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The phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacology of Piper Betel. linn (Betel Leaf): A pan-asiatic medicinal plant
Abstract
Since antiquity, Piper betel. Linn, commonly known as betel vine, has been used as a religious, recreational and medicinal plant in Southeast Asia. The leaves, which are the most commonly used plant part, are pungent with aromatic flavor and are widely consumed as a mouth freshener. It is carminative, stimulant, astringent and is effective against parasitic worms. Experimental studies have shown that it possess diverse biological and pharmacological effects, which includes antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antiprotozal, anticaries, gastroprotective effects, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiulcer and chemopreventive activities. The active principles hydroxychavicol, allylpyrocatechol and eugenol with their plethora of pharmacological properties may also have the potential to develop as bioactive lead molecule. In this review, an attempt is made to summarize the religious, traditional uses, phytochemical composition and experimentally validated pharmacological properties of Piper betel. Emphasis is also placed on aspects warranting detail studies for it to be of pharmaceutical/clinical use to humans.
... It is extensively grown in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, and other Southeast Asian countries [29]. Experimental studies revealed its wide and diverse biological and pharmacological effects -for example, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective effects, among others [30][31][32]. This plant contains a broad range of chemical compounds including alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins and steroids [33]. ...
... Gessler et al. [60] reported that the chemical composition of various plant compounds is affected by region and the climatic conditions under which the plant species grows. Fazal et al. [30] reported that the phytochemical synthesis, quality and quantity of plants are dependent on multiple factors such as the subtype of the plant, nutrient conditions and type of soil, altitude, season, and time of collection. ...
... Betel leaf contains a broad range of chemical compounds including alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids, tannins and steroids [33]. Fazal et al. [30] ascribes the pharmacological properties of P. betle to the presence of allylbenzene compounds, terpenes, terpenoids, vitamins, and minerals. For example, allylpyrocatechol was found to show inhibitory activity against obligate oral anaerobes causing halitosis [61]. ...
Background
This study evaluated in vitro antigiardial activity in four Indonesian plants (Archidendron fagifolium, Diospyros sumatrana, Piper betle and Shorea sumatrana) extracted in methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran, and water. These plants exhibiting promising anti-parasitic activity were selected on the basis of collected behavioral data and their ability to decrease parasite load in Sumatran orangutans. Extracts of Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant routinely used as a laboratory model in research, were used as a negative control.
Methods
Plant extracts of different concentrations (400, 100, 25 and 6.25 µg/ml) and metronidazole (100 µg/ml), a standard giardicidal drug, were incubated with 25,000 trophozoites per milliliter of growth medium in 12-well tissue culture plates under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Cultures were counted in a hemocytometer using a light microscope and then statistically evaluated. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by the MTT Cell Viability Assay.
Results
We recorded a statistically-significant decrease in giardia trophozoites in two extracts: the methanolic extract of A. fagifolium (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.013) and the aqueous extract of P. betle (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.002). Effective concentrations of 400 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml, respectively, were revealed. Cytotoxicity was not demonstrated.
Conclusions
The results of our study show that extracts of A. fagifolium and P. betle have potential as an alternative treatment of G. intestinalis infection. This is the first scientific proof of the biological activity of A. fagifolium, confirming the assumption that orangutans use this plant (as well as P. betle) for self-medication.
... Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu are the Indian states where the plant may be found (202)(203)(204). Betel leaves are known as Vettila, Vettilakkoti (Malayalam); Vetrilai (Tamil); Vilya, Veeleya, and Villayadel (Kannada) (202,205). Betel leaf is used for bad breath,conjunctivitis, boils,constipation, abscesses, headache, hysteria, itches, mastitis, mastoiditis, leucorrhea, otorrhea, ringworm, gum swelling, rheumatism, abrasion, cuts and injuries, etc. (203). The chemical constituents are 2-methoxy-4-2-propenyl, eugenol (18.27%), 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxol (25.67%), and acetate-phenol (8.0%). ...
... The phytochemicals present in piper betle are chavicol (53.1%) and chavibetol acetate (15.5%). Other components are chavibetol methyl ester (methyl eugenol 0.48%), eugenol, estragole, camphene, ally pyrocatechol diacetate, 1,8cineole, α-pinene, α-limonene, safrole, γ-lactone, β-pinene, dotriacontanoic acid, ally pyrocatechol monoacetate, and allyl catechol (205)(206)(207). Betel oil contains several terpenoids and terpenes. ...
Fungal infections pose a significant global health threat, driven by increasing drug resistance, limited efficacy,and adverse effects of conventional antifungal therapies. Medicinal plants provide a promising alternative dueto their bioactive phytochemicals and broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Plants such as Acalypha indica,Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Lawsonia inermis, Citrus limon, etc., exhibit potentantifungal effects against pathogens fungal species like Candida albicans,Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillusniger. etc. Key phytoconstituents, including allicin, curcumin, lupeol, flavonoids, and alkaloids, target fungalcell walls, membranes, and enzymatic pathways. These compounds also show synergistic potential withantimycotic drugs, offering enhanced efficacy while mitigating resistance. The minimal toxicity, reduced sideeffects, and eco-friendly nature of these plant-based agents underscore their therapeutic potential. In thisreview we are going to discuss about a few indigenous plants of Tamil Nadu that have potent antifungalproperties which can be used for further analysis for alternatives to antifungal drugs that have high toxicity,low efficacy and resistance to the current medications. Future studies should prioritize thecharacterizationand isolation of active compounds to understand their specific antifungal mechanisms andidentify synergistic combinations. ASSS
... Interestingly Malabulath oil has allylpyrocatechol diacetate (34.4%), one of the third most significant components as in usual piper betel oil (11.3%) [61]. In addition to this eugenol, 4-terpineol, betecaryophellene, chavibitol acetate, α -cymene and safrole are identified in the normal leaves of oil but in Malabulath were deprived of all these major constituents [63]. The composition of various portions of natural piper betel was demonstrated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and noticed that the structure of the tail oil was contrary when compared with that of various portions that do not have perceptible measures of allyl pyrocatechol diacetate. ...
... The greater portion of the heating water extricates gastroprotective properties more prominent than the misoprostol [63]. It has been demonstrated that enemies of oxidants have a broad spectrum of exploration in safeguarding in opposition to gastric mucosal injury, in addition to restraining the movement ofdigestive ulcers. ...
Betel leaves are consumed by roughly 223.79 million people in India. It is grown in India using conventional
methods on approximately 55,000 acres, with an annual production value of over Rs 9000 million for the past few
years. The state of West Bengal contributes about 66 per cent of total production, with over 20,000 ha comprising
about 4-5 lakh Boroj and employing almost the same number of agricultural families. During storage, transit, and
glut season, there is a significant loss of leaves. Furthermore, if the excess leaves are not properly disposed of, they
may pollute the environment and pose health risks. Waste can be reduced in a variety of ways, including the
extraction of essential oil from leftover betel leaves. This oil can be used as a raw material in the production of
pharmaceuticals, perfumes, mouth fresheners, tonics, food additives, medicinal significance, and antimicrobial
activity. The leaves are nutritious and contain anti-carcinogens, making them potentially useful in the development
of a blood cancer treatment. According to some contradictory claims, chewing betel leaves excessively can lead to
mouth cancer. The current review was studied in light of the health benefits of betel leave and its usefulness as an
antimicrobial.
... Bagian yang paling umum dimanfaatkan dan dipelajari dari tanaman sirih adalah daunnya. Di berbagai negara, terdapat kebiasaan mengunyah daun sirih yang diyakini memiliki manfaat untuk mencegah bau mulut, menguatkan gusi, merawat gigi, serta merangsang sistem pencernaan (Fazal et al. 2014). Dalam pengobatan tradisional, daun sirih dimanfaatkan sebagai douching vagina di Indonesia (Joesoef et al. 1996), sebagai obat kumur di India dan Thailand (Chowdhury and Baruah 2020), serta sebagai solusi untuk masalah gigi, sakit kepala, radang sendi, dan nyeri sendi di Malaysia (Fazal et al. 2014). ...
... Di berbagai negara, terdapat kebiasaan mengunyah daun sirih yang diyakini memiliki manfaat untuk mencegah bau mulut, menguatkan gusi, merawat gigi, serta merangsang sistem pencernaan (Fazal et al. 2014). Dalam pengobatan tradisional, daun sirih dimanfaatkan sebagai douching vagina di Indonesia (Joesoef et al. 1996), sebagai obat kumur di India dan Thailand (Chowdhury and Baruah 2020), serta sebagai solusi untuk masalah gigi, sakit kepala, radang sendi, dan nyeri sendi di Malaysia (Fazal et al. 2014). Di Sri Lanka, ekstrak daun sirih digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit kulit (Arambewela et al. 2010). ...
Kulit pada bayi sangat sensitif terhadap cedera yang timbul akibat kegiatan seperti mandi. Kenaikan insiden ruam pada bayi yang baru lahir diakibatkan oleh mikroorganisme seperti bakteri, virus, atau jamur yang memungkinkan penetrasi mikroorganisme ke dalam lapisan kulit. Daun sirih mudah didapatkan di daerah yang dapat mencegah ruam pada bayi. Cairan rebusan atau ekstrak daun sirih memiliki kelebihan alami sebagai antimikroba dan antibakteri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan quasi eksperimen pada populasi bayi baru lahir (usia 0-7 hari) di Puskesmas Tebas, Kabupaten Sambas, Kalimantan Barat. Sampel sejumlah 32 responden yang dipilih melalui teknik randomisasi. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi menggunakan lembar observasi yang menggunakan skala skin grading untuk mengukur tingkat ruam. Intervensi dilakukan selama tujuh hari pada pagi hari. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan p-value=0,001, yang lebih kecil daripada signifikansi yang ditetapkan (p-value>0,05). Dengan demikian, disimpulkan bahwa air rebusan daun sirih Piper B. Leaf efektif dalam mencegah ruam pada bayi baru lahir usia 0-7 hari.
... Its usage encompasses cultural, spiritual, and medical matters. Research has shown that this herb has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... The structure of hydroxychavicol contains catechol, which is known to have antiproliferative properties [3,4,[6][7][8]13,27,28]. Our study demonstrates that the presence of the catechol-like structure is key for the antiproliferative activity of hydroxychavicol and that the attachment of an aliphatic chain to the catechol structure dampens that activity ( Figure 3). ...
Betel leaves are widely used as herbal medicine in Asia due to their antimicrobial properties. These properties have been attributed to the phenolic compound eugenol and its derivative, hydroxychavicol. Hydroxychavicol has also been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The main objective of this study was to investigate which structural components of hydroxychavicol are responsible for the antiproliferative property of this compound. Jurkat-E6 cells (JE6) were treated with increasing concentrations (5, 15, and 45 µM) of hydroxychavicol and structural variants of it for 48 h. The results of this study demonstrate that the catechol structure in hydroxychavicol is the structural component that exhibits the highest antiproliferative effect. More specifically, the data show that the six-carbon ring must be aromatic with the two hydroxyl groups attached in an ortho position. Furthermore, this study establishes that the oxygen in the hydroxyl groups has a vital role in the antiproliferative properties of catechol and hydroxychavicol.
... The betel leaf (Piper betle Linn.) is a medicinal plant commonly found in Asian countries. In general, Piper betle Linn. is used to maintain oral health [18][19][20]. In addition, Piper betle Linn. is used as a traditional medicine for headaches, joint inflammation and joint pain, and skin conditions [18,21]. ...
... In general, Piper betle Linn. is used to maintain oral health [18][19][20]. In addition, Piper betle Linn. is used as a traditional medicine for headaches, joint inflammation and joint pain, and skin conditions [18,21]. Review studies conducted by Nayaka et al. [22] found that Piper betle Linn. ...
... Piper betle (L) yang biasa dikenal dengan sirih termasuk dalam famili Piperaceae. Kebiasaan mengunyah daun sirih di berbagai negara diyakini bermanfaat untuk menghindari bau mulut, memperkuat gusi, menjaga kesehatan gigi, dan melancarkan sistem pencernaan (Fazal et al., 2014;Kaypech and Thaweboon, 2018). Secara tradisional, daun sirih digunakan untuk pembersih vagina di Indonesia (Joesoef et al., 1996), sebagai obat kumur kumur di India dan Thailand (Chowdhury et al., 2020), dan pengobatan gigi, sakit kepala, radang sendi, dan nyeri sendi di Malaysia (Fazal et al., 2014). ...
... Kebiasaan mengunyah daun sirih di berbagai negara diyakini bermanfaat untuk menghindari bau mulut, memperkuat gusi, menjaga kesehatan gigi, dan melancarkan sistem pencernaan (Fazal et al., 2014;Kaypech and Thaweboon, 2018). Secara tradisional, daun sirih digunakan untuk pembersih vagina di Indonesia (Joesoef et al., 1996), sebagai obat kumur kumur di India dan Thailand (Chowdhury et al., 2020), dan pengobatan gigi, sakit kepala, radang sendi, dan nyeri sendi di Malaysia (Fazal et al., 2014). Di Srilanka, jus daun sirih digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit kulit (Arambewela et al., 2010). ...
... The P. betle cultivation in Vietnam and other Asian countries is well associated with the people's custom of consuming P. betle in daily life for disease symptom alleviations such as headaches, abdominal pain, gingivitis, colds, and coughs. Recently, P. betle has been extensively investigated on its chemical composition and therapeutic effects including antifungal, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, wound healing, gastroprotective effects, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer [16][17][18][19][20][21] . The main pharmacological components of Piper betle are essential oils (0.7-2.6% w/w), of which eugenol, carvacrol, chavicol, catechol, chavibetol, cineol, estragol, caryophyllene, and cadinen are the most dominant compounds 14,[16][17]20 . ...
