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Evolution of solar energy in India: A review
... India has tremendous potential for generating clean electricity through Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as hydro, wind and solar. This potential has been duly recognised and demonstrates India's awareness of the need to reduce its carbon footprint as a developing country (Kapoor et al., 2014). The government of India, intending to promote clean energy, inaugurated the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) on 11th January 2010 (Sharma et al., 2015), which is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC-2008). ...
... Goa and the UTs, on the other hand, have the lowest capacity with 0.88 and 0.79 GWp, respectively. In the early 1980s, India became the first government in the world to establish a Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Resources (Kapoor et al., 2014). The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has devised a plan to establish several solar parks across the country, each with a capacity for solar projects of at least 500 MW. ...
... W m -2 in Jammu and Kashmir region. Ladakh's height ranges from 2550 to 7742 metres above mean sea level. It receives 300 days of sunshine every year, allowing it to provide 20% more energy due to a thinner atmosphere, lower solar zenith angle, which reflects less incoming solar radiation, and comparatively long duration of the day (Homadi, 2016.;Kapoor et al., 2014). Likewise, the monthly radiation analysis is also computed using hourly reanalysis estimations. MERRA-2 obtains the monthly values for the last four decades to compute the GHI radiation maps (Fig. 6). The lowest range (blue colour) of GHI is 115-215 W m-2, whereas the maximum range (red colour) is 295-375 W m -2 . December and January a ...
Solar technologies are viewed as feasible options for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and encouraging long-term adaptation in the context of climate change and rising energy demand. Solar energy is India's second-largest Renewable Energy (RE) source, and playing increasingly important role in the country's low-carbon energy portfolio. Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are the northernmost states of India, with elevations ranging from 205 to 8564 meters above the mean sea level. Both states are located just south of the Karakorum and have a subtropical and cold-arid environment with scarce renewable energy resources. This study is performed to identify the annual and monthly variation of solar energy potentials for the recent climatological future over the western Himalayan region. The long-term annual average demonstrated the high efficiency of GHI over Leh and Kargil and low over the Jammu and Kashmir region. The monthly variation shows greater GHI values between March and October, varying from 225 to 375 W m−2, and lower from November to February, less than 220 W m−2. The mean ambient 2-m temperature indicates December and January months are bad for solar energy installations, while June and July are excellent. Overall, the findings show that Ladakh has a remarkable solar energy potential and is recommendable for further investigation.
... In doing so, this study provides an update to the projection made by IRENA and IEA PVPS [32] by factoring in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, an extension is provided to this study, and other studies estimating the annual and cumulative PV waste generation [37,28,31,34,38] by estimating the financial costs of recycling as well as the economic value of recovered materials, thereby assessing the PV capacity which can be installed with the help of resale of recovered materials in the Indian context (4) The work comparable to this study is a recent collaborative report on PV waste management in India [39]. While the report provides insights into the recycling rates of various PV waste materials at the end-of-lifetime, the cost of recycling these materials across various stages considers only private costs in terms of transportation, treatment, landfilling costs, etc. ...
... The development and incorporation of solar PV technology were discussed for the first time among Indian policy-makers as early as the 3rd Five Year Plan (1961-66) [39]. Since it was a completely new technology at that time, its incorporation in the Indian power sector was not a natural development. ...
... In 2010, the government announced the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC-2008) under which a target of 22 GW of grid-connected and off-grid power plants was expected to be achieved by 2022 [39]. Though a very conservative target, this was the first national-level solar capacity installation program pursued by the government. ...
This pioneering work employs the attributional and comparative life cycle assessment methodology to evaluate India’s ambitious target of installing 100 GW of solar energy by 2022 and the FRELP method to study the circular economy prospects of the substantial PV waste it is expected to generate. Business as usual projections suggest that the intended target will be achieved no sooner than 2029. The lower lifetime of polycrystalline PV modules combined with their lower efficiency is found to severely downgrade their environmental performance vis-à-vis monocrystalline PV modules. The end-of-life treatment of the projected 6,576 tonnes of solar PV waste, expected to be accumulated between 2034-59, indicates a recovery rate of 90.7% entailing electricity consumption, GHG emissions, and monetary cost of 678.6 MWh, 648 tonnes of CO2 eq., and USD 11.8 billion, respectively. Simultaneously, the recovery of aluminum and glass alone leads to a direct saving of 70.3 GWh of energy by eliminating raw material extraction and processing. Further, the economic value of the recovered material at USD 11.74 billion is found to have the potential to generate additional solar capacity worth 19 GW. However, making the end-of-life treatment of PV waste financially feasible would require government subsidization. A minimum amount that would equate the costs to the benefits is USD 690/MW. The study, therefore, intends to inform potential stakeholders about the environmental burden as well as the economic potential of the impending PV waste and concludes with important policy prescriptions for enabling a sustainable energy transition through the circular economy approach.
... Low credit facilities occupy the global rank two marking the importance of the absence of push of credit from financial institutions for the adoption of RTS as the second most important factor in global rank. Our results supplement the study by Kapoor et al., (2014); the authors identified the availability of credit facilities as the leading economic barrier to solar adoption in India. The study points out that the market is not mature enough to attract investments for the sector's development. ...
... Previous studies have rated regulatory barriers as an important hindrance to the growth of RTS and other renewables in India. Lack of clarity of policies and regulations is one of the main barriers, followed by an absence of legal framework and lack of incentives (Kapoor et al., 2014). However, from our results, inadequate execution of the Gross Metering policy, DISCOM's fear of losing customers, and frequent changes & revisions of Solar Policy are the three most substantial intra-institutional and regulatory barriers. ...
Solar Energy
Volume 254, April 2023, Pages 15-26
Identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing barriers in the Indian industrial and commercial rooftop solar sector
Author links open overlay panelTarun Dhingra a, Anita Sengar b, Shambhu Sajith c
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.02.056
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Highlights
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To identifying and categorizing the barriers to the growth of roof top solar in India.
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To assess and prioritize these barriers.
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To deliver managerial and practical implications for these barriers.
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Market based barrier most critical barrier to roof top solar.
Abstract
The adoption of rooftop solar in India is still relatively low, indicating substantial barriers. There is a lack of literature on comprehensively identifying various barriers to rooftop solar adoption. This research aims to fill the gap by creating a framework to identify and categorize the factors and sub-factors that stimulate the capacity of industrial and commercial rooftop solar in India. Thirty-five barriers were identified from an extensive literature review which is classified into five categories; Financial, Institutional & Regulatory, Location-based, Technical, and Market-based. Multi-criteria decision-making technique with a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process is used to prioritize these impediments. The analysis suggests that the most significant barriers materialized to thwart industrial and commercial rooftop solar growth in India are market-based and financial barriers. Institutional & Regulatory, Technical, and location-based barriers come next, respectively. This study is the first attempt to holistically inspect the barriers to identification, categorization, and prioritization of industrial and commercial rooftop solar in India. This investigation provides an important opportunity to advance the understanding of the significant barriers affecting the growth of industrial and commercial rooftop solar in India.
... Singh et al. (Singh, Singh, and Ostergaard 2009) and Kumar et al. (Kumar et al. 2010) reviewed India's renewable energy status and potential during 2009 and 2010 respectively. The evolution of solar energy in India is reported by Kapoor et al. (Kapoor et al. 2014) and the status of solar and wind renewable energy by Khare et al. (Khare, Nema, and Baredar 2013). Several researchers reviewed wind power development in India (Dawn et al. 2016;Joselin Herbert et al. 2007; Khan and Khan 2013;Kumar and Sharma 2015;Sangroya and Nayak 2015). ...
... Since the focus was on conventional energy sources; there was no further progress in its implementation until the sixth five-year plan (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985). The sixth five-year plan addressed the implementation of solar energy to meet the power demands of the decentralized rural population and industrial users (Kapoor et al. 2014). During the same period, CASE launched a program for implementing 10,000 price subsidized solar cookers across the country. ...
The share of renewables in global energy production has grown steadily for the last few decades. The oil crisis of the 1970s forced the developed countries to search for alternatives to fossil fuels and later the global warming and climate change warning accelerated these efforts worldwide. Being the world’s third-largest consumer of oil and electricity, India started developing and installing renewable energy projects in the 1980s and is currently ranked fourth among the global leaders in terms of total installed capacity. This paper reviews the advancements of renewable energy transition in India and potential resources to be exploited to reach its clean energy goals. Onshore wind and solar are India’s principal renewable energy contributors and are on the right track to reach the target of 175 GW by 2022. India has set a formidable goal of 450 GW capacity by 2030 to manifest its commitments toward sustainable development. This target may prove too ambitious unless accompanied by strong policies and incentives to attract the much-needed massive investment in the sector. It also necessitates promoting technology to accommodate unexploited resources such as ocean energy and offshore wind energy.
... Singh et al. (Singh, Singh, and Ostergaard 2009) and Kumar et al. (Kumar et al. 2010) reviewed India's renewable energy status and potential during 2009 and 2010 respectively. The evolution of solar energy in India is reported by Kapoor et al. (Kapoor et al. 2014) and the status of solar and wind renewable energy by Khare et al. (Khare, Nema, and Baredar 2013). Several researchers reviewed wind power development in India (Dawn et al. 2016;Joselin Herbert et al. 2007; Khan and Khan 2013;Kumar and Sharma 2015;Sangroya and Nayak 2015). ...
... Since the focus was on conventional energy sources; there was no further progress in its implementation until the sixth five-year plan (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985). The sixth five-year plan addressed the implementation of solar energy to meet the power demands of the decentralized rural population and industrial users (Kapoor et al. 2014). During the same period, CASE launched a program for implementing 10,000 price subsidized solar cookers across the country. ...
