greater exposure to advertising was associated with greater perceived prevalence of peer use.
Conclusions: Given the normative effects of advertising on perceived peer tobacco use, college tobacco initiatives should include descriptive norms education to counteract inaccurate perceptions.
This chapter examines the empirical evidence for the impact of advertising on children’s well-being and is organised into three sections. The chapter begins with the fundamental question of whether and under what circumstances it is fair to advertise to children at all and suggests that we need a new set of criteria which can also accommodate new media advertising. Section two considers the implications for governments of the growing evidence suggesting that advertising affects children’s propensity to smoke, drink alcohol and eat unhealthily. The third section explores the complex relationship between advertising, family arguments, materialism and childhood wellbeing and the profound implications for children on low incomes. What will become clear from the emerging empirical evidence reviewed in this chapter is that the relationship between advertising and children’s well-being remains highly complex and highly controversial but that it deserves a great deal of attention at a time when consumerism is fast becoming a global phenomenon often with little thought as to the consequences for child well-being. The balance of evidence points to advertising as a negative influence on children’s wellbeing but there is still a great deal that we do not know in this fast evolving landscape.
Brochure available on: http://www.observatoire-marketing-tabac.ch/presentation-2/materiel/
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.