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The occurrence of Cameraria ohridella in Belgium (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Abstract and Figures
Cameraria ohridella has spread over the whole territory of Belgium at an enormous speed. Within one year, its presence was established in all Belgian provinces, sometimes in very high numbers, causing panic reactions to some foresters and responsible persons for the plantations in parks and along roadsides. In some cases, it was decided to simply cut down all chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum), the larval foodplant of C. ohridella, in the infested zone. In order to establish the spread and current distribution in Belgium, both authors made several journeys to different parts of the country.
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... Persoon, Macrothyrsus (Spach) K. Koch and Parryanae Wiggins (Forest et al., 2001) (Table 1). Some of the species of Aesculus are used as ornamental trees in Europe, and several previous studies have reported that different species of Aesculus vary in their susceptibility to C. ohridella (Grabenweger & Grill, 2000;De Prins & De Prins, 2001;Freise et al., 2004;Kenis et al., 2005;Kukula-Mlynarczyk et al., 2006;Péré et al., 2009). Straw and Tilbury (2006) collated the information available on the susceptibility of different species of Aesculus to C. ohridella and showed that susceptibility was related to the taxonomic divisions within the host genus. ...
... Cameraria ohridella has been present at the RBG since 2003, and so multiple generations have had the opportunity to come into contact with the diversity of species in the garden. Thus the infestation patterns of the leaf miner population present at the RBG may differ from those observed in other studies, where the leaf miners were newly introduced (De Prins & De Prins, 2001) or where oviposition patterns and larval survival were investigated in no-choice tests (Kenis et al., 2005). Moreover, in comparison to other studies, leaf damage assessment in this study was carried out over multiple years and leaf tissue damage caused by the miners was assessed for each generation during the vegetative season, allowing annual comparison of infestation levels. ...
... This could indicate that C. ohridella is slowly adapting to these species. By contrast, our results did not entirely support the findings of De Prins and De Prins (2001), who reported that A. californica and A. indica were slightly infested, as we found these species to be completely resistant. There can be variations in oviposition choice and larval performance between herbivore populations and even among individuals within the population (Thompson, 1988) and this could play a role in the observed differences between studies. ...
Preference–performance relationships are thought to be particularly important for sessile herbivores, such as leaf miners, whose choice of host plant is entirely determined by the ovipositing female. However, this relationship has seldom been examined between a non‐native herbivore and non‐native host plants.
Leaf damage and oviposition patterns by the invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella D eschka & D imic, 1986 ( L epidoptera: G racillariidae), were investigated on 11 different species of Aesculus L . ( S apindaceae) at the R oyal B otanic G ardens, K ew. The tree species studied were of different continental origin and belonged to four different sections of the genus Aesculus .
Oviposition was recorded on all the investigated species of Aesculus , with egg densities being greatest on Aesculus hippocastanum L . and Aesculus turbinata B lume. By contrast, mines were formed on only six out of the 11 studied species.
There was a positive correlation between eggs laid on leaves of a species and levels of leaf tissue damage by C. ohridella , although eggs were laid on species on which larvae did not develop.
Host suitability for C. ohridella was related to the phylogeny of the genus Aesculus . Species belonging to the section Aesculus were susceptible to the leaf miner; species in the section Pavia showed variable susceptibility; and species in the section Calothyrsus and Macrothyrsus were found to be resistant.
... Ces résultats traduisent l'efficacité du produit Abamectine 18 EC et Bifenthrine 27 EC contre les chenilles défoliatrices de la grande morelle et de l'amarante. Ce résultat corrobore ceuxde De Prins & De Prins (2001) qui ont montré que le traitement des troncs de châtaigniers avec de l'Abamectine 18 EC a efficacement contrôlé la chenille Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae).Le pourcentage de plants de grande morelle morts dans les parcelles non traitées est significativement plus élevé que celui observé sur les parcelles traitées avec Abamectine 18 EC et Bifenthrine 27 EC. Toutefois, la plus faible dose de 0,37 l/ha de Abamectine 18 EC a donné le pourcentage le plus élevé de plants morts parmi les parcelles traitées. ...