... Recently, P. betle has been extensively investigated on its chemical composition and therapeutic effects including antifungal, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, wound healing, gastroprotective effects, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer [16][17][18][19][20][21] . The main pharmacological components of Piper betle are essential oils (0.7-2.6% w/w), of which eugenol, carvacrol, chavicol, catechol, chavibetol, cineol, estragol, caryophyllene, and cadinen are the most dominant compounds 14,[16][17]20 . Interestingly, these substances, especially the polyphenolic ones, demonstrate potential antibacterial ability [22][23] , which could serve as a safe and effective alternative therapy for the acne treatment, especially for the antibiotics resistant bacteria 18,24 . ...
The current treatments of acne vulgaris and acne-like disorders such as gram-negative folliculitis possess lots of unwanted side effects. Thus, alternative approach of utilizing natural plant extracts, specifically Piper betle L., have gained much attention. To this end, this work developed, characterized, and ex vivo evaluated novel antibiotics hydrogels containing P. betle L. leaf extract for acne treatment. Firstly, the design of experiments (DoE) D-optimal method was successfully developed, optimized, and validated, to investigate the relationship between P. betle L. extraction conditions and the extract properties. Secondly, the best extract was encapsulated in the hydrogel formulations composed of carbopol 940, propylene glycol, and cocamidopropyl betaine. Finally, the hydrogel was ex vivo determined its antibacterial activity on bacteria isolated from 15 patient acne samples. The optimal extraction condition being an extraction solvent/plant weight ratio of 4.034:1, an extraction time of 2.147 h, and a water extract volume of 91.4 mL. This condition yielded an extract total phenolic content of 3.337±0.034 g GAE/g, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 µg/mL and 128 µg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, respectively. The hydrogel possessed suitable properties for a topical medication, including a viscosity of 6800 cps, a pH of 7.0, and a good foaming ability, at both 10°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The hydrogel showed higher antibacterial activity than the positive controls in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Conclusively, the hydrogel could become a potential pharmaceutical product for acne treatment.
... The free radical scavenging activity of the P. betle was determined by hydrogen peroxide assay. [25] Hydrogen peroxide (10 mM) solution was prepared using phosphate-buffered saline (0.1 M, pH 7.4). The 1 ml of different concentration of betel extracts (100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 μg) were rapidly mixed with 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. ...
... In this study, free radical scavenging activities were evaluated by several standard methods using spectrophotometer. Fazal et al. [25] reported that better ability of antioxidant activity of P. betle leaf extract and H 2 O 2 might account for the results. The range of DPPH radical scavenging assay for the P. betle was 69.27% ± 0.92% [ Figure 1d]. ...
Background: The widespread usage of synthetic chemical drugs often contributes to the development of drug resistance in the clinical pathogens
along with hazardous side effects in the human side. Among those clinical pathogens, Candida albicans is a prime consideration to explore.
C. albicans is wildly causing a fungal infection of oral cavity well known as candidiasis. This study is prompted to find some novel natural
compounds from a medicinal plant, Piper betle against C. albicans. Methods: Bioactive compounds were extracted from the betel leaves using
different solvents. The standard drug, fluconazole was used to check anticandidal activity of P. betle against C. albicans. Plant extracts were
further characterized by the antioxidant and different scavenging assays. The biocompounds were identified using gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry and successfully subjected to molecular docking study. Results: Methanol and ethanol extracts were showed potential antifungal,
antioxidant, and scavenging activity against C. albicans, in comparison with control drug. Twenty‑seven bioactive compounds were identified
in the methanol extract of P. betle. These active bioactive compounds were docked with candidapepsin‑1, a proteolytic virulent enzyme of
C. albicans and compared with a control drug, fluconazole (−7.8 kcal/mol), and the effective interaction was observed with specific bioactive
compound, 4‑hydroxy‑5‑imino‑3,4‑dimethyl‑1‑(4‑nitrophenyl)‑2‑imidazolidinone (−7.5 kcal/mol). Conclusion: The present study reveals
that methanol and ethanol extract of P. betle is a potential source of natural‑free radical scavenging antioxidants. These findings will be great
helpful in the new drug analysis for the determination of antimicrobial biocompounds against candidiasis and other clinically related infections.
... Root and fruits are well known for treating malaria and asthma. It is used to treat diabetes, excessive thirst, fever, loss of appetite, mouth ulcers, nasal inhalation, nausea, and worms (Fazal et al. 2014). It is also used to enhance metabolic functions, reduce inflammation, expel mucus, strengthen the heart muscles, improve appetite, purify the blood, treat ulcers, nosebleeds, acne, bronchitis, halitosis, and bleeding gums, headache and reproductive problems (Fazal et al. 2014). ...
... It is used to treat diabetes, excessive thirst, fever, loss of appetite, mouth ulcers, nasal inhalation, nausea, and worms (Fazal et al. 2014). It is also used to enhance metabolic functions, reduce inflammation, expel mucus, strengthen the heart muscles, improve appetite, purify the blood, treat ulcers, nosebleeds, acne, bronchitis, halitosis, and bleeding gums, headache and reproductive problems (Fazal et al. 2014). The main constituents present are essential oil, amino acids, vitamins and enzymes. ...
Natural products, especially plants and herbs, have always been a common medicament source, either as pure active principles or traditional preparations. Traditional medicine has been used in developing and developed countries for centuries, and still, 80% of the population uses plant-based medicines for their health care needs. The present review discusses all the possible pharmacological activity reported in various literature and active chemical constituents of herbs. A list of various herbs/plants used by Ayurvedacharya Ratiram Sharma (93-year-old and practicing since 1952) and mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. The curated list was prepared by their general availability in the household and local market. This study comprehensively documented the medicinal value of sixty-six dominant plant species used in Ayurveda and local people. In the present review, each herb is discussed with its scientific and common names, geographical distribution, traditional medicinal uses, beneficial plant parts, and active chemical constituents. For each plant, pharmacological activities of different parts of plants are displayed with their chemical constituents and structure. Toxicologists, phytologists, medicinal chemists, and other researchers who are interested in the various therapeutic and related applications of plant materials will be benefited from present review. This information will open new horizons of application for the many novel drugs and drug candidates.
... Its leaves are typically utilized in betel chewing and folkloric uses (Das et al., 2016). Its extracts were previously shown to be non-cytotoxic against human dermal fibroblasts (Valle et al., 2016) but have antifungal, antiprotozoal, antifilarial properties (Fazal et al., 2014), antimicrobial activities against multi-drug resistant pathogens (Valle et al., 2016), and biofilm inhibitory activity against V. harveyi (Srinivasan et al., 2017). However, its mechanism of action, particularly its targets on the QS system of V. harveyi remains unknown. ...
... The presence of alkaloids in CA was confirmed via Dragendorff's test wherein a cloudy orange solution was observed due to the presence of alkaloids (Sharma et al., 2010). Previous reports on the phytochemical composition of P. betle leaves state the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids (Fazal et al., 2014) such as pellitorine, piperidine, and piperine (Lim et al., 2009). ...
Vibriosis, including the luminescent shrimp disease and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), with Vibrio harveyi as one of their causative agents, is a major shrimp disease causing huge economic losses in the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. It is induced through the formation of biofilm as a result of bacterial cell-to-cell communication or quorum sensing (QS). Hence, this mechanism may be used as a target for bioactive compounds in controlling V. harveyi infections in shrimp. In this study, crude ethanolic extract (CE) and crude alkaloids (CA) from Ikmo (Piper betle L.), a plant native to Southeast Asia, were observed to significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit biofilm formation of wild-type strains V. harveyi VH0, VH1 and BAA-1116 in chitosan-coated microtiter plates without inhibiting their growth. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed thinner biofilms formed upon treatment with both extracts. Furthermore, both CE and CA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited bioluminescence in QS reference strain V. harveyi BAA-1116 and was found to interfere with QS by modulating autoinducer (AI) activities as observed in both phenotypic and gene expression analyses. Both extracts also did not negatively affect shrimp growth and pre-infection mortality rate. Despite the in vitro results however, in vivo analysis showed that only P. betle CE, when supplemented to shrimp feed, protected Penaeus vannamei postlarvae against V. harveyi infection after seven days. These suggest the potential supplementation of shrimp feed with P. betle crude extract as protection against Vibriosis.
... The leaf is the most widely used and studied part of the betel vine. There are chewing habit practices of betel leaves in many countries which are believed beneficial for avoiding bad breath, strengthening the gum, preserving the teeth, and stimulating the digestive system [1,2]. In traditional medicine practices, betel leaves are used for vaginal douching in Indonesia [3], as a gargle mouthwash in India and Thailand [4], and as a treatment for dental problems, headaches, arthritis, and joint pain in Malaysia [1]. ...
... There are chewing habit practices of betel leaves in many countries which are believed beneficial for avoiding bad breath, strengthening the gum, preserving the teeth, and stimulating the digestive system [1,2]. In traditional medicine practices, betel leaves are used for vaginal douching in Indonesia [3], as a gargle mouthwash in India and Thailand [4], and as a treatment for dental problems, headaches, arthritis, and joint pain in Malaysia [1]. In Srilanka, the betel leaf juice is used to treat skin ailments [5]. ...
Piper betle (L) is a popular medicinal plant in Asia. Plant leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various health conditions. It is highly abundant and inexpensive, therefore promoting further research and industrialization development, including in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Articles published from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed in detail to show recent updates on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of betel leaves. This current review showed that betel leaves extract, essential oil, preparations, and isolates could inhibit microbial growth and kill various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungal species, including those that are multidrug-resistant and cause serious infectious diseases. P. betle leaves displayed high efficiency on Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The ratio of MBC/MIC indicated bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of P. betle leaves, while MFC/MIC values showed fungicidal and fungistatic effects. This review also provides a list of phytochemical compounds in betel leaves extracts and essential oils, safety profiles, and value-added products of betel leaves. Some studies also showed that the combination of betel leaves extract and essential oil with antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin) could provide potentiating antibacterial properties. Moreover, this review delivers a scientific resume for researchers in respected areas and manufacturers who want to develop betel leaves-based products.
... The reason for the destruction of cartilage is still not clear, but the proteolytic enzymes may play a big role has been suggested [7]. MMPs are a family of Zn endopeptidases consisting of at least 20 different members classified in five subgroups based on different substrate specificity and/or structure homology: interstitial collagenases (MMP- 1,8,13), gelatinases 9), Membrane type -MMPs (MMP- 14,15,16,17,24,25), stromelysin (MMP-3, 10, 11), and metalloelastase 11,12,20,23) [8]. ...
... family of Piperaceae, is heart-shaped evergreen vine leaf plant and leaves are used as a traditional and alternative medicine in Asian countries. In Indian Ayurvedic medicinal system, this plant is traditionally applied for various ailments such as digestive problem, fever, anesthesia and various allergic reactions [12]. The leaves are primarily consumed as mouth fresheners and to treat bad breath, besides their medicinal activities against certain communicable and non-communicable diseases were proved. ...
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, and systemic autoimmune disease, it affects elders worldwide. Herbal medicines have been used for the treatment of various ailments from ancient times. Betelvine (Piper betle L.) leaves have long been used in Asian countries as a medicine to relieve pain and some metabolic diseases. The present study of methanolic extract of phytochemical analysis confirms the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, total flavonoids and total phenols. GC-MS analysis of MeOH extract of Piper betle (PBME) revealed the presence of 40 bioactive compounds. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays showed greater inhibitory effect. The anti-arthritic effects of PBME at 250 and 500 mg/kg concentration showed recovery from joint damage in in vivo rat model. Among the 40 GC-MS derived bioactives, 4-Allyl-1,2-Diacetoxybenzene exhibited the higher interactions with minimized binding energy to the RA targets of MMP 1 (-6.4 kcal/mol), TGF-β (-6.9 kcal/mol), IL-1β (-5.9 kcal/mol). Further, the effect of PBME extract against RA molecular disease targets (IL-1β, MMP1 and TGF- β) were studied using Real-time PCR. These results substantiate that P. betle leaves could be a source of therapeutics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
... Piper betle L. (Piperaceae), also known as betel leaf, is widely used as a folk medicine for wounds, bronchitis, diabetes, coughs, indigestion in children, headaches, arthritis, and joint pain [485]. It increases insulin production, improves glucose tolerance, and decreases blood glucose levels substantially [486]. ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is currently regarded as a global public health crisis for which lifelong treatment with conventional drugs presents limitations in terms of side effects, accessibility, and cost. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), usually associated with obesity, is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, hyperlipidemia, chronic inflammation, impaired β-cell function, and insulin resistance. If left untreated or when poorly controlled, DM increases the risk of vascular complications such as hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy, which can be severely debilitating or life-threatening. Plant-based foods represent a promising natural approach for the management of T2DM due to the vast array of phytochemicals they contain. Numerous epidemiological studies have highlighted the importance of a diet rich in plant-based foods (vegetables, fruits, spices, and condiments) in the prevention and management of DM. Unlike conventional medications, such natural products are widely accessible, affordable, and generally free from adverse effects. Integrating plant-derived foods into the daily diet not only helps control the hyperglycemia observed in DM but also supports weight management in obese individuals and has broad health benefits. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis and current therapeutic management of DM, with a particular focus on the promising potential of plant-based foods.
