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Erfolgsfaktor Humanitäre Logistik --- Status Quo und zukünftige Entwicklungen
Abstract
In dem Buchkapitel stellen wir die Unterschiede und Schnittstellen zwischen humanitären und kommerziellen Lieferketten vor sowie gehen auf die unterschiedlichen Akteure in der humanitären Logistik ein. Auf dieser Grundlage werden ausgewählte Initiativen der kommerziellen Logistik im humanitären Kontext, aktuelle Herausforderungen und Forschungsrichtungen vorgestellt.
The global air freight market is highly fragmented on the part of both carriers and their customers. The largest cargo airline, FedEx, had a market share of barely more than 7% in 2016. On the part of air freight forwarders, who represent the largest customers of cargo airlines, the picture is similar. The top 20 players represent a market share of just over 40%. Given this fragmented market, the players are trying to occupy and siphon off interesting segments with products and additional services.
Der globale Luftfrachtmarkt ist sowohl auf Seiten der Carrier wie auch auf Seiten ihrer Kunden hochgradig fragmentiert. Die größte Fracht-Fluglinie FedEx hatte 2016 einen Marktanteil von kaum mehr als 7 %. Seitens der Luftfrachtspeditionen, die die größten Kunden der Frachtfluglinien darstellen, ist das Bild vergleichbar. Die 20 führenden Akteure repräsentieren einen Marktanteil von etwas über 40 %. Angesichts dieses zersplitterten Markts versuchen die Akteure, interessante Segmente mit Produkten und Zusatzleistungen zu besetzen und abzuschöpfen.
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to describe a performance measurement system (PMS) including adequate key performance indicators (KPI) for humanitarian logistics respecting the specific requirements of logistics processes of relief organizations.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach followed is based on a comprehensive literature study of existing logistic PMS in order to investigate their transferability to humanitarian logistics. Based on a differentiation between commercial and humanitarian logistics, a promising PMS concept for the application area of humanitarian logistics was designed.
Findings
The identification of a supply chain balanced scorecard (BSC) as a PMS seems to be beneficial for humanitarian logistics. It respects the diversity of humanitarian organizations considering different logistics strategies and allows for the integration of short- and long-term logistical targets.
Research limitations/implications
The findings are conceptual at this stage. Its application is necessary in order to evaluate the developed BSC and the ability of humanitarian organizations for the required data collection. Additionally, the acceptance and willingness of the PMS application by humanitarian organizations has to be determined.
Practical implications
The results put humanitarian organizations in a position to easily collect and analyze relevant data on logistics processes respecting their organization-specific logistics strategy. Thus, the improvement of logistics performance and reduction of logistics related costs is enabled.
Original/value
For the first time, a supply chain BSC framework and adequate KPI-set for humanitarian logistics were identified. They appear promising to fulfil the specific requirements within the application area.
Decades of research have been committed to developing effective business logistics systems. In contrast, the important design principles for effective humanitarian logistics systems remains poorly understood. Current research focuses largely on applying business models to humanitarian logistics, however, there remains a fundamental mismatch between business logistics models, and humanitarian logistics ways of operating. Specifically, business logistics systems are utility focused; designed to prioritize cost minimization and profit maximization, to sustain a long-term market demand for their service and to limit the opportunity for uncertainty within their supply chain. Alternatively, humanitarians and their logistics systems aim to prioritize a shared moral code over economic outcomes, reduce beneficiary dependence upon their service, and specifically operate in a contingent environment characterized by high uncertainty and context flux. Thus, we argue that business logistics models and tools designed for precision outcomes and control cannot merely be re-engineered for a humanitarian context that calls for approximation and parallel option flexibility. Instead of adapting economic-based logistics systems designed for maximizing business effectiveness, we believe academics could better contribute to the science of humanitarian logistics by pursuing new designs supporting the goals and constraints driven by humanitarian values.
In this paper we present the development of an integrated process analysis toolkit for humanitarian logistics. The toolkit integrates a conceptual and a technological component. Our approach follows a case study-based modeling and design approach. The developed concept was evaluated in two humanitarian organizations. Based on these results we extended and integrated the tool-supported process analysis approach, which is ready to use for the structural and quantitative analysis of humanitarian logistics processes. The toolkit can be applied in humanitarian organizations as a decision support tool for designing, planning and executing their logistics processes. Thus, the application affects the preparedness of humanitarian organizations as well as their response performance. The process analysis toolkit is embedded in an overall research agenda with the objective to provide humanitarian organizations with the capabilities to identify, monitor, and improve their logistics processes respecting the organization specific objectives.
