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En
g
pas
ABST
buildi
n
struct
u
envel
o
gain.
T
are n
o
neces
s
Two
c
overe
m
infatu
a
heavy
resou
r
facad
e
conce
intere
s
We a
d
integr
a
occup
para
m
that a
d
to me
r
syste
m
to the
In thi
s
archit
e
perfor
m
KEY
W
INTR
O
The f
u
There
provid
betwe
functi
o
buildi
n
energ
y
(CIBS
Fig. 1
Wind
o
compl
compl
origin
a
One
o
signifi
c
g
ineerin
sive sh
a
R
ACT: During
n
gs, with tren
d
u
res. Howeve
r
o
pes for safet
y
T
oday’s chan
g
o
t only aesthe
t
s
itate an agen
t
c
ontradictory
f
m
phasizes th
e
a
tion with tran
s
and energy i
r
ces. Therefor
e
e
designs. W
h
rned with the
p
s
ts of high per
f
d
dress this c
o
a
ted passive
s
a
ncy and o
v
m
eters. Thereb
y
d
dress aesthet
r
ge macro sca
l
m
passively int
e
specifics of bu
s
paper, we d
e
ctural design
-
m
ance solutio
n
W
ORDS: glass
s
O
DUCTION
u
nction of a fa
ç
are different
f
es views to th
e
n internal a
n
o
nal paramete
r
n
g envelope,
a
y
losses and
m
E 1997). (Fig.
:
Façade functio
o
ws are a do
m
e
tely transpar
e
e
tely sealed,
m
a
l primary role
o
f these para
d
c
antly altered
g witho
a
ding s
y
the latter half
d
s towards full
y
r
, these glass
y
, durability of
j
ing paradigm
f
t
ic and experi
e
t
for change th
a
f
actors influen
e
benefits of
m
s
parency resul
t
n
efficient, res
u
e
, there remai
ereas design
s
p
erformance
o
f
ormance.
o
nflicting issu
e
s
olution. We
v
erall massin
g
y
we adopt an
ics, energy, lig
l
e with micro f
u
e
grates these
m
ilding program
emonstrate h
o
-
aesthetics -
s
n
for transpare
n
s
tructures, sh
a
ç
ade is to sep
a
f
unctions that
a
e inside and
o
n
d external t
e
r
s, various ad
v
a
nd incurred
e
m
aximize trans
p
1)
ns - advanced s
o
m
inant feature
i
e
nt. The tradi
t
m
echanically
v
of windows w
e
igms created
the building e
ut the
e
y
stem
f
1
Taubman
2
Taubman
of the last ce
n
y
glazed buil
d
facades pre
s
j
oints, as well
f
or design, pl
a
e
ntial, but em
b
a
t integrates e
n
ce the desig
n
m
aximizing tra
t
s in unintend
e
u
lting in soluti
o
n significant
c
s
that are driv
e
o
f a building, t
h
e
by, consider
i
address this
b
g
, with “micr
o
integrative ap
p
ht, structure,
m
u
nction thorou
g
m
ultiple agent
s
, site and geo
g
o
w such a no
s
tructural - ene
r
n
t façades, wit
h
a
ding system, t
a
rate a comfor
t
a
façade serv
e
o
utside, resists
e
mperatures a
v
anced facade
e
xtensive cost
s
p
arency, by a
d
o
lutions, (CIBS
E
i
n a building’s
t
ional purpose
v
entilated and
e
re altered, de
m
the concept
o
nvelope lands
e
ngine:
A
f
or tran
s
College of Ar
c
College of Ar
c
n
tury, architect
d
ing envelope
s
s
ented challe
n
as daylight gl
a
a
ces an ever-g
r
b
race environ
m
n
vironmental
c
n
of glass en
nsparency (th
e
e
d consequen
c
o
ns that are
m
c
hallenges for
e
n by pragma
t
h
is in turn sac
r
i
ng both styli
s
b
y integrating
o
configuratio
n
p
roach, which
e
m
aterials, trans
g
h what we ca
s
within a singl
e
g
raphical locati
vel façade sy
r
gy performan
c
h
an exciting r
a
r
anslucent gla
s
t
able interior s
p
e
s: it defines
t
wind loads,
b
nd transmits
s solutions ha
v
s
in an attem
p
d
ding various
c
E
1997)
appearance.
T
of windows
w
electrically lit
c
m
anding a ne
w
o
f “advanced f
a
cape, creatin
g
Passi
v
1. Int
e
2. Cei
3. Mul
4. Bal
c
5. Fre
s
6. Ext
e
A
n inte
g
s
parent
N
c
hitecture and
U
c
hitecture and
U
t
s emphasized
s
, including gl
a
n
ges such as,
a
re control, th
e
reater empha
s
m
ental influenc
e
c
oncerns with t
h
n
velopes. On
e desire to c
r
c
es, namely, th
m
ore expensiv
e
resolving the
t
ic functional
p
r
ifices the aes
t
s
tic and prag
m
“macro form
”
ns” through
e
mbraces mul
t
s
parency, form
ll a “functional
l
e
customized
s
on.
y
stem may fu
n
c
e and human
a
nge of expre
s
s
s, micro funct
i
p
ace from the
t
he architectur
a
b
ears its self-
w
light to the i
n
ve drastically
p
t to maximiz
e
c
omponents to
T
hey can be
h
w
as to provid
e
c
ommercial b
u
w
paradigm for
f
acades” (Fig.
g
a plethora o
f
ve Façade Exa
m
e
grated light she
l
ling provides ref
l
l
tiple glazing wit
h
c
ony and shadi
n
sh-air inlet
e
rnal piers provi
d
g
rated
p
façade
N
iloufar Ema
m
Urban Plannin
g
Urban Plannin
g
lightness and
a
ss façades,
a
the structur
a
e
rmal insulatio
n
s
is on integrat
e
e
s. Environm
e
h
e human exp
e
the one han
d
r
eate ‘glass c
a
h
at glass facad
e
and wastef
u
functional as
p
p
arameters ar
e
t
hetic form of
a
m
atic function
a
”
through fun
c
functional te
c
t
iple agents of
and function.
l
y graded” faç
a
s
olution that u
n
n
ction at the i
comfort, as a
a
s
sive aesthetic
s
ion, functionall
elements of t
h
a
l appearanc
e
w
eight, modula
t
n
teriors. In a
d
altered the ap
e
light transm
improve syst
e
h
ighly reflectiv
e
e
light, view a
n
u
ildings beca
m
the building e
n
1) (CIBSE 1
9
f
accoutreme
n
m
ple
l
f for shading an
d
lectance of dayl
h
between-pane
n
g devices.
