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Entrepreneurial intentions of university students: An international comparison between African, European and Canadian students
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in North Africa (Algeria) with those of students in Canada and Europe (France and Belgium), and to examine differences with regard to psychological, sociocultural and economic factors influencing these intentions. Analyses on the sample as a whole confirm the relevancy of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) proposed by Ajzen (1991). When we differentiate among cultural groups, results were fairly similar for Canadian and European students. However, no TPB elements were significant for the Algerian students, or more significant than the control variables. We discuss the need to consider cultural factors to explain entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, given the socioeconomic climate in Algeria, we hypothesise that among Algerian university students, entrepreneurship is motivated by necessity rather than opportunity.
... La investigación establece la relación que se presenta entre el comportamiento del individuo, el control sobre las normas subjetivas, sus creencias y expectativas, respecto a los resultados derivados de su conducta. Así pues, las actitudes hacia el comportamiento se refieren a lo favorable que una valoración de la persona tiene del comportamiento y dependen de las expectativas y creencias sobre el impacto personal de los resultados derivados de la conducta Siguiendo la dinámica de comparación entre países que muestran disimilitudes en sus aspectos básicos, la investigación desarrollada por St-Jean, É., Nafa, A., Tremblay, M., Janssen, F., Baronet, J., & Loué, C. (2014), procura entender los factores que determinan la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes, así como sus acciones, visto desde la teoría cognitiva social de carrera. Así pues, una persona toma una decisión para iniciar un negocio sobre la base de tres factores de comportamiento: 1. Su percepción de la convivencia del comportamiento; 2. Su propensión a actuar, es decir, la voluntad de actuar según sus intenciones; 3. Su percepción de la viabilidad del comportamiento bajo consideración" (pág. ...
... El estudio también afirma que, la intencionalidad emprendedora obedece a la disponibilidad de los recursos que se consideran necesarios para iniciar el negocio, así como habilidades y la confianza del empresario para realizar con éxito las tareas que se consideran vitales para el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas. (St-Jean et al., 2014) Es común encontrar que la intención de emprender de los estudiantes universitarios, obedece a la dificultad que tienen los profesionales en encontrar un empleo que cumpla sus expectativas, lo cual implica un reto para los gobiernos, que se ve limitado a generar nuevos empleos. La práctica recurrente suele ser, generar su propia empresa, sin embargo, cabe aclarar que el emprendimiento requiere una actitud regular y permanente y se desarrolla como parte de la personalidad. ...
... Por otro lado, en el trabajo de St-Jean, É., Nafa, A., Tremblay, M., Janssen, F., Baronet, J., & Loué, C. (2014), el propósito de su estudio se centró en comparar la intención emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios en el norte de África (Argelia) con los estudiantes en Canadá y Europa (Francia y Bélgica) y poder comparar las posibles diferencias del entorno sociocultural, económico y la atención psicológica. En el estudio participaron estudiantes de 13 universidades: 10 canadienses, 1 francesa, 1 belga y 1 argelina. ...
El objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar la dinámica emprendedora que
se vive en el aula de clase relacionado directamente con la intención emprendedora
de los estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana- seccional Palmira, procurando
así determinar el papel del ente universitario como agente activo de fomento
al espíritu empresarial a través del currículo en pregrado y posgrados. En primera
instancia, se realiza un barrido teórico sobre diversos estudios que han abordado la
teoría de la acción razonada, la intencionalidad emprendedora y emprendimiento,
buscando entender los determinantes que afectan la intención de crear empresa en
los estudiantes de la seccional. Posteriormente, se hace una revisión exhaustiva de
los trabajos de aula relacionados directamente con emprendimiento y finalmente,
identificar el grado de intencionalidad emprendedora que se vive desde el aula.
... Economically, entrepreneurship is a pillar of public policies to boost entrepreneurial activity within them (Karimi et al., 2017;Schmutzler et al., 2019) and, socially, it contributes to reducing unemployment and poverty (Castaño et al., 2016;Maksimov et al., 2017). In Algeria, entrepreneurship is positioned by the public authorities as a strategic lever for national development to fight unemployment and informal work (Souidi and Ferfera, 2014;St-Jean et al., 2014). However, business creation is low with approximately 50,000 companies starting their operations annually (Amir and Bellache, 2018) in traditional sectors and in those that are not very innovative (Firlas, 2019). ...
... The objective of this research is to help overcome this deficiency in the literature by investigating the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of Algerian students. While this concept is widely used to measure entrepreneurship and business creation within a population or country (Kolvereid and Isaksen, 2006;Kautonen et al., 2011;Schlaegel and Koenig, 2014;Schmutzler et al., 2019), the knowledge of the factors influencing the EI of students in developing countries (Nabi and Liñán, 2013;Karimi et al., 2017) and, more specifically, in Algeria (St-Jean et al., 2014) remains poor. This is more pronounced in the availability of data on business creation by Algerian students, which is very scarce (Ben-Habib et al., 2014;Nafa et al., 2018). ...
