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The Benefit of Power Posing Before a High-Stakes Social Evaluation
... Leadership development is a critical component of successful undergraduate education (Northouse, 2016). Furthermore, leadership and being an effective leader through a management lens includes aspects related to the construct of power or someone acting with power through control (Cuddy, Wilmuth, & Carney, 2012). According to Anderson and Berdahl (2002), power reduces stress and anxiety within the leader, which in turn creates a more confident, (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003) while also increasing cognitive function (Smith, Jostmann, Galinsky, & van Dijk, 2008). ...
... Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988;Massimini & Carli, 1988 stress and anxiety. Additionally, acquisition of power causes an individual to feel more positive, in control, and optimistic toward the future (Cuddy et al., 2012). The approach/inhibition theory of power plays an important role in the context of leadership (Anderson & Berdahl, 2002). ...
... This study aims to add to current flow research in an undergraduate agriculture and natural resources setting (Everett & Raven, 2015, 2016 while introducing the concept of power pose (Carney et al., 2010;Cuddy et al., 2012, Cuddy et al., 2018 and potential relational aspects of flow and Flow Theory (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975). Results indicate there was a relationship between flow channels and power pose. ...
Colleges of agriculture throughout the United States place an emphasis on leadership courses where undergraduates develop professional skills. Students entering colleges of agriculture experience varied training in terms of leadership and associated skills. However, it is not understood how this leadership training relates to having more power and control while being happy, intrinsically motivated, and engaged in learning. Socio-Psychological measures of flow and power pose during an undergraduate leadership course were used to determine associations of undergraduates within different domains of learning. This study determined associations between: 1) flow and power pose during leadership course activities; 2) happiness, intrinsic motivation, and engagement in learning; and 3) learning experiences where flow and power pose associations
... This article is therefore a systematic review which includes the previous empirical research (e. g. Cara et al., 2011;Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012;Todorov et al., 2005) and also works with expert opinions (Leann, 2011; Hodgson, 2010;Robbins & Decenzo, 2001) with the aim of identifying and analyzing them. The criteria for including selected studies is their origin after 1950 and selected keywords. ...
... Za rys intrapsychologické podstaty pak lze považovat také řeč těla (nonverbální komunikace). Tou samozřejmě ovlivňujeme i vnímání naší osoby ostatními, nicméně bylo zjištěno, že řečí těla dokážeme ovlivnit i naše emoční rozpoložení (Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012) 5 . Jedinec by v tomto smyslu měl užívat takové gesta a postavení těla, která jsou spojovaná se zaujímáním co největšího prostoru (tzv. ...
... Pravděpodobně nejfrekventovaněji bádaným rysem charismatu je jeho vztah k řeči těla (nonverbální komunikace). Jeho pozitivní charakter byl potvrzen na řadě studií (Carney, Hall & LeBeau, 2005;Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012), přičemž se v tomto smyslu doporučuje užívání takových gest, při nichž se jedinec roztahuje do prostoru (high -power poses) 7 . Vzbuzují v ostatních členech skupiny u jedince pocit dominance, vysokého sebevědomí, či uvolněnosti. ...
Tento článek si klade za úkol shrnutí dosavadních faktů o charismatu způsobem, při němž
bude možno identifikovat jednotlivé aspekty, které jej tvoří. Je známo, že se charisma nevztahuje pouze na jeden osobnostní rys, či rys obličeje, nýbrž že jej tvoří celá řada aspektů. Tyto
aspekty pak budou rozděleny do několika skupin podle společných charakteristických rysů.
Podstatou tohoto rozdělení je jednak zpřehlednění celého konceptu, a jednak také identifikace nástrojů či metod ve vztahu k rozvoji daného aspektu charismatu.
Jedná se o přehledovou studii, jež kromě dosavadních empirických výzkumů pracuje také
s názory odborníků s cílem jejich identifikace a analýzy. Kritériem pro zahrnutí konkrétních
studií je jejich původ po roce 1950 (do 2017) a vybraná klíčová slova.
Provedenou rešerší tedy bude dosaženo shrnutí velkého množství aspektů, které popisovaný fenomén ovlivňují, přičemž na celé řadě z nich lze pomocí jistých vzorců chování,
či psychoterapeutických metod pracovat. Ty jsou spolu s jednotlivými aspekty uvedeny na
konci článku v pasáži shrnutí. V praxi je pak výstup článku aplikovatelný například pro
profese ředitelů, učitelů, trenérů a koneckonců i pro kteréhokoliv člověka, jež se zajímá
o psychosociální rozvoj.
... A Feelings of Power questionnaire [23] was administered before and after walking. It assessed how dominant, in control, and powerful participants felt on a 1 (not at all) to 5 ...
... A Feelings of Power questionnaire [23] was administered before and after walking. It assessed how dominant, in control, and powerful participants felt on a 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) scale with Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. ...
It is now common to see pedestrians looking at their mobile phones while they are walking. Looking at a mobile phone can cause stooped posture, slower gait, and lack of attention to surroundings. Because these walking characteristics have been associated with negative affect, walking while looking at a mobile phone may have negative effects on mood. This study aimed to investigate whether walking while looking at a mobile phone had psychological effects. One hundred and twenty-five adults were randomised to walk in a park either with or without reading text on a mobile phone. Participants wore a fitness tracker to record pace and heart rate, and posture was calculated from video. Self-reported mood, affect, feelings of power, comfort, and connectedness with nature were assessed. The phone group walked significantly slower, with a more stooped posture, slower heart rate, and felt less comfortable than the phone-free group. The phone group experienced significant decreases in positive mood, affect, power, and connectedness with nature, as well as increases in negative mood, whereas the phone-free group experienced the opposite. There was no significant mediation effect of posture on mood; however, feeling connected with nature significantly mediated the effects of phone walking on mood. In conclusion, individuals experience better wellbeing when they pay attention to the environment rather than their phone while walking. More research is needed to investigate the effects of performing other activities on a mobile phone on mood while walking and in other settings.
... Levels of testosterone rise, increasing dominant behavior, and levels of cortisol reduce, causing less stress (Carney et al., 2010). Cuddy, Carney, and Wilmuth (2012) conducted an experiment where, in preparation for a job interview, 61 individuals had to maintain a high or low power pose for five minutes. The high power pose is described as standing with the legs apart, holding the hands on the hips (akimbo). ...
... In this way, power posing serves two purposes. However, the influence of power posing on posture during teaching is not in line with the findings of Cuddy et al. (2012), who report that power posing makes high power posers perform better, but doesn't change their posture during a social evaluation (e.g. job interview). ...
... Furthermore, as students realize their accomplishments, their own self-efficacy increases, and they are more willing to undertake more complex tasks and explore more complex ideas. Considering that self-efficacy might be important in influencing education and career decisions for men and women, it is critical that informal STEM programs designed to increase middle-school girls' STEM interests, incorporate these sources of self-efficacy [21][22][23][24]. Improved self-efficacy and engineering interests has been linked with improvements in career identity formation, which is how students see themselves as the type of people that can do engineering, as well as feel that engineering is for them [25]. ...
... In order to maintain positive physiological states, the girls were engaged in confidence/power poses, reflection and I-Can statement sessions. During power pose sessions, girls practiced how to stand, sit, and present themselves in postures that enhanced and projected confidence [23]. Reflection sessions allowed girls to reflect on and write what they had learned from previous STEAM ACTIVATED! ...
... In a study by Cuddy et al. (2012), participants who used power poses before a high-pressure job interview reported feeling more confident and performing better than those who did not use power poses. Similarly, in a study by Kajimura and Nomura (2016), participants who used power poses before a public speaking task reported feeling less anxious and more confident than those who did not. ...
Abstract
Auditioning can be a daunting experience for actors, but understanding the psychology behind it can help manage anxiety and boost confidence. This article explores the topic by reviewing scholarly sources and industry expertise. The fight or flight response is a common reaction during auditions, hindering an actor's performance. Techniques such as breathing exercises,mindfulness, physical warm-ups, power poses, reframing negative thoughts, and embracing vulnerability can help actors manage their anxiety. Practising with a coach or in front of friends can also help actors prepare and feel more confident. Researching the production and castingdirector is essential to help tailor performances to specific roles. Debriefing and learning from auditions are also crucial. Reflection can help actors identify areas for improvement and celebrate their strengths. Actors must remember that no actor is more prominent than an audition, and each audition is an opportunity for growth. Preparation, practice, and a growth mindset are crucial to success in auditions. Actors should prioritize understanding the psychology of auditioning and develop techniques to manage anxiety and build confidence. Actors should also approach auditions with humility and professionalism, recognizing that each audition is an opportunity for growth and development.