d
e lateral shadi
n
p
aneliz
e
s
m
i
1
, Harry Gile
s
g
, Ann Arbor,
M
g
, Ann Arbor,
M
transparency
a
triums and r
o
a
l design of t
h
n
and solar he
e
d solutions th
e
ntal imperativ
e
e
rience.
d
, stylist desi
g
a
thedrals’). T
h
es are genera
l
u
l of the plan
e
p
ects in buildi
n
e
generally o
n
a
building in t
h
a
lity, through
a
c
tion, related
c
hnology driv
e
interconnectiv
i
Our approach
a
de system. T
h
n
iquely respon
d
ntersections
a
n effective hi
g
s
.
y graded faca
d
h
e outside worl
e
of the buildin
t
es heat trans
f
d
dressing the
s
pearance of t
h
ission, minimi
z
e
m performan
c
e
, translucent
o
n
d fresh air.
A
m
e the norm, t
h
n
velope functio
9
97) which ha
v
n
ts that are n
o
d
reflected light.
ight
adjustable blind
s
n
g.
e
d
s
2
M
I
M
I
in
o
of
h
e
at
at
e
s
g
n
h
is
l
ly
e
ts
n
g
n
ly
h
e
a
n
to
e
n
i
ty
is
h
e
d
s
of
g
h
d
e
d.
g,
f
er
s
e
h
e
z
e
c
e.
or
A
s
h
e
n.
v
e
o
w
s
attach
experi
satisf
a
schis
m
engin
e
mech
a
result
e
glazin
g
minim
In res
p
suited
chara
c
all em
with “
m
1.0.
M
This
p
the sh
the s
h
variou
to ev
a
devel
o
quanti
experi
asses
s
The i
n
experi
be ful
comp
o
next s
t
2.0.
P
Desig
n
uninte
with
a
overh
e
gain t
h
shadi
n
the f
a
appe
a
Fig. 2
In the
buildi
n
interio
within
,
within
intend
Fig. 3
ed to facades
ence. In cont
r
a
ction, health
a
m
exists betwe
e
e
ers who focu
s
a
nical equipm
e
e
d in an addi
t
g
films and th
ize environme
n
p
onse to today
for more inte
g
c
teristics that
e
bracing passi
v
m
icro function”
M
ETHODOL
O
p
aper propese
s
ading element
s
h
ading elemen
t
s interior func
t
a
luate the perf
o
o
ped a method
tatively mea
s
mental testin
g
s
ements.
n
tention of thi
s
ence and less
o
ly evaluated
t
o
nents and sh
o
t
eps towards
e
P
RECEDENT
n
ing glass e
n
nded thermal
a
a
large glass
e
ating with ser
i
h
ough the gla
n
g system. It
w
a
cade, which
a
a
rance of the b
u
:
Le Corbusier’s
Bibliotheque
N
n
gs filled with
r full floor to c
e
,
at great addi
t
the building,
s
ed external sh
e
:
Bibliotheque N
a
to enhance e
n
r
ast, windows
a
nd productivit
e
n architects
w
s
on selecting
e
nt. Advanced
t
ive system o
f
e like) in an
a
n
tal impact. (
C
’s changing p
a
g
rated concep
t
e
mbody aesth
e
v
e strategy. W
e
at the interse
c
O
GY
s
an approach
t
s
are structura
t
s allows for a
t
ions, both loc
a
o
rmance and
r
ology for dete
r
s
ure environ
m
g
, and quan
t
s
paper is to
o
ns learned fr
o
t
hrough futur
e
o
wing the initia
e
stablishing a f
u
CASE STU
D
n
velopes brou
g
a
nd structural
p
envelope, de
s
i
ous health co
n
s
s façade, Le
w
as comprised
a
ppeared like
u
ilding, which
d
Cite de Refuge:
N
ationale de F
r
light. (Anony
m
e
iling height w
o
t
ional expense
s
ince the woo
d
e
er glazed ap
p
a
tionale de Fran
n
velope perfor
m
are still valu
e
y of the buildi
n
w
ho usually pa
windows to
c
facades hav
e
f
functional co
a
ttempt to pro
d
C
armody 2007)
a
radigm, that p
r
t
s to avoid co
m
e
tics, light tran
s
e
are proposin
c
tion of archite
c
t
owards redefi
n
lly layered bet
w
geometrical t
r
a
lly within a flo
r
elative effecti
v
r
mining the effi
c
m
ental and s
t
t
itatively mea
s
create the ar
g
o
m precedent
c
e
research, hi
g
l results of res
e
u
lly evaluated
p
D
IES
g
ht transpare
n
p
roblems on t
h
s
igned by Le
n
sequences fo
r
Corbusier ap
p
of horizontal s
a large exte
d
iverted from t
h
original project
(
r
ance, the libr
a
m
ous 1997) A
f
o
oden shutter
s
. However, thi
s
d
panels were
p
earance of th
e
ce and the interi
o
m
ance, to the
e
d entities in t
n
g’s occupant
s
y attention to
e
c
ontrol solar h
e
e
attempted t
o
mponents (sh
a
d
uce energy
e
r
ioritizes envir
o
m
ponent layeri
n
s
mission, exp
e
g a new para
d
c
tural design,
s
n
ing facades
a
w
een the two
g
r
ansition to be
or plan and g
e
v
ness in comp
c
iency of this
s
t
ructural perf
o
s
ure user ex
p
g
ument for th
e
c
ase studies;
a
g
hlighting the
e
arch carried
o
p
aradigm.
n
cy and light
h
e other hand.
Corbusier in
r
the occupant
s
p
lied a type o
helves and ve
r
rnal egg-crat
e
h
e original inte
n
(
left) and with sh
a
ry was origin
a
f
ter constructi
o
s
to avoid dire
c
s
approach stil
placed inside
e
building. (Fig
.
o
r wooden shutt
e
overall detrim
e
t
he building e
n
s
. (Carmody 2
e
xterior desig
n
e
at gain, mee
t
o
address thi
s
a
ding louvers,
e
fficient, healt
h
o
nmentally frie
n
n
g. This provi
d
e
rience and st
r
d
igm that effe
c
s
tructural effici
e
a
s an integrate
d
g
lass panes. T
h
created withi
n
e
nerally acros
s
p
arison to vari
o
s
ystem accodri
o
rmance usin
p
erience base
d
e
need of a
n
a
nd then to pro
essential be
h
o
ut by the auth
o
into building
s
For example,
1932, was t
s
. (Banham 19
o
f macro scale
rtical fins distri
e
. This signifi
c
nded building
a
h
ades (right), (B
a
a
lly conceived
a
o
n, it was ne
c
c
t sunlight and
l
l failed to effe
c
e
the glazed f
a
.