... Trầu không thuộc loại cây gia vị có giá trị cao trong y sinh, phát triển ở nhiều vùng phía Nam của Việt Nam. Lá trầu là phần được sử dụng phổ biến nhất nhờ hoạt tính kháng khuẩn, kháng nấm, kháng ung thư và kháng oxi hóa [7][8][9] 3.2 Tính chất quang của màng composit Sự truyền ánh sáng qua màng là một trong những yếu tố gây ra quá trình oxy hóa, mất dinh dưỡng và mất màu của sản phẩm bên trong bao bì. Vì vậy, trong nghiên cứu này, hai thông số là độ truyền quang và độ mờ của màng cũng được xác định trong Bảng 1. Kết quả cho thấy, màng chitosan cho độ truyền quang cao hơn màng composit. ...
Nghiên cứu này cho thấy việc tổng hợp thành công bao bì hoạt tính có thể ăn được dựa trên sự kết hợp chitosan và chiết xuất lá Trầu không (BL). Màng composit chứa hàm lượng BL thấp (1-3%) được tổng hợp thông qua phương pháp phối trộn đơn giản. Kết quả phân tích SEM cho thấy có sự phân tán đồng nhất của BL vào trong mạch chitosan khi sử dụng hàm lượng BL thấp hơn 3%. Với hàm lượng chiết BL tăng từ 1-3%, độ truyền quang của màng composit giảm đáng kể trong khi độ mờ tăng. Ngoài ra, việc kết hợp BL đã cải thiện đáng kể hoạt tính kháng khuẩn gây bệnh samonella typhimurium của màng chitosan. Màng chitosan-BL cho thấy ức chế hoàn toàn samonella typhimurium sau 6 , 12 và 24 giờ nuôi cấy ở tất cả các nồng độ 1, 2 và 3% BL. Những kết quả đạt được cho thấy tiềm năng của màng chitosan kết hợp với chiết xuất Trầu không trong ứng dụng trong bao gói và bảo quản thực phẩm.
... The two most significant chemical components are chavibetol acetate (15.5 %) and chavicol (53.1 %), Other components were camphene (0.48 %), and eugenol (0.32 %), chavibetol methyl ester (methyl eugenol 0.48 %), ally pyrocatechol diacetate (0.71 %), a-pinene (0.21 %), 1,8-cineole (0.04 %), safrole (0.11 %), (0.14 %) a-limonene, γ-lactone, ß-pinene (0.21 %), allyl catechol, dotriacontanoic acid, and ally pyrocatechol monoacetate. Additionally, betel oil contains several terpenes and terpenoids (Rai et al., 2019;Fazal et al., 2014). Four aliphatic chemicals are produced in pure form by the hexane portion of the Piper betel (leaf stalk): pentadactyl 6-hydroxytridecanoate, Penta triacontanol, methyl hexagons-7-enoate, and 6, 9-heptacosa diene. ...
Betel leaf extracts were a popular ingredient in food preparation in ancient times. The leaves were used to add flavor and aroma to dishes, as well as to act as a preservative. The leaves contain a variety of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, all of which contribute to the flavor and aroma of the food. Betel leaves and their constituent parts have been utilised for centuries for their medicinal benefits in treating wounds, indigestion, bad breath, inflammations, and inflammatory disorders. A wide variety of bioactive substances from betel leaf extracts and essential oil (EO), such as polyphenols and terpenes, have been found. The extract and essential oil bio-actives have been characterized structurally and functionally using a variety of cutting-edge standard techniques. The bioactive phenolic compounds in betel leaf make it a significant medicinal herb. Pharmaceuticals, the food and beverage industry, organic synthesis, and other areas can use the extract from this quickly spoilable chemical to address environmental issues. The current review contains a scientific explanation of extraction methods, bioactive component identification, and their activities. Details on processing, preservation , and health advantages have also been included, along with their underlying mechanisms.
... The medicinal properties of the betel leaf have long been recognized in Southeast Asia (10). The boiled extracts of the betel leaves are often used for treating sore throats and stomachaches, as well as other pharmacological purposes (11). The areca nut, Areca catechu, belongs to the palm family ( Figure 1B). ...
Oral cancer is a subset of head and neck cancer. There are various types of oral cancers, including cancer of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and osteosarcoma (OS) of jawbones. In South Asian countries, the major cause of oral cancer is reported to be chewing paan, or betel leaf daubed with slaked lime paste and areca nut. To investigate how paan may contribute to the onset of cancer, we evaluated how treating cells with areca nut extract, betel leaf extract, or lime (better known as calcium hydroxide) affected cell proliferation and cell death. Two oral cell lines were treated with solutions of areca nut, young betel leaf, old betel leaf, and lime, either individually or in combination, and we evaluated cell survival and cell growth. While treatment with old betal leaf alone caused marginal slowing of cell growth of both PDL and OS cell lines (12 ± 4% and 10 ± 10%, respectively), effects of young betal leaf and lime on cell growth were minor. Treatment with areca nut caused no significant change in PDL (10 ± 10%), but an increase in cell number for OS (37 ± 19%). Extract combinations of either young or old betal leaf with areca nut and lime resulted in increased cell proliferation of PDL and OS. These initial results indicate that the enhancement of cell growth by areca nut can overcome potential growth inhibition by betal leaf, suggesting that areca nut may promote cell growth. These data warrant further investigation of the effect of areca nut exposure on the onset of oral cancer in humans.
... The bioactive compounds in betel leaves are related to their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties; thus, they are used to treat dental problems, healthy gums, headaches, arthritis, and joint pain, or to stimulate the digestive system (Nayaka et al., 2021). In addition, betel leaf extracts have been used to treat skin diseases, scanty or obstructed urination, weakness of nerves, sore throat, respiratory disorders, constipation, breast milk secretion, wounds, and boils (Fazal et al., 2014). Several phytochemicals, such as capsaicin (chili pepper), cycasin, methylazoxymethanol (cycas seed), phytoestrogens genistein (soybeans, fava beans, red clover), ptaquiloside (bracken fern), and safrole (sassafrass plant), have potential carcinogenic effects (Bode & Dong, 2015). ...
... There are substances in betel leaves that are advantageous for patients with diabetes and various forms of glycosuria (Madhumita et al., 2020). Additionally, betel leaf has properties such as antibacterial (Lubis and Wahyuni, 2020), antimicrobial , antioxidant (Sarma et al., 2018), antimutagen (Amonkar et al., 1986) anticarcinogenic (Chen et al., 1999), antiallergic, antiprotozoal, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cardioprotective, and respiratory antidepressant effects (Fazal et al., 2014). Other applications for this plant include fish poisoning, fish bait, insecticide, oil, perfumes, and hallucinogens. ...
Betel vine (Piper betel L.) is referred to as "Paan" in India. It is the most significant and profitable commercial crop and is cultivated as a significant cash crop due to its high benefit cost ratio (2.3). Fresh betel leaves found rich source of phyto-nutrients and vitamins viz., proteins, minerals, fibre, carbohydrates, vitamin A and vitamin B1. Uttar Pradesh region is favourable for better cultivation of betel vine. There are a few areas in Uttar Pradesh that are well-known for growing betel leaves, such as Bundelkhand, Varanasi, and Unnao. Betel vine farming is labour and capital intensive and best suited to small-scale farmers with a stable source of work and income. The main challenges associated with betel vine cultivation are lack of quality planting material, disease and pest infestation, lack of market, and natural calamities. Leaf rot, wilt, and leaf spot are the major diseases that significantly affect the quality and productivity of betel leaves. But due to its perishable nature and price fluctuations, this is one of the biggest marketing challenges faced by betel vine farmers. Establishing a market intelligence system to forecast prices in advance and simultaneously exploring the export market may be beneficial for realising a higher return on betel vine cultivation. Young farmers are excited to cultivate the betel vine and promote it as a cash crop for gainful employment in Uttar Pradesh. The Government of Uttar Pradesh has launched a scheme to promote the quality production of betel vine leaves.
... The phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacology of Piper Betel. linn (Betel Leaf): A pan-asiatic medicinal plant 73 . ...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) refers to conditions characterized by the presence of idiopathic intestinal inflammation. The main challenge in the management of IBD is the adverse effects associated with the currently available drugs. Also, not all patients respond completely to the conventional treatments of IBD and its efficacy wanes over time. Thus, the use of complementary and alternative medicine is increasing, as a safer alternative. Certain traditional Ayurveda literature of Kerala describe a condition termed ‘jatara vrana’ (ulcer of the gastrointestinal tract), which, along with its associated clinical features, resembles IBD. Due to the similarity in pathology and presenting features, the line of treatment adopted in the management of jatara vrana may be extended to that of IBD. A close observation of the formulations described in the management of jataravrana described in Chikitsamanjari (a regional Ayurvedic literature of Kerala) reveals that in each formulation individual drugs with varying mechanisms of action, including anti-ulcerative (vranaropana), anti-diarrheal (atisaraghna), anti-inflammatory (sophahara), anti-pyretic (jwarahara) or analgesic (vedanahara) activities, have been logically selected and combined. The active components of some of these drugs have been proven to have various effects in IBD pathology. Though these treatment principles have been used traditionally and Ayurvedic management is promising in many experimental models, it is essential to supplement it with well-designed clinical trials to define the exact role of each of these formulations in the prevention or management of IBD.
... A pan-Asian species found in most Asian countries, the medicinal plant Piper betle of the Piperaceae family is a plant abundantly found and grown in Southeast Asia. 3 . It is suggested that the plant originates from the Indonesian archipelago 4 . ...
Introduction: Piper betle Linn is one of the most commonly used compounding plants for ethno-medical purposes, with its extract generally used in modern products to enrich their functional efficacy. The extraction methods always lead to differences in the antimicrobial efficacy of methanol extracts of bioactive compounds. Purpose: The study was conducted to screen for bioactive compounds and determine their antimicrobial efficacy in a methanol extract of Piper betle and Murraya koenigi leaves from five different regions. Methodology: The phytochemical screening done according to the procedure that is implied in from Patil, et.al, with minor modifications by the researchers of the current study. Antimicrobial activity was determined; efficacy was measured by disc diffusion analysis. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponin, tannin, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The methanolic extract of betel leaves from all the selected regions except from Bau exhibited antimicrobial activities. Among them, extract from Kuching and Simunjan have no effect on E. coli. The methanolic extract of curry leaves from Kuching, Balai ringai and Bau have antimicrobial activities against Staph aureus and those from Balai ringai is also active against E.coli. Conclusion: Although there were previous reports of phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities from the extract of these plants, there were still lack of research conducted on the specimens especially from our local community (Sarawak). The outcome of this study will help us to identify the bioactive compounds of the local samples and give us some pictures of their activities on how to ensure these plants can be brought forward based on the origin of the sample.
... This would be evident from the numerous citations laid down in the ancient literature, particularly the Indian scriptures [1,2] . Betel leaves are very nutritive and contain substantial amount of vitamins and minerals [3] . The leaves also contain the enzymes like diastase and catalase besides a significant amount of several essential amino acids including lysine, histidine and arginine [1,2,[4][5][6] . ...
The present study aims at finding out the optimum parameters for the extraction of components fromBetel leaves possessing medicinal applications using ethanol solvent by Soxhlet apparatus. The optimumconditions for the extract were calculated based on the extract yield by varying four parameters: materialquantity (A: 2–4 g), solvent quantity (B: 250–300 ml), mantle temperature (C: 65–75 °C) and extractiontime (D: 1–3 hours) and optimized using a four factor three level Box–Behnken response surfacedesign (BBD) coupled with desirability function methodology. Results showed that temperature and extractiontime had significant effect on yield of extract. Optimum conditions for highest yield of extract(10.94%) are as follows: material quantity (2 g), solvent quantity (281.4 ml), temperature (72 °C) and time(3 hours). The extract at the maximum yield condition was analyzed for phytocomponents by FTIR andGC–MS. The results indicated the presence of Hydroxy chavicol (69.46%), 4-Chromanol (24%) and Eugenol(4.86%), which possess wide application including as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and antithrombotic,antibacterial and antifungal agents.
... Since ancient times, betel has been known as a plant with a million properties, especially in traditional medicine. [10][11][12] Every part of the betel plant has various uses that play a role in traditional medicine, one of which is the betel leaf. [12][13][14][15] Apart from essential oils, other elements such as saponins, flavonoids, and tannins in betel leaf also have a strong effect on Staphylococcus aureus. ...
Background: Diseases due to infection where one of the causes is Staphylococcus aureus is one of the biggest problems faced today. Treatment using penicillin antibiotics tends to cause resistance and side effects, so people prefer to overcome them by means of self-medication or the use of traditional ingredients such as betel leaf. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on the antibacterial activity. Methods: This study is experimental research in vitro using a well diffusion method. The betel leaf was extracted using the maceration method and made into concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Results: The average diameter of the inhibition zones was 9.82 mm, 9.11 mm, 9.28 mm, and 9.01 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, sequentially. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of betel leaf extract in the overall concentration and the most optimal concentration was 5% at 9.82 mm.
... Green betel or Piper betle L. which has long been cultivated in Indonesia, is often used traditionally to treat health problems such as bad breath, boils, itching, and skin sores. 15,16 Green betel plants, especially the leaves, contain active compounds that have antifungal properties, such as phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Phenol compounds damage the structure of proteins that make up the fungal cell wall, tannins interfere with the physiological activity of fungi by inhibiting the work of enzymes, and flavonoids interfere with the permeability of fungal cell membranes so that their growth is inhibited. ...
Background: Candida albicans is a fungus that often results in opportunistic infections in humans, called candidiasis. People generally practice self-medication to treat candidiasis with azole antifungals. However, this causes resistance due to inappropriate drug or dose selection. Betel leaf extract, which contains active compounds with antifungal properties such as phenols, tannins, and flavonoids, can be used as alternative medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: This study is an experimental study and uses the disc diffusion method. The betel leaf was extracted using the maceration method and made into concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results: The mean inhibition zone diameters were 9.12 mm, 8.79 mm, 8.18 mm, and 8.55 mm at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, sequentially. Conclusion: Betel leaf extract has an antifungal effect, with the most effective concentration being 40%.