... [93][94][95][96][97] During a microbreak, a surgeon could adopt a power pose which increases testosterone and reduces cortisol, improving our sense of wellbeing. 98,99 Postural control is vital to enhance movement accuracy and is essential in surgery. 100 Stabilizing postural sway/control by light touch, such as leaning against the table or leaning the endoscope against the superior aspect of the nasal vestibule, will maintain the center of gravity within the surgeon's base of support, whilst improving movement accuracy. ...
Surgeons have a high rate of work-related musculoskeletal injuries; an area that has received little attention. These injuries result in surgeons performing less efficiently, needing to take time off work, suffering higher rates of burnout, and may ultimately lead surgeons to retire earlier than planned. Otorhinolaryngologists are at particular risk for work-related musculoskeletal injuries. Beyond the clinician, sustaining such injuries can negatively impact patient safety. Ergonomic interventions have been used effectively to reduce work-related musculoskeletal injuries in other professions, yet not in surgery. With traditional teachings of ideal body postures to avoid injury and manual handling training being re-evaluated, it is important to explore evidence based interventions for reducing work-related musculoskeletal injuries in otorhinolaryngologists. New research encourages us to shift the focus away from the traditional one-size-fits-all approach to ergonomics and toward postural recommendations and education that promote a dynamic, individualized approach to avoiding sustained, static and awkward postures.
... Embodied Affectivity states that part of the emotional perception is created as an internal process between the concepts of bodily resonance and body feedback. Research indicates that certain bodily resonance will impact the emotions perceived by the subject (Cuddy et al, 2012). Riskind (1984) found that participants who sat in a slumped position would remember more negative life events than participants who sat upright. ...
Several movement-based and embodied design methods have been developed to supplement existing game design methods. Facilitating movement-based design methods is a practice that most game designers must master. Facilitation involves taking on several responsibilities and roles to ensure processes and activities follow the design project's principal values. For instance, the facilitator must possess design expertise and social awareness, be a direction setter and trust builder, facilitate stage engagement and mood, energise for commitment, and maintain a playful attitude. The many responsibilities and significant involvement will inevitably affect the facilitator, who enters an affective state facilitating the design activities. Through a phenomenological comparative analysis, this study explores how novice versus experienced facilitators perceive the emotion of confidence and its implications on the facilitation process. This analysis is based on a single case study of a two-day movement-based sports innovation camp for 80 K-12 high school students. Empirical data were generated using a combination of observations and interviews with seven of the involved facilitators: three experienced facilitators and four novice facilitators. Our research indicates that facilitation can be categorised into three stages focused on (1) Structure, (2) Process, and (3) Content. Reaching the Content stages requires a high bodily involvement closely linked to the facilitator’s confidence level, which we partially interpret as determined by the courage to use one’s body as a facilitation resource. Thus, the facilitation Process depends not only on the facilitator's level of expertise but also on confidence level and courage. Consequently, we recommend thorough preparation for each facilitation stage to support the facilitator's confidence. Structure: Outline a detailed playbook, organise the physical space and prepare necessary materials. Process: Prepare strategies for providing guidance and feedback. Content: Implement Movement-Modifiers and participate in warm-up activities.
... Posture also sends a message: various studies have shown that open postures convey high power and closed postures low power (Darwin, 1872;Hall et al., 2005;Carney et al., 2010). Other research suggest that postures not only send messages to viewers but also reinforce feelings of either dominance or submission in those who apply them, which can also make public speakers feel more or less self-confident (Cuddy et al., 2012). People who adopt high power poses feel more powerful, positive, in control, optimistic about the future, and focused on their ambitions (e.g., Anderson and Galinsky, 2006;Burgmer and Englich, 2012). ...
Practicing public speaking to simulated audiences created in virtual reality environments is reported to be effective for reducing public speaking anxiety. However, little is known about whether this effect can be enhanced by encouraging the use of gestures during VR-assisted public speaking training. In the present study two groups of secondary schools underwent a three-session public speaking training program in which they delivered short speeches to VR-simulated audiences. One group was encouraged to "embody" their speeches through gesture while the other was given no instructions regarding the use of gesture. Before and after the training sessions participants underwent respectively a pre-and a post-training session, which consisted of delivering a similar short speech to a small live audience. At pre-and post-training sessions, participants' levels of anxiety were self-assessed, their speech performances were rated for persuasiveness and charisma by independent raters, and their verbal output was analyzed for prosodic features and gesture rate. Results showed that both groups significantly reduced their self-assessed anxiety between the pre-and post-training sessions. Persuasiveness and charisma ratings increased for both groups, but to a significantly greater extent in the gesture-using group. However, the prosodic and gestural features analyzed showed no significant differences across groups or from pre-to post-training speeches. Thus, our results seem to indicate that encouraging the use of gesture in VR-assisted public speaking practice can help students be more charismatic and their delivery more persuasive before presenting in front of a live audience.
... Por último, se considera todo aquello que no tiene que ver con las palabras, el plano no verbal. La kinésica, que comprende las posturas (Cuddy et al., 2012) y gestos tanto faciales como corporales (Ekman, 2009), y la proxémica, que se re ere a las maneras en que ocupan el espacio los sujetos y la distancias entre ellos (Hall, 1966). ...
En este capítulo se abordan algunas estrategias que implementó la Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) para enfrentar la contingencia sanitaria de la pandemia por COVID-19 en lo referente a la docencia virtual de emergencia. A partir de la descripción de una estrategia múltiple de capacitación para la docencia virtual, se presentan los resultados preliminares de un proyecto de innovación docente que combina la alfabetización académica con la alfabetización digital del estudiantado. Se concluye que es necesario profundizar estas estrategias de desarrollo de competencias digitales a la par de las disciplinares, dada su relevancia para el desempeño académico y futura integración laboral del estudiantado.
... Por último, se considera todo aquello que no tiene que ver con las palabras, el plano no verbal. La kinésica, que comprende las posturas(Cuddy et al., 2012) y gestos tanto faciales como corporales(Ekman, 2009), y la proxémica, que se refiere a las maneras en que ocupan el espacio los sujetos y la distancias entre ellos(Hall, 1966).El discurso académico constituye una expresión de la lengua oral formal que se aleja de las características de la conversación (género oral prototípico) y adopta rasgos y convenciones propios de la escritura: se habla de un tema concreto y especializado, se planifica previamente lo que se va a decir, se adopta un tono formal y objetivo, tiene un carácter monológico, aunque considera al destinatario en la planificación del discurso, y se atiene a la corrección normativa. Como complemento, se utilizan los códigos no verbales y paraverbales de c a p í t u l o 8 : a l f a b e t i z a c i ó n d i g i ta l y d e s a r r o l l o d e h a b i l i d a d e s c o m u n i c at i va s ...
... Fourth, we controlled verbal and nonverbal behaviors of entrepreneurs. Specifically, we controlled for speech quality (that is, intelligent, structured, qualified, and straightforward) of entrepreneurs (Cuddy et al., 2012) and positive emotional displays in the form of displayed enthusiasm (Cardon et al., 2017). ...
It is known that people can distinguish authentic from inauthentic emotional displays. It is also known that emotions are generally impactful in crowdfunding pitches. Yet, the potential lynchpin-like role that displays of authentic emotion may play in funding pitches has been overlooked in entrepreneurial resource acquisition research. More importantly, research on authenticity has not uncovered the mechanisms through which display authenticity positively affects observers’ responses. Our work fills this gap by developing a theoretical model that explains the underlying processes of entrepreneurs’ display authenticity and success in crowdfunding. Consistent with the predictions of the emotions as social information model, results from a field study and an experiment reveal the mediating roles of inferential and affective processes. Furthermore, our findings provide evidence for the moderating role of funders’ epistemic motivation on performance. We find that, depending on path, these effects take different directions.
... In so doing, leaders play an important role in flipping negative othering (wherein social categorization processes perpetuate hypervisibility and invisibility; McCluney & Rabelo, 2019) to positive visibility. Doing this well requires being aware of one's own stereotype-based assumptions about workgroup members' competencies (Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012;Eagly & Karau, 2002) and interrupting stereotype-confirming cognitive biases (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990) such as confirmation (Nickerson, 1998), likability (Heilman, 2001;Heilman & Wallen, 2010), and attribution (Hewstone, 1990;Pettigrew, 1979) biases. ...
