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Psychopharmacology
ISSN 0033-3158
Volume 232
Number 5
Psychopharmacology (2015)
232:843-850
DOI 10.1007/s00213-014-3716-x
Can Valeriana officinalis root extract
prevent early postoperative cognitive
dysfunction after CABG surgery? A
randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trial
Soghra Hassani, Abbas Alipour, Hadi
Darvishi Khezri, Abolfazl Firouzian,
Amir Emami Zeydi, Afshin Gholipour
Baradari, et al.
1 23
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Can Valeriana officinalis root extract prevent early postoperative
cognitive dysfunction after CABG surgery? A randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Soghra Hassani &Abbas Alipour &Hadi Darvishi Khezri &Abolfazl Firouzian &
Amir Emami Zeydi &Afshin Gholipour Baradari &Rahman Ghafari &
Wali-all ah Habibi &Homeyra Tahmasebi &Fatemeh Alipour &Pooneh Ebrahim Zadeh
Received: 25 December 2013 / Accepted: 8 August 2014 /Published online: 31 August 2014
#Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract
Rationale We hypothesized that valerian root might prevent
cognitive dysfunction in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgery patients through stimulating serotonin receptors and
anti-inflammatory activity.
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of
Valeriana officinalis root extract on prevention of early postop-
erative cognitive dysfunction after on-pump CABG surgery.
Methods In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial, 61 patients, aged between 30 and 70 years, scheduled for
elective CABG surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB),
were recruited into the study. Patients were randomly divided
into two groups who received either one valerian capsule
containing 530 mg of valerian root extract (1,060 mg/daily)
or placebo capsule each 12 h for 8 weeks, respectively. For all
patients, cognitive brain function was evaluated before the
surgery and at 10-day and 2-month follow-up by Mini
Mental State Examination (MMSE) test.
Results Mean MMSE score decreased from 27.03±2.02 in
the preoperative periodto 26.52± 1.82 at the 10th day and then
increased to 27.45±1.36 at the 60th day in the valerian group.
Conversely, its variation was reduced significantly after
60 days in the placebo group, 27.37±1.87 at the baseline to
24± 1.91 at the 10th day, and consequently slightly increased
to 24.83±1.66 at the 60th day. Valerian prophylaxis reduced
odds of cognitive dysfunction compared to placebo group
(OR= 0.108, 95 % CI 0.022–0.545).
Conclusion We concluded that, based on this study, the cog-
nitive state of patients in the valerian group was better than
that in the placebo group after CABG; therefore, it seems that
the use of V. officinalis root extract may prevent early postop-
erative cognitive dysfunction after on-pump CABG surgery.
Keywords Valeriana officinalis .Cognition disorder .
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Introduction
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is one of the
most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide
(Farhoudi et al. 2010). Since the introduction of cardiopulmo-
nary bypass (CPB) in the early 1950s, the neurological con-
sequence of cardiac surgery has been an important issue
(Arrowsmith et al. 2000). Cognitive dysfunction is the most
S. Hassani :H. Darvishi Khezri (*):H. Tahmasebi
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad
University, 7th km of Sea Road (Farah Abaad), Firoozkande,
Sari, Iran
e-mail: hadidarvishi@iausari.ac.ir
A. Alipour
Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
A. Firouzian :A. Gholipour Baradari
Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
A. Emami Zeydi
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery,
Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
A. Emami Zeydi
PhD Student in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
R. Ghafari :W.<a. Habibi
Department of Cardiac Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
F. A lip our :P. Ebrahim Zadeh
ICU, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850
DOI 10.1007/s00213-014-3716-x
Author's personal copy
common complication after cardiac surgery with the approx-
imate reported incidence of 20–80 % (Kilo et al. 2001). This
complication is associated with increased mortality (Spiegel
et al. 2011), longer hospital stay (Slater et al. 2009), increased
hospital costs (Plaschke et al. 2010), reduced patient recovery
(Slater et al. 2009), increased risk of dementia (Petersen et al.
2001), and long-period care (Bilotta et al. 2011).