... At the same time, several native sources such as fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and leaves are contained various amounts of bioactive compounds, which are fetching a suitable replacement in dissimilarity to antioxidant synthetic chemical compounds. However, synthetic chemical compounds have shown unfavorable results in protecting and inhibiting various human diseases [27,29,[96][97][98][99]. Lastly, collecting data in the last few years indicates that the different betel leaf samples also hold an extensive range of phytochemicals (Table 1). ...
Betel leaf is a traditional nutritional and medicinal food plant known as Paan. Paan is the name given to the vivid green fresh leaves of the betel vine. The scientific information of betel leaf (Piper betle L) nutrition values and health benefits are crucial for raising betel leaf consumption in daily life. Piper betle L is also known as a Neglected Green Gold of India with a higher nutritional and dietary value such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The phytochemistry of betel leaf and ways of extraction, identification and quantification procedures, biological activities, and health issues are all covered in this review study. Regarding the nutritional and therapeutic properties of betel leaf, around 15–20 million people in India take it regularly. Furthermore, several phytochemicals and nutritional components are found in the betel leaf, which is recognized as a bioactive compound (BAC). These compounds have several significant pharmacological properties, in which antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimutagenic, and antioxidant properties are crucial once.
... These leaves are perishable in nature, which is aromatic, carminative and expectorant (Rayaguru et al., 2011;Madan et al., 2014;Guha, 2006). Betel leaf possesses activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiplatelet aggregation, antimicrobial, antitumour, antimutagenic, antifertility, antihelminthic, anticarcinogenic due to the presence of phytochemicals like chevibetol, chavicol, saffrole, eugenol, estragole, hydroxycatechol, allyl pyrocatechol, carvacrol and caryophyllene (Vikash et al., 2012;Das et al., 2016;Fazal et al., 2014). The antiseptic property of betel leaf is due to the presence of chavicol which is four times more potent when compared to carbolic acid. ...
Piper betle are deep green, heart-shaped leaves, commonly known as paan. Betel leaves are perishable in nature, and every year, the post-harvest losses are around 35 to 70%. To minimize spoilage, drying is the most commonly used preservation technique. The present study compares the effects of solar and cabinet drying on the physico-chemical properties of the pachaikodi and vellaikodi varieties belonging to Tamilnadu. The betel leaves are dried at 50°C in a cabinet tray dryer and also dried in solar tunnel drying. The dried leaves were grinded and packed in airtight LDPE pouches and stored at 4°C. The proximate analyses and Quality attributes like color and chlorophyll content were measured. In terms of proximate analysis and quality attributes, maximum nutrients were preserved in tray-dried betel leaves. The moisture content, carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber and total ash of tray-dried pachaikodi variety are 3.49 a ±0.13, 46.58 d ±0.06, 16.10 a ±0.01, 13.25 d ±0.03, 8.9 c ±0.02 and 10 a ±0.004 respectively. The colour (L*, a*, b*, dE*) and chlorophyll (Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b) values tray-dried pachaikodi variety are 47.88 a ±0.02, 1.33 b ±0.05, 14.22 d ±0.03 & 47.37 d ±0.01 and 26.80 d ±0.04, 20.11 d ±0.02 & 6.69 d ±0.06 respectively.
... Trầu không thuộc loại cây gia vị có giá trị cao trong y sinh, phát triển ở nhiều vùng phía Nam của Việt Nam. Lá trầu là phần được sử dụng phổ biến nhất nhờ hoạt tính kháng khuẩn, kháng nấm, kháng ung thư và kháng oxi hóa [7][8][9]. Một số báo cáo đã được công bố cho thấy, lá trầu giàu thành phần polyphenolic bao gồm: hydroxyl chavicaol, 4-chromanol và eugenol, những thành phần có liên quan đến hoạt tính sinh học của lá trầu. Vì vậy, chiết xuất của lá trầu có khả năng chống lại các khuẩn gram dương (staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermis, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes) và các khuẩn gram âm bacteria (escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella enterididis, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa) [10]. ...
Nghiên cứu này cho thấy việc tổng hợp thành công bao bì hoạt tính có thể ăn được dựa trên sự kết hợp chitosan và chiết xuất lá Trầu không (BL). Màng composit chứa hàm lượng BL thấp (1-3%) được tổng hợp thông qua phương pháp phối trộn đơn giản. Kết quả phân tích SEM cho thấy có sự phân tán đồng nhất của BL vào trong mạch chitosan khi sử dụng hàm lượng BL thấp hơn 3%. Với hàm lượng chiết BL tăng từ 1-3%, độ truyền quang của màng composit giảm đáng kể trong khi độ mờ tăng. Ngoài ra, việc kết hợp BL đã cải thiện đáng kể hoạt tính kháng khuẩn gây bệnh samonella typhimurium của màng chitosan. Màng chitosan-BL cho thấy ức chế hoàn toàn samonella typhimurium sau 6 , 12 và 24 giờ nuôi cấy ở tất cả các nồng độ 1, 2 và 3% BL. Những kết quả đạt được cho thấy tiềm năng của màng chitosan kết hợp với chiết xuất Trầu không trong ứng dụng trong bao gói và bảo quản thực phẩm.
... is anticaries, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozal, antiulcer, chemoprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and larvicidal. 93 Whilst the phytochemical and pharmacological profiling of Piper betel L is well established, and biotechnological interventions have aimed to improve the cash value of this botanical, as yet, no biotechnological interventions have progressed toward the development of a medical product. 94,95 It is vitally important to note that this review is on laboratory studies (in-vitro) only not by choice, but as this is the only evidence available. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective prevention and
treatment of a growing range of infections and requires immediate intersectoral action.
A report into the global burden of AMR estimated that AMR contributed to 700,000
deaths in 2016 and is expected to reach 10 million deaths annually by 2050. Plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAms) have demonstrated the ability to combat multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens and hope exists that they may help control AMR. This review
investigated and recorded the antimicrobial activity (AMA) of whole plant ethanolic and
methanolic extracts in WHO priority pathogens (WHO PPs) reported between 2000 until
present. The review collated studies on PDAms tested on WHO PP laboratory isolates,
determined efficacious PDAms, and grouped PDAms by WHO PP and antimicrobial
susceptibility test (AST).
... 22] ...
The present review was aimed to find out the best natural remedies from medicinal plants like Piper betle that offer potential efficacy against inflammation. Several phytoconstituents classes such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols etc. have been documented to possess interesting anti-inflammatory properties. Many of them exhibit potent bioactivities in minute concentrations against well-established biomarkers of inflammation. Natural plant metabolites extracted from medicinal herbs can act by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory signals thus helps to manage arthritic conditions. Other than inflammation Piper betle is also reported to possess other bioactivities like antimicrobial, antibacterial, gastroprotective, wound healing, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-fertility & antimotility activities etc. The review indicated that Piper betle is very useful medicinal herb to treat inflammation naturally with better safety and efficacy.
... Biting betel quid causes malignant growth of the oral depression and throat, and when blended in with tobacco, likewise causes disease in pharynx [46]. Head and neck malignant growth in betel quid chewing zone were investigated by Chen et al. 2008 [47]. The predominance of oral precancerous sores (leukoplakia, submucosal fibrosis, and verrucous sores) has been related with various ways of life identified by quid chewing. ...
Natural products and traditional ethnomedicines are of great effect in therapeutics. Such types of medicine have been practiced in certain areas of the world to treat different health conditions. This pilot investigation aims to review the cumulative health effect of addendums used in betel quid such as areca nut, lime, and tobacco-associated betel quid chewing and without tobacco-associated chewing. This review shows that betel leaf extract and its essential oil could inhibit growth of microbes and damage different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as various fungus species. Some studies concluded that the combination of Piper leaves essential oil with antibiotics have potential effect on oral microorganisms. Long-term consumption of betel quid with tobacco is known to cause cancer, chromosomal aberrations, and pharynx tumors. However, consumption of betel leaf without tobacco has health benefits because of ethnomedicinal properties. Its essential is oil utilized as raw material for perfumes and mouth fresheners manufacturing. Scientific researches on this plant revealed that it possesses many beneficial activities to be used for developing novel drugs. However, compounds of betel leaves have beneficial natural antioxidant. Chewing and intake of leaves have effect on moving parts of salivary gland which is the main step of digestion. Its components also act as heartbeat regulators in relaxing the blood vessels to reduce hypertension. So this review discussed the natural compounds of betel leaves which is used as traditional medicine to further develop drug discovery.
... Experimental studies have shown that it possess diverse biological and pharmacological effects, which includes antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, antiprotozal, anticaries, gastroprotective effects, free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiulcer and chemopreventive activities. [22] Distribution: The tree is found in the Eastern Himalayas, Northeast India and Western ghats. It is also cultivated in greater parts of India for its foliage and fragrant flowers. ...
The dependence of man on his environment is well understood since the beginning of our civilization. Early man's inquisitiveness about plants was necessitated by his inherent desire and instinct to seek food and medicine for his survival. Thus, plants played a vital role in the progress and evolution of civilization. In India, all the religions adore plants or make use of their parts in several ways to fulfil their socio-religious ceremonies. The traditional worship practices exhibit the symbiotic connection of human beings and nature. Ancient scriptures like Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda also implicates the importance of worshipping of plants and trees as a part of Indian tradition since 1500 BC. Sacred trees establish a principal portion of the ecological heritage of India. Apart from, there is credence that the plants which are holy or being worshipped have medicinal potential too. The scientific documentation of these sacred plant species having ethnomedicinal importance is essential for widening the horizon of research in this field. The present review is an attempt to give a brief description on the importance of certain plants mainly seen in India, which are having a significant role in rites and rituals dealing with cultural heritage, festivals and religious ceremonies standing from birth till death in Indian tradition along with a small enlightenment on their medicinal importance. The study attempts to bring out the rationale of their cultivation enlightening on the important role these plants in human life for their well-known ethnomedicinal values, rather than seeing their cultivation as a mere ritual practice. The study concludes that, the pinnacle of religious pursuit linked with plants having ethnomedicinal importance can upraise the conservation of biological resources and their sustainable use.
... Interestingly, the plant has given different names in different languages. In colloquial terms the plant is known as Betel vine in English), in Urdu/Hindi it is called as Paan, Tanbol in Arabic, Bulung samat (Kapampangan), Vettila, Vettilakkoti (Malayalam), Plu (Mon), Malus (Tetum), Maluu (Khmer), Plue (Thai), Malu (Tokodede), Vetrilai (Tamil), Tanbol, Burg-e-Tanbol in Persian, Daun sirih (Malay), Papulu (Chamorro) and Tråu (Vietnamese) [3]. The names of beetle vine in various Southeast Asian languages can be found enlisted in Table 1 [1]. ...
Herbal medicines are widely used as alternative treatments for various chronic diseases. They have proved to be of immense importance in treating many diseases and conditions. These medicines have potential to decrease the side effects of other drugs. In this regard Betel vine (Piper betel) leaves are known for its medicinal properties since long. It is a cash crop for many under developed Southeast Asian countries and therefore also known as “Green Gold and Green Heart" in those countries, as many people cultivate this crop to meet their both ends. The contemporary world approves its several medicinal properties as the growth of knowledge in this regard is unprecedented. The objective here is to reveal the potential effect of this plant against different diseases. Along with its traditionalism uses which signify its tremendous potential, it is also used towards cure of many antimicrobial ailments of great concern. The leaf extract and purified compounds are found to play a vital role and are of immense benefits in oral hygiene, anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer. The active compounds isolated from leaf and other parts have great therapeutic role. This paper basically focus on emphasizing the varied pharmacological properties of Piper betel Linn along with its traditional uses and a cursory view of its active constituents.
... Previously several reports have been published on this notion. [50][51][52] Then we simultaneously investigated the therapeutic effects of both BLE and HCV in in vitro and in vivo models for better discernment of their biological activities. By using the C3H10T1/2 cell line as an in vitro model with similar functions as mesenchymal stem cells, we found that both BLE and HCV significantly stimulated in vitro osteoblastogenesis, as demonstrated by increased matrix mineralization, collagen deposition and ALP activity. ...
Piper betle leaves possess several ethnomedicinal properties and are immensely used in traditional medicinal practices in regions of Asian and African subcontinents. However, their effects in treating skeletal complications are least known. In this study, we evaluated cellular and molecular effects of betel leaf extract (BLE) and its major phytoconstituent, hydroxychavicol (HCV) in promoting osteogenesis in vitro and alleviating glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIO) in vivo. Both BLE and HCV markedly stimulated osteoblast differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells with increased expression of RUNX2 and osteopontin through the GSK-3β/β-catenin-signaling pathway. Also, oral administration of BLE and HCV in GIO rats resulted in restoration of bone mass and tissue microarchitecture. Thus, with our findings we conclude that BLE and HCV promote osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells via the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway and alleviate GIO in rats.
... The Piper species have been reported to be rich in phytochemicals and essential oils, which showed strong antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities [1]. Besides being used as a wrapper for the chewing of areca nut, P. betle leaves are also used as an ingredient in stimulant, antiseptic, tonic, and other ayurvedic formulations thanks to its bioactivity components such as hydroxychavicol, allylpyrocatechol, and eugenol [2,3]. The other Piper species, P. sarmentosum, has been reported to possess many potential bioactivities due to its bioactive compounds such as Vitamin E, carotenoids, xanthophylls, tannins, flavanoid, and phenolics [4][5][6]. ...