The study has been aimed at the assessment of the efficiency of Abamectin 18 EC which has trade name Acarius 18 EC against pests of amaranth and African eggplant in 2013. The experiments were conducted in a completed randomized block design with four replications and five treatments which were: untreated control plot, plot treated with 0.30 l/ha of Bifenthrin and plots treated with 0.37 l/ha, 0.50 l/ha and 0.75 l/ha of Abamectin 18 EC. Abamectin 18 EC, at doses of 0.50 l/ha and 0.75 l/ha, significantly reduced the population and leaf damage caused by the mite Tetranychus evansi (Tetranychidae) and caterpillars of Psara basalis (Crambidae) and Hymenia recurvalis (Pyralidae) on amaranth and on African eggplant similar to Bifenthrin 10 EC at the dose of 0.30 l/ha. However, none dose of Abamectin EC 18 was effective on aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (Aphididae). For reasons of economic efficiency and avoiding residuals, the dose of 0.50 l/ha was recommended to farmers to control the mites and defoliating caterpillars of amaranth and African eggplant.
... A high mortality rate of larvae can be reached by the application of systemic insecticides (e.g., new BI-58, Danadim, etc.); however, their use in settlements is impossible because of their toxicity [306]. Chemical control by aerial spraying is efficient but expensive and not adapted to the urban area [349], while in some European countries, such a measure has raised public concern [350]. Other pesticides with fewer non-target effects can be feasible [351], and in particular, stem injections can provide satisfactory results [352]. ...
Invasive alien insects cause serious ecological and economical losses around the world. Here, we review the bionomics, modern ranges (and their dynamics), distribution pathways, monitoring, and control measures of 14 insect species known to be important invasive and emerging tree pests in forest and urban ecosystems of Russia: Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), Corythucha arcuata (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae), Agrilus fleischeri, A. mali, A. planipennis, Lamprodila (Palmar) festiva (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Ips amitinus, Polygraphus proximus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Acrocercops brongniardella, Cameraria ohridella, Phyllonorycter issikii, and P. populifoliella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). We identified three major scenarios of tree pest invasions in the country and beyond: (1) a naturally conditioned range expansion, which results in the arrival of a pest to a new territory and its further naturalization in a recipient region; (2) a human-mediated, long-distance transfer of a pest to a new territory and its further naturalization; and (3) a widening of the pest’s trophic niche and shift to new host plant(s) (commonly human-introduced) within the native pest’s range frequently followed by invasion to new regions.
... Die Minen sind schon von weitem als große, längliche helle Flecken an der Oberseite der Blätter erkennbar. In guten Jahren entwickelt sie drei Generationen, was zu Befürchtungen über eine Gefahr für unsere Rosskastanien führte (De Prins & de Prins 2001). Die Bäume werden durch die Blattminen geschwächt, sterben aber nicht ab. ...
The author presents the checklist of the 80 species of the superfamily Gracil-larioidea (Lepidoptera) hitherto recorded in Luxembourg. They represent half of the total number of species of the superfamily known in Central Europe. The majority of the host plants mentioned in the literature for the species of the genus Phyllonorycter could be confirmed through feeding experiments carried out by the author. The list includes four non-native species introduced to Central Europe by humans.
... Minotetrastichus frontalis NEES, 1834 Balázs, K., Thuróczy, C. 2000; Balázs, K., Thuróczy, C., Ripka, G. 2002;Baur, H. 2005;De Prins, W., De Prins, J. 2001; Del Bene, G., Gargani, E., Landi, S., Bonifacio, A. 2001;Freise, J. F., Heitland, W., Tosevski, I. 2002;Grabenweger, G. (2002Grabenweger, G. ( , 2003; Grabenweger, G., Lethmayer, C. 1999;Hellrigl, K., Ambrosi, P. 2000;Lethmayer, C. (2001Lethmayer, C. ( , 2002 Grabenweger, G. (2002Grabenweger, G. ( , 2003; Grabenweger, G., Lethmayer, C. 1999;Hellrigl, K., Ambrosi, P. 2000;Lethmayer, C. (2001Lethmayer, C. ( , 2002; Stolz, M. 2000 Pnigalio longulus ZETTERSTEDT, 1838 Hellrigl, K., Ambrosi, P. 2000 ...