The share of renewables in global energy production has grown steadily for the last few decades. The oil crisis of the 1970s forced the developed countries to search for alternatives to fossil fuels and later the global warming and climate change warning accelerated these efforts worldwide. Being the world's third-largest consumer of oil and electricity, India started developing and installing renewable energy projects in the 1980s and is currently ranked fourth among the global leaders in terms of total installed capacity. This paper reviews the advancements of renewable energy transition in India and potential resources to be exploited to reach its clean energy goals. Onshore wind and solar are India's principal renewable energy contributors and are on the right track to reach the target of 175 GW by 2022. India has set a formidable goal of 450 GW capacity by 2030 to manifest its commitments toward sustainable development. This target may prove too ambitious unless accompanied by strong policies and incentives to attract the much-needed massive investment in the sector. It also necessitates promoting technology to accommodate unexploited resources such as ocean energy and offshore wind energy. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Singh et al. (Singh, Singh, and Ostergaard 2009) and Kumar et al. (Kumar et al. 2010) reviewed India's renewable energy status and potential during 2009 and 2010 respectively. The evolution of solar energy in India is reported by Kapoor et al. (Kapoor et al. 2014) and the status of solar and wind renewable energy by Khare et al. (Khare, Nema, and Baredar 2013). Several researchers reviewed wind power development in India (Dawn et al. 2016;Joselin Herbert et al. 2007; Khan and Khan 2013;Kumar and Sharma 2015;Sangroya and Nayak 2015). ...
... Since the focus was on conventional energy sources; there was no further progress in its implementation until the sixth five-year plan (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985). The sixth five-year plan addressed the implementation of solar energy to meet the power demands of the decentralized rural population and industrial users (Kapoor et al. 2014). During the same period, CASE launched a program for implementing 10,000 price subsidized solar cookers across the country. ...
A case study of assessing wind power generation potentials for seven locations in a district of India is presented in the paper with special focus on small wind turbines with low cut in speeds operating in hybrid complementary mode with a hydrogen generation system. The major motivation for the study is to accelerate the efforts for the region toward carbon neutral status. The wind speeds are obtained for one hour time intervals for all days for 20 years during the time period 2001–2020 for the seven locations from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA-5) data. Mean wind speeds for the period are analyzed and wind rose diagrams are generated using the WindroseAxes library in Python environment. Wind power potential assessment has been carried out using the data. From the analysis, it has been noted that the coastal and southern regions of the district get higher wind speeds and have higher power generation potential. Analysis has shown that based on the Beaufort scale, usually the available wind speed is in the calm to moderate breeze types (<0.3–8 m/s). Study has shown that deployment of small wind turbines may be beneficial, to potentially facilitate decentralized power generation. A small wind turbine with cut-in speed 2.5 m/s and cutoff speed 15.5 m/s is selected for the study. The region has a generic upper speed availability of 8 m/s. The corresponding wind power potential values are 0.84 and 27.58 kW. Hydrogen, considered as an energy carrier, and a clean fuel for the future, is proposed as an option for complementary energy storage. Hydrogen, generated from wind energy through electrolysis, may be stored and used to meet the peak power demands. A preliminary analysis of the hydrogen generation potential of the region via the power-to-gas route is also presented. The analysis also points to the necessity for developing small wind turbines, which can generate power at lower cut-in speeds, for maximum utilization of wind power generation potential. The methodology can be adapted to other regions.
... India, as tropical country situated between 8°4′ and 37°6′ latitudes enjoys the privilege of receiving 1600-2000 kWh/m 2 of solar insolation and witnesses 250-300 sunny days on annual basis [6]. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy under GoI has set the world's largest renewable energy expansion program [7] with the target of integrating 175 GW of RES including a major contribution of 100 GW from SPV generation by 2022. ...
... Payback period = C total Annual savings (6) The computed payback period is listed in Table 6. Payback period is minimum (6.5 years) for a DACI system and maximum (8.42 years) for FAMI system. ...
This chapter discusses the assessment of comprehensive technoeconomic performance by simulation and experimental values over a 1-year period for four distinct solar photovoltaic (PV) systems mounted at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in West Bengal, India. The chapter includes the field system description and their user interface followed by detailed modeling of PV, inverters, and the sun tracking (ST) systems in MATLAB/Simulink. It then explains the evaluation of the overall system performance for all four configurations using technical performance indices (energy yield, capacity factor, performance ratio) and economical performance indices (payback period, net present value, levelized cost of energy) defined by IEC Standard 61724. The impact of inverter technology and ST system is thoroughly discussed using the field data of one full seasonal variation. The technical dominance of Dual Axis Micro Inverter-based solar PV system and economical superiority of Dual Axis String Inverter-based solar PV system over other configurations is validated through simulation and experimental field results.
... Also, India is having better direct normal irradiance and about an average of 250-300 clear sunny days annually. Therefore, this technology can be successfully utilized in India to meet the enormous need for power generation and heat from solar radiation [1,2]. The solar collector is the major component of any solar energy-based system, which can be simply defined as a device used to collect energy from the sun by absorbing solar radiation and converting it into heat energy or electricity. ...
In recent decades, solar energy has emerged as the most promising renewable energy source and the best alternative to conventional energy due to its abundant availability, free, clean, no atmospheric hazards, eco-friendly, sustainable nature, and other factors. Because of its wide temperature range (up to 400 ℃), the parabolic trough solar collector is the most commonly used in concentrated solar power technology. A parabolic trough solar collector can be divided into two types based on its applications: low to medium temperature and medium to high temperature. The first category is widely utilized in household hot water, water purification, industrial process heating, desalination, and food processing, among other uses. Another is used in the electricity production process. The present review paper focuses on various aspects of parabolic trough solar collector, such as general description, geometrical interpretation, and mathematical models dealing with geometrical parameters and various types of performance calculations, trough modeling using a computational fluid dynamics tool, solar simulator, thermal resistance model, and losses. Furthermore, highlights on recent advances in thermal performance enhancement by various techniques, mainly by using modified working fluid (nanofluid), turbulators, and the modified surface of absorber tube, are presented in literature form and summarized in the table. This review paper will be of great help to researchers who have a keen interest in parabolic trough solar collector-based systems.
... Some of the items included in the research are the characteristics of renewable energy systems and their influencing factors, including low wind generation in critical seasons and issues related to local people [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Another area of focus in the research is solar energy and the effect of lower power generation during the rainy and winter seasons [17][18][19][20]. The integration of renewable energy systems has various applications, especially for PV-WIND-powering ventilation devices, hydrogen production, household applications, and mobile stations [21][22][23][24][25][26]. ...
The purpose of this work is to develop a model for balancing the processes of the generation and consumption of electricity, taking into account the random nature of these processes. The subject of the study is hybrid power systems that use traditional and renewable energy sources and have the properties of a local network. Such systems are sensitive to variable generation modes, and the presence of rapid changes in power requires short time intervals. The presence of wind and solar power plants makes it difficult to ensure a balance of power, which increases the need for intermediate energy storage. The research method is a mathematical modeling of random processes of energy consumption and generation, which allows for the analysis of the current power balancing and the obtaining of the integrated characteristics of the state of energy storage and reuse. The unique goal of the study is to take into account the power gradients and the state of charge of the batteries. The results of the study allow for the comparison of the different configurations of the power system in terms of balance, storage needs, and energy loss. It has been shown that the increase in battery capacity and speed limitations are nonlinearly related to the possibilities of energy conservation and the probability of the incomplete use of the capabilities of the energy storage system.
... The government of India started working on the renewable energy under the ministry of nonconventional energy during the 1980s. Our country is the first to establish a ministry on this renewable energy management under the banner of nonconventional energy [1]. Today our country is in a position to get the power of 57.472 GW as of 14 June 2017 [2]. ...
The energy from the sun is abundant for essential requirements of every home. But due to technological reasons, it is not so easy to use the solar energy by converting it into electrical energy efficiently in all places. The important factors which would be affecting the efficiency of the solar panels (which is presently in the range of 20% to 30%,) are the cost involved in implementing the same at each house, lack of knowledge on investment return etc. The semiconductor technology for fabricating solar cells contributes to the performance. The impurities in the semiconductor technology, the heat from the sunlight are the negative factors for the performance. The variation in the angle of sunlight incident from morning to evening is also a negative factor for the performance. The climate condition of the environment like cloudy weather which limits the sunlight falling into the panel is another limiting factor. Considering all these limiting factors this paper proposes the different modes of installation of solar energy. This paper contains the normal power requirement of the house and methods for either partial or complete solar energy installation to the individual house.
... Solar energy is widely accessible and abundant all year in India. There are 2776 h of total daily sunshine in India, and the average annual global solar radiation (GSR) is 5.25 kWh/m 2 -day [2,3]. In some areas of North India, the greatest energy availability during the summer is 7.5 kWh/m 2 /day [4]. ...
For the various climatic zones of India, machine learning (ML) models are created in the current work to forecast monthly-average diffuse solar radiation (DSR). The long-term solar radiation data are taken from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune, provided for 21 cities that span all of India’s climatic zones. The diffusion coefficient and diffuse fraction are the two groups of ML models with dual input parameters (sunshine ratio and clearness index) that are built and compared (each category has seven models). To create ML models, two well-known ML techniques, random forest (RF) and k-nearest neighbours (KNN), are used. The proposed ML models are compared with well-known models that are found in the literature. The ML models are ranked according to their overall and within predictive power using the Global Performance Indicator (GPI). It is discovered that KNN models generally outperform RF models. The results reveal that in diffusion coefficient models perform well than diffuse fraction models. Moreover, functional form 2 is the best followed by form 6. The ML models created here can be effectively used to accurately forecast DSR in various climates.
... Every industry's and hence any nation's, economic progress depends on energy [1]. India is moving closer to being a developed country, and it has been noted that over the past 20 years, its energy usage has risen by around 6%. ...