... Cílem tohoto výzkumu je zjistit, zda setrvání po určitý časový okamžik v podřízené pozici těla či v pozici síly, dojde ke změně aktivace nervového systému. Při tvorbě designu tohoto výzkumu jsme vycházeli především z poznatků, které ve svých publikacích uvádí americká socioložka Amy Cuddy (Cuddy, Fiske & Glick, 2007Carney, Cuddy & Yap, 2010;Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012). Z těchto příspěvků vyplývá, že určitý způsob držení těla předurčuje jedince k tomu, jak bude vnímán okolím, jak bude aktivní, a tudíž také jak bude úspěšný a naopak. ...
This aim of the presented publication is to describe human movement in the context of ongoing cognitive processes, and to highlight some relatively simple options how to influence the motor performance of the individual in the process of physical education, or how to influence the motor learning process.
Human performance has many forms. In general, performance is perceived as something tangible, observable, and measurable. However, it is always necessary to be aware of the fact that human performance reflects a wide variety of human personality aspects that have more or less impact on the performance, and we cannot affect these aspects. Human movement is an apparent and highly individual manifestation of every individual. The fact that we inter-individually differ when performing physical performance is caused partly by our anatomy, somatotype, degree of development of motor skills, training status, acquired experience and skills, but also by the quality of perception, manner of evaluation of perception, method of finding an adequate answer to a given perceptual situation, level of imagination, ability to concentrate, and the like. In addition to internal intervening factors, there are also external factors which can affect the current mental state of the individual, thus change their current possibilities of motor performance.
The first part of our publication contains chapters addressing the summary of knowledge related to the interconnection between neural control of movements and exhibition of external movement. These chapters discuss the basic theoretical background used in the formation of design of the research work described in the second part of the publication. The research work highlights the fact that the most probands responded to the applied external intervention according to its focus, which was applied once, or repeatedly. The intervention measures related to body postures, movement imagination, or external information about the expected follow-up performance of probands.
In conclusion, it should be noted that it is always necessary to be aware of the fact that knowledge cannot be completely generalised, but particular needs of individuals should be taken into account in the pedagogical process, which should be adapted according to these needs.
... & Position: If you are used to lecturing in a classroom by standing, do the same in the virtual environment. Studies show that standing up can boost your sense of selfconfidence and affect how others see you [3]. Set up your computer and audio system to allow you to deliver your course by standing up. ...
... Examples of task-oriented behaviors that are exhibited with the underlying purpose of advancing one's agenda are delegating tasks, instructing others what to do, and proposing ideas. That is, these behaviors are aimed at serving the self (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007), pursuing one's own goals (Bakan, 1966), and striving for power and independence (McAdams, 1988;Cuddy, Wilmuth & Carney, 2012). Examples of agentic task-oriented statements are, "You go first" or, "We try my solution." ...
Purpose - We investigate the role of gender in linking communicative acts that occur in the interactions of self-managed teams to emergent leadership. Specifically, this study presents a framework that differentiates between agentic and communal task-and relations-oriented communication as predictors of emergent leadership, and it hypothesizes that men and women do not differ in what they say but do differ in how they are rewarded (i.e., ascribed informal leadership responsibilities) for their statements.
Design/methodology/approach - Interaction coding was used to capture the meeting communication of 116 members of 41 self-managed teams.
Findings - Men and women exhibited the same amount of agentic and communal task-and relations-oriented communication and were equally likely to emerge as leaders. However, men experienced an emergent leadership advantage when engaging in agentic and communal task-oriented behaviors. Agentic and communal relations-oriented behaviors did not predict emergent leadership.
Research limitations/implications - The findings imply that theories could be more precise in differentiating between objective behaviors (i.e., actor perspective) and perceptions thereof (i.e., observer perspective) to understand why women experience a disadvantage in assuming leadership roles.
Practical implications - Although women displayed the same verbal behaviors as men, they experienced different consequences. Organizations can provide unconscious bias training programs, which help increase employees' self-awareness of a potential positive assessment bias toward men's communication.
Originality/value - This research utilizes an innovative, fine-grained coding approach to gather data that add to previous studies showing that, unlike men, women experience a disadvantage in terms of emergent leadership ascriptions when they deviate from stereotypically expected behavior.
... as such, agentic communication reflects dominance and self-profitability (abele & Wojciszke, 2007). these verbal behaviors are aimed at serving the self (abele & Wojciszke, 2007), pursuing own goals (Bakan, 1966), and striving for power and independence (Cuddy, Wilmuth, & Carney, 2012). examples for agentic behaviors are delegating tasks, instructing others what to do, interrupting others, or running others down (schlamp, gerpott, & voelpel, 2019). ...
... The results showed that participants who had been asked to walk in the happy style recalled happy words three times more than those requested to walk in the depressed style. Cuddy et al. (2012) tested whether body postures enacted before an interaction may also affect how perceivers evaluate and respond to actors. To this aim, participants were asked to adopt high power (open, expansive postures) or low power (contractive postures) poses prior a mock job interview. ...
Humans are used to express their feelings of self-confidence/powerfulness or their distress/sadness through either expansive postures that occupy as much space as possible or closing postures occupying as less space as possible to avoid contact. This conduct suggests that feelings of self-confidence/powerfulness or distress/sadness change our body expressions/postures. It can be interesting to assess whether the reverse is also true, i.e. the way we arrange our body at a given moment would affect our feelings. The present research reports an investigation on such argument. To this aim, 50 subjects (25 females) aged between 23 and 31 years were requested to adopt either an expansive (high-powered) or contracted (low-powered) posture for as long as 3 minutes and then asked to bet money in a dice game. The results show that assuming high-power poses favors risk tolerant behaviors and rises feelings of powerfulness. This is not true in the case of low-power postures, which engender a sense of stress, sustained by a significant increase of skin conductance levels. Considerations are made on how to exploit these results for psychotherapy and rehabilitation purposes, as well as, for the implementation of artificial intelligent systems operating as tools for well-being and coaching.
... We postulate that one reason for this low frequency production of visual cues is due to the stakes level of social evaluation created by our experiment. A situation involving high-stakes social evaluation occurs when an individual (or group) has significant power to impact another's future (Gifford et al., 1985;Cuddy et al., 2012) such as in a job interview. Here, a speaker's speech content and their confidence level in this content, through vocal and visual cues, can greatly impact the outcome of their social interaction. ...
Evidence suggests that observers can accurately perceive a speaker's static confidence level, related to their personality and social status, by only assessing their visual cues. However, less is known about the visual cues that speakers produce to signal their transient confidence level in the content of their speech. Moreover, it is unclear what visual cues observers use to accurately perceive a speaker's confidence level. Observers are hypothesized to use visual cues in their social evaluations based on the cue's level of perceptual salience and/or their beliefs about the cues that speakers with a given mental state produce. We elicited high and low levels of confidence in the speech content by having a group of speakers answer general knowledge questions ranging in difficulty while their face and upper body were video recorded. A group of observers watched muted videos of these recordings to rate the speaker's confidence and report the face/body area(s) they used to assess the speaker's confidence. Observers accurately perceived a speaker's confidence level relative to the speakers' subjective confidence, and broadly differentiated speakers as having low compared to high confidence by using speakers' eyes, facial expressions, and head movements. Our results argue that observers use a speaker's facial region to implicitly decode a speaker's transient confidence level in a situation of low-stakes social evaluation, although the use of these cues differs across speakers. The effect of situational factors on speakers' visual cue production and observers' utilization of these visual cues are discussed, with implications for improving how observers in real world contexts assess a speaker's confidence in their speech content.
... When individuals or animals are aggressive or want to seem more powerful, they display expansive open body postures to gainor show their confidence. The connection between body posture and confidence has been demonstrated by researchers, who confirmed that specific behaviours are related to dominance and power(Carney, Hall, & LeBeau, 2005;Hall, LeBeau, & Coats, 2005).The body posture affects our feelings as shown by a number of studies showing that change in our physical postures and gestures can cause changes in our thoughts, moods, and feelings(Arnette & Pettijohn, 2012;Brinol, Petty, & Wagner, 2009; Carneym Cuddy, & yap, 2010;Cesario & McDonald, 2013;Cuddy, Wilmuth, & Carney, 2012; Rossberg-Schnall & Laird, 2003;Stepper & Strack, 1993). The Emotional processes of ours are under influence of our body movements, so people usually explicit their feelings and moods by means of their facial visage and bodily postures as well as vocal expressions and gestures(Flack, Laird, cavallaro, & Miller, 1989). ...