... In Vienna, C. ohridella was chemically treated, implying economic costs and other public health issues (EPPO, 2000). In Italy, this same measure raised public concern (De Prins & De Prins, 2001). ...
The article presents a study of the various meanings given by different actors to the biological invasion of Cameraria ohridella in Paris's green spaces. This insect of unknown origin has spread throughout Europe, mining the leaves of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), a tree species widely distributed in European capital cities. The elaboration of a map of actors allowed the identification of the stages in the bioinvasion management. The research shows that: i) despite the existence of specialized regional and international species monitoring organizations, the key alert networks were of an informal nature; ii) Paris's Green Areas Directorate assessed and treated the invasive species with a rationale that did not include other sectors of society; iii) the effectiveness of the adopted measures was undermined by the fact that the Green Areas Directorate does not control all the parks or gardens within the city. Owners/managers acted independently, so allowing the development of new sources of infestation. The article concludes that the invasiveness of an ecosystem is not only shaped by its ecological traits but also by social organizations and policies.
Interesting records of Lepidoptera in Belgium in 2001 (Lepidoptera) Three new Lepidoptera species are recorded for Belgium: Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clemens, 1859), Gelechia muscosella Zeller, 1839, and Buszkoiana capnodactylus (Zeller, 1841). Furthermore, several new province records are mentioned. Résumé. Observations intéressantes de Lépidoptères en Belgique en 2001 (Lepidoptera).
The karyotype of Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 was established from material collected at Tervuren (Belgium, Vlaams-Brabant) in the autumn of 2000. The haploid chromosome number is n=30, which is the modal number for Gracillariidae in general. The sex determining mechanisme in C. ohridella is ZZmale - ZWfemale.
The pupal morphology of the pest species Cameraria ohridella is described and compared with that of the genus Phyllonorycter. The most striking differences are the longer antennal appendages, the absence of a cremaster, the presence of strong lateral thorns on abdominal segments 1–5 and an area without small spines on the same abdominal segments in Cameraria.
Reviews of the current statuses of forests and the impacts of climate change on forests exist at the (sub)continental scale,
but rarely at country and regional levels, meaning that information on causal factors, their impacts, and specific regional
properties is often inconsistent and lacking in depth. Here, we present the current status of forest production and biogeochemistry
and the expected impacts of climate change on them for Belgium. This work represents a case study for the temperate oceanic
zone, the most important bioclimatic zone in northwestern Europe. Results show that Belgian forests are mainly young, very
productive, and have a high C-sequestration capacity. Major negative anomalies in tree vitality were observed in the 1990s
and—as result of disturbances—in the last decade for sensitive species as poplars and European beech. The most severe disturbances
were caused by extreme climatic events, directly (e.g. storms) or indirectly (e.g. insect outbreaks after a mild autumn with
an early/severe frost). Because of atmospheric deposition and soil fertilization (due to the previous use of the land), nutrient
stocks of Belgian forests are likely to sustain the future enhancement in productivity which is expected to follow the increase
in atmospheric CO2 concentration that will occur in years to come. However, in the long term, such (enhanced) forest production is likely to
be limited by nutrient deficiencies at poor sites and by drought for sensitive species such as beech and (particularly) Norway
spruce. Drought conditions will likely increase in the future, but adverse effects are expected on a relatively limited number
of tree species. The potential impacts of windstorms, insects and fungi should be carefully investigated, whereas fires are
less of a concern.
