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Entrepreneurial intentions of university students: An international comparison between African, European and Canadian students
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in North Africa (Algeria) with those of students in Canada and Europe (France and Belgium), and to examine differences with regard to psychological, sociocultural and economic factors influencing these intentions. Analyses on the sample as a whole confirm the relevancy of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) proposed by Ajzen (1991). When we differentiate among cultural groups, results were fairly similar for Canadian and European students. However, no TPB elements were significant for the Algerian students, or more significant than the control variables. We discuss the need to consider cultural factors to explain entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, given the socioeconomic climate in Algeria, we hypothesise that among Algerian university students, entrepreneurship is motivated by necessity rather than opportunity.
... A coach should be able to gain the trust of his coachee to help build her/his confidence (Rekalde et al., 2015). The coach must empower the coachee to accept change, acquire new knowledge and skills, create effective communication (St-Jean et al., 2014) and refrain from being too directive (Kotte et al., 2021). ...
... Jones (2014) found a significant relationship between individuals' extraversion and coaching effectiveness. Empathy and listening skills have also been valuable (St-Jean et al., 2014). Thus, in a successful coaching relationship, the coach and the entrepreneur should form an interactive, reciprocal relationship, define different goals and take specific actions to ultimately achieve the end goal (Ben Salem and Lakhal, 2018). ...
... Coachee motivation is a crucial factor for coaching success (De Haan et al., 2016;McKevitt and Marshall, 2015;Rekalde et al., 2015;St-Jean et al., 2014). According to goal-setting theory, motivation engages vital goals that are theoretically and empirically related (De Haan et al., 2016). ...
Purpose
Coaching is a widespread form of human development that has grown considerably in recent years. However, it is not well understood in entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and little is known about the success factors for coaching in SMEs. Thus, this article presents a theoretical framework for coaching SMEs. The paper reports on a study carried out to develop and validate a coaching model for entrepreneurship in SMEs.
Design/methodology/approach
A mixed methods approach was undertaken in SMEs in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the samples and the model's dimensions.
Findings
The results show five chief constructs of the entrepreneurial coaching model. In particular, the authors determine the importance of early goal setting and identify the essential characteristics of an effective entrepreneurial coach.
Research limitations/implications
Firstly, the data relied solely on the pharmacy industry in Iran, indicating a need for future studies to explore coaching programs across various industries and countries. Additionally, a quantitative aspect of the research involved participants answering questionnaires based on their perceptions. This subjective nature introduces a potential for inaccuracies in participants' perceptions and expectations. Furthermore, the inherent bias of program stakeholders may have led to exaggerated responses. To mitigate these issues, it would be beneficial to conduct experimental and longitudinal research, which could address these concerns more effectively.
Practical implications
By utilizing a theoretical framework, the authors goal is to define the essential features of coaching in SMEs and compare it to other developmental interventions to highlight both commonalities and distinctions. This approach addresses the recent suggestions in coaching literature to distinguish coaching practices tailored for particular groups, specifically entrepreneurs involved in SMEs.
Originality/value
This study contributes to understanding the essential features for successful entrepreneurial coaching in SMEs.
... La investigación establece la relación que se presenta entre el comportamiento del individuo, el control sobre las normas subjetivas, sus creencias y expectativas, respecto a los resultados derivados de su conducta. Así pues, las actitudes hacia el comportamiento se refieren a lo favorable que una valoración de la persona tiene del comportamiento y dependen de las expectativas y creencias sobre el impacto personal de los resultados derivados de la conducta Siguiendo la dinámica de comparación entre países que muestran disimilitudes en sus aspectos básicos, la investigación desarrollada por St-Jean, É., Nafa, A., Tremblay, M., Janssen, F., Baronet, J., & Loué, C. (2014), procura entender los factores que determinan la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes, así como sus acciones, visto desde la teoría cognitiva social de carrera. Así pues, una persona toma una decisión para iniciar un negocio sobre la base de tres factores de comportamiento: 1. Su percepción de la convivencia del comportamiento; 2. Su propensión a actuar, es decir, la voluntad de actuar según sus intenciones; 3. Su percepción de la viabilidad del comportamiento bajo consideración" (pág. ...
... El estudio también afirma que, la intencionalidad emprendedora obedece a la disponibilidad de los recursos que se consideran necesarios para iniciar el negocio, así como habilidades y la confianza del empresario para realizar con éxito las tareas que se consideran vitales para el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas. (St-Jean et al., 2014) Es común encontrar que la intención de emprender de los estudiantes universitarios, obedece a la dificultad que tienen los profesionales en encontrar un empleo que cumpla sus expectativas, lo cual implica un reto para los gobiernos, que se ve limitado a generar nuevos empleos. La práctica recurrente suele ser, generar su propia empresa, sin embargo, cabe aclarar que el emprendimiento requiere una actitud regular y permanente y se desarrolla como parte de la personalidad. ...