Cognitive dysfunction presume to be the result of physio-
logical disturbances caused by the CPB (Farhoudi et al. 2010;
VanHartenetal.2012). Brain damage caused by acute inflam-
mation and decreased serotonin neurotransmitter are the caus-
ative mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in patients under-
going on-pump cardiac surgery (Baumgartner 2007;Figueroa-
Ramos et al. 2009). This condition has led to the development
of pharmacological neuroprotective strategies in these patients
(Gilmore and Wolfe 2013). Pharmacologic prophylactic treat-
ment (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotics) has
been suggested as a means to prevent cognitive dysfunction
in selected patients and high-risk settings (e.g., older patients,
postoperation, and after stroke) (Gilmore and Wolfe 2013;
Oldenbeuving et al. 2008). A meta-analysis stated that preop-
erative, low-dose, and short-term administration of haloperidol
or risperidone may modestly decrease delirium incidence—but
not duration—in high-incidence samples who require intensive
care unit (ICU) support (Gilmore and Wolfe 2013). Some other
studies have not demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of
cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving pharmacologic pro-
phylactic (such as haloperidol, donepezil (Sampson et al. 2007),
citicoline (Bcpp et al. 2009), and rivastigmine) (Gamberini et al.
2009; Kalisvaart et al. 2005;Pisanietal.2010).
Valerian root, an herbal product consisting of the root of
Valeriana officinalis L., is widely available on the market as a
traditional medicine (Taibi et al. 2009). The root of V. officinalis
have been used in the treatment of sleep disorders, anxiety,
myalgia, and epilepsy (Bent et al. 2006;Sudatietal.2013).
Many studies have shown the anti-inflammatory properties
(Jacobo-Herrera et al. 2006;Patočka and Jakl 2010), stimulatory
effects on serotonin (5-HT) and acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
(Dietz et al. 2005;Patočka and Jakl 2010), and reduction of
sleep disturbance properties of valerian (Bent et al. 2006).
Considering that several studies showed the role of inflam-
mation (Gorelick 2010;Pengetal.2013), sleep disruption
(Inouye et al. 1999;Sveinsson1975), and decrease in the ACh
and 5-HT neurotransmitters (Figueroa-Ramos et al. 2009)in
occurrence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, we hy-
pothesized that valerian probably can decrease the incidence
of cognitive dysfunction through stimulating ACh and 5-HT
receptors (Dietz et al. 2005; Patočka and Jakl 2010) and anti-
inflammatory properties (Jacobo-Herrera et al. 2006;Patočka
and Jakl 2010), with reduction of sleep disturbance (Bent et al.
2006). Currently, two studies confirmed effects of valerian
root on cognitive dysfunction improvement in mice (Nam
et al. 2013;Wangetal.2014). According to the safety,
accessibility, and inexpensiveness of V. officinalis (Bent
et al. 2006; Gooneratne 2008) and to test this hypothesis and
also due to the lack of clinical evidence regarding the effect of
valerian on cogitative dysfunction after cardiac surgery, this
study was conducted for the first time with aim to investigate
the effect of valerian root extract on the prevention of postop-
erative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing CABG
surgery.
Materials and methods
Participants
After approval of the study in the Ethics Committee of the
Islamic Azad University, and obtaining written informed con-
sent from the patients, 61 adult patients of both sexes, aged
30–70 years, who are candidates for elective CABG surgery
using CPB, were enrolled in this study. Exclusion criteria
included the following: CABG surgery with no CPB, concur-
rency with other cardiac surgeries (e.g., valve replacement),
reoperation, history of cerebrovascular disease, alcoholism,
known mental illness, use of psychotherapeutic drugs in the
last 3 months, hepatic failure (SGPT and SGOT more than
75 IU/L), severe pulmonary insufficiency, acute renal failure
(creatinine ≥2 mg/dL), previous heart surgeries, heart failure
(ejection fraction less than 30 %), deafness, blindness, inabil-
ity to speak, and sensitivity to valerian. Also, patients with pH
less than 7.25 or serum base excess (BE) of less than
−6 mmol/L and coagulopathy (prolonged PT, a PTT, or both)
were excluded from the study.