Some people of an anxious disposition have the tendency to enter a closed body posture while communicating with others, which is often seen as a physical response to their mental distress caused by the performance of this action. This closed posture, as it continues, has been show to further affects the anxiety felt by the speaker, feeding into their worries and forming a cycle of anxiety and difficulty in communication. Given that body posture is a factor in this cycle, if the posture is altered to a more positive form it is expected that the speaker will be less affected by anxiety potential reduction in may lead to improvements in the ability to communicate. The aim of this study is to examine whether the language and general anxiety scores of ELT third-year students changed depending on their body posture and accordingly whether adopting high-vs. low-power poses can improve an individual's English speaking performance. In this study, the students' bodies were altered into 'open' postures, and the effect of this posture on the students' general anxiety and language anxiety levels was examined through the General Anxiety Scale and the Foreign Language Anxiety Scale, as well as through semi-structured interviews conducted with the participants, thus mixed methods research was used for this study. The study concluded that changing the body posture to an open style had a positive effect both on foreign language anxiety and on general anxiety. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the interview protocols revealed consistency between the perception of the students about their speaking performance and their anxiety levels.
... Research in the field of social psychology provides concrete evidence for the connection between mind and body. Cuddy, Wilmuth, and Carney (2012) found that the adoption of expansive poses before giving a presentation appeared to have a positive influence on how subjects were perceived by others. They also found that posture influences the speaker's hormone levels, particularly those hormones associated with feelings of power, confidence, and well-being. ...
This paper provides a practical deconstruction of the act of public speaking into some of its most salient linguistic and behavioral aspects. Seven specific features are addressed, namely, pause, stress, pace, enunciation, stance, engagement, and authority. The paper also provides a number of concrete pedagogical implementations of these features. The ultimate goal is to provide teachers with a set of tangible resources with which to improve the instruction of presentation skills. Public speaking is a skill, a learned ability that develops over time through practice and experience. Public speaking is also a skill that is rarely addressed and hardly ever mastered. The outcome is that most people are simply unable to speak in public and consequently perceive public speaking as being a very challenging activity. Public speaking in a foreign language is understandably harder and, for simplicity, it can be said that the degree of additional difficulty is inversely proportional to the degree of fluency attained. Capable orators have the option to continue applying their knowledge of public speaking regardless of the language they use and they will do so more or less successfully. Yet, those that have not learned to speak in public in their first languages find that the intrinsic difficulties of partial fluency in a foreign language only serves to make a challenging activity even more complex, demanding, and daunting. It is also important to remark that, within the context of language learning, the absence of public s peaking skills has deleterious effects on the learning process itself. Clearly, it is possible to learn a language without the ability to speak in public. Outside of naturalistic settings, however, language instruction generally takes place in one-to-many learning environments (classrooms) where there is a very real need for open, public practice. Students that shy away from speaking up in class are students that deprive themselves of precious practice time. Furthermore, and directly arising from this absence of skill, feelings of anxiety about speaking in public are commonplace an d, in fact, the very idea of addressing an audience is often a cause for discomfort. In the field of psychology, Beck (2010) explains that insecure speakers tend to mistakenly perceive themselves, rather than the subject of their discourse, as the target of scrutiny. Pollard and Henderson (2008) observe that even individuals who do not experience anxiety in other social situations can experience feelings of anxiety when it comes to having to speak in public. I posit that this negative self-perception is often caused by lack of competence in public speaking, rather than originating elsewhere, and can be mitigated indirectly through adequate training in the skill itself.
... The results showed that participants who had been asked to walk in the happy style recalled happy words three times more than those requested to walk in the depressed style. Cuddy et al. (2012) tested whether body postures enacted before an interaction may also affect how perceivers evaluate and respond to actors. To this aim, participants were asked to adopt high power (open, expansive postures) or low power (contractive postures) poses prior a mock job interview. ...
Humans are used to express their feelings of self-confidence/powerfulness or their distress/sadness through either expansive postures that occupy as much space as possible or closing postures occupying as less space as possible to avoid contact. This conduct suggests that feelings of self-confidence/powerfulness or distress/sadness change our body expressions/postures. It can be interesting to assess whether the reverse is also true, i.e. the way we arrange our body at a given moment would affect our feelings. The present research reports an investigation on such argument. To this aim, 50 subjects (25 females) aged between 23 and 31 years were requested to adopt either an expansive (high-powered) or contracted (low-powered) posture for as long as 3 minutes and then asked to bet money in a dice game. The results show that assuming high-power poses favors risk tolerant behaviors and rises feelings of powerfulness. This is not true in the case of low-power postures, which engender a sense of stress, sustained by a significant increase of skin conductance levels. Considerations are made on how to exploit these results for psychotherapy and rehabilitation purposes, as well as, for the implementation of artificial intelligent systems operating as tools for well-being and coaching.
(15) (PDF) Power Poses Affect Risk Tolerance and Skin Conductance Levels. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329743585_Power_Poses_Affect_Risk_Tolerance_and_Skin_Conductance_Levels [accessed Dec 21 2018].
... The opposite effect -that priming of communal concepts results in higher estimates of ambient temperature -fares better in empirical research ( Szymkow, Chandler, IJzerman, Parzuchowski, & Wojciszke, 2013 ), although this effect is constrained to objectively lower temperature ranges ( IJzerman, Szymkow, & Parzuchowski, 2016 ). High agency is inferred from nonverbal behaviors associated with dominance and power, such as occupying central or elevated positions, physically expanding, and taking up more space, whereas low agency is inferred from contracted and closed postures ( Cuddy, Wilmuth, & Carney, 2012 ). The "power posing effect" (increase in agency after assuming an expansive posture), however, remains a subject of an ongoing controversy, as it is not always replicated ( Carney, Cuddy, & Yap, 2015 ). ...
What are the ultimate motives that instigate individuals' behaviours? What are the aims of social perception? How can an individuals' behaviour be described both from the perspective of the actor and from the perspective of an observer? These are the basic questions that this book addresses using its proposed agency-communion framework. Agency (competence, assertiveness) refers to existence of an organism as an individual, to "getting ahead" and to individual goal-pursuit; communion (warmth, morality) refers to participation of an individual in a larger organism, to "getting along" and to forming bonds. Each chapter is written by experts in the field and use the agency-communion framework to explore a wide variety of topics, such as stereotypes, self-esteem, personality, power, and politics. The reader will profit from the deep insights given by leading researchers. The variety of theoretical approaches and empirical contributions shows that the parsimonious and simple structure of two types of content in behavior, motives, personality, self-concept, stereotypes, and more to build an overarching frame to different phenomena studied in psychology. © 2019 selection and editorial matter, Abele Brehm and Bogdan Wojciszke; individual chapters, the contributors. All rights reserved.
... Over time they develop a strong awareness about the interconnectedness of body posture and the production of testosterone, cortisol and oxytocin in the body. Power Posing (Cuddy et al., 2012) gives immediate feedback of the changes one can achieve in the body within a relatively short time. When leaders (and followers) work with their patterns, focus on their posture, the quality of breathing and regularly return to a centred state even during a busy day, they notice the increase in energy levels and the positive impact that it has on personal wellbeing and the wellbeing of others around them. ...
... The social power to determine career advancement at this point is held by the sports industry manager (Bass et al., 2008;Raven, 1993). The study of presence and body language demonstrates a place for developing practical employability behaviours (Cuddy et al., 2012;Hanna, 2010). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the position of sport management education (SME) in relation to employment in the sport fitness industry and if a shift towards a greater emphasis on business and management module teaching is justified or conversely a greater utilisation of the rich data being generated by sport management researchers can be applied to the vocational development of sport management students.
Design/methodology/approach
The study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 consisted of interviews with the author by an interviewer to explore their industry experiences, the author’s experience of entrepreneurial sport industry business and intrapreneurial sport teaching. The resultant data have been distilled into a series of paradigms, including employing sport industry staff and teaching sport management. Part 2 triangulates part 1 with the managerial experience of sports and leisure centre managers to develop a qualitative study. Sports and leisure centre managers were interviewed regarding candidate and employee competences judged as extreme examples of sport management knowledge and understanding.
Findings
Four themes emerged, such as alignment, underpinning subject-specific knowledge, a voice from the sport industry in developing SME and postgraduate opportunities for work-based learning.