... Por otro lado, en el trabajo de St-Jean, É., Nafa, A., Tremblay, M., Janssen, F., Baronet, J., & Loué, C. (2014), el propósito de su estudio se centró en comparar la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios en el norte de África (Argelia) con los estudiantes en Canadá y Europa (Francia y Bélgica) y poder comparar las posibles diferencias del entorno sociocultural, económico y la atención psicológica. En el estudio participaron estudiantes de 13 universidades: 10 canadienses, 1 francesa, 1 belga y 1 argelina. ...
El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar la dinámica emprendedora que
se vive en el aula de clase relacionado directamente con la intención emprendedora
de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana- seccional Palmira, procurando
así determinar el papel del ente universitario como agente activo de fomento
al espíritu empresarial a través del currículo en pregrado y posgrados. En primera
instancia, se realiza un barrido teórico sobre diversos estudios que han abordado la
teoría de la acción razonada, la intencionalidad emprendedora y emprendimiento,
buscando entender los determinantes que afectan la intención de crear empresa en
los estudiantes de la seccional. Posteriormente, se hace una revisión exhaustiva de
los trabajos de aula relacionados directamente con emprendimiento y finalmente,
identificar el grado de intencionalidad emprendedora que se vive desde el aula.
... This was similar to the study by Jean et al. (2014), which found that Algerian students exhibit higher indicators of entrepreneurial intention than European and Canadian students, and the study by Skrbková & Rydvalová (2023), which revealed that the entrepreneurial intentions among students, particularly economics students, in African countries are higher than those of students in European Union countries. However, Jean et al. (2014) could not explain those entrepreneurial intentions through economic or social factors. ...
... This was similar to the study by Jean et al. (2014), which found that Algerian students exhibit higher indicators of entrepreneurial intention than European and Canadian students, and the study by Skrbková & Rydvalová (2023), which revealed that the entrepreneurial intentions among students, particularly economics students, in African countries are higher than those of students in European Union countries. However, Jean et al. (2014) could not explain those entrepreneurial intentions through economic or social factors. The elements driving students toward entrepreneurship appear to be more individual than environmental, suggesting that these intentions are driven more by the need for work due to unemployment rather than opportunities. ...
Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate Algerian universities' success in becoming entrepreneurial, focusing on their effectiveness in encouraging students to establish startups as an initial step toward this transformation. Design/Method/Approach: The study employed a quantitative approach, distributing a questionnaire to 1034 students from various faculties and academic levels at Bouira University. The data were analyzed using SPSS.27. Findings: Results indicate moderate entrepreneurial readiness in students' intentions and the university's motivation, leading to moderate potential for success in launching startups in light of Decree 1275. Additionally, entrepreneurial readiness significantly enhances this potential, with the university's motivation having a greater impact on success than students' intention, although the latter is more crucial for fostering entrepreneurial readiness. Theoretical Implications: This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between the university’s role in stimulating and participating in the launch of startups. It considers this the first step towards transitioning to an entrepreneurial university, particularly as this concept is still new in the Algerian context. Practical Implications: The university must evaluate the students' situation and its own, considering each university's varying contexts and local actors, to determine the viability of executing Decree 1275. Originality/Value: Understanding the university’s conditions, along with exploring students’ entrepreneurial intentions, will help identify shortcomings that may limit the success of startup creation through the university, especially since Algeria is still new to adapting to startups. Research Limitations/Future Research: The limitations include those related to the sample size, which focused on some faculties of Bouira University students, due to time constraints, reluctance to participate. Future research should include all faculties, extend over years, and consider samples from all Algerian universities.
... Chen et al. (1998) point out that PBC is related with confidence and how capable a person is to successfully carry out diverse tasks in the area of entrepreneurship. PBC or self-efficacy has been found to be significant in explaining EI (St-Jean et al., 2014;Osorio and Londoño Roldán, 2015; to cite but a few. Based on these antecedents, we propose the first hypothesis under study about the first construct of the Ajzen model (1991). ...
... Studies of and Osorio and Londoño Roldán (2015) found that SN for students from Colombia does not explain EI. On the other hand is St-Jean et al. (2014) whose study indicates that SN does explain EI. The analysed EI in students from Africa, Canada and Europe and found that PBC, SN and ATE explain 16.5% of the variance, controlling the model for gender, age and number of children being cared for. ...
... ;Garcia-Rodriguez et al. 2015;Gonzalez-Serrano et al. 2017;Moriano et al. 2012;Munir, Jianfeng, and Ramzan 2019;St-Jean et al. 2014;Trivedi 2016). ...