In this study, we consider facility location decisions for a humanitarian relief chain responding to quick-onset disasters. In particular, we develop a model that determines the number and locations of distribution centres in a relief network and the amount of relief supplies to be stocked at each distribution centre to meet the needs of people affected by the disasters. Our model, which is a variant of the maximal covering location model, integrates facility location and inventory decisions, considers multiple item types, and captures budgetary constraints and capacity restrictions. We conduct computational experiments to illustrate how the proposed model works on a realistic problem. Results show the effects of pre- and post-disaster relief funding on relief system's performance, specifically on response time and the proportion of demand satisfied. Finally, we discuss the managerial implications of the proposed model.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to give an up-to-date and structured insight into the most recent literature on humanitarian logistics, and suggest trends for future research based on the gaps identified through structured content analysis.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a quantitative and qualitative content analysis process to analyse the characteristics of the existing literature, identifying the most studied topics in six structural dimensions, and presenting gaps and recommendations for further research.
Findings – It was found that existing humanitarian logistics research shows too little interest in continuous humanitarian aid operations, in slow onset disasters and man-made catastrophes. While several papers address different phases of disasters, very few focus particularly on the reconstruction following a disaster. Empirical research is underrepresented in the existing literature as well.
Research limitations/implications – While five of the authors’ structural dimensions are inspired by previous reviews, the sixth dimension (situational factors) is derived from a theoretical framework which the authors developed and which has never been tested before. The validity of the study could therefore be increased by testing this framework.
Originality/value – The authors analyse the broadest set of papers (174) ever covered in previous literature reviews on humanitarian logistics. A quantitative analysis of the papers was conducted in order to analyse the situational factors which have mostly been studied so far in literature. This paper is also the first in humanitarian logistics to use content analysis as the main methodology to analyse literature in a structured way, which is of particular value to the academic community as well as practitioners.
Winner of Outstanding Paper Award 2013
Anwendungsbezogen und verständlich wird der Einsatz logistischer Methoden im internationalen Katastrophenmanagement am Beispiel realer Katastrophen der Vergangenheit aufgezeigt. Mit Blick auf die übergreifende Zusammenarbeit stellt die Autorin Konzepte des SCM und Informationssysteme mit ihren Potenzialen und Grenzen für das Katastrophenmanagement vor.
This chapter focuses on an auction-based procurement framework for single coordinating platforms in humanitarian logistics. It first covers disaster relief operations, humanitarian logistics, and procurement in this context and illustrate many of the issues that make the management and coordination of procurement functions complex and challenging. Then the proposed framework along with the auction model is discussed including the unique design characteristics associated with disaster relief environment. Three-phase approach presents a complete representation of the procurement in humanitarian logistics. Results indicate that the proposed announcement options increase the fill rate. Announcement construction criteria allow coordinating platforms to use varying bundling choices.
Post-disaster housing reconstruction projects face several challenges. Resources and material supplies are often scarce; several and different types of organizations are involved, while projects must be completed as quickly as possible to foster recovery. Within this context, the chapter aims to increase the understanding of relief supply chain design in reconstruction. In addition, the chapter is introducing a community based and beneficiary perspective to relief supply chains by evaluating the implications of local components for supply chain design in reconstruction. This is achieved through the means of secondary data analysis based on the evaluation reports of two major housing reconstruction projects that took place in Europe the last decade. A comparative analysis of the organizational designs of these projects highlights the ways in which users can be involved. The performance of reconstruction supply chains seems to depend to a large extent on the way beneficiaries are integrated in supply chain design impacting positively on the effectiveness of reconstruction supply chains.
A dynamic vehicle routing problem that models the relief distribution operations in a post-disaster environment is addressed. As an approximate solution method, a multi-agent system with two hierarchical levels is proposed. Within the proposed framework, the vehicles have the ability to dynamically re-route, bid for new tasks and de-commit to previously undertaken tasks to take advantage of the continuous flow of incoming information. In order to evaluate the proposed architecture, a discrete-event simulator was built in an object-oriented language. A series of simulation cases were identified and the behavior of the proposed approach was compared to that of a centralized, on-line heuristic solution approach.