3)
ers, (author, 201
e
nt of appear
a
n
velope that
c
007) Howeve
r
n
features, an
d
t
energy code
s
challenge, h
o
triple facade
s
h
y and econo
m
n
dly design, fa
d
es multifuctio
n
r
uctural perfor
m
c
tively transitio
e
ncy and ener
g
d
shading pan
e
h
e geometrica
l
n
the system,
t
s
the overall
f
o
us façade sol
ng to a set of
m
g computer
d
on surveys
n
ew paradigm
o
pose a new p
a
h
aviors of the
ors in this are
a
s
on one ha
n
the Cite de R
e
he first docu
m
9
84) In order to
e
“brise- solei”
,
buted over th
e
c
antly influenc
a
ppearance. (
F
a
nham 1984)
a
s a complex
o
c
essary to intr
o
potential dam
a
c
tively control
a
çade, to pres
e
1
3)
a
nce and hum
a
c
ontribute to t
h
r
, a disfunctio
n
d
the mechani
c
s and downsi
z
o
wever this h
a
s
, light shelv
e
m
ic buildings,
cades are bett
n
al performan
c
m
ance within
a
ns “macro for
m
g
y efficiency.
e
l system,whe
l
configuration
t
hat responds
f
açade. In ord
utions, we ha
v
m
etrics that bo
simulation a
n
and subjecti
v
based on p
a
a
radigm that c
a
various faça
d
a
and to propo
s
n
d, but caus
e
e
fuge, a buildi
n
m
ented case
reduce the he
,
as an exter
n
e
entire extent
ed the exter
n
F
ig. 2)
o
f ethereal gla
s
o
duce additio
n
a
ge to the boo
k
solar heat gai
n
e
rve the origi
n
a
n
h
e
n
al
c
al
z
e
a
s
e
s,
to
er
c
e
a
n
m
”
re
of
to
er
v
e
th
n
d
v
e
a
st
a
n
d
e
s
e
e
d
n
g
of
e
at
n
al
of
n
al
s
s
n
al
k
s
n
s
n
al
Thes
e
glass
e
how t
h
intern
a
3.0.
M
3.1.
T
The u
heat
g
(trans
p
horizo
or m
o
(Lee,
e
scale
creat
e
(Man
d
than
a
interio
could
(Grati
a
can
h
inter
m
extra
s
on m
a
One e
“Studi
o
for th
e
organ
i
magic
the b
u
grade
d
progr
a
asse
m
user’s
prioriti
addre
s
panel
s
Fig. 4
Howe
v
vertic
a
glass
f
3.2.
A
Active
Hous
e
with a
aftern
o
fabric
again
s
e
case studies
d
e
nvelope, tog
e
h
is can signifi
a
lly and extern
a
M
ULTIFUNC
T
T
ransitional
p
se of passive
g
ain. Fixed S
p
arency) and
ntal or vertical
veable horizo
n
e
t al. 2002) In
window. Then
e
s the lowest
d
alaki 2012) In
a
ny other form
r. (Kim 2012
)
be integrated i
a
and De Herd
h
ave a struct
u
m
ediate venetia
s
tiffness and s
t
a
terial costs an
d
legant exampl
e
o
for Architect
u
e
Lafayette 1
4
i
zed around th
occurs on th
e
u
ilding. The f
a
d
pattern on t
h
a
mmatic elem
e
m
bly of the faç
experience. (
N
zing the exter
n
s
sed, such as
s
:
Mehrdad Hadi
g
v
er what is d
e
a
l or horizonta
f
acades as a c
A
ctive shadi
n
shading devi
c
e
, which is an
a
retractable fa
b
o
on sun. This
shading oper
a
s
t the morning
a
)
Winte
r
d
emonstrate t
h
e
ther with the
c
cantly alter th
a
lly.
T
ION APPR
O
p
assive sha
d
shading devi
c
Ds can redu
c
reduce glare.
slats, which a
n
tal louvers p
r
a study, Mand
he showed t
h
energy dem
a
another study,
of internal de
v
)
Gratia and
D
n the cavity. T
h
e 2007) Howe
v
u
ral role in gl
n blind system
t
rength to a do
d
weight.
e
of using tran
s
u
re”, who desi
g
4
8. This buildi
n
e flow of prod
u
e
exterior wher
çade is comp
h
e building e
x
e
nts inside, but
ade, and crea
N
eveu 2012)
H
n
al appearanc
e
the need for
g
hi’s design for
L
e
monstrated i
s
l
shading blin
d
ustomized ap
p
n
g devices f
o
c
es have been
a
ll-glass enclo
s
b
ric to provide
in turn altered
a
tes on the e
a
and afternoon
b
)
Summ
e
h
e significant i
m
c
onsequencs o
e original co
n
O
ACHES TO
F
d
ing devices
c
es (SDs) on
g
c
e thermal lo
a
(Mandalaki
2
re used not o
n
r
ovide shadin
g
alaki referred
t
h
at this exteri
o
a
nd on heatin
g
Kim demonst
r
v
ices since th
e
D
e Herde sugg
h
e shading de
v
v
er, past rese
a
azed facades
,
s will not only
uble glazed s
y
s
itional shadin
g
g
ned a wavy
“
n
g houses all
u
ction, literally
e a double-ski
o
sed of twisti
n
terior. (Fig. 4)
also address
e
te different pl
a
H
owever in ma
e
and does no
t
good views o
u
L
afayette 148 in
S
s
that interior
d
systems. Th
i
p
roach related
t
o
r glass env
e
used in vario
u
s
ure in Kew Bo
t
adjustable sh
a
the appearan
c
a
st and west
s
sun respectiv
e
er
Fig. 5:
require
s
within
a
m
pact of heat
a
f not taking th
e
n
cept as well
a
F
AÇADE DE
S
on glass en
g
lass facades
a
ds during su
m
2
012) Louvers
n
ly for solar sh
a
g
similar to an
t
o Brise-Soleil
o
r surrounding
g
, cooling an
d
r
ated that exte
r
e
internal devi
c
e
sted that in t
v
ice is thus pr
o
a
rch has not a
d
,
in addition
have thermal
b
y
stem that can
g
was implem
e
“
graded” concr
the functions
from concepti
o
n façade eleg
a
n
g concrete p
a
Size and sh
a
e
s environment
a
ys of light an
d
ny instances,
v
t
fully address
a
u
t and limiting
S
hantou, China,
and exterior
d
s is an effecti
v
t
o a building’s
s
e
lopes
u
s building en
v
t
anic gardens,
a
ding in order
t
c
e of the buildi
s
ides of the g
l
e
ly (Fig. 5).