The use of renewable energy is crucial to the global growth of sustainability. Milk business amongst many other food industry divisions requires a significant amount of energy, making the meal processing business one of the most energy-intensive industries. As of right now, more than 30 percent of the dairy produced in India is processed. In distant parts of India, milk spoiling is more common due to the delay among milking and storing; as a result, facilities for quick pasteurization and storage are needed. Heated is necessary for pasteurization. Since for a long time, the Indian milk industry has relied on nonrenewable energy sources, that are not only becoming much more costly but are also to blame for significant environmental issues including greenhouse gases and health issues. Consequently, scientific communities, environmental and social organizations, and the governments have all pushed the use of green energy. Solar energy has been shown to be the most viable among various sustainable and renewable energies given the geographical position of India. Solar energy can be used to pasteurize milk because of the energy intensity and range of temperature requirements. Adsorbent refrigerator is recommended here since it is powered by waste/solar heat and can store (200 liters of milk) at low temperatures until it is distributed after the pasteurization process (easily available from farm waste). The solar collector of evacuated tube is used for minimizing heat loss and pasteurizing milk. The outcome demonstrates that milk can be simply pasteurized at 73°C for 25minutes at a flow rate of 5 liter per minutes. A solar energy adsorbent refrigeration system has been constructed and described for keeping 200 liters of milk at 10-15°C for 9–11 hours. Investigation findings indicate that the specific cooling power of the system is sufficient to store 200 liters of milk at 5.8 kW/kg and 5.5 kW/kg for 500 liter per hours hot water supplied at 92°C, 32°C condenser temperatures, and 5°C evaporator temperatures. The heat loss of evacuated tube collector is compared to solar concentrator. The study results provide evacuated tube collector is better for pasteurizing milk since to its highly efficient, longevity, and compactness.
... E. Azadi et al., [9] did a detail study on the smart solar panel present in the satellites, which are used for production of electric power experience direct solar flares from the sun. To avoid the defects caused by the sun smart solar panel are used.Karan Kapoor et al., [10] discussed the evolution, development and advancement of the solar panel in India. Also discussed the terms, policy and condition of solar panel in India. ...
The energy consumed by the people around the world for one year is equal to the emission of power by the sun in one minute. Hence inventors have invented photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. The solar panel efficiency depends on many factors, in which one of the factor in its defects. This project deals with design and fabrication of the defect detecting setup that helps to detect the intensity of the solar panel. The major concern of our project is to detect the percentage of the defect more precisely. Keeping the above mention criteria in mind all calculations was performed. The model was designed using AUTOCAD for 2D modeling and CATIA for 3D modeling. The overall cost of the project is certainly low as compared to the commercially available solar panel defect detector.
... Though the solar industries in the country had started blooming rapidly with the implementation of solar policy 36 states, a great setback has been experienced during 20-21 due to pandemic. All states are trying their best to implement solar energy plants by using their wasteland and thereby decreasing the implementation cost (Kapoor et al. 2014). ...
A hybrid system consists of conventional and nonconventional energy systems for the achievement of reliable operation to keep the balance between energy supply and load demand. Various methods have been employed for planning and sizing of the hybrid energy system to get optimal location. Due to weather conditions, some renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy may be unable to provide continuous supply. In addition, stability is an important issue. This may be voltage stability, frequency stability, and rotor angle stability. Different optimization techniques have been developed for optimizing the parameters of the hybrid energy system. This manuscript deals with a review of different hybrid energy systems with optimization techniques to achieve their best optimal location and sizing. Some planning methods have been reviewed with in this manuscript and focused on the development of a new hybrid energy system with advanced techniques.KeywordsRenewable energy systemSolar systemWind powerParticle swarm optimizationGenetic algorithmArtificial bee colony algorithm
... Though the solar industries in the country had started blooming rapidly with the implementation of solar policy 36 states, a great setback has been experienced during 20-21 due to pandemic. All states are trying their best to implement solar energy plants by using their wasteland and thereby decreasing the implementation cost (Kapoor et al. 2014). ...
Though the available models cannot produce the efficiency or power as Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) design in recent works was reviewed for its aesthetic value and efficiency. This review will be a useful guide to modify available design for any intended purpose or provide a futuristic design which can be efficient in power generation and be an ornamental device. Besides these, the overview of recent researches in the field of wind turbine technology is covered in this book chapter. The work provides the guide to design VAWT with the information about the implementation of farm, reduction of noise, and computational techniques used in recent researches. The review of this kind always has greater importance because of the up to date information about the ongoing researches.KeywordsVAWTAerodynamic designComputational analysisExperiment methodRenewable energy
... Though the solar industries in the country had started blooming rapidly with the implementation of solar policy 36 states, a great setback has been experienced during 20-21 due to pandemic. All states are trying their best to implement solar energy plants by using their wasteland and thereby decreasing the implementation cost (Kapoor et al. 2014). ...
In recent years, the market of the brushless Permanent Magnet (PM) motors, such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDCM) drives, has become huge due to demand of the Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). However, brushless PM drives are less robust compared to other types of motor drives due to the high acoustic noise, vibrations, and de-magnetization risk of the PM (Chan. Proc IEEE 95:704–718, 2007; Report, Implementing Agreement for Co-operation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies and Programmed. International Energy Agency, 2016). These shortcomings pose important restrictions for critical applications. Initially, to run PMSM, Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is implemented. But this technique generates current harmonics and high torque ripples, which ultimately leads to Acoustic Noise and Vibration (ANV) in PMSM drive. Hence, for analysis purpose, a framework based on lumped model along with effective mass and mass participation factor technique for prediction of torsional vibration in case of SPWM technique is elaborated to show detailed methodology for vibration response caused by high torque ripples. This framework is generalized in a way that can be easily extended to any mechanical power transmission system having shaft-coupler or geared system especially for EV and HEV application. Also, vibration prediction modelling is integrated with optimum number of modes or degree of freedom selection technique, which help to enhance the accuracy of model along with computationally efficient, which is the novelty of present work, which usually researchers took earlier randomly based on their setup and mass distribution without any specific technical justification. The vibration analysis reveals high torsional twisting and untwisting of shaft in case of SPWM, because of high source torque ripple. Henceforth, a Random Pulse Width Modulation (RPWM) technique for reduction of ANV is discussed in this chapter. The proposed RPWM method brings a significant reduction in torque ripples which directly influence ANV in the motor, thereby enhancing the performance of the complete drive system under operation. The relationships between the stator current harmonics feed by drive and non-sinusoidal magnetic field flux distribution, with torque ripples is developed and detailed analysis is discussed in this chapter. An extensive simulation and experimental work are carried out on a 1.07- kW, 4-poles, 36-slots, 3-phase PMSM drive for validation of proposed control strategy. In the end, experimental validation part is presented for all analytical modelling and simulation results presented in this chapter.
... Global climate models (GCMs) within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6 (latest simulations) predict an increase in monsoon precipitation and variability in the future with climate change (Katzenberger et al., 2021;Mitra, 2021). In order to avoid these dramatic consequences predicted by climate models, the Government of India has publicized striving plans for renewable energy deployment to decarbonize its energy production (Sharma et al., 2012;Kapoor et al., 2014;Hairat and Ghosh, 2017;Mohanty et al., 2017;Rathore et al., 2018;Sharma, 2019). The aggressive renewable energy policies of India combined with its huge renewable resource potential favor fast growth in wind and solar power generation throughout the country. ...
Solar and wind assets are climate-dependent and changes in climate will result in variations in their generation and intermittency. Developers of solar and wind parks in India have observed changes in climate conditions and variability in solar irradiation and wind profiles at the seasonal and year-to-year timescales. Future climate change perturbations, including monsoon shifts, could lead to lower-than-predicted wind and solar energy production and affect the economics of solar and wind assets. Regional climate models (RCMs) are the basis of climate impact assessments and the most trusted source of information to extract knowledge about future trends in climate variables. However, RCM projections are tainted with variability and uncertainty about the future trends. For India as a case study, we use the RCMs generated by the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment West Asia project (CORDEX WAS) to calculate individual wind, radiation, and temperature trends at selected sites; estimate wind and solar PV energy time series; and embed them in portfolio methods to test the impact of combining wind and solar assets on the variability of the total production and the uncertainty about the predicted production. We include a comparison of CORDEX RCMs with the ERA5 reanalysis dataset and conclude that all available RCMs reasonably simulate the main annual and seasonality features of wind speed, surface solar radiation, and temperature in India. The analysis demonstrates that the uncertainty about the portfolio return can be reduced by optimizing the combination of wind and solar assets in a producer portfolio, thus mitigating the economic impact of climate change. We find that the reduction obtained with a mixed portfolio ranges from 33 to 50% compared to a wind only portfolio, and from 30 to 96% compared to a solar only portfolio.
... Limitations of tapping this energy include high initial cost (Kar et al., 2016) and lack of awareness (Dixit et al., 2018). According to Kapoor et al. (2014), the Karnataka government is offering tax concessions, stamp duty, registration exemptions, and central excise and customs duty exemptions to encourage the installation of solar plants. Since the Government of India provides a subsidy for establishing the solar plant, it is estimated that INR 100 million is required for establishing a 2.5-MW plant. ...
SMEs are considered the backbone of a nation’s economy as they contribute to exports, GDP, and employment. These firms face several challenges and aim to keep up their production targets and ensure the desired quality of products. In the process, they lose sight of energy consumption and emissions. Their electrical energy consumption is also considerable—in 2015, 13% or more (i.e., equivalent to 74 exajoules (EJ)) of the cumulative global energy demand was consumed by SMEs. Indian SMEs fail to take even simple energy-saving measures and lack effective implementation of such measures; SMEs account for almost 45% of GHG emissions annually. Previous studies have provided frameworks for implementing energy-efficient measures (EEM) and listed ways to ascertain their maturity in this regard. However, very little validation of these frameworks, reasons for low adaption of EEM, and actions required have been studied. Energy audit of an energy-intensive industry—washing units of jeans factories—revealed the areas requiring attention and the causes of high energy consumption. Interviews with operational managers and heads of units showed that they are non-adaptive to environmental requirements. A systems dynamics model was developed, and three scenarios were created to demonstrate the plausible energy savings and introduce learning among managers. The study proposes a changed KPI, the means to evaluate returns, and mental models for decision-making.