Logistic skills are of importance for employment and career development, and prior research has highlighted differences in skill requirements for different logistics functions as well as for different groups of logisticians. However, the continuing incidence of natural disasters and complex emergencies and their associated challenges including the requirement to build relationships with diverse stakeholders, has increased the demand for humanitarian logisticians—but there is, as yet, little understanding of which skills are important in this context. This article develops a conceptual framework for skills in the field of humanitarian logistics, and evaluates the framework through a content analysis of job advertisements with a special focus on the 2010 Haiti earthquake. This analysis concludes that humanitarian logisticians need a broad spectrum of functional skills (such as procurement, and warehouse and transport management) that must often be held in some depth. In addition, however, humanitarian logisticians need “contextual” skills that reflect their particular field of employment (such as security management and a comprehensive knowledge of donor regulations). It is suggested that such contextual skills are likely to feature in other areas of logistic employment, and that further research to identify these would lead to improvements in training and education programs.
Logistic activity can be thought of as a socio-technical process whereby a social network of individuals orchestrates a series of technical activities using supporting systems such as transportation and communications. To understand the functioning of the entire system requires proper consideration of all its components. We identify seven key components: the objectives being pursued, the origin of the commodity flows to be transported, knowledge of demand, the decision-making structure, periodicity and volume of logistic activities, and the state of the social networks and supporting systems. Based on our analysis of the differences between commercial and humanitarian logistics, we pinpoint research gaps that need to be filled to enhance both the efficiency of humanitarian logistics and the realism of the mathematical models designed to support it.
We argue that humanitarian logistics is too broad a field to fit neatly into a single definition of operational conditions. At one end of the spectrum we find humanitarian logistic efforts of the kind conducted in long-term disaster recovery and humanitarian assistance, where operational efficiency – akin to commercial logistics – is a prime consideration. At the other, post-disaster humanitarian logistic operations involved in disaster response and short-term recovery activities represent a vastly different operational environment, often in chaotic settings where urgent needs, life-or-death decisions and scarce resources are the norm. The huge contrast between these operational environments requires that they be treated separately.
This thesis explores an under-researched field: humanitarian organizations and their supply chains. Humanitarian organizations respond to the basic needs of populations that experience a tragic disruption in their lives. Given the challenging contexts they operate in, this thesis first explores the factors that contribute to their performance. Thereafter, it identifies the strategies and organizational structures they need to adopt to respond to the growing challenge of attending to more people with fewer resources. It argues that to excel in disaster preparedness and response, among other things, humanitarian organizations need to engage in at least three partnership arrangements – temporary supply networks, a logistics coordination platform and a series of business and CSO partnerships – and build and strengthen a number of related capabilities. The invisible resource that once leveraged increases the opportunity and ability of a humanitarian organization to perform better is its social capital with parties involved in these partnership arrangements. In terms of lessons for business, it verifies the relevance and benefits of humanitarian partnership structures to commercial supply chains in specific scenarios. Apart from holding some lessons for humanitarian organizations themselves, this thesis contributes to the virtual organizing literature and provides empirical evidence for the emergence and management of logistics virtual organizations.
Recent humanitarian disasters, such as the Asian tsunami and Katrina, have pointed out the importance of supply chain management in dealing with the complex emergency situations and risks that humanitarian organisations are faced with. Although performance measurement is known to be crucial for performance improvement, little insight exists in how effective performance indicators can be selected in the humanitarian context. This paper adds to this insight through the use of an extensive literature review to identify necessary conditions for an effective performance measurement system. Subsequently, we conduct a case study at the Dutch filial of Medecins Sans Frontieres to investigate whether these conditions are met or not. It appears that the biggest challenges lie in data accuracy and the fact that the current set of performance indicators is not geared towards future improvement. As MSF is known for its emergency logistics performance, it is not unthinkable that other humanitarian supply chains struggle with the same issues.