a) Winter mode
s
a dynamic sha
d
a
double-layered
a
nd lighting c
o
e
se into accou
n
as the user
e
SIGN
n
velopes
provides ben
e
m
mer dayligh
t
and blinds
m
ading, but als
o
overhang wit
as horizontal
a
shading syst
e
d
lighting as
rnal shading d
e
c
es absorb so
t
he case of a
d
o
tected from in
c
d
dressed how
t
to their shad
i
b
enefits, but al
lead to a redu
c
e
nted on a buil
d
r
ete facade for
of the Lafay
e
on to shipme
n
a
ntly wraps th
e
a
nels that cre
a
pe for the gr
a
t
al concerns. T
d shadow on
v
isible transp
a
a
ll the necess
a
of high main
t
(Neveu 2012)
d
esigns can b
ve method fo
r
s
pecific functi
o
v
elope solutio
n
which used a
t
o shield the i
n
ng envelope.
(
lasshouse ind
e
e
and, b) Summe
d
ing device to b
e
6mm toughene
d
o
nsiderations i
n
nt during the
d
e
xperince of t
h
e
fits in terms
o
t
, enhance vi
s
m
ay be comp
o
o
for redirectin
g
h improved d
a
a
nd vertical lo
u
e
m, called Bri
s
compared to
e
vices are mu
c
lar heat, whic
h
d
ouble-skin fa
c
c
lement weath
t
he integrated
i
ng function.
so they can p
o
c
tion in glass t
h
d
ing by, Mehr
d
Shantou, Chi
n
e
tte 148 cloth
i
n
t of the final
p
e
east, south
a
ate a continu
o
a
ding not only
he perforated
p
the interior th
a
a
rency is com
p
a
ry parameter
s
t
enance costs
e effectively
a
r
controlling s
o
o
nal requireme
n
s. One exam
p
system of win
c
n
terior against
t
(
Wilford 2007)
.
e
pendently, in
e
r mode Davis Al
e
deployed durin
d
glass panes. (
F
n
the design o
f
d
esign stage a
n
h
e building bo
o
f reducing sol
s
ion experien
c
o
sed of multi
p
g
daylight. Fix
e
a
ylight potenti
a
u
vers, in a larg
s
e-Soleil facad
other syste
m
c
h more efficie
h
radiates to t
h
c
ade, the blin
d
h
er and pollutio
shading devic
e
In other wor
d
o
tentially provi
d
h
ickness, savi
n
d
ad Hadighi fro
n
a headquarte
i
ng label and
p
roduct. The r
e
a
nd west side
o
usly varying
corresponds
p
anels aid in t
h
a
t enhances t
h
p
romised agai
n
s
that need to
b
on the exter
n
a
ddressed usi
n
o
lar heat gain
nts.
p
le is the Alpi
n
c
hes and pulle
y
t
he morning a
n
.
The retracta
b
order to sha
d
pine glasshous
e
n
g hot summer
m
F
inch 2005)
f
a
n
d
th
ar
c
e
p
le
e
d
a
l.
e-
e,
m
s.
nt
h
e
d
s
n.
e
s
d
s,
d
e
n
g
m
e
rs
is
e
al
of
or
to
h
e
h
e
n
st
b
e
n
al
n
g
of
n
e
y
s
n
d
b
le
d
e
e
m
onths;
Howe
v
intern
a
efficie
n
appro
a
3.3.
T
Glass
There
can b
e
SANN
SAN
A
panel
s
locate
Fig. 6
Anoth
e
transl
u
goods
experi
drasti
c
not h
a
Fig.7:
Anoth
e
functi
o
parap
e
transl
u
story
h
Trans
i
lower
trans
p
Fig.8:
Trans
l
consi
d
conse
There
f
visibili
t
perfor
m
v
er, an interio
r
a
l shading, alb
n
t solution for
a
ch that integr
a
T
ranslucent l
can be transp
are instances
e
related to pr
o
A, glass was
d
A
A’s ideas cre
a
s
that appear
d
in the interio
r
:
Dior building in
e
r similar app
u
cent glass bl
o
on display)
b
ence from wi
t
c
ally changes
t
a
ve been possi
b
Maison Herme
s
e
r approach
t
o
n, where, for
e
e
t areas. Tra
n
u
cency is crea
t
h
otel named A
r
i
tional transpa
r
part of the gl
p
arent. (Fig. 8)
Arc de Trimoph
e
l
ucent facade
s
d
eration, it o
b
q
uently reduci
n
f
ore, an appr
o
t
y, solar tra
n
m
ance within
a
r
fabric both in
c
eit an effectiv
e
greenhouses,
a
tes building f
u
ight emittin
g
arent or transl
u
where transp
a
o
grammatic fu
n
d
eployed in la
y
a
ted a dramati
c
like folded fa
r
and make th
e
Tokyo designe
d
roach was ad
o
cks were use
d
b
y avoiding a
n
t
hin. Inspired
b
t
he building’s
e
b
le with a fully
s
in Tokyo desig
n
hat transition
s
e
xample, trans
n
sparent area
s
t
ed between t
h
r
c de Triomph
e
r
ency is creat
e
azing, to pre
v
(Kristal 2011)
e
hotel, the line
s
s
provide a
h
b
scures the vi
n
g user comfo
r
o
priate solutio
n
smission an
d
a
n integrated s
o
c
reases cost
a
e
solution for c
o
the opposite i
s
u
nction with en
e
g
facades in
u
cent as a de
v
a
rency is not
e
n
ction. As an e
x
y
ered vertical
p
c
result that b
o
bric. (Philips
2
e
façade entire
l
d
by SANAA, (B
e
opted on the
d
as a device t
o
n
y transparen
c
b
y traditional
J
e
xpression fro
m
transparent fa
ç
n
ed by Renzo Pi
a
s
between cle
lucent areas a
r
s
are only lo
c
h
e solid and tr
a
e
, using undul
a
e
d using a cer
a
v
ent users fro
m
s
of fritted glass
g
h
igh quality o
f
ew to the o
u
r
t.
n may be on
d
energy gai
n
o
lution that is
m
a
nd does not
a
o
ntrolling the li
s
true for occu
p
e
rgy performa
n
glazed build
v
ice for transm
e
ssential, yet li
x
ample, in the
p
lanes as a wa
y
o
asts a skin of
2
004) These
h
l
y non-transpa
r
e
ll and Kim 2009
)
Maison Herm
o
focus the bu
i
y to the outd
o
J
apanese lant
e
m
day to night.