... The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was formulated and launched in June, 2008 to ensure major focus on enhancing energy efficiency; increasing the penetration of solar photo-voltaic and solar thermal in the total energy, developing climate resilient sustainable habitats; integrated water resource management; a green mission for enhancing ecosystem services of forests and for increasing its carbon sequestration capacity; a mission on safeguarding Himalayan ecosystem and developing strategic knowledge on climate change. The renewable energy source (solar energy) may be an alternative tool for supplying energy to the domestic usages (Kapoor et al. 2014) which can cut short the cost of utilizing the non-renewable sources of energy on earth. To make such policies into implementation a territorial approach is necessary within India and prioritized action plan should be developed state wise to adopt National Action Plan on Climate Change. ...
Continuous growth in population and food demand are the major challenges for most of the countries to ensure food and environmental security for their citizens. Globally, the number of people suffering from food insecurity and hunger are no longer declining, rather it is increasing slowly in last few years. It is concerned that the number of hungry people would surpass 840 million in 2030 from today’s 690 million. Keeping in abeyance the other factors responsible for global hunger such as economic downturn, social and economic conflict, climate change and environmental degradation, etc., current food production needs to be doubled to meet the demand and achieve “zero hunger” postulated by United Nations by 2030. Increasing the rate of current food production require heavy use of various agricultural inputs. Limited availability of natural resources for food production forced the farmers to depend on artificial inputs like fertilizers, agro-chemical, etc., which are also creating havoc for the environment. Indiscriminate use of agri-inputs is not desirable from the environment point of view. Increasing input use efficiency is the only option to increase the food production in sustainable manner without hampering the surrounding ecosystems. Several measures have been taken at national and international levels to develop and execute specific plans and policies to increase input use efficiency and conserve natural resources as well as soil and environmental health. Attempts have always been taken to produce more food with limited use of land, labour, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc. However, the proper implementation of the plans and policies require periodical evaluation, monitoring and necessary upgradation to maintain projected growth of agricultural production. Strategic measures are expected to be taken for strengthening the existing policies for sustainable and environment friendly agri-input system.
... However, the involvement of the communities at the design level of the projects is negligible. A public response should be taken into consideration to study and accurately assess consumer needs [67]. ...
India has many renewable and sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, biomass energy etc. In India, the renewable energy (RE) growth rate has not touched a benchmark due to various barriers in its development pathway. Yet, it is difficult to identify the severity of barriers that mostly hampers the growth of RE technologies. A systematic structure has been developed to prioritize the barriers and bridge the above gap. This study aims to recognize and rank the barriers as per their severe impact on the development of RE technologies. The study comprises three phases; (1) Barriers were recognized from the available literature studies, project reports, and interactions with eight experts from academia and industries. (2) For the final selection, "Modified Delphi" method was used. Then, twenty barriers were selected and categorized into five groups: social and economic barriers (SEB), policy and political barriers (PPB), technical barriers (TB), administrative and market barriers (AMB) and geographical and environmental barriers (GEB) and (3) AHP method was used to get the priority weight and rank among these barriers. The results showed that the "PPB" ranks highest among the main category barriers. Sensitivity analysis is used to confirm the stability of all prioritized barriers. Various recommendations are suggested for the removal of these barriers, which augments the implementation of renewable energy.
... To enhance the contribution of solar energy in the Ethiopian energy sector throughout the country, local services and infrastructure plays the key role and identified as a main barrier. It includes land accessibility and procurement difficulties, transmission and clearing services [66,67]. The implementation of solar projects needs extra infrastructures such as panel support structure, connection roads, and other local infrastructure. ...
Ethiopia is quick evolving economy in Sub-Saharan Africa, and its industrial sector is growing faster. However, as a country level there is a significant electricity shortage. The country needs gigantic increments in capacity to meet the request of its quickly developing economy and population. Indeed in the event that endeavors are underway for renewable energy expansion in Ethiopia but stills solar oriented energy source are not highly utilized due to different problems that ruin its dispersion. On this basis, barriers of solar energy implementation in Ethiopia were identified utilizing different literature overview and experts’ view in this investigation. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique is adopted to recognize the interrelationship between the distinguished barriers. Matrice d'Impacts Croises-Multipication Applique´ a Classment (MICMAC) method has too been utilized to sort the barriers based on dependence power and driving force. The results showed that four barriers related with economics, environmental and behavioral appear at the upper level in ISM configuration. A policy barrier shows up at the lowermost of model, and this is considered as the foremost powerful factor. Various solutions for relieving these distinguished barriers have moreover been recommended within the paper. Well understanding of these barriers can help the concerned stakeholders and policy creators to create proactive plans and fortification policies to increase the solar powered advancement in Ethiopia.
... Education can also ensure that users know how to operate modern energy systems correctly and play a role in dispelling myths and improving trust (Scott 2017;Ebers Broughel 2019). For example, evidence from the development literature indicates that households may not be aware of their energy use or the options available to them (Sovacool 2013;Kapoor et al. 2014). Households with higher education are also more likely to switch from dirty fuels (Urpelainen and Yoon 2015;Joshi and Bohara 2017;Baul et al. 2018;Yadav et al. 2019). ...
Energy and humanitarian action have long been uneasy bedfellows. In the field, many humanitarian practitioners lack the time or remit to engage with a complex issue such as energy, and the topic to date has received relatively little attention from the private, development and academic sectors. This paper hopes to provide more clarity on energy in forced displacement settings by analysing how energy is interwoven with the humanitarian cluster system. This paper has two aims: (1) to assess existing evidence in the sector and explain the links between energy and each of the humanitarian clusters and (2) to provide recommendations on how humanitarian response efforts can transition from informal action to a comprehensive response on sustainable energy provision. This paper is the first to investigate the role of energy using the cluster system as a framework and contributes to a rapidly evolving field of research and practice on energy in humanitarian contexts. Our analysis demonstrates that energy is not fully integrated within humanitarian programme planning. Further, it highlights pathways for improving humanitarian outcomes enabled by improved energy practices. We identify ten ways clusters can integrate action on energy to support crisis-affected communities.
Dairy farming needs a strong foundation of energy security in rural India for its sustainability. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems in dairy farming act as a catalyst to ensure Green Energy Measures (GEMs) and to achieve the various missions of the Indian Government. The deployment of solar PV systems to fulfil energy needs in Indian dairy farming has several issues and barriers. In this investigation, various foremost barriers creating hindrances in deployment of PV systems in Indian dairy farms have been identified. Contextual relationships between identified barriers have been established by Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and classified using Matrice d'impacts croisés multiplication appliquée á un classment (MICMAC). It is used to determine the ranks and types of hindrances and to develop a structural model. The strongest driving force barriers are high initial capital cost, storage devices barrier, policy and regulatory issues, less education and weak affordability in rural and long payback periods. The strongest dependent force barriers include societal acceptance, fewer concerns about ecological and environmental issues, and a lack of entrepreneurs and innovations in the rural sector. Finally, the future roadmap to address the obstacles in exploitation of PV systems in context of dairy sector has been described.
Distribution systems in traditional power systems (PS) constituted of passive elements and the distribution issues were then limited to voltage and thermal constraints, harmonics, overloading and unbalanced loading, reactive power compensation issues, faults and transients, loss minimization and frequency stability problems, to name a few. Contemporary distribution systems are becoming active distributed networks (ADNs) that integrate a substantially increasing amount of distributed energy resources (DERs). DERS include distributed generation (DG) sources, energy storage resources and demand side management (DSM) options. Despite their evidenced great benefits, the large-scale deployment and integration of DERs remain a challenge as they subsequently lead to the network operational and efficiency issues, hampering PS network reliability and stability. This paper carries out a comprehensive literature survey based on the last decade’s research on operational challenges reported and focusing on dispatchable and non-dispatchable DGs grid integration, on various demand response (DR) mechanisms and, on battery energy storage system (BESS) charging and discharging challenges, with the aim to pave the way to developing suitable optimization techniques that will solve the coordination of multiple renewable sources, storage systems and DRs to minimize distribution systems’ operational issues and thus improve stability and reliability. This paper’s findings assist the researchers in the field to conduct further research and to help PS planners and operators decide on appropriate relevant technologies that address challenges inherent to DG grid integration.
Purpose
This study aims to examine the determinants of adoption intention toward the rooftop solar photovoltaic (RSPV) systems among residents of peri-urban villages of Gurugram, Haryana, India. This study also analyzes the impact of the adoption of RSPV systems on carbon neutrality from a behavioral perspective.
Design/methodology/approach
Data was collected using a self-administrated structured questionnaire from 208 male villagers (195 usable) of 22 villages using the purposive sampling technique.
Findings
Results revealed that relative advantage, followed by simplicity, trialability, observability and compatibility, positively and significantly impact villagers’ attitude toward adopting RSPV systems in their homes. Perceived severity and perceived vulnerability significantly influence the perceived behavioral control of villagers toward adopting the RSPV systems. The results show villagers’ attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are the essential predictors of their adoption intention of the RSPV systems. Most notably, carbon neutrality was significantly affected by villagers’ adoption intention of RSPV systems as the renewable energy source in their homes.
Originality/value
The findings of this study provide that innovation attributes are important factors in shaping the adoption intentions of customers toward RSPV systems. This study is also the extent of previous studies measuring customers’ perception of adopting renewable energy in developed and emerging countries worldwide.