KeywordsForest production and biogeochemistry–Climate change–Tree growth and vitality–Carbon and nutrients cycles–Abiotic and biotic disturbances–Western-central Europe
Females of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella produce a highly attractive sex pheromone in the early photophase. The pheromone, luring conspecific males into Delta traps baited with females, is produced in the female abdominal tip (ca 10-50 pg per calling female) and the active components can be extracted with hexane. Both dissected tips and their hexane extracts showed high attractiveness for C. ohridella males in a wind tunnel behavioural bioassay. According to electrophysiological recordings, the male antennae are notably sensitive to both dissected female abdomens and extracts from them. The strong attractiveness of the pheromone may be useful in control of this pest.
Dispersal of the horse-chestnut leafminer, Comeraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 in Europe: its course, ways and causes (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) . HANA ŠEFROVÁ & ZDENĚK LAŠTÚVKA
Cameraria ohridella, a new species for the Belgian fauna (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) In late 1999, an important number of leaf mines of Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 was found at Tervuren (prov. Vlaams-Brabant) and at Mol and Tongerlo (prov. Antwerpen). The biology and recent spread of this species in West-Europe are discussed. Résumé. Cameraria ohridella, une espèce nouvelle pour la faune belge (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Vers la fin de 1999, une quantité importante de mines de Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic, 1986 furent trouvées à Tervuren (prov. Vlaams-Brabant) et à Mol et Tongerlo (prov. Antwerpen). La biologie et l'extension récente de cette espèce en Europe Occidentale sont discutées.
The paper describes the field biology of the introduced horse-chestnut leafininer Cameraria ohridella in the Vienna Woods. Three overlapping generations have been observed, with adults most common in early May, July, and September. Eggs were laid on the upperside of the leaves along the lateral veins; up to 100 eggs were found per leaflet and up to 300 per compound leaf. They hatched in 2-3 weeks. Larval development lasted from over 3 weeks in summer to 5 weeks in autumn. The mines extend mainly between two lateral veins. Up to 30 mines per leaflet developed success-fully, whereas the others succumbed in the heavy competition for space and food. Pu-pation was in a silken cocoon in the mine, the pupal stage lasting about 2 weeks, but 6-7 months in the overwintering generation. On adult emergence, the pupae penetrated the leaf surface, the exuviae remaining half-way in the mine. Due to very heavy attack; many old trees became brown or lost their foliage already in August.as virtually all leaves had been mined during the 1st and 2nd leafminer genera-tion. Development of the 3rd generation was possible only in areas of lower attack. The leafminer was first observed in Macedonia in 1983/84 and described in 1986. In 1989, it suddenly appeared in the vicinity of Linz in Upper Austria and has since rapidly spread so that, in 1993/94, it has been found in many parts of Austria and in parts of Bavaria.
Abstract
Cameraria ohridella was recorded first in 1985 in Macedonia. It gradually expanded to north and west and at present it is a serious pest of Horse
ChestnutAesculus hippocastanum in the Czech Republic, having been established at about 80 localities. There are 4–5 overlapping generations with sizes of
the larvae of 0.4–4.0 mm. The larva develops inside the leaf tissue in the upper parenchym layer of the leaflet and causes
a mine, the size of which is broadened with growing larva. First adults start to fly at the end of April. After mating the
females lay single eggs on the leaves. Larval development lasts 25–30 days followed by the prepupa I and II. The latter spins
a cocoon in which the pupa of the last generation hibernates. The development from L4 to the prepupa lasts for 3–6 days at
22°C. During the summer it is possible to find all larval and prepupal stages in attacked leaves. FourAesculus species:A. parviflora Walk,A. carnea Haey.,A. glabra Walk andA. indica J. Hobb. were found to be resistent toC. obridella. A. lutea H. J. was liftle andA. pavia L. was heavily attacked. The parasitization ofC. o. larvae was very low. Only 2 parasites were found in 1500 mines in the first and second generation ofC. o., and 40 parasites in 1000 mines of the fourth and fifth generation. The highest mortality takes place in moths, eggs and
young larvae. It was found in all 4 generation that there were i. m. 50 eggs/leaflet from which i. m. 3 hibernating pupae
resulted. Supposing 2 moths (1♀, 1♂)/leaflet emerged in spring which produced 50 eggs (75 eggs/♀—33% moth mortality), the
density of eggs in the first generation after hibernating being the same as in the last (fourth) generation before hibernating.