ç
ade or one th
a
a
no, (Brown 20
0
ar and transl
u
r
e created acr
o
c
ated in the
v
a
nsparent zon
e
a
ting glass ribb
o
a
mic frit that
g
m
experiencin
g
g
radually chang
e
f
diffused lig
h
u
tside and m
a
e that combi
n
n
s within as
s
m
ulti-functiona
l
a
ddress the he
i
ghting dynami
pied buildings
n
ce.
d
ings
itting or diffusi
ght transmissi
o
Christian Dior
y
to obfuscate
flat glass pan
e
half-transpare
n
r
ent but light tr
a
)
m
es building lo
i
lding user ex
p
o
ors yet provi
d
erns, Renzo
P
.
(Brown 2009
)
at is heavily s
h
0
9)
u
cent glazing
o
ss the buildin
g
v
ision band,
w
e
s. Christian
d
o
ns that form
a
g
rades the tra
n
g
vertigo and
e
from bottom to
h
t into a buil
d
a
y increase
d
n
es functional
s
ociated zon
e
l
ly passive.
at gain issues
cally. Althoug
h
and as such
n
ng daylight to
o
n is, and in
s
building in To
k
the slab. (Be
l
e
ls over acryli
c
n
t curved acr
y
ansmitting. (Fi
g
cated in Tok
y
p
erience to the
d
ing a delight
f
P
iano designe
d
)
(Fig. 7) This
h
aded.
to different e
g
structural, s
e
w
hereby a gr
a
d
e Portzampar
c
a
large interwo
v
n
slucency den
s
the upper pa
top, (Kristal 201
d
ing. Howeve
d
irect glare fr
o
components
e
s that seam
associated wi
h
this may be
a
n
eeds a differe
different effec
t
s
ome cases, t
h
kyo designed
b
l
l and Kim 200
c
thermo-form
e
y
lic screens a
g
. 6)
y
o. In this ca
s
interior, (i.e. t
h
f
ul light emitti
n
d
a façade th
would otherwi
s
ffect, related
e
rvices and util
i
a
dual density
c
created a fiv
v
en glazed pl
a
s
ity between t
h
a
rt which is fu
l
1)
r, by functio
n
o
m the facad
to control lig
h
lessly enhan
c
th
a
n
nt
t
s.
h
is
b
y
9)
e
d
re
s
e,
h
e
n
g
at
s
e
to
i
ty
of
e-
a
it.
h
e
l
ly
n
al
e,
h
t,
c
e
4.0.
A
4.1.
F
Wind
o
“Any
d
mann
e
We h
a
failed
that a
r
propo
s
contr
o
exter
n
and p
r
aesth
e
requir
e
follow
i
could
perfor
m
mimi
m
contin
appe
a
select
i
The l
a
glaze
d
the ot
h
simila
r
4.2.
F
In the
heat,
l
config
panes
are b
a
syste
m
panes
thickn
e
and s
t
in Fig.
Fig.
com
p
A
LAYERED
F
F
unctionally
g
o
w design is n
o
d
iscussion of
w
e
r is incomplet
e
a
ve demonstr
a
and others th
a
r
e cost effecti
v
s
ed approach
o
l, but can als
o
al appearanc
e
r
ovides a new
e
tic opportuni
t
e
ments. The
f
ng diagram (
F
create the o
p
m
ance, there
m
ize these c
o
uously varies
a
rance require
m
i
on of façade
s
a
rgest areas c
o
d
and existing
a
h
er, compromi
z
r
and higher p
e
F
unctionally
g
context of pro
p
ight, materials
urations, on t
h
at 3 mm eac
h
a
sed on struc
t
m
within the g
l
can be kept
e
ss increases
w
t
ructural perfo
r
10.
9: Functional
p
aring different f
a
F
UNCTIONA
g
raded pro
g
o
t just glazing
w
indows with
o
e
.” (Carmody
2
a
ted a numbe
r
a
t have been
o
v
e and optima
is for solar co
n
o
provide a
m
e
, by integrat
i
aesthetic that
t
ies and refle
c
f
unctional par
a
F
ig. 9). If a fa
ç
p
timal façade
are always c
o
o
mpromizes
b
across its ele
v
m
ents. Fig.
s
olution perfor
o
vered in all
c
a
dvanced faç
a
z
ing important
e
rformance in
a
g
raded tech
n
p
osing a functi
and structural
h
e environme
n
h
and the dep
t
t
ural codes go
l
ass cavity, a
s
constant in
a
w
ith increases
r
mance param
e
grading by pe
r
a
çade systems,
LLY GRAD
E
rammatic p
a
selection, but
o
ut considerin
g
2
007)
r
of approach
e
o
pportunistic t
o
lly solve all th
e
n
trols to be co
m
ore dynamic
ng them withi
n
represents a
m
c
ts the custo
m
a
meters that
a
ç
ade solution
w
solution. Des
p
o
mpromizes t
h
b
y proposing
v
ation in resp
o
9, qualitativel
y
mance metric
s
c
ategories, re
p
a
de systems t
h
performance
r
a
ll categories.
n
ological pa
onally graded
metrics of a
d
n
tal performan
t
h of the shadi
verning the gl
s
the depth of
a
particular sp
a
in spans. The
e
ters with inte
g
r
formance char
a
(authors 2013)
E
D FAÇADE
S
a
rameters
requires arch
i
g
the means t
e
s to solving a
o
wards a parti
c
e
complex fu
n
nsidered not
o
multi dimensi
o
n
the glass la
y
m
ultifunctional
m
ized nature
a
façade nee
d
w
as able to ad
p
ite many his
t
h
at result in a
n
an optimized
o
nse to changi
y
demonstrat
e
s
accodring to
resent an opti
h
at have less
c
r
equirements.