Indian BIPV status report and roadmap:
https://solarchitecture.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/BIPV-Report-India_v01.pdf
Radial inflow turbines (RITs) play a vital role in power generation due to their small size, compact construction and large power density, especially when applying to supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton power cycle. Correctly preliminary design of the RITs has an important function of enhancing the efficiency of the sCO2 cycles. Most preliminary design studies for sCO2 RITs simply impose empirically developed angle constraints for the rotor inlet flow conditions instead of giving much attention to the stator. In addition, the previous design procedure can only calculate one geometry at a time, which does not allow the selection of the most suitable geometry that fits the cycle parameters and matches constraints. To solve this problem, this chapter presents a methodology to correctly size a stator to achieve desired rotor inflow conditions. Then we conduct a stator design space analysis with 500 kW sCO2 turbine rotor. Based on a number of given stator radius ratio r3r4, blade number Zs and blade trailing edge thickness t3, the obtained design map contains a total number of Nr3r4×NZs×Nt preliminary design cases. These maps show trends of nozzle geometry and outflow that can aid a designer in selecting a preferred design. New insights are discussed, including: (1) the work-flow can correctly return the turbine stator geometry that allows the rotor inlet condition to reach to the design targets in theory; (2) the blade angles need to adjust between no-loss and loss cases, about 3.36°; (3) the rotor-stator interaction loss will increase the stator inlet/outlet operational parameter when guaranteeing the target rotor inlet conditions; and (4) including the stator losses in turbine design is very significant. This chapter will benefit the RIT stage design and is expected to be the focus of pilot studies in the near future for the energy conversion utility.
Better utilization of solar energy applications is possible if solar radiation prediction is made more accurate. Many prediction models were developed from time to time. In this study, an easy and convenient demonstration has been presented to reduce the model complexity with high accuracy in the predicted values. PCA, ANN, ANFIS, and other techniques were discussed in this paper to pre-process the input data. How conveniently do these techniques apply to row data sets to reduce the model complexity? A comparison shows how the model performance degrades due to the use of the large variables data set as well as the removal of key elements. So, this study shows the necessity and importance of pre-processing data and identification of the most significant variables.
In this chapter, you will learn how to recognize any type of negotiation,
simply and effectively. The aim is to help you choose the right negotiation
approach through the Four-Type Negotiation Matrix. First things first, your
negotiation strategy needs a strategy. In the next paragraphs, a comprehensive
theoretical background addresses the matrix and reveals its fundamentals.
Then, you will learn how to choose the right strategy for any type of
negotiation, through 40 classification examples. At the end of this chapter, you
will gain a new perspective on the negotiation process and will be more
prepared to select the right strategy and ultimately reach better negotiation
deals.
With the substantial rise in energy demands, there has been a surge of interest in a blend of sustainable power assets and battery stockpiling gadgets for the inventory of high caliber and consistent electrical force. The current research work presents a systematic review towards the age of multi-megawatt energy utilizing cross-breed energy frameworks for the generation of solar, wind and hybrid energy. It talks about solar, wind, and a mixture of both power frameworks for the industrial, commercial, and electric utility sectors. Furthermore, this mixture model uses sun-based cogeneration innovation for gathering sun-based energy and wind-based cogeneration are utilized for the age of wind power generation. Thus, a blend of both of these will expand the proficiency of this crossover framework that can be utilized to provide reliable energy to households.
Energy is an essential ingredient to improve the quality of our life. With the gradual depletion of
the conventional resources for power generation, and the kind of environmental pollution caused
by conventional power generation, emphasis is being placed all over the world on tapping green
energy sources namely solar, wind, hydro, bio-mass, geothermal and bio-fuels. The utilization of
renewable energies is not new to the society. In the history of mankind renewable energies have
for a long time been the primary possibility of generating energy. As academic constitutes an
important segment of our society and with the power to influence the society through research
and education, this conference tries to focus the attention by the academia on green energy, and
encourages them to create awareness in the society and get them actively involved in research on
power generation from renewable energy sources.
To participate in the global fight against climate change, India has set an aggressive target of installing 100 GW of photovoltaic (PV) energy resources by 2022. However, only about 37% of this target is achieved till date, and, presently, the set target appears to be elusive. Hence it is crucial and the need of the hour to analyze the performance of different utilities to identify the regions that need a course correction. In the present work, the relative performance of the Indian states in realizing the national target of PV installed capacity is analyzed through the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. Time series analysis of the PV sector’s growth in different Indian states over the period 2017–2021 is quantified through the Malmquist productivity index (MPI). The applied methodology revealed that Rajasthan, which has the highest PV potential and second-highest PV installed capacity, is less productive than the small hilly states and union territories, which have meager PV potential. The result provides insight into the factors contributing to the inefficiencies in the development of the PV energy sector, which will help the policymakers take necessary corrective actions to improve the states’ productivity and thereby contribute more effectively to the national goal. The work may be extended to other regions of the world to strengthen the global effort to fight climate change.
Energy is very vital for the economic development and prosperity of any nation. Expanding a country's use of renewable energy sources can help it meet its current and future energy needs, as well as spur economic growth. Sustainable energy supply, electrification rate, population shifts, and per-capita power use affect economic development and prosperity. Electricity use is a key sign of a country's economic growth, and as the economy grows, so does the need for energy. Electricity generation relies on the availability of primary sources, implementation of technology as well as on policy imperatives. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are India, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. SAARC countries are wealthy in natural resources, yet economic growth is a difficulty. This study aims to assess the solar energy potential of SAARC countries, which has received little attention. Prior research on solar energy possibilities in SAARC concentrated on one country or group. According to the study, SAARC countries rely heavily on imported fossil fuels and a single energy source. Renewable energy sources, especially solar energy, are important for their sustainable expansion, diversity of energy basket, energy security, and fulfilling rising electricity demand. The SAARC region has superior daily average horizontal sun irradiances than the UK and Germany, indicating untapped potential for solar photovoltaic systems. This study aims to encourage stakeholders to execute efficient solar energy governance planning for sustainable growth.
The primary energy demand in India is expected to increase about 1250 to 1500 million toe(tonne of oil equivalent) in 2030.As a result of increasing incomes and growth in economy, energy demand increases electric energy utility services in lighting, space cooling, industrial production, office automation etc. In 2011, annual average supply was only 0.6 toe per capita; whereas the world average was 1.88 toe per capita. To cater the energy demand with minimum CO2 emissions, two prolonged approach is employed. In the generation side, use of renewable such as solar and wind are promoted. In the customer end, a number of policy measures innovatively taken under Energy Conservation Act 2001.This paper analysis the impact of energy conservation technologies and along with the implementation of Solar Photovoltaic MPPT on the roof top of the Indian household. This combined approach will reduce grid dependency of Indian household and thereby minimizing the peak demand on utility.
The population of India is growing day by day. This is resulting in more pollution facing the problem of shorter non-rechargeable resources leftover for the succeeding generations. Naturally, it is certainly concluded that India’s energy demand will increase in near future. Renewable energy is very useful in playing a significant role for providing pollution-free energy. This will certainly contribute to climate change. There is a target of generating 100 GW of solar energy by 2022. This goal is very pioneering for India under the agreement of Climate Change in Paris. Progress of the Indian solar energy division depends on the mixture of law framework, financial structure, and local production sector and eco-friendly sound technology. Although there is enhancing potential of sun energy in India, today also there are shortcomings in its administration. In this chapter, the authors focus on the present status, challenges, and upcoming prospects of sun power progress in India. It further summarizes the way ahead with recommendations to overcome some of the shortcomings.KeywordsPV scenarioGlobal energyIndian PVMotivational policiesSolar panelsJNNSMSolar mission achievements
Energy utilization for cooking needs is basic and foremost end use in developing countries. Growing population and depletion in natural resources urges to find the alternate energy sources. Solar energy is available in abundance for free and can be an excellent source for cooking needs. Various types of solar cooking appliances are developed across the world. This study highlights the current scenario of solar energy utilization for cooking in India. The recent developments in solar cooking and its acceptance at ground level are highlighted. The necessity of solar cooking with respect to economy, health and environment and the barriers for its underutilization are also highlighted. The cooking during non-sunshine is the most common barrier while the future with indoor cooking capabilities is most common requirement. The future directions needed to be addressed for improvement in its utility are also presented.
Efficient forecasting of solar irradiation is always a challenging task for researchers in the past and at present. In order to effectively forecast solar irradiation, this paper proposed a forecasting model based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) with Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). In this, EMD is used to decompose the original data into several Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF’s) and one residue; whereas the BPNN model is trained for each IMF with a residue for final forecasting. The forecasted result for each IMF and residue are aggregate to find the ultimate prediction results. For the proposed work, three years of data from 2012–14 has been collected from National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) for a Delhi location. The proposed model is trained using two-year data and tested for a duration of one year on different seasons by following the single step ahead point forecast technique. The proposed model performance is determined in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Correlation Coefficient (R2). The proposed model performance indicates that it outperforms the standalone BPNN and Naive Predictor model for forecasting solar irradiation in terms of precision and complexity.