Culture plays an important role for the study of entrepreneurship. However, whereas cross-cultural research in management (CCM) has strongly evolved in the last three decades and identified different paradigms , paradigmatically diversified research is still lacking in cross-cultural entrepreneurship. To fill this gap, this study suggests an integrative literature review with two objectives: 1) provide an overview of cross-cultural entrepreneurship research with an attention to national culture, different paradigms, and research themes, and 2) point towards possibilities to enrich such research. Through an integrative literature review, 147 studies of cross-cultural entrepreneurship research were identified and regrouped according to two main paradigms in CCM research: positivism and inter-pretivism. The analysis of all papers led to the emergence of five research themes according to which the papers were regrouped. Based on this matrix of paradigms and research themes, all texts were categorized into 10 areas. Findings show the dominance of cross-cultural entrepreneurship studies based on the positivist paradigm of culture, whereas research rooted in the interpretive paradigm is rather unexplored and offers great potential for future research. Based on these findings, we argue that particularly rich qualitative research designs offer interesting opportunities for developing the field of cross-cultural entrepreneurship. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The relationship between entrepreneurial intention and education is mediated by creativity, and education in entrepreneurship raises employability values, self-efficacy, and the ambition to pursue self-employment(Rungsrisawat & Sutduean, 2019).Focused on tertiary students' plans to start their own businesses after receiving instruction ( In addition, the presence of role models can have a substantial impact on students' entrepreneurial intentions (Hussain & Norashidah, 2015). Scholarly research has illustrated that students exposed to successful entrepreneurs and mentors are more likely to harbor entrepreneurial aspirations (Fayolle et al., 2014;St-Jean et al., 2014).This is attributed to the ability of role models to offer motivation, direction, and assistance, aiding students in enhancing their entrepreneurial capabilities and self-assurance(Kayed et al., 2022). ...
This study examines the factors that impact innovation and entrepreneurial intention among the student population. The study explores the relationship between creativity, entrepreneurial education, and individual attitudes towards students' intentions for entrepreneurship. The findings indicate that creativity positively affects entrepreneurial intention, while entrepreneurial education and personal attitudes play a significant role in shaping students' proclivity towards entrepreneurship. The significance of nurturing entrepreneurial attitudes and behaviors among students to foster a more thriving and enduring future is underscored. The research concludes that cultivating a creative and entrepreneurial mindset among students is imperative for the advancement of entrepreneurship and innovation. KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurial Intention, Innovation, Education, Personal Factors
Purpose
The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature on youth entrepreneurship (YE), focusing on the context, methodological and theoretical approaches employed, alongside any emerging themes on the subject.
Design/methodology/approach
A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, drawing on an evidence base of 77 articles identified from different databases. These articles were either published in Association of Business Schools (ABS list 2021 edition) or Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) listed journals.
Findings
The review revealed that the majority of research on the topic has been conducted in Africa, employing a quantitative methodology. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has been the dominant theoretical lens used by scholars. The four major themes covered on the topic to date include (1) entrepreneurial motivations; (2) entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) and entrepreneurial attitudes (EAs); (3) entrepreneurial competencies, education, training, and support, and (4) innovation and technology adoption.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this SLR is the first review that addresses this fast-growing area of research. This paper incorporated insights on YE across academic disciplines. It also provided a nuanced discussion of the major themes covered in the research and suggested directions for future research.
Abstract
Research background: Bank credit access plays a determining role in enterprises’ financial growth, competitiveness, and internationalization. However, most entrepreneurs are afraid of being rejected from their credit applications due to financial disadvantages that reduce their probability of receiving credits. To minimize credit access concerns, their entrepreneurial behaviors that are included in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), such as personal attitude (PA), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective norm (SN), might be a good solution.
However, depending on cultural differences, their attitudes regarding these factors might change, which also causes changes in firms’ probability of receiving credit.
Purpose of the article: This research aims to examine whether the impact of PA, PBC, and SN on credit access of enterprises differ depending on the countries where they do their business.
Methods: The researchers investigate 1367 enterprises from different countries. These firms are selected using a purposive sampling method, and then an online questionnaire is sent to the survey respondents. Binary Logistic Regression analyses are performed for analysis purposes.
Findings & value added: The results indicate that while the impact of PA on bank credit access does not differ depending on the countries where firms are located, international differences exist in the impacts of PBC and SN on the credit access of enterprises. This paper finds international differences in the impact of RBV’s intangible assets (PA, PBC, SN) on a tangible asset of RBV (financial capability) and explains these results with the factors (economic, political, legal systems) included in Institution-based View, and brings all components of both theories RBV and Institution-based View in a unique research. Financial and educational support from governments and universities for fresh graduate individuals can stimulate entrepreneurial attitudes and financing abilities of prospective entrepreneurs to overcome credit access obstacles.