Research limitations/implications
A small-scale study that requires further research in each of the three areas: sport spectator, sport participation and elite performer management.
Practical implications
The sport centre interview instrument, with some refinements, could form the basis of an improved system to gain rich data from industry members of higher education business advisory groups. The developed data collection tool could increase the effective collection of data from a wider cohort.
Originality/value
The approach has produced an adapted category of pedagogy. Employability inspired teaching (EiT) is an original terminology describing the subject-specific content that leads to improved opportunities for subject (sport) industry employment.
... benefits of power posing(Cuddy, Wilmuth, & Carney, 2012), intentional open stances build selfconfidence. Training body awareness to maintain upright posture gains better eye contact and impacts other as well as self in terms of optimal presence and the ability to engage effectively. ...
Expectations and demands in the changing contemporary workplace are driven by emergent technologies. Ubiquitous in nature, they are designed to enhance human and organization potential. These technologies provide access to information and connection at all times. They are increasingly reliant on human relationships and connection. BE-ing one's best self in each interaction amidst distraction and health-related issues challenge presence. Wellness and mindfulness in the contemporary workplace relate to individual health as well as productivity and engagement. The study examines the affordances of wearable technologies (wearables) in correlation to presence of mind in the workplace. Wellness wearables with functions related to potential causes of presenteeism (lost productivity from hindered presence) were used in this study. The findings are applicable for design, human resources and organization development professionals, and scholars. This study provides insight into potential interventions to meet the demands of the contemporary workplace through emerging technologies.
... More recently, Rucker, Galinsky, and Dubois (2012) analyze power as a psychological state, which originates from cognitive, structural and physical factors. Although physical factors, such as the positioning of the body (posing) can influence the possession of power (see Carney, Cuddy, and Yap, 2010;Cuddy, Wilmuth, and Carney, 2012). Sturm and Antonakis (2015) argued that the possession of micro-oriented power in its various forms (psychological, interpersonal, or structural) has the potential to change the individual with power, although they recognize the impacts of power are not completely understood. ...
... In a more recent study about the benefit of power posing before a high-stakes social evaluation (mock job interview), the researchers found that high-power posers (expansive and open postures) performed better and were more likely to be chosen for hire (Cuddy et al. 2012). In another study on the effect of two minutes posing it was found that highpower posers (both male and female) experienced elevations in testosterone, decreases in cortisol, and increased feelings of power and tolerance for risk, while low-power posers (closed and contractive postures) exhibited the opposite pattern (Carney et al. 2010). ...
Depression is a disabling medical illness characterized by persistent and allencompassing feelings of sadness, loss of interest, or pleasure in normally enjoyable
activities, as well as problems in emotion regulation. Medication, sometimes in
combination with verbal psychotherapy or counselling, is the predominant method of
treatment for depression. This article argues that body movement, being fundamental to
the perception and production of emotion, should also be considered in approaches and
methods utilized in the treatment of depression. This chapter introduces motion capture
technology as a method for studying dance movement, and provides a short overview of
related studies. Recent findings about the effect of depression on a person’s movement
expression, as well as possibilities of using dance/movement therapy (D/MT) as a therapy
intervention for depression, are presented. Finally, this chapter gives a voice to one of the
clients with depression who participated in a recent D/MT study carried out by the
authors.
Keywords: dance movement, depression, motion capture, dance/movement therapy, emotion regulation
... In the same vein, some biopsychological studies show that the high-power poses triggered an increase in testosterone and a decrease in cortisol, and that a simple 2 min power-pose manipulation was enough to significantly alter the physiological, mental, and feeling states of the participants (Carney et al., 2010). They performed better and were more likely to be chosen for hire (Cuddy et al., 2012). In other words, we feel powerful because we purposely act powerful. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a critical analysis to address cultural metaphors – a much overlooked aspect of cross-cultural studies. Mainstream cultural metaphors (e.g. the iceberg, the software of the mind, the onion, and the distance) are not only limited in number, but are also overwhelmingly based on the static paradigm – as opposed to the dynamic paradigm that is often sidelined in academic discourse.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper introduces the Diagram of Diversity Pathways – an interdisciplinary framework that sheds some light on how the inherent meaning and heuristic orientation of static cultural metaphors may stand at odds with evidence from the newly emerged field of neurobiology.
Findings
The implications of these metaphors are called into question, namely, culture is all about differences; values are stable; values guide behaviors; and values are seen as binaries.
Research limitations/implications
The paper suggests that theorists and practitioners should pay more attention to the contribution and scholarly work of the dynamic paradigm since there appears to be substantial compatibility between them.
Originality/value
The matching of neurobiology and dynamic paradigm brings into focus alternative metaphors which not only offer insightful perspectives but also may open doors to perceive culture in a new way. Furthermore, cultural metaphors deserve more academic scrutiny because metaphors and theory development can have a symbiotic existence.
La presente ricerca esplora l’integrazione tra analisi comportamentale e HUMINT (Human Intelligence), evidenziando l'importanza delle capacità relazionali, comunicative e dell’osservazione non verbale nel processo di raccolta informativa. Focalizzandosi sul contesto culturale italiano, caratterizzato da comunicazione implicita e relazioni fiduciarie, il lavoro propone strategie efficaci di elicitazione, reclutamento e gestione della fonte. Vengono analizzati modelli psicologici (Maslow, Dilts, AT, Big Five), tecniche comunicative e principi di persuasione (Cialdini), al fine di migliorare l'ingaggio e la lettura delle intenzioni altrui. L’obiettivo è fornire strumenti operativi utili agli operatori del settore pubblico e privato nel campo dell’intelligence umana.
Public speaking adalah sebuah core skill atau kemampuan utama yang dibutuhkan pada era digital. Kemampuan public speaking telah dilatih pada pendidikan formal sejak tingkat dasar dengan mulai dituntutnya siswa melakukan presentasi di depan kelas. Public speaking pada pelaksanaannya memiliki tantangan yang sering dirasakan oleh para pembicara, salah satunya adalah munculnya perasaan grogi. Perasaan grogi adalah perasaan yang muncul ketika seorang pembicara merasa canggung ketika tampil dihadapan publik. Perasaan grogi dapat diatasi dengan cara pembicara menerapkan metode PEGAS yang terdiri dari unsur komunikasi dalam kategori non verbal. Tulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk membuka wawasan dan pengetahuan baru tentang cara mengatasi grogi yang biasa muncul dalam pelaksanaan public speaking dan memperkenalkan Metode PEGAS sebagai salah satu cara dalam mengatasi grogi pada public speaking ke khalayak lebih luas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus terhadap ahli/expert dalam bidang public speaking yakni salah satu founder lembaga pelatihan public speaking yang juga sudah sering menjadi seorang pembicara dan juga MC dalam berbagai macam kegiatan. Informan menyebutkan PEGAS merupakan sebuah unsur yang merumuskan secara sederhana mengenai tingkat kemampuan public speaking seseorang. PEGAS adalah singkatan yang terdiri dari pose, eskpresi, gerakan tangan, atraktif dan suara. Unsur PEGAS ini bisa menjadi ciri untuk mengetahui tingkat grogi narasumber bahkan juga bisa menjadi ciri tingkat percaya diri.
Háttér és célkitűzések
Az utóbbi években a pozitív pszichológiai intervenciók száma nemzetközi viszonylatban növekszik. Magyarországon, a szemlélet népszerűsége ellenére, empirikusan igazolt publikált hatásvizsgálatok nem jellemzőek. Jelen vizsgálat célja egy ikigai elemekkel bővített „legvágyottabb én” típusú intervenció hatásvizsgálata egyetemista mintán.
Módszer
A kutatás egy online megvalósuló randomizált kontrollált vizsgálat volt aktív kontrollcsoporttal, összesen 151 egyetemi hallgató részvételével. A kísérleti csoport ( n = 78) egy 20 perces online írásos aktivitásban vett részt, mely egy „ikigai” (személyes erőforrások mobilizálása) és egy „legvágyottabb én” gyakorlatból (vágyott jövőbeli én elképzelése a személyes, szociális és tanulmányi/szakmai célokkal kapcsolatban) állt. A kontrollfeltétel ( n = 73) hasonló elrendezést tartalmazott, csupán tartalmában tért el a kísérleti helyzettől (napi tevékenységeket részletező gyakorlatok).