In the distribution network, for measuring the synchronized magnitudes of voltage and current, we optimally place a measuring device called a micro-phasor measurement unit (µPMU). To study the dynamic state of the distribution network, the synchronized data received from µPMUs are useful. The information obtained from µPMUs is used in diagnostic, monitoring, and control distribution applications. Mainly in this paper, we review the optimal placement of µPMUs, control distribution applications, diagnostic and monitoring functions, and also a list of µPMU applications.KeywordsDistribution networkDistribution system state estimationMicro-phasor measurement unitOptimal micro-phasor measurement unit placement
India is a country having a population of over 1.38 billion with a population share of over 17.7% of the global population. It is facing a massive challenge in providing consumers with sufficient energy supplies at an affordable cost. In the present scenario, the power sector is like a commodity market, electricity must be economical and reliable. Since major part of the generation is from fossil fuels, it emits nitrogen, sulfur and carbon oxides (Garg in Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment 3:7–17, 2012). Due to increased population and limited fossil fuels in India, it becomes essential to adopt renewable energy generation. The contribution of renewable energy generation in 2002 is 0.34 GW (Nagamani et al. in Electric Power Components and Systems 43:1205–1213, 2015), which is 2% of the total installed capacity of the country (17 gigawatts). The contribution of renewable energy generation touched 85.9 gigawatts (23 percent) of 373.4 gigawatts by 2020. India secured the third place in renewable energy generation in the world. This article provides a brief overview of conventional and renewable energy generation scenario in India and discusses various government policies and initiations to promote renewable energy generation.KeywordsConventional energyRenewable energyGovernment policies
As a result of the increased demand for energy combined with the limitations of traditional energy sources, it is necessary to turn to renewable energy sources such as solar energy, which is one of the most promising technologies to assist the transition towards sustainable development. With the increasing interest in renewable energies in general and solar energy in particular, attempts have been made to ensure that solar energy technologies provide an amount of energy equal to or close to the amount of energy currently consumed. Solar photovoltaic farm applications have become so widespread that they are now relied upon to produce massive amounts of energy for use in factories and homes. In this regard, identifying and prioritizing convenient areas for the construction of expensive solar photovoltaic farms is an important issue. Additionally, determining the suitable geographical locations for photovoltaic farms is not only related to the amount of solar radiation received, but many dimensions must be taken into accounts such as technical, economic, environmental, socio-political dimensions, risks, and their sub-indicators. To overcome the problem of prioritizing and selecting the best location for solar photovoltaic farms to achieve sustainability factors resulting from the presence of many different indicators, this paper applies a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach under a neutrosophic environment. Initially, the Delphi method is employed to capture preference and to determine the dimensions and their indicators in addition to provide preference among sub-indicators and available alternatives. The proportional importance of the designated dimensions and their sub-indicators was evaluated by the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory. Then, Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje is adopted to rank seven solar photovoltaic farm locations in Egypt. The Benban solar photovoltaic farm is shown to be the most sustainable alternative among the solar photovoltaic farm locations followed by Darb Al Arbaeen solar photovoltaic farm and so has priority for increased installation investments in solar energy production. To validate the proposed approach, results comparisons were implemented to indicate the advantages of the hybrid multi-criteria decision-making methods. Sensitivity analysis reveals that changing criteria weightings does not affect the ranking order.
A photovoltaic Battery (PV-Battery) system is considered one of the most promising renewable energy off-grid systems. In a conventional design of PV systems generally, an annual average solar radiation of a site and a constant operating factor of the PV module (0.75) are considered. This research aims to find the effect of the two design parameters (solar radiation and operating factor (OPV) of the PV panel) on the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) of the PV-Battery system and to find out the optimum PV array size which is adequate to supply the energy requirement of an agricultural farm, under the climatic conditions of Haldia, India. Four different global solar irradiation have been considered for the design of the PV-Battery systems based on worst month radiation (4.05 kWh/m²/day), yearly average radiation (4.84 kWh/m²/day), yearly average radiation without rainy season months (5.14 kWh/m²/day), and best month radiation (6.28 kWh/m²/day) along with three different OPV of the PV panel (0.7, 0.75 and 0.8). The monthly LLP, yearly LLP variations, PV panel size, and the area required for the installation of PV panels are studied. The results of the study find the LLP as 0 of the system at the radiation of 4.84 kWh/m²/day with the OPV as 0.75 while LLP is in the range of 0.01–0.05 for the radiation of 5.14 kWh/m²/day with the OPV as 0.7. The model developed should be able to design PV systems for any agricultural load designed with the desired LLP.
The thrust for the energy need is ever long persisted to sustain the peak varying demands in all over the countries. The focus is to obtain feasible, sustainable and mainly reliable renewable energy systems to meet the power demands. This is the fact that global modernization and revolutions cause an impact on energy requirements. As of primary concern, the rural energy demands should be met with an uninterrupted reliable supply of energy demands. The development of the rural energy sector through the integration of renewable energy systems, in turn, will pave the way to accomplish the growing demands of power. This can be done through a better understanding of the integration of renewable energy systems. The problem is the type of integration selected for the study will suit the energy needs of the rural site under consideration. This review gives more insight on the researchers for the feasibility and understanding various possible combinations of integrating the renewable energy systems. This paper presents the view of optimal methods adopted to obtain the optimization with different types of integration of the systems. The proposed models are reviewed for simulation and factors or parameters in their studies. This study also reveals the facts, management of integrated system and problems in integrating renewable energy systems
Purpose
This paper reviews the current status of photovoltaics on the island of Barbados, including experiences to date, and discusses the future directions with a view to sharing the experience gained with other small island developing states (SIDS).
Design/methodology/approach
As with many SIDS Barbados is heavily reliant on fossil fuels to meet their electricity generation needs (currently 98 per cent of total electricity generation). The paper outlines how solar PV sits within the existing energy structure for the island of Barbados and reflects on the experience gained from the success of its solar thermal hot water heating industry.
Findings
This paper estimates the installed capacity of photovoltaic solar systems on Barbados was estimated to be around 200 kWp in 2010 (0.18 per cent of the average electricity demand, not including the load factor of the PV systems).
Practical implications
With an average daily solar radiation of 5.7 kWh/m ² , the potential of the resource is clear to see, with solar PV being capable of substantially contributing to the island's energy mix and saving valuable foreign exchange.
Originality/value
Concerning the increasing role of solar PV in the energy mix for Barbados, substantial barriers are still observed. The paper has tried to identify these barriers and has provided a detailed overview of the energy sector and solar thermal success in Barbados.
a b s t r a c t Renewable energy is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based energy, but its development can require a complex set of environmental tradeoffs. A recent increase in solar energy systems, especially large, centralized installations, underscores the urgency of understanding their environmental interactions. Synthesizing literature across numerous disciplines, we review direct and indirect environmental impacts – both beneficial and adverse – of utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development, including impacts on biodiversity, land-use and land-cover change, soils, water resources, and human health. Additionally, we review feedbacks between USSE infrastructure and land-atmosphere interactions and the potential for USSE systems to mitigate climate change. Several characteristics and development strategies of USSE systems have low environmental impacts relative to other energy systems, including other renewables. We show opportunities to increase USSE environmental co-benefits, the permitting and regulatory constraints and opportunities of USSE, and highlight future research directions to better understand the nexus between USSE and the environment. Increasing the environmental compatibility of USSE systems will maximize the efficacy of this key renewable energy source in mitigating climatic and global environmental change.
Lesotho's energy profile is characterized by a predominance of traditional biomass energy to meet the energy needs of the rural households and a heavy dependence on imported petroleum for the modern economic sector needs. As a result, the country faces challenges related to unsustainable use of traditional forms of biomass and exposure to high and unstable oil import prices. There are relatively abundant renewable energy resources in the form of hydro, solar and wind. The average daily solar radiation in Lesotho varies between 4.5 and 6.5kWh/m2, with some areas in the South West averaging over 7kWh/m2/day. Under the UNDP/GEF-supported Lesotho Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification (LREBRE) Project, a total of 5000 solar home systems (SHS) will be installed by 2012. Since the start of the project, a total of 1537 SHS with a capacity of 65W have been installed, and an estimated 500 SHS have also been independently installed as a result of the project's influence. This paper examines the role of PV technologies in the sustainable development process, with particular reference to UNDP/GEF-LREBRE Lesotho PV project, and the extent to which this project is impacting on the PV industry. The paper also analyses national grid electrification and energy provision in rural areas and shows that the problem of rural electrification could be tackled by conventional and non-conventional means.
Renewable energy sources and technologies have potential to provide solutions to the long-standing energy problems being faced by the developing countries. The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome energy shortage in India. To meet the energy requirement for such a fast growing economy, India will require an assured supply of 3–4 times more energy than the total energy consumed today. The renewable energy is one of the options to meet this requirement. Today, renewable account for about 33% of India's primary energy consumptions. India is increasingly adopting responsible renewable energy techniques and taking positive steps towards carbon emissions, cleaning the air and ensuring a more sustainable future. In India, from the last two and half decades there has been a vigorous pursuit of activities relating to research, development, demonstration, production and application of a variety of renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current status, major achievements and future potentials of renewable energy options in India. This paper also assesses specific policy interventions for overcoming the barriers and enhancing deployment of renewables for the future.
Despite possessing a very large potential of renewable energy sources, Australia has lagged behind other developed countries in embracing renewable energy. Various programs and policies have been devised and implemented by Australian governments. Nevertheless, the proportion of renewable energy in electricity generation in Australia has not increased significantly. This paper seeks to explain why Australia has difficulties in adopting renewable energy by using the Political Aspect of Innovation (PAI) framework to examine the causes and barriers that have blocked the taking up of renewable energy. The PAI framework is concerned specifically with public innovation policy in Australia and the way it aims to encourage and support investment in new technology development. The paper finally outlines some future suggestions for charting the progression of the Australian energy system toward a transformative sustainable future.
There has been an increasing interest in deploying renewable energy technologies as a means of supplying energy needs in a more sustainable manner. This paper describes the recent evolution of the market for solar photovoltaics (PVs) and discusses likely future developments. It provides an overview of the niche markets in which PVs are already competitive with other forms of electricity provision and assessment of the larger markets currently supported by governments, utilities and industry in the expectation that they will become competitive in the future. The paper briefly addresses remaining barriers to the deployment of solar PVs and outlines the principal policy mechanisms being used to foster the development of both the technology and the markets in different countries. The evidence indicates that the PV industry may be on the verge of rapid expansion as economies-of-scale improve production economics, government programmes encourage deployment and more large-scale applications of the technology become viable.