Piper betle (P. betle) and Piper sarmentosum (P. sarmentosum) are the two members of the Piper genus, have been reported to be rich in phytochemicals and essential oils, which showed strong reducing power, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. P. betle recently has been studied and applied in several commercial products in the antimicrobial respect, meanwhile its relatives, P. sarmentosum has been lesser-known in this field. In this study, the two Piper species—P. betle and P. sarmentosum were studied to compare their ability in silver nanoparticle synthesis and efficacy in antibacterial activity. P. betle and P. sarmentosum were extracted by distilled water at different temperatures and times. Subsequently, their total reducing capacity was determined by DPPH scavenging and Folin-Ciocalteu assays to choose the appropriate extraction conditions. The silver nanoparticle solutions prepared by the extracts of P. betle (Pb.ext) and P. sarmentosum (Ps.ext) were characterized by Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, UV-vis, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticle solutions was tested against Escherichia coli using the agar diffusion well–variant method. The Pb.ext showed stronger reducing power with higher total polyphenol content (~125 mg GAE/mL extract) and better DPPH activity (IC50~1.45%). Both the green synthesized silver nanoparticle solutions (Pb.AgNP and Ps.AgNP) performed significantly stronger antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli compared to their initial extracts. Antibacterial tests revealed that Ps.AgNP showed remarkably better growth inhibition activity as compared to Pb.AgNP. This study would contribute useful and important information to the development of antibacterial products based on green synthesized silver nanoparticles fabricated by the extracts of P. betle and P. sarmentosum.
... Aegle marmelos Food [95] Influenza A virus [96] Aqueous leaf extract/ polysaccharide [96] Inhibits viral attachment to host cell [96] 7 Areca nut L./Arecaceae Supari, Betelnut Arecoline, guvacine [97] Mouth fresher [98] Human ...
The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that produces corona virus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in 210 countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. It continues to spread, afflicting the health system globally. So far there is no remedy for the ailment and the available antiviral regimens have been unsatisfactory for the clinical outcomes and the mode of treatment has been mainly supportive for the prevention of COVID-19-induced morbidity and mortality. From the time immortal the traditional plant-based ethno-medicines have provided the leads for the treatment of infectious diseases. Phytopharmaceuticals have provided potential and less toxic antiviral drugs as compared to conventional modern therapeutics which are associated with severe toxicities. The ethnopharmacological knowledge about plants has provided food supplements and nutraceuticals as a promise for prevention and treatment of the current pandemic. In this review article, we have attempted to comprehend the information about the edible medicinal plant materials with potential antiviral activity specifically against RNA virus which additionally possess property to improve immunity along with external and internal respiration and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties for the prevention and treatment of the disease. This will open an arena for the development of novel nutraceutical herbal formulations as an alternative therapy that can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
... Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5 was utilized to predict the interaction between the mentioned ligands and the MPP of SARS-CoV-2. List of phytochemicals that showed good results in docking with their medicinal activities are represented (Table 2) [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. Table 4. ...
Coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections typically mild, such as the common cold. Still, the cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which now causing viral pneumonia, in severe cases, even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. SARS-CoV-2 is the most threatening issue which leads the world to an uncertainty alongside thousands of regular death scenes. An effective vaccine to cure this virus is not yet available, so it requires concerted efforts at various scales. The viral Main Protease controls coronavirus replication and is a proven drug discovery target for SARS-CoV-2. Comprehensive computational study e.g., molecular docking and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) profiling were employed to predict the efficacy of medicinal plant-based bioactive compounds against SARS-CoV-2 MPP. Paritaprevir and lopinavir-previously approved viral main protease inhibitors were used as standards for comparison. MPP was docked with 90 phytochemical compounds, and the screening revealed that four compounds (azadirachtin,-12.5 kcal/mol; rutin,-9 kcal/mol; theaflavin,-9 kcal/mol; astragalin,-8.8 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding affinity than the controls paritaprevir and lopinavir (-8.7 and-7.9 kcal/mol, respectively). Comparative structural analysis of protein-inhibitor complexes revealed that the compounds have intense interaction with the vital catalytic residue His-41 and Cys-145. Furthermore, the pharmaco-kinetics and drug-likeness properties of the antiviral phytochemicals suggested that the compounds do not have any considerable detrimental effects and can be considered potential drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2. These compounds can be further explored for in vitro experimental validation against SARS-CoV-2.
... A comprehensive library of medicinal plant containing phytochemicals with potential anti-viral activity and traditional medicinal compounds was produced from previously published studies (Supplementary Table 1) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and screened against the SARS-CoV-2 MPP. The 3-dimensional (3D) structure was obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), in .sdf ...
Coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections normally mild, such as the common cold but cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which now causing viral pneumonia and in serious cases even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. SARS-CoV-2 is the most threatening issue which leads the world to an uncertainty alongside thousands of regular death scenes. For this virus, death toll is increasing in. An effective vaccine to cure this virus is not yet available, thus requires concerted efforts at various scales. The viral Main Protease controls Coronavirus replication and is a proven drug discovery target for SARS-CoV-2. Here, comprehensive computational approaches including drug repurposing and molecular docking were employed to predict the efficacy of medicinal plant-based bioactive compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx-autodock vina to analyze the inhibition probability. MPP (6LU7) was docked with 90 phytochemical compounds and docking was analysed by PyRx-autodock vina, Pymol version 1.7.4.5 Edu, and Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Furthermore, ADME analysis along with analysis of toxicity was also investigated to check the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of the antiviral phytochemicals. Remdesivir and lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. Our analyses revealed that the top ten (Azadirachtin,-12.5kcal/mol; Rutin,-9 kcal/mol; Theaflavin,-9 kcal/mol; Astragalin,-8.8 kcal/mol; Isoquercitrin,-8.7 kcal/mol; Hyperoside,-8.6 kcal/mol; Baicalin,-8.4 kcal/mol; Saponin,-8.3 kcal/mol; Sennoside A,-8.3 kcal/mol; Aloin,-8.2 kcal/mol, while Remdesivir and Lopinavir showed-8.2 and-7.9 kcal/mol) hits might serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development process to combat COVID-19. Abstract Coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections normally mild, such as the common cold but cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which now causing viral pneumonia and in serious cases even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. SARS-CoV-2 is the most threatening issue which leads the world to an uncertainty alongside thousands of regular death scenes. For this virus, death toll is increasing in. An effective vaccine to cure this virus is not yet available, thus requires concerted efforts at various scales. The viral Main Protease controls Coronavirus replication and is a proven drug discovery target for SARS-CoV-2. Here, comprehensive computational approaches including drug repurposing and molecular docking were employed to predict the efficacy of medicinal plant-based bioactive compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx-autodock vina to analyze the inhibition probability. MPP (6LU7) was docked with 90 phytochemical compounds and docking was analysed by PyRx-autodock vina, Pymol version 1.7.4.5 Edu, and Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Furthermore, ADME analysis along with analysis of toxicity was also investigated to check the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of the antiviral phytochemicals. Remdesivir and lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. Our analyses revealed that the top ten (Azadirachtin,-12.5kcal/mol; Rutin,-9 kcal/mol; Theaflavin,-9 kcal/mol; Astragalin,-8.8 kcal/mol; Isoquercitrin,-8.7 kcal/mol; Hyperoside,-8.6 kcal/mol; Baicalin,-8.4 kcal/mol; Saponin,-8.3 kcal/mol; Sennoside A,-8.3 kcal/mol; Aloin,-8.2 kcal/mol, while Remdesivir and Lopinavir showed-8.2 and-7.9 kcal/mol) hits might serve as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development process to combat COVID-19.
... A comprehensive library of medicinal plant containing phytochemicals with potential anti-viral activity and traditional medicinal compounds was produced from previously published studies (Supplementary Table 1) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and screened against the SARS-CoV-2 MPP. The 3-dimensional (3D) structure was obtained from PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), in .sdf ...
div> <sup>Coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections normally mild, such as the common cold but cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which now causing viral pneumonia and in serious cases even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. SARS-CoV-2 is the most threatening issue which leads the world to an uncertainty alongside thousands of regular death scenes. For this virus, death toll is increasing in. An effective vaccine to cure this virus is not yet available, thus requires concerted efforts at various scales. The viral Main Protease controls Coronavirus replication and is a proven drug discovery target for SARS-CoV-2. Here, comprehensive computational approaches including drug repurposing and molecular docking were employed to predict the efficacy of medicinal plant-based bioactive compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx-autodock vina to analyze the inhibition probability. MPP (6LU7) was docked with 90 phytochemical compounds and docking was analysed by PyRx-autodock vina, Pymol version 1.7.4.5 Edu, and Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Furthermore, ADME analysis along with analysis of toxicity was also investigated to check the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of the antiviral phytochemicals. Remdesivir and lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. Our analyses revealed that the top ten (Azadirachtin, -12.5kcal/mol; Rutin, -9 kcal/mol; Theaflavin, -9 kcal/mol; Astragalin, -8.8 kcal/mol; Isoquercitrin, -8.7 kcal/mol; Hyperoside, -8.6 kcal/mol; Baicalin, -8.4 kcal/mol; Saponin, -8.3 kcal/mol; Sennoside A, -8.3 kcal/mol; Aloin, -8.2 kcal/mol, while Remdesivir and Lopinavir showed -8.2 and -7.9 kcal/mol) hits might serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development process to combat COVID-19.
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... The leaves of Piper betle (betel vine) is used in south Asia for traditional and religious ceremonies, and as medicine (Fazal et al., 2014). The leaf extract of Piper betle has been used to test for its antimicrobial activities against bacterial and fungal pathogens. ...
... Salah satu manfaat yang sering disebutkan adalah untuk menghentikan mimisan (Tedjasulaksana, 2017). Berdasarkan teori, pada daun sirih terdapat kandungan tannin dan flavonoid yang dapat berperan dalam proses pembekuan darah dan mempercepat berhentinya perdarahan (Fazal et al., 2014). Selain itu, daun sirih juga mempunyai sifat antiseptik, yaitu untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi bakteri ataupun jamur (Sutopo, 2016). ...
Epistaxis is defined as bleeding of the nose that frequently occurs in children. Although epistaxis is not a serious condition, the correct first aid management is necessary to prevent the complication. Primary school teachers take the role of parents in school, therefore they are expected to know the right first aid management of epistaxis. It is expected that health education on epistaxis will increase the knowledge of first aid management on epistaxis. This training aims to know the impact of health education on the knowledge of epistaxis first aid management among primary school teachers in Penjaringan District. The training was evaluated in the pre and post intervention. The respondents were five primary school teachers from elementary schools in Penjaringan Districts, North Jakarta. Data were collected by questionnaire based interview taken from Dr.Nymbaka O. Kevin M. Med ENT, Head & Neck Surgery Resident “An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in First Aid Management of Epistaxis” before and after the health education. The results showed that there was an increase of number of teacher with good level of knowledge on epistaxis management from 5,3% to 96,1% after the health education. The paired t-test analysis shows the increase was statistically significant. Evaluation of the training confirmed that epistaxis health education improved the knowledge of epistaxis first aid management among primary school teachers in Penjaringan District.
The essential oil extracted from Borago officinalis L. aerial parts using hydrodistillation contains several compounds, although it yields low amounts. For the first time, this study investigated the effects of hydrodistillation parameters and optimized conditions to maximize the yield of B. officinalis essential oil while characterizing its chemical composition using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A single‐factor evaluation of three extraction parameters—extraction time, liquid‐to‐solid ratio, and soaking time—revealed optimal conditions of 4 h, 10:1 mL/g, and 2 h, respectively. Subsequently, the Box‐Behnken response surface method produced a significant polynomial model, determining optimal conditions of an extraction time of 5 h, a liquid‐to‐solid ratio of 11.06:1 mL/g, and a soaking time of 2 h, 17 min, and 34 s, resulting in an essential oil yield of 0.42%. 21 compounds were identified in B. officinalis essential oil, predominantly nonacosane (29.15%) and phytol (27.92%).
Introduction: Conjunctivitis is an eye infection accounted as the third leading ophthalmology cases after cataract and glaucoma globally, with Streptococcus pneumoniae as the main causes in children. Several studies had indicated that Piper betle L. extract inhibited Streptococcus pneumoniae growth. Methods: This study was an analytical study with true experimental design and pre-test-post-test control group. Streptococcus pneumoniae colony growth media was analyzed using Mueller Hinton agar. Streptococcus pneumoniae colony was calculated using Total Plate Count methods. Results: Sample of this study involved 30 male wistar rat aged 4 – 9 minggu. Kruskal Wallis test reveald a significant differences of Streptococcus pneumoniae colony based on the treatment group (p=0,023). Subsequent test using Posthoc revealed that there was a significant differences in Streptococcus pneumoniae colony between placebo group and group using 25% (p = 0,039) and 30% (p=0,006) piper betle. Test results also revealed that no significant difference was found between placebo group and groups using 20% piper betle (p=0,159) and ofloxacin (p=1,000). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in Streptococcus pneumoniae colony among placebo group and piper betle eyedrops 25 % and 30 % group. However, significant result among placebo group and piper betle L. 20 % and ofloxacin group were absent. Keywords: Bacterial conjungtivitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Piper betle L.
Soft rot disease affects a range of crops in the field and also during transit and storage, resulting in significant yield losses and negative economic impacts. This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activities and mode of action of Piper betle extracts against the soft rot disease-causing bacteria, Erwinia caratovora subsp. caratovora (ECC). Dried leaves of P. betle were extracted with water, ethanol, and hexane solvents and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The results showed the highest antibacterial activity against ECC in the ethanol extract, followed by hexane and water extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 1.562, 6.25, and more than 12.50 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill assay indicated a bactericidal mode of action. ECC growth was destroyed within 6 and 8 hours after treatment with the ethanol extract at 4-fold MIC and 2-fold MIC, respectively. The ethanol extract of P. betle showed promising activity against ECC, with the potential for further development as a novel alternative treatment to control phytobacteria.