T
rameters
façade syste
m
d
ouble layered
ce of a buildi
n
ng panel syst
e
ass structure
s
the whole str
u
a
n, compared
optimization p
r
g
rated compo
n
a
cteristic:
S
YSTEM
itectural elem
e
t
o temper and
façades func
t
c
ular goal. Ho
w
n
ctional issues
,
o
nly as one-di
m
o
nal response
y
ering. This off
e
solution. This
of a buildin
g
d
s to respond
dress all thes
e
t
orical attemp
t
n
“either/or” s
o
functionally
ng peformanc
e
e
s an optimiz
a
a range of o
b
mal solution
c
c
overage and
a
T
hese could b
e
m
, our technolo
glass system,
n
g. This inclu
d
e
m around 10
0
s
’ design. By
u
cture increas
e
to typical gl
a
rocess that rel
a
n
ent design c
o
Fig. 10: –
S
components in
Energy and
(authors 2013)
e
nts to inform
control light
i
t
ional require
m
w
ever fully int
e
, remain elusi
v
m
ensional ele
m
to both inter
n
e
rs further str
u
in turn offers
a
g
s function a
n
to, are dem
o
e
functions si
m
t
s to optimize
o
lution. We a
r
graded faça
d
e, functions,
p
a
tion strategy
b
jective and s
u
c
ompared to c
o
a
re skewed in
e
better balan
c
gy investigatio
evaluated for
d
es a thickne
s
0
mm. The pri
m
integrating th
e
e
s, the thickn
e
a
ss systems,
w
a
tes the two in
o
nsiderations,
a
S
ystem summ
a
the integrated
Structural p
e
the space its
e
i
n an integrat
e
m
ents, that ha
v
e
grated syste
m
v
e. The autho
r
m
ents for ener
g
n
al function a
n
u
ctural efficien
c
a
wide variety
n
d performan
c
o
nstarted in t
h
m
ultaneously,
w
façade syste
r
e attempting
d
e system th
p
rogramattic a
n
that weights
u
bjective criteri
o
nventional fu
l
one direction
c
ed by achievi
n
ns are explori
n
various shadi
n
s
s for the gla
s
m
ary dimensio
n
e
shading pa
n
e
ss of the gla
s
w
here the gla
s
terfacing ener
g
a
re summariz
e
a
ry - interfacin
g
systems design
e
rformance pa
r
e
lf.
e
d
v
e
m
s
r
s’
g
y
n
d
c
y
of
c
e
h
e
w
e
e
m
to
at
n
d
a
a.
l
ly
or
n
g
n
g
n
g
s
s
n
s
n
el
s
s
s
s
g
y
e
d
g
façade
for both
r
ameters,
In th
e
appro
a
an in
n
an in
n
comp
o
furthe
r
result
s
the e
x
façad
e
4.3 F
u
4.3.1
.
A co
m
buildi
n
This
s
efficie
n
interio
which
functi
o
New
a
conte
m
const
r
Fig. 1
1
4.3.2
.
More
towar
d
asse
m
the u
s
experi
Layeri
resea
r
panel
Accor
d
can b
e
(Wur
m
which
innov
a
geom
e
in a si
n
4.3.3
There
which
deep
c
cavity
Fig.
1
sand
w
11.
e
following se
c
a
ches for dev
e
ovative and in
n
er core elem
e
o
site facade c
o
r
quantify ho
w
s
in overall th
e
x
ternal appear
a
e
.
u
nctionally
g
Partitioned
m
mon window
s
n
gs, is partitio
n
s
ystem combi
n
n
cy). This app
r space. The
s
has a recogni
z
o
n independen
a
pproaches to
m
porary appr
o
r
uction concep
t
1
:
Deriving a “fu
Layered sy
s
contemporary
d
s larger ligh
t
m
blies and in s
o
s
e of excessiv
e
enced in such
ng of a hybr
i
r
ched as sho
w
system, with i
n
d
ing to Wurm,
e
achieved wi
m
2007) The b
u
opens a wid
e
a
tive structural
e
tric configurat
n
gle façade sy
Macro vers
u
are three typ
e
includes floor
c
avity using s
p
with an inter
1
2: Concept mo
d
w
ich construction
a: Partitioned
c
tion, we ela
b
e
loping a functi
o
tegrated faça
d
e
nt in the int
e
o
nfiguration w
h
w
the core ele
m
e
rmal benefits
a
a
nce of a buil
d
g
raded wind
o
system
s
ystem used i
n
n
ed. Figure 11
n
es transpare
n
roach in wind
o
s
trategy that c
o
z
able effect o
n
tly and does
n
materials, con
s
o
aches to unif
i
t
, where the wi
n
nctionally grade
d
s
tem
approaches h
t
emitting fac
a
o
me instances
,
e
ly thick glass
fully glazed s
y
i
d sandwich t
o
w
n in Figure 12
n
tegrated shad
“The accepta
n
th automated
u
ild-up of thes
e
e
scope of po
s
ly monolithic
t
ions of the co
n
stem. (Giles 2
0
u
s Micro gri
d
e
s of grid that
to floor ledge
s
p
acing of simil
nal venetian
t
d
els for interacti
v
desi
g
n,
(
Wurm
2
b
orate further
o
nally graded
f
d
e structural s
y
e
rmediate air
s
h
ich is very ef
f
m
ents provide
a
nd reflects in
t
d
ing envelope,
o
w systems
n
many buildin
g
a shows this
n
cy (for light
o
w design mini
o
nsiders differ
e
n
the appeara
n
n
ot attempt to
s
truction and
e
i
ed and multif
n
dows are still
d
system” by co
m
ave attempte
d
a
des. The so
l
,
full floor to c
e
to work struc
t
y
stems.
o
enhance th
e
. This layering
ing elements.
n
ce of sandwi
c
manufacturin
g
e
sandwiches,
s
s
sibilities for m
t
ransparent fa
c
n
nected core e
l
0
08) (Fig. 13)
d
system
can be used
t
s
and fins; se
c
ar dimension;
t
ype of blind.
v
e
2
007
)
11.b: La
on the propo
s
f
açade system
y
stem approac
h
s
pace, to a d
o
f
icient and lig
h
a structural r
o
t
ernal function
.