This paper builds on the idea that private sector logistics can and should be applied to improve the performance of disaster logistics but that before embarking on this the private sector needs to understand the core capabilities of humanitarian logistics. With this in mind, the paper walks us through the complexities of managing supply chains in humanitarian settings. It pinpoints the cross learning potential for both the humanitarian and private sectors in emergency relief operations as well as possibilities of getting involved through corporate social responsibility. It also outlines strategies for better preparedness and the need for supply chains to be agile, adaptable and aligned—a core competency of many humanitarian organizations involved in disaster relief and an area which the private sector could draw on to improve their own competitive edge. Finally, the article states the case for closer collaboration between humanitarians, businesses and academics to achieve better and more effective supply chains to respond to the complexities of today's logistics be it the private sector or relieving the lives of those blighted by disaster.Journal of the Operational Research Society (2006) 57, 475–489. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602125 Published online 14 December 2005
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the challenges of humanitarian logisticians with respect to different types of disasters, phases of disaster relief and the type of humanitarian organization. A conceptual model is constructed that serves as a basis to identify these challenges.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on a country as a case, namely Ghana. Structured and unstructured data are collected in a workshop with humanitarian logisticians, and complemented with presentations of humanitarian logisticians, as they perceive their challenges. Disaster statistics and country profiles are used as secondary data.
Findings
The paper shows that some disasters defy a categorization between natural and man‐made causes. Challenges of humanitarian logisticians depend not only on the disaster at hand, but also on the local presence of their organization. The most emphasized challenge is the coordination of logistical activities. Challenges can be managed better if attributing them to different stakeholder environments.
Research limitations/implications
Applying stakeholder theory to logistics, this paper provides a greater understanding for the challenges of humanitarian logisticians.
Practical implications
A stakeholder categorization of the challenges of humanitarian logisticians helps to find potential collaboration partners as well as to mitigate these challenges.
Originality/value
Humanitarian logistics is a rather new field in logistics literature. What is more, there is a lack of empirical cases in the field. This paper proposes a conceptual model based on an actual empirical case.
Purpose
To develop and test three different inventory management strategies as applied to the complex emergency in south Sudan.
Design/methodology/approach
Quantitative modeling, simulation, and statistics.
Findings
This research identified critical system factors that contributed most significantly to inventory system performance, and identified strengths and weaknesses of each inventory management strategy.
Research limitations/implications
This research represents a first step in developing inventory management systems for humanitarian relief. Future work would include modeling correlation among relief items, multiple items, and considering the impact of information.
Practical implications
In a domain that has seen limited application of quantitative models, this work demonstrates the performance benefits of using quantitative methods to manage inventory in a relief setting.
Originality/value
This research has value for relief organizations by providing a real‐world application of quantitative inventory management strategies applied to a complex emergency, and demonstrated performance advantages of quantitative versus ad hoc methods. This research has value for researchers by providing a new application of simulation and mathematical modeling (humanitarian relief).
The demand for humanitarian aid is extraordinarily large and it is increasing. In contrast, the funding for humanitarian operations does not seem to be increasing at the same rate. Humanitarian logistics has the challenge of allocating scarce resources to complex operations in an efficient way. After acquiring sufficient contextual knowledge, academics can use operations research (OR) to adapt successful supply chain management best practices to humanitarian logistics. We present two cases of OR applications to field vehicle fleet management in humanitarian operations. Our research shows that by using OR to adapt supply chain best practices to humanitarian logistics, significant improvements can be achieved.
This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of fuzzy rule-based systems and some standard statistical and other machine learning techniques in the context of the development of a decision support system (DSS) for the assessment of the severity ...
Humanitarian supply chains (HSC) can be considered a new research area. The number of applied scientific publications has
considerably increased over the past 15 years. About half of this research work uses quantitative techniques as optimisation
decision-support systems. But due to the recentness of this academic area, researchers are finding it difficult to develop
accurate, and above all, reliable mathematical models to support their steps towards improvement. This is particularly true
concerning the crucial problems of coordination in HSCs. This paper tackles the issue by developing an original quantitative
modelling support method. Based on enterprise modelling methodologies, we propose a business process modelling approach that
helps in understanding, analysing, evaluating and then developing the formal expression of an HSC. Such a model, therefore,
clearly has an added value for practitioners and should enable relevant quantitative models to be produced. Finally, an application
on the emergency response processes of the International Federation of Red Cross is detailed in order to validate the relevance
and the applicability of our proposal. This experiment allows all the variables and parameters that should be useful for improving
the efficiency of the network to be identified.
KeywordsOptimisation modelling–Humanitarian supply chains–Enterprise modelling–Coordination–Relief chains
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