... Schwarz et al. (2009) stated that among students, difficulties in accessing credit and a social status that places little value on entrepreneurship negatively affect EI. In Algeria, despite public financing devices, favorable tax systems, and support from different institutions set up by the government, few students launch their own businesses (Souidi and Ferfera, 2014;St-Jean et al., 2014). The Algerian entrepreneurial climate seemingly does not favor entrepreneurship and business ventures. ...
This article studies the entrepreneurial intention of Algerian students to explain the weakness in business creation in the country. Theoretical and empirical evidence on this subject is scarce, particularly among young Algerians. By combining two dominant research trends in the field of entrepreneurship, namely an approach based on contextual factors, and one based on individual characteristics, we examined the impact of perceived entrepreneurial climate and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on Algerian students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Our study, contextualized in the student environment, aims to analyze how entrepreneurship education moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention.
Based on a sample of 302 students, our survey yielded two important results. The first was the negative effect of perceived entrepreneurial climate on entrepreneurial intention. The second was that as a moderating factor, entrepreneurship education did not reinforce the significant direct influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the intention to start a business among Algerian students. These insights may help improve the level of entrepreneurial intention within developing countries.
... This disparity may be due to the type of student analyzed, the scale of measurement of the PBC, or even the country context. Also, St-Jean et al. (2014) establish that neither the PBC nor the components of the TPB (SN, ATB) have an influence on the EI of Algerian students, but they do in the rest of the countries covered (Canada, France, and Belgium). Solesvik et al. (2012) uses the TPB and the SEE integrated model to explain a greater percentage of the variance in the EI than with original models, although the effect of the PBC is indirect through the PF. ...
... Regarding the third study (Yordanova and Tarrazon 2010), if the sample is divided by gender, the ATB no longer influences the sample of men and women, so women's EI would be influenced by SN and PBC and men's EI by PBC. Also, as we have mentioned before, St-Jean et al. (2014) found no influence of any of the constructs of the TPB (ATB, PBC, and SN), with the exception of the Algerian sample. Finally, there are two studies on the effect of ATB on EI (see Tables 2 and 3) that demonstrate its indirect effect through PD, and conclude that this mediating effect of PD is able to strengthen the explanation of EI (Esfandiar et al. 2017;Solesvik et al. 2012). ...
... Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: a review of... Bird (1988) have been used as well (Boyd and Vozikis 1994;Hadjimanolis 2016), but have not been as widely adopted as TPB and SEE (Bhaskar and Garimella 2017). Although, it should not be forgotten that TPB does not work the same in all economic contexts, as we saw in the case of Algeria (St-Jean et al. 2014) or in those contexts where entrepreneurship is more out of necessity than opportunity, as in Guangzhou (Bickenbach et al. 2017). We have therefore made some recommendations in "Conclusions, new lines of research and recommendations, implications, and limitations" section (Table 14). ...
The purpose of this paper is to review existing literature and show the state of the art regarding the factors that influence the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of individuals. It provides a synthesis/integration of previous research on the topic as a framework to identify shortcomings, new lines of research, and practical insights. The analysis conducts a systematic review of 177 papers in the SCOPUS database from 1994 to 2017. The findings highlight three themes regarding the factors that influence EI: personal-level variables, entrepreneurship education (EE), and contextual factors and institutional variables. Within each of these themes, cognitive factors such as self-efficacy; personality and psychological variables such as propensity/adversity to risk; and socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, and human capital seem to exert an influence, in addition to personal motivations and/or deterrents. EE appears to have the greatest influence in most cases; at least it helps to develop greater self-efficacy or a more favorable attitude toward entrepreneurship, among others. Finally, with regard to contextual and institutional variables, cultural and social contexts seem to have a clear influence on EI, along with informal institutions through the normative dimension. Although there are many studies on the “factors that influence EI,” this study is the first attempt to make a qualitative presentation on the state of the art. It makes practical suggestions to encourage entrepreneurship in universities and in retired individuals. It also makes recommendations for improvement and suggests new lines of research such as the importance of linking these three categories of factors that influence EI, with the evaluation of an international entrepreneurship.