Purpose
A case of new onset bradycardia and hypotension following betel leaf consumption in combination with verapamil and metoprolol in an atrial fibrillation (AF) patient.
Summary
A 66-year-old Nigerian woman presented to the emergency department for evaluation of multiple near syncope episodes with underlying AF and slow ventricular response. After initial evaluation, the patient disclosed she had ingested several betel leaves that morning. She was admitted for observation of severe, progressive hypotension and symptomatic bradycardia. Her past medical history included AF, type 2 diabetes, asthma, obesity, hypertension and hypothyroidism. Her home medications consisted of spironolactone, metoprolol succinate, and verapamil ER. Upon admission, her home medications were held. She received IV fluids and atropine .4 mg IV as needed for symptomatic bradycardia. Approximately 18 h following admission, her vital signs stabilized and her labs returned to baseline. She remained stable and was discharged with a recommendation to continue her home medications at prescribed doses with reduced doses of verapamil and metoprolol and to follow-up with her primary care provider.
Conclusion
A patient with a history of AF developed significant hypotension and symptomatic bradycardia after betel leaf consumption resulting in an overnight critical care unit admission. The use of betel leaf is not common in the United States; however, practitioners should be cognizant of the use of complementary and alternative medications like betel leaf and incorporate this knowledge in patient evaluation. Patients consuming betel leaf or betel nut should be evaluated for cardiovascular effects as well as laboratory evaluation for organ damage.
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a threat to global health, food security, and development today. Antibiotic resistance can occur naturally but mainly due to misuse or overuse of antibiotics, which results in recalcitrant infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens.
These mainly include the MDR strains (multi-drug resistant) of ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These bacterial pathogens have the potential to “escape” antibiotics and other traditional therapies. These bacterial pathogens are responsible for the major cases of Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAI) globally. ESKAPE Pathogens have been placed in the list of 12 bacteria by World Health Organisation (WHO), against which development of new antibiotics is vital. It not only results in prolonged hospital stays but also higher medical costs and higher mortality. Therefore, new antimicrobials need to be developed to battle the rapidly evolving pathogens. Plants are known to synthesize an array of secondary metabolites referred as phytochemicals that have disease prevention properties. Potential efficacy and minimum to no side effects are the key advantages of plant-derived products, making them suitable choices for medical treatments. Hence, this review attempts to highlight and discuss the application of plant-derived compounds and extracts against ESKAPE Pathogens.
The plant extracts of 17 commonly used Indian medicinal plants were examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as an NO donor in vitro. Most of the plant extracts tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO and exhibited significant activity. The potency of scavenging activity was in the following order: Alstonia scholaris > Cynodon dactylon > Morinda citrifolia > Tylophora indica > Tectona grandis > Aegle marmelos (leaf) > Momordica charantia > Phyllanthus niruri > Ocimum sanctum > Tinospora cordifolia (hexane extract) = Coleus ambonicus > Vitex negundo (alcoholic) > T cordifolia (dichloromethane extract) > T. cord folia (methanol extract) > Ipomoea digitata > V negundo (aqueous) > Boerhaavia diffusa > Eugenia jambolana (seed) > T. cord folia (aqueous extract) > V. negundo (dichloromethane/methanol extract) > Gingko biloba > Picrorrhiza kurroa > A. marmelos (fruit) > Santalum album > E. jambolana (leaf). All the extracts evaluated exhibited a dose-dependent NO scavenging activity. The A. scholaris bark showed its greatest NO scavenging effect of 81.86% at 250 mug/mL, as compared with G. biloba, where 54.9% scavenging was observed at a similar concentration. The present results suggest that these medicinal plants might be potent and novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO and the regulation of pathological conditions caused by excessive generation of NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite.
AIM: To evaluate the protective activity of allylpyrocatechol (APC), the major antioxidant constituent of Piper betel, against the indomethacin-induced stomach ulceration in the rat model and correlates with its antioxidative and mucin protecting properties.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Normal control rats (group I) were given the vehicle oral dose of gum acacia in distilled water (1 mL per rat); ulcerated control and treated rats (groups II-V) were given a single dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg body wt.); group II rats were sacrificed 4 h after indomethacin administration; groups III-V rats were given the vehicle (1 mL per rat) or APC (2 mg/kg body wt.) or misoprostol (1.43 μg/kg body wt.) once daily by oral intubation for 7 d starting from 4 h after the indomethacin administration. After 7 d, the stomach tissues were excised for histological examination and biochemical analysis.
RESULTS: Treatment with APC (2 mg/kg body wt per day) and misoprostol (1.43 μg/kg body wt per day) for 7 d could effectively heal the stomach ulceration as revealed from the ulcer index and histopathological studies. Compared to the zero day ulcerated group, treatment with APC and misoprostol reduced the ulcer index by 93.4% and 85.4% respectively (P < 0.05). Both APC and misoprostol accelerated ulcer healing observed in natural recovery (P < 0.05), their respective healing capacities not being significantly different. The healing capacities of APC and misoprostol could be attributed to their antioxidant activity as well as the ability to enhance the mucin content of the gastric tissues. Compared to the ulcerated untreated rats, those treated with APC and misoprostol showed near normal MDA levels, while the protein levels were 86% and 78% of the normal value respectively (P < 0.05). Likewise, both APC and misoprostol increased the SOD, catalase, and mucin levels significantly (P < 0.05), the effect of APC being better.
CONCLUSION: APC can protect indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration due to its antioxidative and mucin protecting properties.
The heart shaped betel leaves are found in ancient Sanskrit texts, including Charaka, Sushruta Samhita and Astanga Hradayam. Piper betle L. have been used in chinese, Indian folk medicine for centuries. In this review, different research works related to Ayurvedic consequence, geographical distribution and cultivation, morphoanatomy, phytochemistry, biological activities, along with tradomedicinal uses which signify the tremendous potential of “Piper betle L.” to come out as Green medicine. The objective of it is to revels the potential effect of this plant in the development of therapeutically active herbal drugs against different microbial infections especially for oral cavity, which also gives the opportunity to pharmaceutical companies interested in formulation and production of natural product based drugs targeted towards specific aliments.
The fresh leaves of betel vine are popularly known as Paan in India, which are consumed by about 15-20 million people in the country. It is cultivated following the traditional methods in India on about 55,000 ha with an annual production worth about Rs 9000 million. On an average about 66% of such production is contributed by the state of West Bengal where it is cultivated on about 20,000 ha encompassing about 4-5 lakh Boroj employing about the same number of agricultural families. There is a menacing wastage of the leaves during storage, transportation and the glut season. Moreover, the surplus leaves, if not disposed off properly may cause environmental pollution and health hazards. Such wastage may be minimized by various ways and means including extraction of essential oil from the surplus betel leaves. This oil may be used as an industrial raw material for manufacturing medicines, perfumes, mouth fresheners, tonics, food additives etc. The leaves are nutritive and contain anticarcinogens showing promise for manufacturing of a blood cancer drug. Some disputed reports also claim that chewing betel leaves excessively may cause oral cancer. The agricultural, industrial, economic, medicinal and allied potentialities of the crop are discussed.
Piper betle L. is one of the important plants in the Asiatic
region which ranks second to coffee and tea in terms
of daily consumption. Though the plant is known for
abuse, in recent years several reports have been published
on the effects of the plant extract and chemical
constituents on different biological activities in vitro
and in vivo. The leaf extract, fractions and purified
compounds are found to play a role in oral hygiene,
anti-diabetic, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory/
immunomodulatory, anti-ulcer, hepato-protective and
anti-infective, etc. Patents were also awarded for some
of the biological activities like anti-inflammatory,
anti-cancer and immunomodulatory associated with
leaf extracts and purified compounds. The active
compounds isolated from leaf and other parts are
hydroxychavicol, hydroxylchavicol acetate, allypyrocatechol,
chavibetol, piperbetol, methylpiperbetol,
piperol A and piperol B. Phenol-rich leaves of P. betle
show high antioxidant activities. A number of biologically
active compounds from P. betle have potential
for use as medicines, neutraceuticals and industrial
compounds. Since the traditional use of P. betle
involves chewing, it offers possibilities of use in drug
delivery through buccal mucosa bypassing the gastric
route.
Since antiquity, Piper betel Linn (betel vine; family Piperaceae) has been an important medicinal agent in the various traditional and folk systems of medicine in Southeast Asia countries. The leaves are the most valued plant part and in the past were routinely used as a chewing agent to prevent halitosis. The leaves are also supposed to harden the gum, conserve the teeth and to prevent indigestion, bronchitis, constipation, congestion, coughs and asthma. Innumerable scientific studies have validated the ethnomedicinal claims. Betel leaves are an integral component of the betel quid that consists of areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) and slaked lime; a highly abused agent with carcinogenic properties. Regular chewing of betel quid is associated mainly with oral cancer and detail studies with individual constituents of the quid have shown that both tobacco and areca nut are carcinogenic, while slaked lime is shown to promote the process of carcinogenesis. However unlike other constituents of the betel quid, the betel leaves devoid carcinogenic effects and on the contrary possesses cancer preventive effects including against the carcinogens present in tobacco. This review for the first time provides information on cancer preventive effects and also addresses the various mechanisms which might be involved.
Previous studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development.
In this study, the effect of the Piper betle L. extract towards S. mutans (with/without sucrose) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and on partially purified cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity were determined.
S. mutans were allowed to adhere to glass beads suspended in 6 different Brain Heart Infusion broths [without sucrose; with sucrose; without sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1)); with sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1))]. Positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine. The glass beads were later processed for SEM viewing. Cell surface area and appearance and, cell population of S. mutans adhering to the glass beads were determined upon viewing using the SEM. The glucosyltransferase activity (with/without extract) was also determined. One- and two-way ANOVA were used accordingly.
It was found that sucrose increased adherence and cell surface area of S. mutans (p<0.001). S. mutans adhering to 100 µm² glass surfaces (with/without sucrose) exhibited reduced cell surface area, fluffy extracellular appearance and cell population in the presence of the Piper betle L. leaves extract. It was also found that the extract inhibited glucosyltransferase activity and its inhibition at 2.5 mg mL(-1) corresponded to that of 0.12% chlorhexidine. At 4 mg mL(-1) of the extract, the glucosyltransferase activity was undetectable and despite that, bacterial cells still demonstrated adherence capacity.
The SEM analysis confirmed the inhibitory effects of the Piper betle L. leaves extract towards cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans visually. In bacterial cell adherence, other factors besides glucosyltransferase are involved.
The need for new compounds active against malaria parasites is made more urgent by the rapid spread of drug-resistance to available antimalarial drugs. The crude methanol extract of Piper betle leaves (50-400 mg/kg) was investigated for its antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) during early and established infections. The phytochemical and antioxidant potentials of the crude extract were evaluated to elucidate the possibilities of its antimalarial effects. The safety of the extract was also investigated in ICR mice of both sexes by the acute oral toxicity limit test. The leaf extract demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) schizonticidal activity in all three antimalarial evaluation models. Phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract contains some vital antiplasmodial chemical constituents. The extract also exhibited a potent ability to scavenge the free radicals. The results of acute toxicity showed that the methanol extract of Piper betle leaves is toxicologically safe by oral administration. The results suggest that the Malaysian folklorical medicinal application of the extract of Piper betle leaf has a pharmacological basis.
The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective potential of Piper betle (P. betle) against isoproterenol (ISP)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups viz. control, ISP, P. betle (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) and P. betle (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) + ISP treated group. P. betle leaf extract (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg) or saline was orally administered for 30 days. ISP (85 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered at an interval of 24 h on the 28(th) and 29(th) day and on day 30 the functional and biochemical parameters were measured. ISP administration showed a significant decrease in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), heart rate (HR), contractility (+LVdP/dt), and relaxation (-LVdP/dt) and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). ISP also caused significant decrease in myocardial antioxidants; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and myocyte injury marker enzymes; creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with enhanced lipid peroxidation; thiobarbituric acid reacting species (TBARS) in heart. Pre-treatment with P. betle favorably modulated hemodynamic (SAP, DAP, and MAP) and ventricular function parameters (-LVdP/dt and LVEDP). P. betle pre-treatment also restored SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx, reduced the leakage of CK-MB isoenzyme and LDH along with decreased lipid peroxidation in the heart. Taken together, the biochemical and functional parameters indicate that P. betle 150 and 300 mg/kg has a significant cardioprotective effect against ISP-induced myocardial infarction. Results of the present study suggest the cardioprotective potential of P. betle.
In this study the effect of crude aqueous extract of the leaves of Piper betle L. on the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 was investigated. It was carried out based on the effect of the extract towards growth, cell surface hydrophobicity, adhering property and glucosyltransferase activity of the S. mutans. The concentration of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L . used in the experiments above was between 0 to 20 mg mL-1. Chlorhexidine (0.12%) and sterile deionised water was used as positive and blank control, respectively. The results obtained showed that the crude extract at a concentration as low as 2.5 mg mL-1 exhibited reduced effect towards the growth (p<0.01), adhering ability (p<0.01), glucosyltransferase activity (p<0.05) and cell surface hydrophobicity (p<0.05) of S. mutans when compared with the blank control. This implies that the Piper betle L . extract may have anti-virulence property towards S. mutans .