Out of a total 1100 MW new project allocations, Rajasthan received the maximum share of 873 MW (i.e., 79.36% of all India allocations) through competitive bidding in the first phase of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). Furthermore, 722 reputed companies have already registered their interest for setting up of solar power plants amounting to a total capacity of 16,900 MW in Rajasthan. This preference is often attributed to geographical and climatic advantage of Rajasthan. Yet it remains unclear why some other States with similar climatic and geographical factors are less favored by investors? Here we argue that the answer to this paradox lies in other determinants such as policy, infrastructure, facilitation and governance that make Rajasthan a lucrative investment opportunity. The fact that our argument is robust is also validated by other studies that indentify critical barriers which if removed may provide enabling environment to solar energy development in India. Accordingly, we present a practitioner perspective and review the initiatives responsible for accelerated development of solar energy in Rajasthan. We also envision the future course of actions for this promising solar hotspot in western India. Understanding early ground-level efforts for solar energy development in Thar desert of Rajasthan may prove valuable for other regions in India and elsewhere.
Energy is indispensible in modern society and is one of the most important components of socio-economic development. Nepal is one of the least developed countries with more than 80% of its population residing in rural communities. Per capita energy usage – often viewed as a key index of the development – in the country is far less than the global average per capita energy usage. The energy sector is dominated by the traditional energy sources such as fuel woods, crop residues and animal dung mainly for domestic usage contributing to about 86% of the national energy consumption. Currently 40% of the population has access to electricity, and the rural electrification accounts for only 29%. The majority of rural populations are meeting their energy needs by burning biomass in traditional stoves which has several environmental and public health issues. Nearly all fossil-derived fuels consumed in the country are imported in a refined form, and the perpetual increase in petroleum imports has adversely impacted the existing fragile economy of the country. Despite a huge potential in harnessing various renewable energy resources such as hydropower, solar power, wind energy and biofuels/bioenergy, these resources have not been sustainably captured due to geographical, technical, political and economical reasons. This paper presents a brief account of Nepal's renewable energy resources and the current status of various renewable energy technologies (RETs) such as micro-hydro, solar power, wind energy, biofuel/bioenergy, improved cook stoves, and improved water mill. It also highlights the opportunities and barriers for the development of RETs. Finally this paper presents some recommendations for the promotion, development and implementation of RETs in the country.
The Australian Government has set an ambitious target that at least 20 per cent of Australia’s electricity needs will be met by Renewable Energy (RE) sources by 2020. Given the limited use of RE sources for electricity generation, this national Renewable Energy Target (RET) leaves state, territory and municipal governments in a challenging policy position. In this article, we examine the Australian state of Queensland where RE provides approximately 4 per cent of the region’s electricity supplies. The research utilizes stakeholder theory to examine the developmental barriers, targets, policies and actions identified by firms and stakeholder organizations in the RE industry sector. The results from our analysis show that RE developments face a range of socio-technical barriers that require timely actions in the areas of financial incentives, infrastructure enhancement, regulation reform, community-centred developments, technology and workforce investments, and information and education programs. Also, in the context of RE planning, while the national RET is the preferred setting, the differences between Queensland’s RE installed generation capacity and electricity supply targets require clarification and agreement.
The world is facing the severe challenges of energy depletion and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and solar energy is considered to be a promising source of renewable energy and effective solution. However, the application of solar energy is limited in practice due to various barriers. Based on data collected from a survey of practice, this paper identifies the key barriers to the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems in Hong Kong. These include “high initial and repair cost”, “long payback period”, “inadequate installation space and service infrastructure”, “lack of participation of stakeholders/community in energy policy” and “lack of incentives by legislation and regulation”. Recommendations for addressing these barriers are proposed. For example, the high cost of solar PV energy systems can be reduced by the development and mass production of low-cost fabrication technologies and high performance PV technologies. Solar thermal applications should be encouraged as they are much more economical than solar PVs. It is also recommended that the Hong Kong Government adopt strategies to encourage a greater use of solar energy systems. The results from this study not only provide useful information for the Government, the private sector and consumers in Hong Kong but are also likely to apply equally to other similar regions around the world.
Renewable energy sources and technologies have potential to provide solutions to the longstanding energy problems being faced by the developing countries like India. Solar energy can be an important part of India's plan not only to add new capacity but also to increase energy security, address environmental concerns, and lead the massive market for renewable energy. Solar thermal electricity (STE) also known as concentrating solar power (CSP) are emerging renewable energy technologies and can be developed as future potential option for electricity generation in India. In this paper, efforts have been made to summarize the availability, current status, strategies, perspectives, promotion policies, major achievements and future potential of solar energy options in India.
The 1990s saw an explosion of energy policy changes around the globe. Driven by economic, environmental, security, and social concerns, energy regulation has been in great flux. Many of the changes are having a profound influence on renewable energy, both from policies explicitly designed to promote renewable energy and from other policies that indirectly influence incentives and barriers for renewable energy. This article considers six different types of policies that affect renewable energy development, both directly or indirectly: renewable energy promotion policies, transport biofuels policies, emissions reduction policies, electric power restructuring policies, distributed generation policies, and rural electrification policies. Each policy reduces one or more key barriers that impede development of renewable energy. These barriers are discussed first. In general, most renewable energy policies address cost-related barriers in some manner. Many policies address the requirements for utilities to purchase renewable energy from power producers. Most policies also address the perceived risks of renewable energy in one form or another (i.e., technical, financial, legal). Still others primarily address regulatory and institutional barriers. Some related policies may heighten barriers to renewable energy rather than reduce them. Table 1 summarizes the key renewable energy policies and barriers presented.
The environmental sustainability of the current global energy system is under serious question. A major transition away from fossil fuels to one based on energy efficiency and renewable energy is required.The development of a wide range of renewable energy technologies is continuing at an impressive rate. Cost reductions have been real and impressive. With few exceptions however, the relative contribution of renewable energy to the total energy mix remains quite small in most countries. There are still a wide range of barriers preventing renewables from making a much more significant contribution.The paper utilises a range of case studies from around the world which demonstrate some of the lessons of successful renewable energy implementation, and suggest a set of coordinated policies which would lead to a growing role for renewable energy in the commercial energy market.
Energy security has an important bearing on achieving national economic development goals and improving the quality of life of the people. The level of per capita energy consumption has for long been considered as one of the key indicator of economic growth. In this paper an attempt has been made to present potential of non-conventional renewable energy sources in India. Different renewable energy technologies (RET) and their advantages are also discussed. 1. Introduction The development of infrastructure is an important factor to sustain economic growth. The power sector is one of the most important constituents of infrastructure. The achievement of energy security necessitates diversification of our energy resources and the sources of their supply, as well as measures for conservation of energy. So far, we were dependent on conventional sources of energy like thermal, hydro (large hydro) and nuclear. Fortunately, India is blessed with the third largest coal supplies in the world, although not of the best quality but we can not use them indefinitely. The increasing prices for petroleum products, projection that petroleum resources would be exhausted in a relatively short period of time and the use of fossil fuel resources for political purposes will adversely affecting world wide economic and social development. The impact of the energy crisis is particularly felt in developing countries like India, where an ever-increasing percentage of national budgets earmarked for development must be diverted to the purchase of petroleum products. After independence large hydroelectric projects have been executed, some of them are still under construction and some have been planned for future. The inherent drawbacks associated with large hydro are; large gestation period, large area along with vegetation has to be submerged, shifting of people etc. from the sites. Political and environmental implications have made planners to think for some other alternative to the large hydro. For nuclear power plants also there is a problem of getting proper fuel, processing and safety from radiations. In addition, global warming caused largely be green house gas emission from fossil fuel generating systems is also a major concern. To overcome the problems associated with conventional sources of energy, most countries including India have shifted their focus to develop non-conventional renewable sources of energy. Among these resources are solar energy, wind, geo thermal energy, biomass and small hydropower. 263 districts in 16 states and one Union Territory have so far been covered under the Integrated Rural Energy Programme of government of India, which aims at providing a cost effective energy mix of non conventional sources to meet the energy need of the rural areas. With the various initiatives taken by the government, a healthy power sector would emerge in the country which would pave the way for fast industrialisation, growth in agricultural production, rural development and a better quality of life through non- conventional renewable energy sources (1,2,3). 2. Renewable energy scenario
Climate change and fossil fuel depletion are the main drivers for the recent focus on Renewable Energy
(RE) resources. However, since the high cost of RE technologies is the main obstacle facing the diffusion
of RE power generation, economic and political intervention is inevitable. In the United Arab Emirates
(UAE) population and economic growth are the main causes of a sharp increase of energy demand. Two
key related factors highlight the need to establish a RE sector: first the UAE has one of the highest
carbon footprint in the world and second, the rate of depletion of its main energy generation resource –
fossil fuel. In this study, we present a review of overall policies in sixty-one countries, focusing on their
efforts to adopt RE resources in the power sector, and on their implementation of fundamental policies
implemented. Furthermore, we investigate the applicability to Abu Dhabi UAE of the main RE policies
implemented worldwide. As a result of our analysis, we recommend the implementation of a mixed
policy of Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) and the Quota system for RE electricity generation in order for the UAE to
meet its 7% target by 2020.
Energy is directly related to the most critical social issues which affect sustainable development. Today there is a great incentive for countries to exploit renewable energies in order to slow down the changes in environment and to guard against future trends. This paper presents a review of the assessed potential of renewable resources and practical limitations to their considerable use in the perspective of present scenarios and future projections of the national energy for Oman. Solar and wind are likely to play an important role in the future energy in Oman provided that clear policies are established by the higher authority for using renewable energy resources. Comparison of different solar energy technologies revealed that Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) technology may constitute a more appropriate choice for large solar power plants implementation in Oman. Moreover, Oman will not be alone in the region in this regard as similar moves are carried out in other Middle Eastern countries. The status of energy conservation and demand-side management are also discussed in the paper.