... Recent studies have examined both individual and organizational determinants of entrepreneurial intentions cross-culturally (Engle et al., 2011;Munir et al., 2019). Previous cross-culture studies primarily focused on entrepreneurship education and gender differences (de la Cruz S anchez-Escobedo et al., 2014;Nowi nski et al., 2017), differences based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) (García-Rodríguez et al., 2015;Kautonen et al., 2015;Koço glu and Hassan, 2013;Liñ an and Chen, 2009), TPB and cultural differences (St-Jean et al., 2014), entrepreneurial event model (EEM) and entrepreneurial personality (Ali et al., 2012;Wang et al., 2011), personality traits and TPB (Munir et al., 2019) and TPB, proactive personality and country's culture (Paul et al., 2017). These studies primarily focused on the direct influence of antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions and were widely based on intention-based models. ...
Purpose
Drawing on the entrepreneurial event model (EEM), entrepreneurship education programs (EEPs) and perceived contextual support (adapted from social cognitive career theory) and perceived contextual barriers, this study aims to unravel the differences in entrepreneurial activity among university students in higher education institutes in two diverse Asian countries.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a cross-sectional survey-based data collection technique using paper and electronic methods. The study analyzes data using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, reliability analysis and logistic regression analysis via SPSS version 25.
Findings
The findings show the positive influence of perceived desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions; however, the stronger desirability was found among university students in China and stronger feasibility toward entrepreneurial intentions among Pakistani students. The study reveals the negative significant influence of EEPs on entrepreneurial intentions, and this finding is consistent across both samples. Furthermore, the findings show that university students in both countries show insignificant impact of perceived contextual support in predicting entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, the study confirms the negative influence of perceived barriers on entrepreneurial intentions in both contexts.
Originality/value
This study provides differences in entrepreneurial activity by combing EEM, EEPs, perceived contextual support and barriers in two diverse Asian countries, and to the best of author’s knowledge, no previous study considered these factors in a single framework. Furthermore, the findings of the study enrich existing literature and also provide policy recommendations for practitioners.
... Contrary to what was proven in the Moroccan and Egyptian contexts, no effect of components that constitute planned behaviour theory were revealed among Algerian students. In other words, social norms have no impact on the entrepreneurial intention of Algerian students (St-Jean et al., 2014). Therefore, we may conclude that the effect of social norms varies in North African countries. ...
... This is not in line with the study of Iakovleva, Kolvereid, and Stephan (2011) who reported no significant differences between developed and developing countries regarding the variance of EI explained by the TPB. The results rather support Engle et al. (2010) and St-Jean et al. (2014) who found the explanatory power of the TPB and the importance of its components vary greatly across countries. Furthermore, obtained results are also consistent with the TPB; Ajzen (1991) suggests that the relative importance of the three TPB components (PBC, ATB, SN) differs across situations (Ajzen 2020; Kruse 2019). ...
The demand for entrepreneurship to become more prevalent in societies worldwide highlights the need to better understand entrepreneurial intentions (EI). This is particularly important for African nations characterised by significant poverty and low income. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) this paper explores potential predictors of these intentions in two countries that differ considerably in their economic situation and culture. It chiefly focuses on SEI as socially desired, yet still unex-plored phenomenon. The current study differentiates between social (SEI) and commercial (CEI) entrepreneurial intentions and explores their antecedents among university students in Namibia (n = 223) and Germany (n = 1326). The results suggest that TPB only poorly predicts SEI, particularly in Namibia. However, they support universally positive effect of perceived behavioural control on formation of CEI in both countries. This study contributes to emerging research into antecedents of SEI. It also highlights the need to test exploratory power of recognised theories such as TPB within different contexts and types of entrepreneurial activity.
... When it comes to external factors, it was argued that an unfavorable economic environment (such as in the majority of developing countries) may positively affect students to start their own business. More precisely, challenging business environments tend to motivate the youth to start their own business compared to developed countries (St-Jean et al., 2014). This is interesting as the European Union has significant support mechanisms for young entrepreneurs. ...
Entrepreneurship plays an important role in economic development. Further, the concept of entrepreneurship has been argued as the important factor in overall economic growth. As youth unemployment rates are high both in developing and developed countries, improving the environment for entrepreneurial activities is a necessity as to increase youth entrepreneurship potential. In this paper, the results of ten-year research on youth entrepreneurship are reviewed. In this study 5670 participants-high school students, and university students from the Republic of Serbia, took part. Also, other literature sources were analyzed. The main goal of this paper was identify and determine the potential influence of students' attitudes regarding entrepreneurship and their intention to start a business. The paper analyzes the existing body of literature in order to provide a thoroughly investigated and concisely presented "image" in the domain of youth entrepreneurship. Hence, effectively provide a solid base for future research.