The study was planned to evaluate modulatory effect of aqueous extract of Piper betle leaf (PBL) on ionizing radiation mediated oxidative stress leading to normal tissues damage during radiotherapy and other radiation exposures. The total polyphenols and flavonoids known as free radical scavenger (chelators) were measured in the extract. To ascertain antioxidant potential of PBL extract we studied free radical scavenging, metal chelation, reducing power, lipid peroxidation inhibition and ferric reducing antioxidant properties (FRAP) using in vitro assays. Mice were exposed to varied radiation doses administered with the same extract prior to irradiation to confirm its oxidative stress minimizing efficacy by evaluating ferric reducing ability of plasma, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and micro-nuclei frequency. PBL extract was effective in scavenging DPPH (up to 92% at 100 microg/ml) and superoxide radicals (up to 95% at 80 microg/ml), chelated metal ions (up to 83% at 50 microg/ml) and inhibited lipid peroxidation (up to 55.65% at 500 microg/ml) in a dose dependant manner using in vitro model. Oral administration of PBL extract (225 mg/kg body weight) 1 hr before irradiation in mice significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) radiation abated antioxidant potential of plasma and GSH level in all the observed organs. The treatment with extract effectively lowered the radiation induced lipid peroxidation at 24 hrs in all the selected organs with maximum inhibition in thymus (p < 0.01). After 48 hrs, lipid peroxidation was maximally inhibited in the group treated with the extract. Frequency of radiation induced micronucleated cells declined significantly (34.78%, p < 0.01) at 24 hrs post-irradiation interval by PBL extract administration. The results suggest that PBL extract has high antioxidant potential and relatively non-toxic and thus could be assertively used to mitigate radiotherapy inflicted normal tissues damage and also injuries caused by moderate doses of radiation during unplanned exposures.
Hydroxychavicol, isolated from the chloroform extraction of the aqueous leaf extract of Piper betle L., (Piperaceae) was investigated for its antifungal activity against 124 strains of selected fungi. The leaves of this plant have been long in use tropical countries for the preparation of traditional herbal remedies.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of hydroxychavicol were determined by using broth microdilution method following CLSI guidelines. Time kill curve studies, post-antifungal effects and mutation prevention concentrations were determined against Candida species and Aspergillus species "respectively". Hydroxychavicol was also tested for its potential to inhibit and reduce the formation of Candida albicans biofilms. The membrane permeability was measured by the uptake of propidium iodide.
Hydroxychavicol exhibited inhibitory effect on fungal species of clinical significance, with the MICs ranging from 15.62 to 500 μg/ml for yeasts, 125 to 500 μg/ml for Aspergillus species, and 7.81 to 62.5 μg/ml for dermatophytes where as the MFCs were found to be similar or two fold greater than the MICs. There was concentration-dependent killing of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata up to 8 × MIC. Hydroxychavicol also exhibited an extended post antifungal effect of 6.25 to 8.70 h at 4 × MIC for Candida species and suppressed the emergence of mutants of the fungal species tested at 2 × to 8 × MIC concentration. Furthermore, it also inhibited the growth of biofilm generated by C. albicans and reduced the preformed biofilms. There was increased uptake of propidium iodide by C. albicans cells when exposed to hydroxychavicol thus indicating that the membrane disruption could be the probable mode of action of hydroxychavicol.
The antifungal activity exhibited by this compound warrants its use as an antifungal agent particularly for treating topical infections, as well as gargle mouthwash against oral Candida infections.
Aqueous and methanol extract of the leaves of Terminalia catappa L., Manilkara zapota L. and Piper betel L. were evaluated for antibacterial activity against 10 Gram positive, 12 Gram negative bacteria and one fungal strain, Candida tropicalis. Piperacillin and gentamicin were used as standards for antibacterial assay, while fluconazole was used as standard for antifungal assay. The three plants showed different degree of activity against the microorganisms investigated. The methanolic extract was considerably more effective than aqueous extract in inhibiting the investigated microbial strains. The most active antimicrobial plant was Piper betel.
In this study, the bacteriostatic effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on selected early dental plaque bacteria was investigated based on changes in the doubling time (g) and specific growth rates (micro). Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces sp. were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) in the presence and absence of the extracts. The growth of bacteria was monitored periodically every 15 min over a period of 9 h to allow for a complete growth cycle. Growth profiles of the bacteria in the presence of the extracts were compared to those in the absence and deviation in the g and micro were determined and analyzed. It was found that the g and mu were affected by both extracts. At 4 mg mL(-1) of P. betle the g-values for S. sanguinis and S. mitis were increased by 12.0- and 10.4-fold, respectively (p < 0.05). At similar concentration P. guajava increased the g-value by 1.8- and 2.6 -fold, respectively (p < 0.05). The effect on Actinomyces sp. was observed at a much lower magnitude. It appears that P. betle and P. guajava extracts have bacteriostatic effect on the plaque bacteria by creating a stressed environment that had suppressed the growth and propagation of the cells. Within the context of the dental plaque, this would ensure the attainment of thin and healthy plaque. Thus, decoctions of these plants would be suitable if used in the control of dental plaque.
In this study, the antimicrobial influence of crude aqueous extract of Piper betle L. on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) was investigated. The focus of the antimicrobial effects includes the ultrastructure and acid producing properties of S. mutans. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the effect of the extract on the ultrastructure of S. mutans. Analysis of the effect on the acid producing properties was analyzed by pH drop assay. The investigation was further carried out to determine the possible chemical components of the extract using thin layer chromatography (TLC), bioautography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). From the micrographs of the transmission electron, it was found that the crude extract of Piper betle L. leaves causes plasma cell membrane damage and coagulation of the nucleoid. The extract was found to significantly reduce acid producing properties of the bacteria. Chemical analysis of the extract showed that hydroxychavicol, fatty acids (stearic and palmitic) and hydroxy fatty acid esters (stearic, palmitic and myristic) as the main components. It was suggested from the results obtained that the crude extract of Piper betle L. leaves may exert anticariogenic activities that are related to decrease in acid production and changes to the ultrastructure of S. mutans. Further study will be carried out to determine if the effect observed is attributed to the presence of hydroxychavicol, fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acid esters in the extract.
Larvae of Chrysomya bezziana are the commonest cause of wound myiasis in some parts of the world. This obligatory parasite is important in humans and in commercial livestock. Kumarasinghe et al have reported that essential oil of betel leaf (EOBL) is larvicidal to C. megacephala but there are no publications on its effect on C. bezziana . This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil of betel leaf ( Piper betle ) against the larvae of C. bezziana in vitro . EOBL was prepared at the Industrial Technology Institute Colombo, Sri Lanka, according to a standard protocol. The experiment on larvae was carried out at the Research Institute for Veterinary Sciences in Bogor, Indonesia. EOBL concentrations of 2%, 3% and 4% were prepared with Tween 80. Two ml of 4%, 3% and 2% EOBL in 1% Tween 80 (v/v/aq) were poured into separate Petri dishes. Ten 1st and 2nd instar larvae were placed in each Petri dish. Asuntol (Chaumaphos) 1% was used as positive control and distilled water with 1% tween 80 was the negative control. Larval mortality was assessed half-hourly. The experiment was repeated five times and averages were compared. Sustained immobility of the larvae, after exposure to the relevant substances was considered as death. The efficacy of EOBL depended on, the stages of C. bezziana larvae and the concentration. With 4% EOBL, all first instar larvae were killed within two hours and the second instar larvae were killed by four hours. The positive control showed no mortality until four hours but all larvae were weak, from the first 30 minutes. In the negative control, larvae were mobile and active. EOBL 3% killed all the first instar larvae by 150 minutes and 74% of the second instar at four hours. By 210 minutes, 2% preparation had killed 100% of the first instars. EOBL is an effective larvicidal for C. bezziana first and second instar larvae in vitro . This natural product has a great potential to be developed as a novel larvicide against this parasite.
Thirty eight compounds of different types have been isolated from twelve Piper species. The ether extract of the leaves of P. aduncum yielded eleven compounds, out of which 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol was isolated for the first time from the genus Piper and 2-acetoxy-1,3-dimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)benzene is a new compound. The petrol extract of the stems and leaves of P. attenuatum furnished a novel long chain alcohol, 14-benzo[1, 3]dioxol-5-yl-tetradecan-2-ol. From P. betle, β-sitosteryl palmitate was isolated for the first time from the genus Piper. A novel amide, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoyl pyrrole has been obtained from P. brachystachyum. Nerolidol was isolated for the first time from P. falconeri. From the methanol extract of the stems and leaves of P. khasiana, piperlonguminine, piperine, apigenin dimethyl ether and β-sitosterol were obtained. Retrofractamide A was obtained for the first time from P. longum; the structure of (+)-asarinin, isolated from P. longum, was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies. Retrofractamide A, apigenin dimethyl ether, tetratriacontanol and tectochrysin were isolated from P. manii. P. pedicellosum furnished β-sitosterol, pellitorine, piperlonguminine, cepharadione A and furacridone, the last compound being isolated for the first time from the genus Piper.
The association between the oral microbiota and oral diseases is well established. Various antimicrobial agents including antibiotics are commercially available against oral pathogenic bacteria. For the reasons of antibiotic resistance, their adverse effects and financial considerations in the developing countries, there is a need for alternate preventive and curative treatment options that are also safe, effective and economical. Traditional medicines have been used since ancient times for the treatment of oral diseases including dental caries, periodontal diseases that affect the majority of the population and can affect a person's overall health. Natural phytochemicals are certain organic components isolated from plants and some of these extracts are considered to be beneficial to health. They serve as antioxidants, enhance immune response, provide protection against oral cancer and other diseases and also repair DNA damage caused by smoking and other toxic exposure, and detoxify carcinogens. The natural products derived from medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have been the basis for the development of new lead chemicals for pharmaceuticals. They are considered to be good alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This article presents a review of natural alternatives derived from plants and plant products that can serve as a prevention and treatment option against cariogenic bacteria.
Scientists are constantly searching for phytochemical compounds with anti-cancer activity. In this study, activity of plant extract NPB001-05 from Piper betle was tested on human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) xenograft models. NPB001-05 was active when dosed orally (500 mg/kg) once or twice a day in xenograft tumor models. NPB001-05 showed activity to T315I tumor xenograft, where imatinib failed to show antitumor activity. NPB001-05 showed no relevant toxicity in animal models during 2 weeks exposure to drug. Responsive tumor showed inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity with lowered Bcr-Abl protein levels and increased apoptosis. Microarray based transcription profiling studies demonstrated that both imatinib and NPB001-05 dysregulated imatinib- responsive genes. NPB001-05 showed additional genes selectively dysregulated from ER stress, PI3K/AKT, MAPK pathways. Additionally, we tested gene expression of PI3K, AKT1, JUN, CASP3 and DDIT3 in K562, BaF3P210(BCR-ABL) and BaF3 P210(BCR-ABLT315I) cell line treated for 6- and 12- hours with NPB001-05 and imatinib. The data indicates that NPB001-05 mediated cell death in K562 affects the function of ER stress. NPB001-05 shows antitumor activity with favorable toxicity profile.
Alkaloids and lignans from the stems of Piper betle were studied. Compounds were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel, reverse phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis. From the ethyl acetate soluble fractions of the 70% acetone extract, ten compounds were isolated and identified as piperine (1), pellitorine (2), N-isobutyl-2E,4E-dodecadienamide (3), dehydropipernonaline (4), piperdardine (5), piperolein-B (6), guineensine (7), (2E,4E)-N-isobutyl-7-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2,4-heptadienamide (8), syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9),pinoresinol (10). All Compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time, and compounds 9 and 10 were isolated firstly from the genus.
The study investigates fungal contamination in some dry fruits, spices and areca nut and evaluation of the essential oil (EO) of Piper betle var. magahi for its antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant properties. A total of 1651 fungal isolates belonging to 14 species were isolated from the samples and Aspergillus was recorded as the dominant genus with 6 species. Eleven aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) producing strains of A. flavus were recorded from the samples. Eugenol (63.39%) and acetyleugenol (14.05%) were the major components of 32 constituents identified from the Piper betle EO through GC and GC-MS analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of P. betle EO was found 0.7 microl/ml against A.flavus. The EO reduced AFB(1) production in a dose dependent manner and completely inhibited at 0.6 microl/ml. This is the first report on efficacy of P. betle EO as aflatoxin suppressor. EO also exhibited strong antioxidant potential as its IC(50) value (3.6 microg/ml) was close to that of ascorbic acid (3.2 microg/ml) and lower than that of the synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytouene (BHT) (7.4 microg/ml) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (4.5 microg/ml). P. betle EO thus exhibited special merits possessing antifungal, aflatoxin suppressive and antioxidant characters which are desirable for an ideal preservative. Hence, its application as a plant based food additive in protection and enhancement of shelf life of edible commodities during storage and processing is strongly recommended in view of the toxicological implications by synthetic preservatives.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-arthritic activity of hydroxychavicol (HC) a major phenolic compound isolated from the aqueous extract leaves of plant Piper betle (Piperaceae). The compound showed significant lowering of pro-inflammatory (Th1) cytokine levels in arthritic paw tissue homogenate supernatant viz. IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha with maximum inhibition at higher dose levels of 2 and 4 mg/kg p.o. and enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory (Th2) cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 estimated by cytometric bead array immunoassay. Cytometric bead array uses the sensitivity of amplified fluorescence detection by flowcytometer to measure soluble analytes in a particle based immune assay. This assay can accurately quantitate five cytokines in a 50-microl sample volume. The T-helper (Th1) deviated cells produce detectable level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while the Th2 deviated cells produce significant amount of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5). HC at graded doses also significantly decreased the expression of IL-1beta, PGE(2), LTB(4), and nitric oxide levels showing significant inhibition of these parameters. Elevated levels of CD4(+) T cell specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in splenocytes of arthritic animals was also inhibited in treated animals. The oral LD(0) in both mice and rats was more than 1000 mg/kg.