Despite the conceptual attractiveness of solar energy systems for space-heating applications, the market penetration rate of solar systems remains low. The physical, economic, and institutional barriers to acceptance that cause this disappointing performance are closely related to the present political, social, and economic structure, and so are proving difficult and time-consuming to lower. However, aggregating small solar systems into larger cooperative ventures can avoid many of these barriers altogether. This “product-fit” approach could greatly increase the diffusion rate of solar energy systems into the economy, thereby replacing fossil-fuel uses sooner and to a greater extent than previously expected.
Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years due to both technological improvements resulting in cost reductions and government policies supportive of renewable energy development and utilization. This study analyzes the technical, economic and policy aspects of solar energy developmentand deployment. While the cost of solar energy has declined rapidly in the recent past, it still remains much higher than the cost of conventional energy technologies. Like other renewable energy technologies, solar energy benefits from fiscal and regulatory incentives and mandates, including tax credits and exemptions, feed-in-tariff, preferential interest rates, renewable portfolio standards and voluntary green power programs in many countries. Potential expansion of carbon credit markets also would provide additional incentives to solar energy deployment; however, the scale of incentives provided by the existing carbon market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, is limited. Despite the huge technical potential, development and large-scale, market-driven deployment of solar energy technologies world-wide still has to overcome a number of technical and financial barriers. Unless these barriers are overcome, maintaining and increasing electricity supplies from solar energy will require continuation of potentially costly policy supports.
The future economic development trajectory for India is likely to result in rapid and accelerated growth in energy demand, with attendant shortages and problems. Due to the predominance of fossil fuels in the generation mix, there are large negative environmental externalities caused by electricity generation. The power sector alone has a 40 percent contribution to the total carbon emissions. In this context, it is imperative to develop and promote alternative energy sources that can lead to sustainability of the energy-environment system. There are opportunities for renewable energy technologies under the new climate change regime as they meet the two basic conditions to be eligible for assistance under UNFCCC mechanisms: they contribute to global sustainability through GHG mitigation; and, they conform to national priorities by leading to the development of local capacities and infrastructure. This increases the importance of electricity generation from renewables. Considerable experience and capabilities exist in the country on renewable electricity technologies. But a number of techno-economic, market-related, and institutional barriers impede technology development and penetration. Although at present the contribution of renewable electricity is small, the capabilities promise the flexibility for responding to emerging economic, socio-environmental and sustainable development needs. This paper discusses the renewable and carbon market linkages and assesses mitigation potential of power sector renewable energy technologies under global environmental intervention scenarios for GHG emissions reduction. An overall energy system framework is used for assessing the future role of renewable energy in the power sector under baseline and different mitigation scenarios over a time frame of 35 years, between 2000 to 2035. The methodology uses an integrated bottom-up modelling framework. Looking into past performance trends and likely future developments, analysis results are compared with officially set targets for renewable energy. The paper also assesses the CDM investment potential for power sector renewables. It outlines specific policy interventions for overcoming the barriers and enhancing deployment of renewables for the future.
Oman relies on gas and oil resources fuels for almost all of its energy needs. Almost 99% of its power generation is based on natural gas. However, the country's natural gas supplies are currently largely committed, and it may become a net importer soon. Therefore, there is a need to look for alternative energy resources. This paper presents a review of the assessed potential of renewable resources and practical limitations to their considerable use in the perspective of present scenarios and future projections of the national energy for Oman. Solar and wind are likely to play an important role in the future energy in Oman provided that clear policies are established by the higher authority for using renewable energy resources. Rural Areas Electric Company has initiated solar and wind pilot projects in its concession area to confirm the performance and efficiency of renewable technologies in local conditions.
This paper applies an evolutionary economics framework to analyse the factors leading to lock-out of renewable energy technologies (RETs). The cases of wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) in Spain are empirically analysed. The paper shows that a wide array of interrrelated factors (technoeconomic characteristics of technology components, system-level infrastructure and institutional factors) can create both barriers to the wide diffusion of RETs and can also be drivers that foster an escape from a lock-in situation. Based on this analysis, the paper suggests several policy measures which may help to overcome the lock-out of promising renewable energy technologies.
The increasing energy challenges faced, in particular, by isolated communities, such as insular communities, call for an integrated, flexible and easy-to-apply methodology aiming at providing a list of renewable energy sources) (RES) projects capable to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions, satisfy future energy forecasts and reach the objectives of international/national energy directives and obligations, as, for example, the ones set by the Kyoto Protocol by 2010. The EU project EMERGENCE 2010 developed such a methodology that is implemented here in the case study of wind parks in the Dodecanese islands in Greece. The results obtained consist of a final list of financially viable RES wind projects, for which various barriers have been previously identified and assessed. The additional advantages of the proposed methodology is that besides providing as an end result a comprehensive list of RES projects adopted to specific criteria and regional priorities, it also allows space for involving – from early stages – the local community and stakeholders in the decision-making process (participatory planning); in this way, the EMERGENCE 2010 methodology may assist towards the RES promotion and public acceptance, the profitability of RES investments and the regional sustainable development.
A better understanding of the systemic processes by which innovation occurs is useful, both conceptually and to inform policy-making in support of innovation in more sustainable technologies. This paper analyses current innovation systems in the UK for a range of new and renewable energy technologies, and generates policy recommendations for improving the effectiveness of these innovation systems. Although incentives are in place in the UK to encourage innovation in these technologies, system failures—or ‘gaps’—are identified in moving technologies along the innovation chain, preventing their successful commercialisation. Sustained investment will be needed for these technologies to achieve their potential. It is argued that a stable and consistent policy framework is required to help create the conditions for this. In particular, such a framework should be aimed at improving risk/reward ratios for demonstration and pre-commercial stage technologies. This would enhance positive expectations, stimulate learning effects leading to cost reductions, and increase the likelihood of successful commercialisation.
Decentralized wind, hydropower, biogas and biomass, geothermal, solar thermal and solar electricity energy systems are the most commonly found renewable energy technologies promoted for rural energy supply within sustainable developments programs. They are, therefore, seen to have a central place in the practice of sustainable development and in allowing less development countries to bypass the environmentally damaging fossil fuel intensive paths made by industrialized countries. On the political front, many less development countries are critical of pressure on them to adopt environmental energy technologies.Turkey is situated the meeting point of three continents (Asia, Europe and Africa) and stands as a bridge between Asia and Europe. The country is located in southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. As Turkey’s economy has expanded in recent years, the consumption of primary energy has increased. Presently in order to increase the energy production from domestic energy resources, decrease the use of fossil fuels as well as reduce of green house gas emissions different renewable energy sources are used for energy production in Turkey. The share of energy production from renewable energy sources has increased during the last 10 years. Turkey must import most of the energy to meet her needs. Turkey also has a large potential for renewable energies. The lack of knowledge about renewable energy technologies by most policy-makers, potential consumers, and energy firm managers has played against renewable energy developments. The paper presents renewable energy used in Turkey and Europe Union and evaluation of the market conditions and barriers of renewable energy use in Turkey.
Five potential markets in Russia offer commercial opportunities for renewable energy that are nearly cost-competitive with conventional forms of energy—grid-connected electricity from wind power, electricity for villages and small settlements from hybrid wind-diesel and biomass, district heating for buildings from biomass, hot water for buildings from solar thermal, and electricity and heat from geothermal. Over the last several decades the Soviet Union conducted research and development on several forms of renewable energy. Technological infrastructure, scientific and technical knowledge, engineering and technical skills, and factories and equipment are all well developed assets. But the translation of these assets into commercial renewable energy technologies and markets is a problem because associated market-oriented skills and institutions are still lacking. Many barriers also exist, including lack of information and demonstration experience, lack of long-term commercial financing, a perceived climate of high investment risk, technology acceptance, some direct and indirect energy price subsidies (most energy prices have risen to “market” levels), utility monopolies and the absence of operational regulatory frameworks for independent power producers, and historical enterprise specialization. Market intermediation is very important for renewable-energy investments and technology transfer, providing the knowledge, information, skills, services, financing, and analysis that is necessary to overcome barriers. Joint ventures with foreign multinational corporations represent another important means for overcoming barriers, one that takes advantage of Russian technological capabilities. Four case studies illustrate the most prominent examples of renewable energy technology transfer with Russia, Ukraine, and the Baltic States during the period 1992–1996.
While fossil fuels will be the main fuels for thermal power, there is fear that they will get exhausted eventually in this century. Therefore other systems based on non-conventional and renewable sources are being tried by many countries. These are solar, wind, sea, geothermal and biomass. After making a detailed preliminary analysis of biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy, tidal energy and wind energy, I focused mainly on Wind power for 7th semester. In wind power, I have studied mechanical design of various types of wind turbines, their merits, demerits and applications, isolated and grid-connected wind energy systems with special attention to power quality. In the end I wrote, compiled and successfully executed a MATLAB program to assess the impact of a wind farm on the power system.
Solar radiation represents the earth’s most abundant energy source. This energy resource has a number of characteristics that make it a very desirable option for utilization. The perennial source of solar energy provides unlimited supply, has no negative impact on the environment, is distributed everywhere, and is available freely. In India, the annual solar radiation is about 5 kWh/m2 per day; with about 2300-3200 sunshine hours per year.
Solar energy can be exploited for meeting the ever-increasing requirement of energy in our country. Its suitability for decentralized applications and its environment-friendly nature make it an attractive option to supplement the energy supply from other sources. In 8th Semester, I have made an attempt to study the ways through which solar energy can be harnessed and stored. I have also written MATLAB program to evaluate performance of fuel cell.
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