Eredmények
Eredményeink alapján a 20 perces intervenció szignifikáns mértékben növelte az optimizmus, az önértékelés és az énhatékonyság szintjét, valamint eredményes volt a szorongás csökkentésében.
Következtetések
A kutatás hazánkban először igazolta empirikusan a legvágyottabb én típusú intervenció kedvező hatását. Egyrészt támogatja a nemzetközi vizsgálatok eredményeit, másrészt hozzájárul a szakirodalomhoz azáltal, hogy kibővíti a legvágyottabb én beavatkozások hatáskörét, mivel az optimizmuson kívül a pszichológiai tőke egyéb elemeit is vizsgálta (önértékelés, énhatékonyság). A kutatás továbbá jelentős gyakorlati relevanciával bír; az ikigai elemekkel bővített legvágyottabb én típusú intervenciók hatékonyan támogathatják a felsőoktatási diáktanácsadók munkáját, illetve segíthetik a középiskolai pályaválasztással kapcsolatos foglalkozásokat.
This study explores the cognitive and corporeal aspects of choreography as a means of expressing the human subconscious. Recent interdisciplinary research, including studies of somatic intelligence and mirror neurons, suggests that dance can influence human cognitive abilities through psychosomatics. Mirror neurons allow for kinesthetic empathy, enabling dance observers to experience movements, emotions, and experiences as their own. The authors argue that dance, which engages multiple aspects of a person, is a crucial tool for educating the younger generation and should be included in compulsory education programs, rather than just as extracurricular activities.
Effective communication means reaching a mutual understanding with your audience defined by empathy, interpersonal resonance, and storytelling. This chapter shares the three pillars of delivering effective communication in presentations and speeches: mind–body connection, celebrating your audience, and practice. As an early career researcher, initiate presenting opportunities wherever you can and aim to present to as varied of audiences as possible, academic, industry, and students alike. Design a prepresentation ritual to regulate your nervous system and sustain mind–body connection. Design an experience for your audience with an engaging frame and narrative for your presentation structure, placing your audience and their interests as the heroes of your storyline. Make sure your audience leaves the experience with something to keep thinking about and with knowledge of how to contact you in the future. Effective communication through presentations and speeches can create further professional and personal opportunities in any line of work. I’m excited to see the opportunities it creates for you!KeywordsPresentingPublic Speaking; Science CommunicationInterpersonal resonanceMind–body connectionFlowAudienceEngagement; Science Dissemination
The aim of this research is to explore mindfulness-in-action in moments of
leadership performance and the degree to which it may enhance leadership
excellence. To this end, this research answers two interrelated research
questions.
Firstly, what are the embodied experiences described by leaders that arise in the
present moment of leadership and which they feel may hinder their ability to lead
successfully? This question is explored through the analysis of a series of
interviews with research participants.
As an extension to my first research question, a group of leaders from various
organisations were then taught mindfulness in an action-oriented way by means
of a bespoke workshop that focused on utilising martial arts-based movements
to teach the concept of mindfulness.
My second research question explores to what extent mindfulness taught in an
experiential, action-oriented way aids leaders in managing their leadership
difficulties. Here the focus shifts to the leadership difficulties my research
participants had previously described (i.e. in Research Question 1), as well as
how, as leaders, they defined leadership before and after mindfulness-in-action
training. The outcome of the research, via the analysis of interviews, was
bolstered further by exploring participants’ trait or dispositional mindfulness
through applying the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale both before and at two
additional time points after the training.
Overall, the analysis and findings of this research show that it is indeed possible
to design and implement a training approach to mindfulness that is both
experientially and action oriented, and which in turn has positive effects on
moments of leadership performance. This research thus adds valuable insight in
understanding leadership, learning and mindfulness, explored through moments
of leadership performance.
Hannes arbeitet seit zwei Jahren als Teamleiter im Bereich Materialwirtschaft, Logistik und Service in einem internationalen Unternehmen in der Maschinenbau-Branche. Zu seinen Aufgaben gehören unter anderem wöchentliche Teammeetings und projektbezogene Meetings, bei denen immer unterschiedliche Kunden sowie internationale Mitarbeitende und Vorgesetzte anwesend sind. Anders als mit den wöchentlichen Teammeetings, in denen er bereits Routine entwickeln konnte und die Teilnehmenden gut kennt, geht es ihm mit den projektbezogenen Meetings. Hier fühlt er sich unsicher und hat Sorge Fehler zu machen oder gar inkompetent zu wirken. Aufgrund dessen fühlt er sich in diesen Präsentationssituationen unruhig, schwitzt stark, verliert den roten Faden, hat Schwierigkeiten den Augenkontakt zu halten und bleibt wie angewurzelt stehen. Vor diesen Situationen hat er wenig Selbstvertrauen und glaubt nicht daran, dass der Vortrag erfolgreich sein wird. Deshalb ist er schon Tage zuvor sehr gestresst und wirkt angespannt und niedergeschlagen. Seine Vorgesetzte Helena beobachtet ihn schon seit einiger Zeit während seiner Präsentationen und nimmt dabei wahr, dass er, im Vergleich zu seinem üblichen Verhalten, sehr nervös und angespannt ist. Deshalb sucht sie das persönliche Gespräch mit Hannes, um die Hintergründe zu erfahren. Als Helena erfährt, wie es Hannes in diesen Präsentationssituationen ergeht, schlägt sie ihm vor, an einem Training zur Anwendung von Techniken der Positiven Psychologie und zur Präsentationskompetenz teilzunehmen. Hannes fühlt sich erleichtert und nimmt diesen Vorschlag dankend an.
In the present article, I discuss about Open Science and how it will possibly change the way we do research in the next future. Firstly, I begin with a discussion about the reproducibility crisis in psychology and its possible origins: the endogenous origins (i.e., those related to HARKing, p-hacking and the use of questionable research practices) and the exogenous origins (i.e., those related to the pressure for publication that is affecting current research). Successively, I list many of the practices that are now endorsed by the Open Science movement and community to improve the current research standards. The list includes a discussion about the open access publication scheme in comparison to the traditional publication scheme, a discussion about open data and data sharing and a discussion about the use of replication studies as a tool to assess the temperature and the harmonic growth of the field. Then, I describe some of the new practices suggested for the scientific production such as the multi-laboratory research and the new statistical standards. I carry on with a discussion about preregistration, registered reports and peer review and I conclude with a brief comment on the response (so far) of the major scientific societies and communities.
In Poland, the value of art as a contributor and equal collaborator for business is still either not fully recognized or undervalued. Thus, the aim of the article is to present a set of effective practices and research, highlighting examples from Poland and focusing on areas of creative collaboration beneficial for entrepreneurs, such as employees’ development and empowerment, artistic residences, and investing in artists seen as brands or simply hiring them as chief innovators and inspirers, not only instructors. Finally, the benefits in the field of human capital and communication are briefly discussed to encourage Polish business practitioners to strengthen and extend the art‑business collaboration for the sake of the sustained socio‑economic development.
Informed Play presents a conceptual understanding of tone production based on extensive historical research on primary sources, modern literature and handbook reviews, physical and psychological perspectives as well as on technology. As the first volume in English to discuss and contextualise the topic of tone production on Early Modern lute instruments from a broad, interdisciplinary approach, it represents a unique and significant contribution to research on Early Music performance, particularly performance on lute instruments. At a lute-centred level, this book challenges many preconceptions about tone production by addressing the motivations behind certain choices made in and embraced by the Early Music community. It is therefore an essential ‘desk reference’ for both researchers and performers. At a meta-level, Informed Play offers a general perspective of how self-expressive acts, physical and social causes and effects can be perceived biologically to better understand historical music performance as a social practice and phenomenon.
To investigate the influence of the sense of psychological power on decision making under risk, we conducted an experiment with 60 participants and found evidence which suggests that a heightened sense of power results in excessive risk-taking. We primed the experimental group with a high-power mindset and the control group with a neutral mindset and asked participants to answer a series of hypothetical questions on expected value. The results of a chi-square test sug- gest that participants who were primed with a heightened sense of power focus on high but unlikely rewards. When the potential reward was greater than the loss, power-primed people were swayed towards the rewards despite the unfavorable probabilities. We propose that there is a link between a heightened sense of power and suboptimal economic decision making, and model this in the Prospect Theory framework.
This article offers tangible tips and guides for coaching actors with stage fright. The article begins by defining stage fright and gives a call to address this concern in a deeper way within actor training, with a focus on accessible exercises and techniques for beginning students and teachers new to coaching actors with anxiety. Through a contemporary literature for coaches, the article highlights important resources for coaches and outlines clear steps for coaches and teachers relevant to actor training.