Study design
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was
conducted in the Cardiothoracic Surgery and ICU units at
Mazandaran Heart Center, a university teaching hospital
affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
The trial protocol was registered at the Iranian Clinical
Trials Registry (IRCT201311104190N2; www.irct.ir)and
performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki
and its subsequent revisions. Patients were informed of
their right to withdraw from the trial at any time. The
study was performed between March and September 2013.
Valerian root extract
Val e ri an ( V. officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a resistant perennial
flowering plant, with heads of pink or white flowers. The roots
of species belonging to the genus Va l e ri an a are used in
traditional medicine of many cultures. This genus consists of
over 250 species with many more subspecies. V. officinalis L.
is the official species used in Europe and Asia. Valerian, in
844 Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850
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pharmacology and herbal medicine, is the name of supple-
ment prepared from roots of the plant. Extract of the root is
often sold in the form of capsules (Circosta et al. 2007). In this
study, valerian capsules made in Goldaru Company, Isfahan,
Iran, were used. Each capsule contains 530 mg dried root of
V. officinalis (IRC; 1228022753).
Intervention
History taking and physical examination on the patients were
conducted by an anesthesiologist, who was blinded to the
study, a day before the surgery. Patients who fulfilled the
inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups
of experimental (taking valerian) and control (taking pla-
cebo) by a nurse who was unaware of the study groups,
according to numbers generated by the computer-generated
list. The experimental group received valerian capsules
containing 530 mg V. officinalis root extract, every 12 h.
The placebo group, however, received placebo capsule
every 12 h. The preparation of placebo capsules is as that
of the valerian capsules manufactured by Goldaru
Company, Isfahan, Iran. First, the contents of valerian
capsules were removed, and then the capsules were filled
with fixed amount of wheat flour for all randomized
patients who received placebo. Hence, placebo capsules
were identical to valerian capsules in shape, size, texture,
color, taste, and odor. Intake of the valerian and placebo
began 1 day before the surgery and continued 60 days
after the surgery. Valerian or placebo was administered
orally 3 h after extubation.
Anesthesia and operation conditions
All patients were premedicated with promethazine, midazo-
lam, and morphine, 30–60 min before surgery by an anesthe-
siologist who was blinded to the study. Anesthesia in all
patients was based on moderate doses of fentanyl (20 to
30 μg/kg) and midazolam (0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg), supplemented
with isoflurane (<1 %) or propofol (2.5 to 4.0 mg/kg/h) during
CPB. The CPB circuit included a roller pump (Stockert
Instruments, Munich, Germany), a hollow-fiber membrane
oxygenator (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), and a
34-μm screen arterial filter (Medtronic Inc.).
Neurocognitive test
The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (standardized
mental status interview) for screening of cognitive dysfunc-
tion was used in this study (Rudolph et al. 2006). Validity and
reliability of the Persian version of the MMSE score (Folstein
test) is confirmed, and it is used widely in research studies to
evaluate cognitive function in several studies (Farhoudi et al.
2010; Ghafari et al. 2012). The five areas of the test were as
follows: orientation (10 scores), registration (3 scores), atten-
tion and calculation (5 scores), recall (3 scores), and language
and praxis (9 scores), with a maximum score of 30 points. Any
score greater than or equal to 25 points is efficiently normal.
The scores lower than this can indicate severe (≤9 scores),
moderate (10–20 scores), or mild (21–24 scores) cognitive
dysfunction (Ghafari et al. 2012; Mungas 1991). The
neurocognitive tests were administered three times: once
the day before, at 10 days, and 2 months after the surgery
(Ghafari et al. 2012). Assessments were completed by an
experienced psychometrician who was blinded to the treat-
ment group assignments. The time of the neurocognitive
test and assessment was also the same (in the morning)
for all patients.
Statistical analysis
We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to test whether data were
normally distributed. Descriptive baseline characteristic com-
parisons for the two groups (valerian and placebo) were
tabulated as median (inter-quartile range) or as percentages.