To study the chemical constituents from the stems of Piper betle.
Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify the constituents. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.
Nine compounds were isolated from the petroleum ester and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of the 70% acetone extract and their structures were identified as 6beta-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (1), beta-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), oleanolic acid (4), 23-hydroxyursan-12-en-28-oic acid (5), beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside-6'-O-palmitate (6), beta-daucosterol (7), (2S) -4'-hydroxy- 2,3-dihydroflavonone-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (8) and alpha-ethyl glucoside (9).
Among these compounds, 1, 3 -9 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
The screening of Piperaceous plants for xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity revealed that the extract of the leaves of Piper betle possesses potent activity. Activity-guided purification led us to obtain hydroxychavicol as an active principle. Hydroxychavicol is a more potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor than allopurinol, which is clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia.
Modulation of immune functions by using herbal plants and their products has become fundamental regime of therapeutic approach. Piper betle Linn. (Piperaceae) is a widely distributed plant in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and has been attributed as traditional herbal remedy for many diseases. We have recently reported the antifilarial and antileishmanial efficacy in the leaf extract of Bangla Mahoba landrace of P. betle which is a female plant. The present report describes the in vivo immunomodulatory efficacy of the crude methanolic extract and its n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol fractions of the female plant at various dose levels ranging between 0.3 and 500 mg/kg in BALB/c. Attempts were also made to observe antifilarial activity of the active extracts and correlate it with the antigen specific immune responses in another rodent Mastomys coucha infected with human lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi. The crude methanol extract and n-hexane fraction were found to potentiate significant (p<0.001) enhancement of both humoral (plaque forming cells, hemagglutination titre) as well as cell-mediated (lymphoproliferation, macrophage activation, delayed type hypersensitivity) immune responses in mice. The flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes of treated mice indicated enhanced population of T-cells (CD4(+), CD8(+)) and B-cells (CD19(+)). The n-hexane fraction (3 mg/kg) was found to induce biased type 2 cytokine response as revealed by increased IL-4(+) and decreased IFN-gamma(+) T-cell population while the chloroform fraction (10 mg/kg) produced a predominant type 1 cytokines. Crude methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) demonstrated a mixed type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses thus suggesting a remarkable immunomodulatory property in this plant. The induction of differential T-helper cell immune response appears ideal to overcome immunosuppression as observed in case of lymphatic, filarial Brugia malayi infection which may also be extended to other infections as well.
Betle leaf chewing is an old traditional practice in India and other countries of East Asia. We have investigated the antioxidant and antihyperlipidaemic potential of an alcoholic leaf-extract of Piper betle against D-galactosamine (D-GalN; 400 mg/kg body weight, i.p. single dose) intoxication in male albino Wistar rats. Rats were treated with leaf-extract (200 mg/kg body weight) by intragastric intubations daily for 20 days. The animals were divided randomly into five groups of six animals each as control, control plus extract, D-GalN control, D-GalN-rats on treatment with extract or silymarin, a standard drug. We observed an increase in the plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, and a decrease in vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione concentrations. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly while high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased. Further, increase in the levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, free fatty acids in the plasma and tissues of liver and kidney were observed in D-GalN-treated rats. Administration of P. betle leaf-extract prevented the increase or decrease of these parameters and brought towards normality. These results suggest that P. betle could afford a significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidaemic effect against D-GalN-intoxication.
D-galactosamine is a well-established hepatotoxicant that induces a diffuse type of liver injury closely resembling human viral hepatitis. D-galactosamine by its property of generating free radicals causes severe damage to the membrane and affects almost all organs of the human body. The leaves of Piper betle L., a commonly used masticatory in Asian countries, possess several biological properties. Our aim is to investigate the in vivo antioxidant potential of P. betle leaf-extract against oxidative stress induced by D-galactosamine intoxication in male albino Wistar rats. Toxicity was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine, 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 21 days. Rats were treated with P. betle extract (200 mg/kg BW) via intragastric intubations. We assessed the activities of liver marker enzymes (aspartate amino-transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E, and reduced glutathione. The extract significantly improved the status of antioxidants and decreased TBARS, hydroperoxides, and liver marker enzymes when compared with the D-galactosamine treated group, demonstrating its hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties.
The effect of betel leaf extract and some of its constituents, eugenol, hydroxychavicol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, on benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach neoplasia in male Swiss mice was examined. Betel leaf and its constituents decreased the number of papillomas per animal with the maximum protection, considering molar dosage, exhibited by beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol. Except for beta-carotene, eugenol, hydroxychavicol and alpha-tocopherol increased the levels of reduced glutathione in the liver while glutathione S-transferase activity was enhanced by all except eugenol. Of seven sources, Banarasi betel leaves showed the maximum amounts of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol.
Earlier studies showed that betel leaf inhibits the mutagenic action of standard mutagens like benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Since tobacco-specific nitrosamines are the major carcinogens present in unburnt forms of tobacco, we studied the effect of an extract of betel leaf on the mutagenic and carcinogenic actions of one of the most potent, 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Betel-leaf extract and hydroxychavicol suppressed the mutagenicity of NNK in both the Ames and the micronucleus test. In studies in mice, betel-leaf extract reduced the tumorigenic effects of NNK by 25%. Concurrent treatment with the extract also inhibited the decreases in levels of vitamin A in liver and plasma induced by NNK. Betel leaf thus has protective effects against the mutagenic, carcinogenic and adverse metabolic effects of NNK in mice.
Effects of topically applied betel leaf extract (BLE) and its constituents. beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, eugenol and hydroxychavicol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin tumors were evaluated in two strains of mice. BLE, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, significantly inhibited the tumor formation by 83, 86, 86% in Swiss mice and 92, 94 and 89% in male Swiss bare mice respectively. Hydroxychavicol showed 90% inhibition in Swiss bare mice at 24 weeks of treatment. Eugenol showed minimal protection in both strains of mice. The mean latency period and survivors in BLE, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and hydroxychavicol treated groups were remarkably high as compared to DMBA alone treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of betal leaf constituents showed a significant effect on both glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels in the Swiss mouse skin.
Chronic administration (sc) of the extract of the stalk of P. betle at 30 mg/kg body weight daily for 21 days produced significant decrease in oestrogen and androgen dependent target organ weights along with increase in cholesterol in adrenal, ovary and testis. Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum, liver and kidney did not exhibit any toxic effect. There was marked change in morphology of testis and ovary. Vaginal smear showed prolonged dioestrus in treated female. The treated male showed decreased number and motility of sperm. Both male and female remained infertile after treatment suggesting antifertility activity of the extract on both sexes of albino rats.
Hydroxychavicol and eugenol are the phenolic compounds isolated from betel leaf (piper betel). The modulation of nitrosation
of methylurea by sodium nitrite at pH 3.6 and 30°C was studied. The formation of mutagenic N-nitroso-methylurea was monitored by checking the mutagenicity of reaction mixture in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA1535 without S9 mix. Hydroxychavicol and eugenol exhibit dose-dependent suppression of nitrosation in vitro without affecting the survival of the bacteria. Pre-or post-treatment of bacterial cells from S.typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535 with phenolics did not modify the mutagenicity of nitrosomethylurea. The blocking of hydroxy group(s)
in the benzene ring by acetylation abolishes the anti-nitrosating activity of the molecule(s). The nitrosation inhibition
by hydroxychavicol is through scavenging of nitrite ions in the media, thus making them non-available for the nitrosation
of methylurea.
Epidemiological studies have implicated chewing tobacco alone to be more hazardous than chewing tobacco with betel quid. Experimental studies have shown that betel leaf is antimutagenic against standard mutagens like benzo[a]pyrene and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Since the tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) are the only carcinogens present in unburnt forms of tobacco, including chewing tobacco, we tested the effect of an extract of betel leaf against the mutagenicity of the two important TSNA, viz., N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with TA100 +S9 and the in vivo micronucleus test. In both the test systems it was observed that betel leaf extract suppressed the mutagenic effects of both the nitrosamines to a significant extent.
The anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic dental medicaments were evaluated by mouse ear edema assay. p-Chlorophenol (PCP) inhibited edema when applied topically in dosages of 0.2 and 0.5 mg per site at 15 min before or 1.0 and 2.0 mg per site at 60 min after the application of croton oil. The inhibitory effects were also noted with eugenol, guaiacol, o-cresol, phenol and orally administered indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The involvement of the effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds is discussed.
Epidemiological studies have implicated that betel quid offers some protection to tobacco induced carcinogenesis. Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown betel leaf extract (BLE) to be antimutagenic against standard mutagens and tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines (TSNA), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). In the present study, we have tested the anticarcinogenic effect of BLE using Swiss male mice. Two protocols of study were used to test this effect. In the first protocol, the effect of BLE was tested against the standard carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BP) using Wattenberg's stomach tumor model, Cancer Res., 41 (1981) 2820-2823. In this protocol, BLE inhibited the tumorigenicity of BP to a significant extent. In the second protocol, the effect of BLE against the two tobacco-specific nitrosamines, NNN and NNK was studied using long-term studies on Swiss male mice. The nitrosamines were administered on the tongues of the mice, while the BLE was supplied in drinking water. Two doses of NNN (22 mg and 72 mg) and one dose of NNK (22 mg) were used. In this study, it was observed that the number of tumor bearing animals decreased, but the difference was significant only in the group treated with the low dose of NNN in combination with BLE. However, in all the BLE treated animals, irrespective of the dose of nitrosamine, the hepatic vitamin A and C levels were elevated significantly as compared to the corresponding nitrosamine-treated controls. These results indicate that BLE has a promising anticarcinogenic role to play in tobacco induced cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The phenolic compounds eugenol and hydroxychavicol were separated from betel leaf extract using C18 phase bonded Hiflosil silica gel. The structures of the two compounds were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance data. Neither eugenol nor hydroxychavicol was mutagenic when tested in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium with or without metabolic activation. Both compounds exhibited dose-dependent suppression of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium strain TA98 with metabolic activation. Hydroxychavicol was more potent than eugenol in this respect.
Betel leaf (Piper betel) water and acetone extract are nonmutagenic in S. typhimurium strains with and without S9 mix. Both the extracts suppress the mutagenicity of betel quid mutagens in a dose dependent manner. Moreover both the extracts of betel leaf reduce the mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and dimethylbenzanthracene. Acetone extract is more potent than water extract in inhibiting mutagenicity of environmental mutagens.
When an aqueous extract of the leaves of Piper betle, a medicinal plant, was given orally at different dose levels during the initiation phase of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats, higher doses of the extract inhibited the emergence of tumors. However, when the extract was fed to the rats bearing DMBA-induced mammary tumors for 8 weeks, no appreciable degree of inhibition of tumor growth was noticed. Betel leaf extract at the dose levels used in the present study did not affect the body weight gain among rats.
The present study evaluates the incidence of tumors in hamster buccal pouches following short-term (10 days) and long-term (6 months) topical exposures to graded doses of benzo(a)pyrene, B(a)P (25 micrograms, 50 micrograms and 100 micrograms per pouch either daily for 10 days or thrice weekly for 6 months) alone or in combination with extract of tobacco (1 mg/pouch, twice daily), betel nut (1 mg/pouch, twice daily) or betel leaf (5 mg/pouch, twice daily). Given alone, the three doses of B(a)P respectively yielded, 6 months after the last treatment, 4%, 8.7% and 16.7% tumors in the short-term study, and 20%, 35% and 61% tumors in the long-term study. Short-term treatments with individual ingredients of betel quid did not produce any tumors while long-term treatments produced tumors only with tobacco (17.6%) and betel nut (10.5%). When B(a)P, and betel quid ingredients were painted concomitantly for 10 days, there was, depending upon the dose of B(a)P, complete or partial suppression of tumor production. But when B(a)P-plus-tobacco or B(a)P-plus-betel nut treatments were given for 6 months, there was a considerable increase in tumor incidence. Betel leaf extract, in both short-term and long-term studies, expressed its inhibitory influence on B(a)P-induced tumorigenesis.
Ground powder of the leaf and fruit of Piper betle L., a tropical spice plant grown in Southeast Asia, was prepared and extracted by chloroform, ethanol and water with one solvent only or with 3 solvents in sequence. The betel powder and various extracts were added to YES broth to determine their effects on the growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Results showed that betel leaf powder exhibited higher antimycotic activity than fruit. One half percent of ground leaf powder completely inhibited the growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. Among the solvent extracts, chloroform and ethanol extracts of betel leaf prepared from a single solvent extraction showed more antimycotic activity. The ethanol extract of betel leaf at the level of 450 micrograms/ml would eliminate A. parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. The antimycotic activity of this ethanol extract was most pronounced at pH 4.
The mutagenic activity of betel quid and its ingredients was determined using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 100, TA 1535, TA 98, and TA 1538, both in the presence and absence of S9 mixture. Aqueous extracts of betel quid (BQ), betel quid with tobacco (BQT), and betel nut (BN) were mutagenic in strain TA 100. Aqueous extract of betel leaf (BL) was not mutagenic in any of the four strains. Arecoline and arecaidine, which are major alkaloids present in BN, were mutagenic in all four tester strains. Tumorigenicity studies in Swiss mice given the above constituents showed that BN and BQ induced lung tumors (47% and 26%, respectively). However, when BN was fed with BL, tumorigenicity was lowered to 38%. BL alone was not tumorigenic. Thus, the mutagenicity of betel quid and its ingredients is correlated with tumorigenicity.