As to the whole populations density in this case we can calculate as following: 3 pupae/leaflet on the tree=3000 pupae/leaflets
pro m2 on the soil=2000 emerging moths pro m2=50,000 moths (25,000 ♀♀) pro tree (namely 25 m2 projecting area of the tree crown×2000 moths).
A major sex attractant released by the virgin female of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) which devastates horse-chestnut trees in Europe, was identified in picogram quantities as (8E,10Z)-tetradeca-8,10-dienal without using spectral methods. The identification solely relied on gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), calculation of Kovats' indices of the active principle on different GC phases, and construction of antennal response spectra (EAG response profiles) to C12 and C14 saturated and unsaturated standards with different functional groups. The dienal was prepared by a stereospecific synthesis and shown to be highly active for conspecific males in pg amounts and fully comparable to the natural substance.
A survey on the present distribution of the horse chestnut leafmining moth, Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dimic 1986, in Europe and in Italy is given: In Europe, within a period of 15 years, the leafminer – recently introduced into Central Europe – has settled in an area that spreads over 13 latitudinal and about 20 longitudinal degrees; in Northern Italy, an area of approximately 50,000 km ² has been afflicted in the 5 years since the leafminer’s introduction in South Tyrol and Julian Venetia in 1993.
The development of the distribution in the region of South Tyrol and Trentino is shown: In the province of Bozen‐South Tyrol, between 1995 and 1999 the moth has spread in all the three principal valleys (Eisacktal, Pustertal, Etschtal); in the Trentino province, first local attacks began only in 1998, near Trento and Riva, but spread over the entire Etschtal/Adige Valley in 1999. While in South Tyrol C. ohridella was introduced from the North (North Tyrol), the introduction into the Trentino occured from the South (Verona).
At present the attacks in Trentino province are preponderantly low (resulting heavy only in the city of Trento and in Riva del Garda) and limited to altitudes ranging from 70 to 700 in. In South Tyrol, attacks are mainly heavy in altitudes ranging from 250 to 900/950 m, while they are low in the increasingly affected higher altitudes of 1,000 to 1,230 m. Numeric attack parameters are given to show attack intensities.
The number of generations per year depends on the respective climatic conditions: in lower‐altitudes, usually three generations develop in a year, but in higher altitudes (800 to 1,100 m) only two generations; in the climatically favoured area around the Lake Garda a (partial) fourth generation appears possible.
The question of host plants ( Aesculus sp., Acer sp.) and the larval parasitism of C. ohridella is discussed. The parasitism of the larvae, principally by Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), was ascertained already in the first years of attack: In South Tyrol, 16 species of parasitoids appeared, and 8 in the Trentino province, but only two species were dominant: Minotetrastichus sp. and Pnigalio sp. The level of parasitism reached was low, comparable to other Central European countries.
An overview of knowledge about the horse chestnut minerCameraria abridella Desch. & Dem. (Lep., Gracillariidae), a pest developing in leaf mines ofAesculus bippocastanum, spread gradually from the Ohrid-Lake (Macedonia) through Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia up to the central Europe (fig.). At
present (1999) it occurs in northern Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, Czech and Slovak Republics, Austria, southern and central
Germany and in southern Poland. Usually three, but up to five generations develop a year in central-European conditions.C. obridella develops also in leaf mines onAcer pseudoplatanus andA. platanoides. The parasitation is 1–8% and seems not to increase. Heavily attacked trees do not die; only rarely the dying of heavily
damaged trees have been observed. Several insecticides may be used to control of this pest. The most successful was the growth-regulator
Dimilin with active substance of Diflubenzurol. In the future it will be possible to control populations ofCameraria obridella by pheromones. The future development of this pest and its control is discussed.
Versuche zur Bekämpfung von Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic mittels Stamminjektion
- M Feemers
Feemers, M., 1997. Versuche zur Bekämpfung von Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic mittels
Stamminjektion (Präparat: Confidor). -Forstschutz Aktuell 21: 24-25.