Comparisons between the two groups for categorical data
were statistically analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’sexact
test, and for continuous data, the Mann–Whitney Utest was
used. The primary efficacy data on MMSE were examined
using intention-to-treat analysis. General linear model (GLM)
scores of MMSE between two groups were compared by
repeated measurement ANOVA test. Time of evaluation was
considered as the within-subject factor, and intervention state
(valerian and placebo) as the between-subject factor. The group
time (interaction term) was considered as group differences
(between valerian and placebo groups) in their response
over time. We tested Mauchley’s sphericity test for com-
pound symmetry assumption. Additionally, we used a
generalized estimating equation (GEE) model to estimate
the differences in values of MMSE state (binary variable)
at each time point between the two groups and also the
time trend after treatment. A pvalue of 0.05 or less was
considered statistically significant, and a pvalue of less
than 0.1 was considered marginally statistically significant.
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 16
and STATA version 10.
Results
Participants
A total of 86 patients who were referred for CABG surgery to
our hospital were screened during the study period. Of these,
three patients did not meet the inclusion criteria and seven
patients declined to participate in the study. From 76 patients
Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850 845
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who were allocated in the two groups, 7 and 8 patients
were lost to follow-up during the study period in case and
control group, respectively. In total, 61 patients completed
the present study and data from all these patients were
analyzed (Fig. 1).
Basic demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
in the two groups are presented in Table 1.
Results show that differences of lowest NPT during CPB,
lowest pO
2
during operation (mm Hg), and duration of oper-
ation between groups are significant (p<0.05), but were not
significant in the other factors (p>0.05).
Outcomes
MMSE score and cognitive dysfunction
Table 2shows the mean and SD values of the preoperation
and postoperation MMSE parameters of each group. As
shown in Table 2, there is a marginal statistically signifi-
cant time trend (within-subject differences or time effect)
for recall domain of MMSE (p<0.1), and there is no
statistically significant time trend for overall MMSE and
other domains (p>0.05). There is statistically significant
differences in the values of MMSE and all domains except
language and praxis between groups (between-subject
differences or group effect) (p<0.1). The following were
identified that contrary to the MMSE and all domain trends
in the intervention group was stable; the placebo group
showed a statistically significant downward trend (group
time interaction or interaction effect) (p<0.05) except for
attention and calculation domain of MMSE where this
difference was not statistically significant (no interaction
effect) (p>0.1).
After adjusting of other variables, GEE model revealed that
valerian prophylaxis reduced odds of cognitive dysfunction
compare to placebo group (estimate: −2.22, OR=0.108, 95 %
CI 0.022–0.545).
Discussion
Cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation are associated
with cardiac surgery after CPB (Scott et al. 2014;VanHarten
et al. 2012). We evaluated the effectiveness of valerian
root extract on the prevention of postoperative cognitive
dysfunction in patients undergoing CABG surgery. The
major finding of this study was that the patients who
received valerian had significantly lower incidence of the
cognitive dysfunction as well as greater improvement in
their cognitive function during the 8 weeks after CABG
surgery compared to the other group that received placebo.
Any score greater than or equal to 25 points (out of 30) is
normal. The scores lower than this indicate cognitive
dysfunction. MMSE score had relatively a stable or rising
trend after 2 months in patients receiving valerian, but it is
considerably reduced in the placebo group at the end of
study.
To the best of our knowledge, there are no clinical
trials which evaluate preventive effects of valerian root
on cognitive dysfunctions in vivo. Recently, the results
of the two studies showed that V. officinalis could
improve cognition dysfunction in vitro (Nam et al. 2013;
Wang et al. 2014).
Wang et al. suggest that valerian could protect the brain
neurons and ameliorate amyloid-beta-induced cognitive dys-
function by enhancing the cerebral cholinergic function, hence
Fig. 1 CONSORT diagram of
patients’randomization,
intervention, and analysis
846 Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850
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increasing the secretion of ACh and enhancing the choline
acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (Wang et al. 2014). Nam
et al. investigated the effects of extract from valerian root in
adult and aged mice. Study results indicate that valerian root
extract (100 mg/kg) and valerenic acid enhance cognitive
function, promote cell proliferation and neuroblast differenti-
ation, and decrease serum corticosterone and lipid peroxida-
tion in aged mice (Nam et al. 2013).
