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Anomuran and brachyuran crab symbionts of Singapore hard corals of the families Acroporidae, Agariciidae and Pocilloporidae
Abstract
Anomuran and brachyuran crab symbionts from 51 colonies of corals belonging to the families Acroporidae, Agariciidae and Pocilloporidae were investigated. A total of seven species of anomurans and 27 species of brachyurans were collected, of which the majority were corallophilous symbionts. Comparisons with studies made at four oceanic reefs revealed a paucity of brachyuran corallicolous symbionts, with only four species of Anomura and
four species of Brachyura observed in Singapore. However, there was a high abundance of corallophilous and casual symbionts in Singapore.
... General aspects of the ecology of Tetralia, together with other symbionts and associates of corals, were reviewed by Castro (1976), Patton (1976), and Stella et al. (2011). Species richness and host distribution of Tetralia were studied by Patton (1966Patton ( , 1994, Ribes (1978), Goh et al. (1990), , Sin (1999), and Vytopil & Willis (2001). Sin (1999) suggested that Tetralia in Queensland, Australia, including colour morphs of one species, select particular coral host species. ...
... CYMO Cymo (Xanthidae: Cymoinae: eight species [Ho & Ng, 2005; Chapter 71-18 in this volume]) is regularly collected from live acroporid, pocilloporid, and other zooxanthellate (hermatypic) scleractinian corals across the Indo-West Pacific (Garth, 1964(Garth, , 1974b(Garth, , 1984Patton, 1966Patton, , 1974Patton, , 1994Austin et al., 1980;Black & Prince, 1983;Nakasone et al., 1986;Chang et al., 1987;Goh et al., 1990, Tsuchiya & Yonaha, 1992Tsuchiya, 1999;Marin & Spiridonov, 2007;Brösing et al., 2014). There does not seem to be a narrow host specificity, species of the crab genus having been recorded from corals belonging to several families (Serène, 1984), as well as from dead corals (Patton, 1974;Brösing et al., 2014). ...
... OTHER XANTHOIDEA Numerous species of Chlorodiella, Cyclodius, Etisus, Liomera, Pilodius, and Pseudoliomera (Xanthidae: Actaeinae, Chlorodiellinae, Etisinae, and Liomerinae) have been recorded as "associates" or "commensals" of live zooxanthellate (hermatypic) scleractinian corals (Garth, 1964(Garth, , 1974b(Garth, , 1984(Garth, , 1989Barry, 1965;Austin et al., 1980;Edwards & Emberton, 1980;Black & Prince, 1983;Nakasone et al., 1986;Goh et al., 1990). Barry (1965) found coral fragments and mucus in the stomach of Pseudoliomera speciosa (as Actaea speciosa) from live Pocillopora in the Hawaiian Islands but little is known about the biology of this and other xanthids associated with corals. ...
... For the Pilumninae, many taxa are commonly found at the base of live corals, with some authors terming them corallophilous symbionts; whether they are actually commensals is not known. For example, Goh et al. (1990) documented Actumnus elegans De Man, 1887, Nanopilumnus barbatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873, Glabropilumnus edamensis (De Man, 1888) and Pilumnus spinifrons Ng & Tan, 1984, from the live scleractinian corals belonging to Acroporidae, Agariciidae, and Pocilloporidae in Singapore. ...
A new genus and new species of pilumnid crab, Ericiolumnus symbioticus (Decapoda: Brachyura), is described from the sponge Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (Porifera: Callyspongiidae) in reefs in Lombok, Indonesia. The new taxon is characterized, among several characters, by the unusual shape of the carapace, which possesses sharp anterolateral teeth armed with secondary spinules, and prominently spinulous ambulatory legs. Another pilumnid, Pseudactumnus pestaeBalss, 1933, is shown to be a junior synonym of Actumnus asper (Rüppell, 1830). The pilumnid genus PseudactumnusBalss, 1933 is additionally synonymised with ActumnusDana, 1851. A review of symbiosis in Pilumnidae is also presented.
... Mobile epifauna were collected from their host corals following Goh, Chou, and Ng (1989)) five months after nursery-rearing in December 2016. Each fragment was removed from the nursery and immediately sealed in a zipper bag to prevent the epifauna from escaping before bringing the samples to the research vessel. ...