by creating a
g
s, including c
layout that in
c
and views)
w
mizes the gla
s
e
nt functions r
e
n
ce of the buil
d
integrate form
e
nergy efficien
c
unctional buil
d
partitioned or
c
m
bining a “partiti
o
d
to create en
v
l
utions are st
i
e
iling clear or t
r
t
urally, togeth
e
e
structural e
f
can serve to
e
h construction
g
processes in
s
election of m
a
anufacture, fu
c
ade system,
l
ements, as w
a
t
o provide flo
o
c
ondly a “medi
u
and thirdly, a
(Fig. 14) Th
e
yered
s
ed configura
t
, based on the
h
(Giles 2008)
,
o
uble glazed
s
h
tweight. This
o
le as well a
s
. This interacti
v
rich and var
y
hurches, castl
e
c
ludes punche
d
w
ith opacity (f
o
s
s surfaces, a
c
e
lated to adjac
e
d
ing. This ap
p
m
with function
c
y have permi
t
d
ing envelope
s
c
over entire fa
c
oned” and a “la
y
v
elope syste
m
i
ll somewhat
r
ansparent fac
a
e
r with addres
s
fficiency of a
e
nhance struc
t
to glass archi
t
n
terms of ec
o
a
terials and th
e
nction and de
s
creates a sh
a
a
y to integrate
o
r to floor sha
d
u
m” system w
h
“micro” syste
m
e
depth of th
e
Fig. 13: Qua
t
ion imperativ
e
e
basic principl
e
, which monoli
s
heet, to crea
approach has
s
a shading f
u
v
e functionalit
y
y
ing textural gr
e
s, residential
d
windows in
a
o
r solidity, co
c
cording to th
e
e
nt spaces, is
p
roach addres
s
in a single b
u
t
ted the indust
r
s
, driven by t
h
cades as disc
u
y
ered” system, (
a
m
s that are ubi
contained wit
h
ade approach
e
s
ing the exce
s
transparent
p
t
ural efficienc
y
t
ecture depen
d
o
nomy and qu
a
e
geometry of t
h
s
ign. SITUMB
R
a
ding function
structure with
s
d
ing. Firstly, a
h
ich is based
o
m
which is ba
s
e
louvers in e
d cell, (Giles 20
0
11.c: Functi
o
e
s and propo
s
e
s developed
f
thically attach
e
te a structura
l
the potential
u
nction that al
s
y
also enhanc
e
ain to the enti
and commerc
i
a
n opaque w
a
st, and ther
m
e
needs of eve
energy efficie
n
s
es each interi
u
ilding envelop
r
y to adopt mo
h
e ‘curtain w
a
u
ssed before.
a
utho
r
s 2013)
quitous in for
m
h
in curtain w
a
e
s. This requir
e
s
sive heat gai
n
p
anel has be
e
y
as a composi
d
s on how mu
c
a
lity standard
s
he layers vari
e
R
A, which is
a
though vario
u
s
hading functi
o
“macro” syste
o
n a 4 or 6 in
c
s
ed on a 1 in
c
ach scenario
0
8)
o
nally graded
s
e
f
or
e
s
l
ly
to
s
o
e
s
re
i
al
a
ll.
m
al
ry
n
t,
or
e.
re
a
ll’
m
,
a
ll
e
s
n
s
e
n
te
c
h
s
.”
e
s,
a
n
u
s
o
n
m
c
h
c
h
is
propo
r
horizo
and
m
grain”
addin
g
the in
therm
a
4.3.4
.
It is p
o
and l
a
syste
m
the la
y
Fig. 4
)
Fig. 1
3
functi
o
repre
s
the fi
n
variou
partiti
o
& 16).
achie
v
by th
e
shade
geom
e
micro
depe
n
4.4.
F
In ord
e
many
and t
h
studie
s
desig
n
recta
n
Anoth
e
point.
(Fig.
1
carrie
d
Figur
e
Fig.1
6
Fig.
1
Medi
u
r
tional to the
ntal and vertic
a
m
icro grid syst
e
brise-soleil s
y
g
an additional
ner and oute
r
a
l performanc
e
Graded sy
s
o
stulated that
a
a
yered system
m
that also ex
p
y
out of interna
)
, combined w
i
3
). This appro
a
o
n (similar to
s
ented in Fig.
8
n
al solution ma
s modes of
o
ned systems”
In this appro
a
v
e excellent st
r
e
interior spac
e
, and also stif
f
e
try is not dis
c
system has th
e
dency, orienta
F
unctionally
g
e
r to fully em
b
parameters, i
n
h
e available fa
s
that optimiz
e
n
and fabricati
o
gular grid syst
e
e
r design app
r
Several geom
1
6). Further s
t
d
out to creat
e
e
17 below.
6
:
Creating a fun
1
4: Three differ
e
u
m, c
)
Macro
(
au
t
dimensions
o
a
l shading de
v
e
m. In anothe
y
stem that is i
n
layer externa
r
transparent
w
e
of the facade
s
tem
a
façade syste
into an integr
a
p
resses its fun
l spaces such
i
th a structural
a
ch also provi
d
the transition
a
8
). Learning fr
o
y be fully or p
a
transparency.
and an “integ
r
a
ch, a core sys
t
r
uctural efficie
n
e
s’ functions a
n
f
ens the glass
c
rete but occu
r
e
potential to
a
t
ion and interi
o
g
raded faça
d
b
race the funct
n
cluding the b
u
brication tech
n
e
on system
p
o
n of the functi
o
e
m that may v
a
r
oach uses a
c
etric patterns
t
udies that tra
n
e
an interspe
r
ctionally graded
e
nt types of grid:
t
hors 2013
)
o
f the grid-sh
a
v
ices can be u
s
r words, the “
n
tegrated with
i
l
to the facad
e
w
indow mate
r
as well as pla
y
m may be co
n
a
ted system th
a
ctions. For ex
a
as the macro
composite co
d
es the neces
s
a
l grading of
t
o
m the design
a
rtially translu
c
Therefore,
o
r
ated layered s
t
em is still co
m
n
cy. This core
s
n
d/or light tran
s
surface to pro
r
s through gen
e
a
ddress all the
o
r function.
d
e geometri
e
ionally graded
u
ilding’s need
s
n
iques are bei
n
p
erformance.