Entrepreneurship has been viewed as a critical contributor and an economic engine in a country for creating new jobs and it is crucial for graduates to alter their mindset to become self-employed. Thus, it is necessary to synthesize the factors that impact the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of students at tertiary level. The aim of this research is twofold; first to identify the factors which have been most studied in the literature and second, to determine which factors are less explored to measure the EI of students. This research adopts the systematic review approach to identify various studies conducted between 2005 to June 2022. The paper further adopted citation analysis and identified the 36 most impactful studies in this area of research. Next, the thematic analysis was conducted and seven main themes (factors) (cognitive, personality, environmental, social, educational, contextual and demographic) of EI determinants were identified.
The analysis of the papers clearly demonstrated that the TPB model and cognitive factors dominate this area of research. Furthermore, over half of the studies are conducted in Asia, hence it is important to explore other regions such as Africa, America and Europe and other comparative studies between various regions. The study offers avenues for future research and practical implications of the study for the practitioners.
Research work under the guideship of Dr Pradeepkumar. K and submitted to the University of Kerala in 2019. This work is about entrepreneurship development among differently able people in India.
With the increasing popularity of entrepreneurship education programs across the world, the impact assessment of such programs has gathered considerable interest of the researchers. Growing number of studies are including entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) as a key predictor of future entrepreneurial behaviour and hence the scale for measuring ESE is central to majority of studies pertaining to entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour. This study attempts to refine the existing instruments for measuring ESE by extensively reviewing the notable scales of ESE in literature and develops a comprehensive scale of ESE relevant in the Indian context. The additional components are added to the existing scales through expert discussions with the academicians as well as entrepreneurs. The scale is further verified for its reliability and validity by using appropriate statistical methods.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to test the ability of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior to predict entrepreneurial intent in 12 countries representing all ten of the global regional clusters as identified in the GLOBE project.
Design/methodology/approach
– Ajzen's model was operationalized to address entrepreneurial intent and a questionnaire was developed consisting of previously used scales, as well as a new measure of entrepreneurial autonomy. A total of 1,748 usable questionnaires were collected from university business students in 12 countries.
Findings
– The results suggest that Ajzen's model of planned behavior, as operationalized in this study, does successfully predict entrepreneurial intent in each of the study countries, although as foreseen by Ajzen, the significant contributing model elements differ by country as does the percent of the variance explained by the model, although one model element, social norms, was a significant predictor of entrepreneurial intent in each country.
Originality/value
– This is the first paper to provide insight to the role of cognition in the entrepreneurial process by examining a model of planned behavior in countries representing all global regional culture clusters. The paper also provides guidance for future entrepreneurial research and individual development of entrepreneurs.
Before we can act on opportunities we must first identify those opportunities. Understanding what promotes or inhibits entrepreneurial activity thus requires understanding how we construct perceived opportunities. Seeing a prospective course of action as a credible opportunity reflects an intentions–driven process driven by known critical antecedents. Based on well–developed theory and robust empirical evidence, we propose an intentions-based model of the cognitive infrastructure that supports or inhibits how we perceive opportunities. We discuss how this model both integrates past findings and guides future research. We also show the practical diagnostic power this model offers to managers.
Before there can be entrepreneurship there must be the potential for entrepreneurship, whether in a community seeking to develop or in a large organization seeking to innovate. Entrepreneurial potential, however, requires potential entrepreneurs. This paper discusses antecedents of such potential and proposes a model based on Shapero's (1982) model of the entrepreneurial event. We then discuss this model in light of supporting evidence from two different perspectives, corporate venturing and enterprise development.
Bien qu’il existe une tradition de l’enseignement de l’entrepreneuriat au Canada, l’impact des différentes méthodes utilisées pour cet enseignement reste méconnu. La présente étude vise à vérifier dans quelle mesure deux approches pédagogiques différentes, soit un plan d’affaires et l’étude/terrain d’une PME, peuvent avoir un impact d’une part, sur les perceptions des étudiants de la désirabilité et de la faisabilité de créer leur propre entreprise et, d’autre part, sur leur intention de partir en affaires. Les résultats démontrent qu’il n’y a pas de différence en termes de changement de perceptions mais que le plan d’affaires a davantage d’impact sur l’intention de partir en affaires, cet impact étant toutefois négatif. Par contre, on note une amélioration de la perception de faisabilité chez l’ensemble des étudiants. Un des bénéfices de ce cours serait de ramener à un niveau plus près de la réalité les perceptions des étudiants face à une carrière entrepreneuriale.
The present research applied the theory of planned behavior to predict employment status choice, defined as the intention to enter an occupation as a wage or salaried individual or as a self-employed one. The role of family background, sex, and prior self-employment experience was also investigated. Using a sample of 128 Norwegian undergraduate business students, the findings strongly support the theory of planned behavior as applied to employment status choice intentions. Moreover, demographic characteristics were found to influence employment status choice intentions only indirectly through their effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.