Das dritte Modul des Führungsmodells „Trust-based Leadership“ geht der Frage nach, wie Sie Ihre Rolle als Führungskraft interpretieren. Sie können nur dann als Führungskraft erfolgreich sein, wenn Sie bereit sind, diese Rolle mit Überzeugung auszufüllen, vorbehaltlos Verantwortung zu übernehmen und eine positive Einstellung vorzuleben. Erst wenn Sie als Vorbild für Ihre Mitarbeiter taugen, sind diese bereit, für Sie außergewöhnliche Leistungen zu erbringen und dabei Risiken einzugehen.
Coaches often seek ways to support their coachees in making behavioural shifts as they work towards desired outcomes. Some approaches to coaching focus on the use of feedback and personality assessments to increase self-awareness, but are limited in supporting change. Other approaches emphasise somatic elements, for example, in the embodiment of habits and the connection to self-regulation, but do not connect to an integrated model of personality. This paper gives evidence for a practical framework for embodied coaching that combines the best of both, integrating mind and body and connecting self-awareness of personality to self-regulation towards desired outcomes. We demonstrate the validity of this framework through: (1) psychometric validation of an assessment connecting four movement patterns to four factors of personality and (2) a study showing how movement in each pattern gives rise to four distinct psychological states. We explore applications of this model to support behavioural shifts and create successful coaching outcomes.
Investigated the role of nonverbal behavior in the employment interview inference process, using a modified Brunswik lens model. Job interviews for an actual research assistant position were conducted and videotaped with 34 candidates (aged 18–67 yrs). Job applicants' self-appraised motivation to work and social skill were assessed, and their nonverbal behaviors during the interview were scored. 18 judges with training and experience in employment interviewing watched the videotaped interviews and rated the Ss on their motivation, social skill, and hirability. Social skill was more accurately inferred by the judges as a group than was motivation to work. Ss' social skill was apparently transmitted to the judges via 3 nonverbal cues: rate of gesturing, time spent talking, and formality of dress. In contrast, there was a lack of correspondence between cues correlated with Ss' self-appraised motivation to work and those used by judges in making their attributions. Implications for employment interview training are discussed. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Eight interviewers' perceptions of 517 applicants (mean age 16.7 yrs) for seasonal employment at a large amusement park were studied by obtaining their ratings of personal style variables, body movements, speech characteristics, and a final judgment on overall qualifications. Analysis of nonverbal clues showed the relative importance of speech characteristics (articulation, proper pauses) and unimportance of personal appearance variables (cleanliness, clothing) when these variables were simultaneously considered. MANOVA and MANCOVA showed a relationship between the race and sex of the applicant, sex of the interviewer, and nonverbal cues. A unique variance for these demographic variables was demonstrated even after education background data and nonverbal cues were controlled. It is concluded that communication skills are primary influences on judgment of qualifications when considered simultaneously with other nonverbal cues and that demographic differences are systematically related to these nonverbal cues and judgments of qualifications. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
As leaders ascend to more powerful positions in their groups, they face ever-increasing demands. As a result, there is a common perception that leaders have higher stress levels than nonleaders. However, if leaders also experience a heightened sense of control-a psychological factor known to have powerful stress-buffering effects-leadership should be associated with reduced stress levels. Using unique samples of real leaders, including military officers and government officials, we found that, compared with nonleaders, leaders had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol and lower reports of anxiety (study 1). In study 2, leaders holding more powerful positions exhibited lower cortisol levels and less anxiety than leaders holding less powerful positions, a relationship explained significantly by their greater sense of control. Altogether, these findings reveal a clear relationship between leadership and stress, with leadership level being inversely related to stress.
Past research suggests that individuals high in basal testosterone are motivated to gain high status. The present research extends previous work by examining endocrinological and behavioral consequences of high and low status as a function of basal testosterone. The outcome of a competition--victory versus defeat--was used as a marker of status. In Study 1, high testosterone men who lost in a dog agility competition rose in cortisol, whereas high testosterone men who won dropped in cortisol. Low testosterone men's cortisol changes did not depend on whether they had won or lost. Study 2 replicated this pattern of cortisol changes in women who participated in an experimental laboratory competition, and Study 2 extended the cortisol findings to behavior. Specifically, high testosterone winners chose to repeat the competitive task, whereas high testosterone losers chose to avoid it. In contrast, low testosterone winners and losers did not differ in their task preferences. These results provide novel evidence in humans that basal testosterone predicts cortisol reactivity and behavior following changes in social status. Implications for the social endocrinology of dominance are discussed.
Humans and other animals express power through open, expansive postures, and they express powerlessness through closed, contractive postures. But can these postures actually cause power? The results of this study confirmed our prediction that posing in high-power nonverbal displays (as opposed to low-power nonverbal displays) would cause neuroendocrine and behavioral changes for both male and female participants: High-power posers experienced elevations in testosterone, decreases in cortisol, and increased feelings of power and tolerance for risk; low-power posers exhibited the opposite pattern. In short, posing in displays of power caused advantaged and adaptive psychological, physiological, and behavioral changes, and these findings suggest that embodiment extends beyond mere thinking and feeling, to physiology and subsequent behavioral choices. That a person can, by assuming two simple 1-min poses, embody power and instantly become more powerful has real-world, actionable implications.
Although power is often conceptualized as the capacity to influence others, the current research explores whether power psychologically protects people from influence. In contrast to classic social psychological research demonstrating the strength of the situation in directing attitudes, expressions, and intentions, 5 experiments (using experiential primes, semantic primes, and role manipulations of power) demonstrate that the powerful (a) generate creative ideas that are less influenced by salient examples, (b) express attitudes that conform less to the expressed opinions of others, (c) are more influenced by their own social value orientation relative to the reputation of a negotiating opponent, and (d) perceive greater choice in making counterattitudinal statements. This last experiment illustrates that power is not always psychologically liberating; it can create internal conflict, arousing dissonance, and thereby lead to attitude change. Across the experiments, high-power participants were immune to the typical press of situations, with intrapsychic processes having greater sway than situational or interpersonal ones on their creative and attitudinal expressions.
This paper describes a protocol for induction of moderate psychological stress in a laboratory setting and evaluates its effects on physiological responses. The 'Trier Social Stress Test' (TSST) mainly consists of an anticipation period (10 min) and a test period (10 min) in which the subjects have to deliver a free speech and perform mental arithmetic in front of an audience. In six independent studies this protocol has been found to induce considerable changes in the concentration of ACTH, cortisol (serum and saliva), GH, prolactin as well as significant increases in heart rate. As for salivary cortisol levels, the TSST reliably led to 2- to 4-fold elevations above baseline with similar peak cortisol concentrations. Studies are summarized in which TSST-induced cortisol increases elucidated some of the multiple variables contributing to the interindividual variation in adrenocortical stress responses. The results suggest that gender, genetics and nicotine consumption can influence the individual's stress responsiveness to psychological stress while personality traits showed no correlation with cortisol responses to TSST stimulation. From these data we conclude that the TSST can serve as a tool for psychobiological research.
This article examines how power influences behavior. Elevated power is associated with increased rewards and freedom and thereby activates approach-related tendencies. Reduced power is associated with increased threat, punishment, and social constraint and thereby activates inhibition-related tendencies. The authors derive predictions from recent theorizing about approach and inhibition and review relevant evidence. Specifically, power is associated with (a) positive affect, (b) attention to rewards, (c) automatic information processing, and (d) disinhibited behavior. In contrast, reduced power is associated with (a) negative affect; (b) attention to threat, punishment, others' interests, and those features of the self that are relevant to others' goals; (c) controlled information processing; and (d) inhibited social behavior. The potential moderators and consequences of these power-related behavioral patterns are discussed.
The vertical dimension of interpersonal relations (relating to dominance, power, and status) was examined in association with nonverbal behaviors that included facial behavior, gaze, interpersonal distance, body movement, touch, vocal behaviors, posed encoding skill, and others. Results were separately summarized for people's beliefs (perceptions) about the relation of verticality to nonverbal behavior and for actual relations between verticality and nonverbal behavior. Beliefs/perceptions were stronger and much more prevalent than were actual verticality effects. Perceived and actual relations were positively correlated across behaviors. Heterogeneity was great, suggesting that verticality is not a psychologically uniform construct in regard to nonverbal behavior. Finally, comparison of the verticality effects to those that have been documented for gender in relation to nonverbal behavior revealed only a limited degree of parallelism.