Inflammation may be an important mechanism causing
cognitive dysfunction (Gorelick 2010). Peng et al., in a me-
ta-analysis, provided evidence that cognitive dysfunction is
indeed associated with the concentrations of peripheral
inflammatory markers, especially interleukin-6 and S-100β
(Peng et al. 2013).
Considering that acute inflammation and decreased seroto-
nin neurotransmitter resulting from abnormal tryptophan me-
tabolism are the two mechanisms of developing cognitive
dysfunction in these patients (Baumgartner 2007;Figueroa-
Ramos et al. 2009), likely, valerenic acid contained in valerian
through stimulating serotonin receptors and inhibiting of in-
flammatory factor NF-kB (Jacobo-Herrera et al. 2006;
Patočka and Jakl 2010) result in decrease the incidence of
cognitive dysfunction in patients, and this led us to assume
that the prophylactic effect shown by valerian on cognitive
Tabl e 1 Basic demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in both groups
Variable Valerian group
(n=31)
Placebo group
(n=30)
Pvalue
Age (years) 66 (62–68) 66 (63.7–69) 0.54
Sex (M/F) 17/14 19/11 0.34
BMI (kg/m
2
) 31.2 (28.3–33.1) 30.3 (28.5–33.1) 0.58
Literate 13 (41.9 %) 13 (43.3 %) 0.91
Smoker 6 (19.4 %) 4 (13.3 %) 0.73
HTN 30 (96.8 %) 28 (93.3 %) 0.61
a
COPD 6 (19.4 %) 3 (10 %) 0.47
a
Carotid stenosis 1 (3.2 %) 1 (3.3 %) >0.99
a
LVEF ( % ) 45 (40 –50) 45 (40–46.2) 0.09
Preoperative hospital stay (days) 2 (2–3) 2 (2–2) 0.11
Postoperative hospital stay (days) 5 (5–5) 5 (4–5.25) 0.83
ICU stay (day) 2 (2–3) 2 (2–2) 0.11
Duration of operation (h) 3 (3–4) 3.77 (3.35–4.0) 0.01
Duration of MV in ICU (h) 6 (6–8) 6.73 (5.7–8) 0.49
Duration of intubation in ICU (h) 7 (6–8) 6.38 (5.83–8) 0.32
Duration of CPB (min) 60 (54–62) 60 (53.7–65.0) 0.46
Duration of aortic crass–clamping (min) 38 (32–48) 40 (35–45) 0.74
Lowest NPT during CPB (°C) 30 (29–31) 29 (29–30) 0.02
Lowest HB during CPB (g/dL) 6 (6–7) 6 (6–7) 0.29
Lowest MAP during CPB (mmHg) 60 (50–60) 58.5 (55–65) 0.31
Lowest SpO
2
during operation (%) 98 (98–99) 97 (97–99) 0.15
Lowest pO
2
during operation (mmHg) 179 (170–192) 166.0 (159–180) 0.01
Blood transfusion during operation 1 (1–2) 1 (1–2) 0.09
Patients receiving prolong inotrope (>12 h) 1 (3.2 %) 2 (6.7 %) 0.61
a
Patients requiring IABP 4 (12.9 %) 1 (3.3 %) 0.35
a
Postoperative dysrhythmia AF
VT
VF
8 (25.8 %) 9 (30 %) 0.72
2 (6.5 %) 3 (10 %) 0.67
a
1 (3.2 %) 3 (10 %) 0.29
a
Data are expressed as the median (inter-quartile range) or as number (percentages)
BMI body mass index, HTN hypertension, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, MV mechanical
ventilation, ICU intensive care unit, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, NPT nasopharyngeal temperature, HB hemoglobin, MAP mean arterial pressure,
SpO
2
saturation of peripheral oxygen, pO
2
partial pressure of oxygen, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, AF atrial fibrillation, VT ventricular tachycardia, s
ventricular fibrillation
a
Fisher’sexacttest
Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850 847
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dysfunction is most likely to result from anti-inflammatory
actions and neuroprotective effects (Baumgartner 2007;
Figueroa-Ramos et al. 2009;Wangetal.2014). Although,
more research is still needed in this regard.