T
o
nally graded
c
a
ry by interior
f
c
ircular patter
n
based on frac
t
n
sition the ac
t
ced micro to
shading system
a) Micro, b)
a
ped glass di
v
s
ed in a glass
f
large grain” s
h
i
n the cavity o
e
. This fixed c
a
r
ial, can meet
y
ing a structur
a
n
figured to co
m
a
t embraces
m
a
mple, a geo
m
scale in the
L
nfiguration su
c
s
ary shading,
b
t
he glazed fri
t
solutions for t
h
c
ent, dependin
o
ur proposed
ystem”, to bec
m
positely sand
w
s
ystem may h
a
s
mission char
a
v
ide a light w
e
e
rative param
e
building’s req
u
e
s
components i
n
s
, the core ge
o
n
g addressed
T
here is an on
c
ore systems.
f
unction.
n
that varies
d
t
al variations
a
t
ual interconn
e
macro grid co
, based on gene
Wint
e
Fig.
bet
w
v
isions. Simil
a
f
açade system
,
h
ading louver
s
o
f a double-la
y
a
vity inner stru
multiple spe
c
a
l role for the
w
m
bine the prim
a
m
ulti functions
(
m
etric grading
L
afayette 148
b
c
h as the SIT
U
b
y locating th
e
t
ting on the
A
h
e Dior and H
e
g on the build
i
system effec
t
c
ome a “functi
o
w
iched betwe
e
a
ve a progress
i
a
cteristics. Th
e
e
ight glazing s
y
e
tric modeling.
u
irements para
n the design
o
o
metry and its
in a series of
n
going explora
t
We have start
e
d
epending on
i
a
re also possi
b
e
cting cells b
e
o
nfiguration, s
u
rative compone
n
er
.
15: The shadin
w
een two glass p
a
r to Le Corb
,
but scaled d
o
s
can transfor
m
y
ered glass sy
s
ctural core, w
h
c
ifications incl
u
w
hole system.
(
a
ry capabilitie
s
(
Fig. 9), thus r
e
(Fig. 11c) ma
y
b
uilding façad
e
U
MBRA syste
m
e
shading ele
m
A
rc de Trimop
h
e
rmes building
i
ng program,
o
t
ively morphs
o
nally graded s
e
n two separat
e
i
vely varying g
e
e
core plays a
y
stem. The ch
This approac
a
metrically, su
c
o
f a glazed faç
variation’s, th
e
geometric an
d
t
ion on the p
o
ed this proces
s
i
ts distance fr
o
b
le, using a re
e
tween glass l
a
u
ch as those
d
n
t geometries, (
a
Summ
e
n
g system functi
o
p
anes. (Giles 20
0
usier’s solutio
o
wn to a mediu
m
to a “mediu
s
tem, instead
h
ich connects
u
ding enhanc
e
(
Fig. 15)
s
of a partition
e
e
presented as
y
both represe
e
represented
m
represented
m
ents by inter
n
h
e hotel faça
d
s (Fig. 6 and
7
o
r graded acro
s
a “functiona
l
ystem” (Fig. 1
1
e
glass panes
e
ometry, grad
e
role in providi
n
ange rate of t
h
h in designing
c
h as solar an
g
ade system, t
h
e
core’s mater
i
d
manufacturi
n
o
ssibilities of t
h
s
by designing
o
m an attracti
o
e
ctangular layo
a
yers are bei
n
d
emonstrated
a
utho
r
s 2013)
er
o
nall
y
integrated
0
8)
n,
m
m
of
to
e
d
e
d
a
nt
in
in
n
al
d
e
7
),
s
s
l
ly
1
c
to
e
d
n
g
h
e
a
g
le
h
e
i
al
n
g
h
e
a
o
n
ut
n
g
in
5.0.
C
A faç
a
a buil
functi
o
transi
t
respo
n
of fu
n
geom
e
In ad
d
enha
n
not o
n
The c
other
f
respo
n
appe
a
this s
y
uniqu
e
cell s
y
those
functi
o
REF
E
Anon
y
Banh
a
Bell,
M
Brow
n
Carm
o
CIBS
E
Finch,
Giles,
Gratia
Kim,
G
Knaa
k
Krista
l
Lee,
Mand
a
Fig.
1
C
ONCLUSIO
N
a
de’s configura
ding and so
m
o
ns. In contra
s
t
ion in respon
s
n
se to these f
u
n
ctional rules,
e
trical form.
d
ition, a layere
d
ce the role of
t
ly increases t
h
o
ncept of a “f
u
f
unctional asp
e
n
ses to inter
n
a
rance that refl
e
y
stem has be
e
e
fabrication t
e
y
stem. This re
s
geometries, i
n
o
nally graded f
a
E
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n
towers res
e
a
m, Reyner.
Th
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M
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e
n
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u
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glazing syst
e
t
he blinds from
h
e energy effici
u
nctionally gr
a
e
cts to the syst
n
al function
a
e
cts a building
e
n validated t
h
e
chnique has
b
s
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h
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an attempt
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çade system.
n
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s
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e
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i
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e
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c
explicit repre
s
m
inant functio
n
e
a functionall
y
programmati
c
e
transitions a
r
by space an
d
e
m that integr
a
“one-dimensi
o
ency of the sy
s
a
ded layered
g
em including
a
a
nd external
a
s function and
h
rough compu
t
b
een develope
d
h
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s
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o
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s
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uilding Servi
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o
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s
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construction.
B
n
sparency in a
r
z
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l
building fac
0
02.
e
d shading d
e
575.
c
oncept applied
s
entation of its
n
imposes a
y
graded faça
d
c
building fun
c
r
e also meant
d
technical p
e
a
tes a shading
o
nal functione
d
s
tem, but also
p
g
lass system”
a
wide variety
o
a
ppearance t
h
performance
r
t
er simulation
d
which is ca
p
rious geometri
optimize the
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d
w
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a
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tainable Indu
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p
)
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o
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e
2): 105-111.
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erlin: Birkhau
r
chitecture. Ne
azjanac, Vor
a
ades. Berkel
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e
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e
to functional zo
n
functions. The
configuration
d
e system tha
c
tions, by gra
d
to represent a
e
rformance,
w
system in the
d
element” to “
m
plays a role in
pushes this b
o
o
f aesthetic, m
o
h
at proposes
r
equirements.
and also lab
p
able of manu
f
es and associ
a
multifunction
a
t
Dominique
P
9
7: J.7.
m
ent. Chicago:
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r
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atural Ventila
t
d
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a
ted transpar
e
s
tries Confere
n
p
osition of sha
e
vice in therm
ser Verlag, 20
0
e
w York: The
M
a
pat Inkarojit,
y
: Lawrence
e
grated PV f
o
n
es across part
o
e
re are multipl
e
that dominat
e
t creates a s
m
d
ing the facad
system that f
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