Coral nurseries are commonly employed to generate coral material for reef restoration projects, but observations of epifaunal organisms utilising the nurseries for food and shelter indicate that they can also provide important functions beyond that of coral propagation. To examine the level of biodiversity that can be supported by coral nurseries, and investigate if epifaunal communities were influenced by the presence of live coral tissue, we compared the abundance, diversity and community composition of mobile invertebrate epifauna associated with live and dead fragments of three coral species (Pocillopora acuta, Echinopora lamellosa, Platygyra sinensis)that were reared in an in situ nursery. A total of 418 mobile invertebrates spanning 63 taxa were recorded from 22 coral colonies. The three coral species hosted significantly different epifaunal communities, most likely a consequence of the difference in growth forms of the coral hosts. Significant differences in epifaunal communities were only observed between live and dead colonies of P. acuta, indicating that resource provisioning in this species is particularly influenced by the presence of live tissue. Our findings showed that coral nurseries can support a range of mobile invertebrates and function as tools to conserve threatened mobile invertebrates. This ecological function is under-studied and should be assessed in restoration programs for the conservation of corals and associated fauna.
... There have been no comprehensive studies of soft corals undertaken in the reefs around the Southern Islands of Singapore and very little is known about their diversity and distribution. Although much information has been gathered on coral reefs in Singapore, these studies have not given much attention to soft corals, but rather have focused on other reef organisms, particularly hard corals (Chou and Teo, 1983;Chong, 1985;Chong, 1986;Chou, 1988;Goh et al., 1990;Chua, 1990;Goh and Chou, 1991;Low and Chou, 1991;Low and Chou, 1992;Leng and Lim, 1992;Goh and Chou, 1993;Chou et al., 1994a). A total of 197 hard corals species from 55 genera have been recorded here, accounting for almost 25% of the global total (Chou et al., 1994a;Chou and Goh, 1998;Tan et al., 2007). ...
The Southern Islands of Singapore are known to contain coral reefs which are high in biodiversity. However, the diversity of soft corals had received little attention to date. This study was conducted to determine the soft coral diversity in Singapore reefs as well as to conduct preliminary bioactivity tests on the organic extracts from these soft corals. A 100-meter line transect was used to survey soft corals at a 3m depth at ten different sample sites. Sclerites from samples were used to identify the soft corals to the generic level. This study uncovered the following genera of soft corals: Carijoa spp., Cladiella spp., Sinularia spp., Lobophytum spp., Sarcophyton spp., Stereonephthya spp., and Nephthea spp. In addition, an unidentified genus of soft coral was observed at Kusu Island. Cladiella spp. yielded the highest number of colonies, and Sarcophyton spp. had the highest coverage in terms of total colony diameter. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) toxicity assay was carried out to screen for toxicity of the soft coral extracts at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 ppm. Results showed high levels of toxicity in extracts of Sarcophyton spp. and Cladiella spp., indicating that these soft corals are potentially good sources of bioactive compounds for drug discovery.
The taxonomy of the planopilumnid Planopilumnus Balss, 1933 (type species Pilumnus spongiosus Nobili, 1905) (Pseudozioidea), is revised. A junior synonym, Rathbunaria Ward, 1933 (type species Rathbunaria sculptissima Ward, 1933)), is resurrected. Five species, Pilumnus labyrinthicus Miers, 1884, Pilumnus vermiculatus A. Milne-Edwards, 1873, Pilumnus penicillatus Gordon, 1930, Planopilumnus minabensis Sakai, 1969, and Planopilumnus pygmaeus Takeda, 1977, which have been described in or transferred to Planopilumnus, are here shown to be pilumnids (Pilumnoidea). Two new genera, Vellumnus and Colerolumnus, are established to accommodate these species.
A check list of decapod Crustacea of the families Axiidae, CaJlianassidae, CaJlianideidae, Ctenochelidae, Laomedidae, Micheleidae, Thalassiniidae, Pylochelidae, Lithodidae, Chirostylidae, Galatheidae, PorcelJanidae, Albuneidae and Hippidae, recorded from the South China Sea, is presented based on published information. A total of 157 species are known from this region.
During October 2002, the benthic communities of Conic Island Cave and the adjacent sea area of Hong Kong were sampled by SCUBA divers. Twenty genera and 21 decapod species were identified with seven species being reported from Hong Kong for the first time.
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