Powerful individuals more easily acquire desired outcomes compared to powerless individuals. The authors argue that these differences can partly be attributed to self-regulation. The effects of power on the ability to act in a goal-consistent manner were analyzed across different phases of goal pursuit. Study 1 examined goal setting, Study 2 focused on the initiation of goal-directed action, Study 3 examined persistence and flexibility, and Study 4 assessed responses to good opportunities for goal pursuit and the role of implementation intentions. Consistently across studies, power facilitated prioritization and goal-consistent behavior. Power had, however, independent effects from implementation intentions. Consequences for performance are discussed.
Two studies of task-focused dyads tested the approach/inhibition theory of power (D. Keltner, D. H. Gruenfeld, & C. Anderson, in press), which posits that having power increases the tendency to approach and decreases the tendency to inhibit. Results provided preliminary support for the theory: Participants higher in personality dominance or assigned control over resources expressed their true attitudes, experienced more positive and less negative emotion, were more likely to perceive rewards (i.e., that their partner liked them), and were less likely to perceive threats (e.g., that their partner felt anger toward them). Most of these effects were mediated by the sense of power, suggesting that subjective feelings of power are an important component in the effects of power.
Four experiments explored whether lacking power impairs executive functioning, testing the hypothesis that the cognitive presses of powerlessness increase vulnerability to performance decrements during complex executive tasks. In the first three experiments, low power impaired performance on executive-function tasks: The powerless were less effective than the powerful at updating (Experiment 1), inhibiting (Experiment 2), and planning (Experiment 3). Existing research suggests that the powerless have difficulty distinguishing between what is goal relevant and what is goal irrelevant in the environment. A fourth experiment established that the executive-function impairment associated with low power is driven by goal neglect. The current research implies that the cognitive alterations arising from powerlessness may help foster stable social hierarchies and that empowering employees may reduce costly organizational errors.
Power makes people think, feel, and behave in ways that help them to maintain and increase power. Thus far, the mechanisms underlying power’s beneficial effects on goal pursuit have been investigated predominantly on a cognitive level. The present research tested whether power influences goal pursuit in an even more fundamental way, namely by improving actual behavior on motor-based tasks. Furthermore, we suggest that this effect is produced by changes in perceptual goal representation. Consistent with our assumptions, Experiment 1 found that individuals primed with high-power outperformed control participants on a golf-putting task. In Experiment 2, individuals receiving a high-power prime outperformed individuals receiving a low-power prime on a dart-throwing task. Moreover, high-power primed participants represented the focal goal (a dart board) in greater goal-relevant detail, which mediated the effect of power on motor performance. Taken together, these findings suggest that power shapes performance in more fundamental ways than previously assumed.
This study adds new insights to the growing body of research showing that entrepreneurs' communication skills and personal attributes influence investor decision making. Twenty-four business angels attending a UK investor forum completed questionnaires evaluating 32 ‘presentational’ and ‘non-presentational’ aspects of three entrepreneurs' oral pitch presentations. The business angels' level of investor interest was significantly related to their evaluations of the quality and content of the entrepreneurs' presentations: the higher an entrepreneur's overall presentation score, the greater the likelihood that the business angels would be interested in pursuing that investment opportunity. Presentational factors (relating to the entrepreneurs' style of delivery, etc.) tended to have the highest influence on the overall score an entrepreneur received as well as on business angels' level of investment interest. However, the business angels appeared to be unaware of (or were reluctant to acknowledge) the influence presentational factors had on their investment-related decisions: the stated reasons for their post-presentation intentions were focused firmly on substance-oriented non-presentational criteria (company, market, product, funding/finance issues, etc.). More generally, comments about the entrepreneurs' presentations centred on presentational issues relating to clarity/understandability and structure, the level of information provided, the entrepreneurs' personal characteristics, and their ability to sell themselves and their investment opportunity.
Five studies investigated the hypotheses that the sense of power increases optimism in perceiving risks and leads to more risky behavior. In Studies 1 and 2, individuals with a higher generalized sense of power and those primed with a high-power mind-set were more optimistic in their perceptions of risk. Study 3 primed the concept of power nonconsciously and found that both power and gain/loss frame had independent effects on risk preferences. In Study 4, those primed with a high-power mind-set were more likely to act in a risk-seeking fashion (i.e., engage in unprotected sex). In Study 5, individuals with a higher sense of power in a face-to-face negotiation took more risks by divulging their interests. The effects of power on risk-taking were mediated by optimistic risk perceptions and not by self-efficacy beliefs. Further, these effects were attenuated when the high-power individual felt a sense of responsibility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of a job applicant's verbal statements on interviewer ratings of an applicant's interpersonal characteristics. Applicant verbal statements were coded as containing affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. Verbal statements were analyzed using regression analysis and findings indicated that behavioral and cognitive speech components significantly impacted interviewer ratings of an applicant's self-confidence. In turn, interpersonal characteristics of enthusiasm, self-confidence and effectiveness had a significant influence on an interviewer's rating of an applicant's overall quality and the ultimate hiring decision.
In two vignette studies we examined beliefs about the nonverbal behavior and communication skills associated with high and low social power. Power was defined as both a trait (personality dominance) and a role (rank within an organization). Seventy nonverbal behaviors and skills were examined. Both Study 1 (a within-participants design) and Study 2 (a between-participants design) yielded highly similar results. Significant differences emerged for 35 of the 70 behaviors. The gender of the target individuals did not moderate beliefs about the relation of nonverbal behavior and power.
Two experiments were designed to demonstrate the existence of a self-fulfilling prophecy mediated by nonverbal behavior in an interracial interaction. The results of Experiment 1, which employed naive, white job interviewers and trained white and black job applicants, demonstrated that black applicants received (a) less immediacy, (b) higher rates of speech errors, and (c) shorter amounts of interview time. Experiment 2 employed naive, white applicants and trained white interviewers. In this experiment subject-applicants received behaviors that approximated those given either the black or white applicants in Experiment 1. The main results indicated that subjects treated like the blacks of Experiment 1 were judged to perform less adequately and to be more nervous in the interview situation than subjects treated like the whites. The former subjects also reciprocated with less proximate positions and rated the interviewers as being less adequate and friendly. The implications of these findings for black unemployment were discussed.
Recent research (Carney, Cuddy, & Yap, 2010) has shown that adopting a powerful pose changes people's hormonal levels and increases their propensity to take risks in the same ways that possessing actual power does. In the current research, we explore whether adopting physical postures associated with power, or simply interacting with others who adopt these postures, can similarly influence sensitivity to pain. We conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants who adopted dominant poses displayed higher pain thresholds than those who adopted submissive or neutral poses. These findings were not explained by semantic priming. In Experiment 2, we manipulated power poses via an interpersonal interaction and found that power posing engendered a complementary (Tiedens & Fragale, 2003) embodied power experience in interaction partners. Participants who interacted with a submissive confederate displayed higher pain thresholds and greater handgrip strength than participants who interacted with a dominant confederate.
Traditional theories propose that testosterone should increase dominance and other status-seeking behaviors, but empirical support has been inconsistent. The present research tested the hypothesis that testosterone's effect on dominance depends on cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone implicated in psychological stress and social avoidance. In the domains of leadership (Study 1, mixed-sex sample) and competition (Study 2, male-only sample), testosterone was positively related to dominance, but only in individuals with low cortisol. In individuals with high cortisol, the relation between testosterone and dominance was blocked (Study 1) or reversed (Study 2). Study 2 further showed that these hormonal effects on dominance were especially likely to occur after social threat (social defeat). The present studies provide the first empirical support for the claim that the neuroendocrine reproductive (HPG) and stress (HPA) axes interact to regulate dominance. Because dominance is related to gaining and maintaining high status positions in social hierarchies, the findings suggest that only when cortisol is low should higher testosterone encourage higher status. When cortisol is high, higher testosterone may actually decrease dominance and in turn motivate lower status.
Powerful postures versus powerful roles: Which is the proximate correlate of thought and behavior?
- L Huang
- A D Galinsky
- D H Gruenfeld
- L Guillory
Huang, L., Galinsky, A. D., Gruenfeld, D. H., Guillory, L. (2011). Powerful postures versus
powerful roles: Which is the proximate correlate of thought and behavior? Psychological
Science, 22, 95-102.