Sleep disruption is another potential risk factor for cogni-
tive dysfunction in cardiac surgical patients (Sveinsson 1975).
The relationship between sleep deprivation and cognitive
dysfunction has been studied in a many studies (Fulda and
Schulz 2001; Yildizeli et al. 2005).
The available evidence indicates that valerian root
might improve sleep quality without producing side effects
(Bent et al. 2006; Taavoni et al. 2011). V. officinalis is
effective in reducing insomnia associated with oxidative
stress (Sudati et al. 2009).
Therefore, other possible explanations for the effectiveness
of valerian root extract in reducing postoperative cognitive
dysfunction in our study may be that valerian through
improvement of sleep quality leads to a reduction in cog-
nitive dysfunction.
The result of our study showed that the cognitive state of
patients in the valerian group was better than in the placebo
group at the 10 days after CABG; therefore, it seems that the
use of V. officinalis root extract can prevent early postopera-
tive cognitive dysfunction after on-pump CABG surgery.
Moreover, since valerian has anticoronaryspastic, antihyper-
tensive, and antibronchospastic (Circosta et al. 2007;Murti
et al. 2011) properties, its application is reinforced in patients
undergoing heart surgery.
This study, however, has some limitations. One limitation
of the present study was that we only evaluate the patients’
cognitive function in the morning and did not evaluate
it at the evening. Also, we only used MMSE as a
subjective measurement of cognitive function and did
not utilize several different screenings for diagnosis of
cognitive dysfunctions, which indicates the need for
further research. In addition, the study was not large
enough to completely prove a benefit from valerian for
cognitive dysfunction prophylaxis after CABG. In conclusion,
the present study provides evidence for V. officinalis root
extract as a prophylactic strategy in the prevention of cogni-
tive dysfunction after CABG surgery. However, further robust
randomized, blinded studies with large sample sizes are
required in this field.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the staff of Mazandaran
Heart Center, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran, and the patients at the Fatemeh
Zahra Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, and ICU Open Heart
for their kind and efficient collaboration. The financial support of
Research Deputy of Islamic Azad University is gratefully acknowl-
edged. We are grateful to Dr. Farzaneh Tabassomi for doing
neurocognitive test.
Conflict of interest All authors declare no conflicts of interest; no
conflict of interest exists for any of the authors associated with the
manuscript and there was no source of extra institutional commercial
funding, and the entire study was performed without external funding.
The funding organization had no role in the design and conduct of the
study, and in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data.
Tabl e 2 MMSE score at baseline, 10 days, and 60 days follow-up in both groups
Variable Time F Statistic
Baseline
(mean ± SD)
After operation
10th day
(Mean ± SD)
After operation
60th day
(mean ± SD)
Time Group Time* Group
Total MM SE sco re
(0–30)
Valerian 27.03±2.02 26.52±1.82 27.45±1.36 0.41 6.72
b
42.28
a
Placebo 27.37± 1.87 24± 1.91 24.83±1.66
Orientation
(0–10)
Valerian 9.55±0.81 9.55±0.77 9.87±0.34 0.43 2.99
c
7.41
a
Placebo 9.8 ± 0.41 9.1±0.68 9.7±0.47
Registration
(0–3)
Valerian 3±0 3±0 3± 0 0.07 31.59
a
21.82
a
Placebo 3±0 2.33±0.48 2.5±0.5
Attention and calculation
(0–5)
Valerian 4.48±0.77 4.13±1.18 4.42±0.76 1.76 1.39 2.36
Placebo 4.33±0.88 3.73±0.94 3.8±0.96
Recall
(0–3)
Valerian 2.52±0.67 2.68±0.48 2.71±0.46 2.95
c
8.84
a
22.15
a
Placebo 2.57±0.57 2±0.45 2.03±0.49
Language and praxis
(0–9)
Valerian 7.42±1.2 7.16±1.04 7.42±1.03 0.29 0.19 4.23
b
Placebo 7.63±1.03 6.8±1 6.8±0.92
*Interaction between time and group
a
Significance level less than 0.01
b
Significance level less than 0.05
c
Significance level less than 0.1
848 Psychopharmacology (2015) 232:843–850
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