This study analysed the relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth in the East African Community (EAC) at both regional and country level. The Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation technique was employed and panel data for the period between 2000 and 2021 to meet objectives of the study. PMG estimator gave both long run and short run regional outcomes and country-specific short run results. The findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth, with significance level of 1% observed in the long term. The country specific short run results reveal a negative link between fiscal deficit and economic growth in Burundi, Kenya and Rwanda while for Tanzania and Uganda the link is positive and significant. Real interest rate and inflation rate deteriorate economic growth in the EAC. Broad money supply growth and foreign direct investment boost economic activity in the EAC region. Fiscal restraint and discipline are required to promote economic growth in the region. There is need for governments to ensure price and interest rate stability through inflation targeting and limiting money supply.
Entrepreneurship has been viewed as a critical contributor and an economic engine in a country for creating new jobs and it is crucial for graduates to alter their mindset to become self-employed. Thus, it is necessary to synthesize the factors that impact the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of students at tertiary level. The aim of this research is twofold; first to identify the factors which have been most studied in the literature and second, to determine which factors are less explored to measure the EI of students. This research adopts the systematic review approach to identify various studies conducted between 2005 to June 2022. The paper further adopted citation analysis and identified the 36 most impactful studies in this area of research. Next, the thematic analysis was conducted and seven main themes (factors) (cognitive, personality, environmental, social, educational, contextual and demographic) of EI determinants were identified.
The analysis of the papers clearly demonstrated that the TPB model and cognitive factors dominate this area of research. Furthermore, over half of the studies are conducted in Asia, hence it is important to explore other regions such as Africa, America and Europe and other comparative studies between various regions. The study offers avenues for future research and practical implications of the study for the practitioners.
Before there can be entrepreneurship there must be the potential for entrepreneurship, whether in a community seeking to develop or in a large organization seeking to innovate. Entrepreneurial potential, however, requires potential entrepreneurs. This paper discusses antecedents of such potential and proposes a model based on Shapero's (1982) model of the entrepreneurial event. We then discuss this model in light of supporting evidence from two different perspectives, corporate venturing and enterprise development.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior to predict entrepreneurial intent in 12 countries representing all ten of the global regional clusters as identified in the GLOBE project.
Design/methodology/approach
– Ajzen's model was operationalized to address entrepreneurial intent and a questionnaire was developed consisting of previously used scales, as well as a new measure of entrepreneurial autonomy. A total of 1,748 usable questionnaires were collected from university business students in 12 countries.
Findings
– The results suggest that Ajzen's model of planned behavior, as operationalized in this study, does successfully predict entrepreneurial intent in each of the study countries, although as foreseen by Ajzen, the significant contributing model elements differ by country as does the percent of the variance explained by the model, although one model element, social norms, was a significant predictor of entrepreneurial intent in each country.
Originality/value
– This is the first paper to provide insight to the role of cognition in the entrepreneurial process by examining a model of planned behavior in countries representing all global regional culture clusters. The paper also provides guidance for future entrepreneurial research and individual development of entrepreneurs.
Before we can act on opportunities we must first identify those opportunities. Understanding what promotes or inhibits entrepreneurial activity thus requires understanding how we construct perceived opportunities. Seeing a prospective course of action as a credible opportunity reflects an intentions–driven process driven by known critical antecedents. Based on well–developed theory and robust empirical evidence, we propose an intentions-based model of the cognitive infrastructure that supports or inhibits how we perceive opportunities. We discuss how this model both integrates past findings and guides future research. We also show the practical diagnostic power this model offers to managers.
Bien qu’il existe une tradition de l’enseignement de l’entrepreneuriat au Canada, l’impact des différentes méthodes utilisées pour cet enseignement reste méconnu. La présente étude vise à vérifier dans quelle mesure deux approches pédagogiques différentes, soit un plan d’affaires et l’étude/terrain d’une PME, peuvent avoir un impact d’une part, sur les perceptions des étudiants de la désirabilité et de la faisabilité de créer leur propre entreprise et, d’autre part, sur leur intention de partir en affaires. Les résultats démontrent qu’il n’y a pas de différence en termes de changement de perceptions mais que le plan d’affaires a davantage d’impact sur l’intention de partir en affaires, cet impact étant toutefois négatif. Par contre, on note une amélioration de la perception de faisabilité chez l’ensemble des étudiants. Un des bénéfices de ce cours serait de ramener à un niveau plus près de la réalité les perceptions des étudiants face à une carrière entrepreneuriale.
The present research applied the theory of planned behavior to predict employment status choice, defined as the intention to enter an occupation as a wage or salaried individual or as a self-employed one. The role of family background, sex, and prior self-employment experience was also investigated. Using a sample of 128 Norwegian undergraduate business students, the findings strongly support the theory of planned behavior as applied to employment status choice intentions. Moreover, demographic characteristics were found to influence employment status choice intentions only indirectly through their effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.