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Technical handbook of domestication and production of diptera Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens, Stratiomyidae.

Authors:
Domenico Caruso at Institute of Research for Development
Domenico Caruso
Emilie Devic at University of Stirling
Emilie Devic
I Wayan Subamia
I Wayan Subamia
I Wayan Subamia
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Pascale Talamond at Institute of Research for Development
Pascale Talamond
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Abstract

This technical book aims to publish required key information for domestication and production of the insect Hermetia illucens. Also known as « Black Soldier Fly » (BSF), this cosmopolitan dipteran, belonging to the family of Stratiomyidae, is considered as non-pest. Being saprophagous at the larval stage, it is able to biodegrade various organic wastes. For years, recycling of domestic or agricultural wastes has been a continual concern and the potential use of BSF larvae in this field already raised the interest of many researchers. However, the recent awareness of the scarcity of food resources for livestock has led French and Indonesian researchers to consider BSF as a new animal food resource. This is the core of the Bioconversion Project held in Indonesia which -through the construction of an experimental pilot- allowed the mass production of this insect. This book explains how to produce BSF adults, eggs and larvae for animal –feeding, with a particular emphasis on fishes. Besides methods of production of BSF, this technical handbook summarizes the successive steps of the project in order to specify the potentialities and limits of using BSF larvae for feeding fishes in tropical aquaculture. A thorough economic analysis stresses both strong and weak points of the pilot and provides elements of decision making for producers. BSF productions were mostly obtained while using Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) as a substrate. However, other substrates have been experimented at different scales to consider alternative productions. This technical book, which was prepared for a broad audience ranging from scientists to producers, sums up knowledge on BSF biology and rearing. So it aims at spreading knowledge and know-how gained during the Bioconversion Project. Besides, we hope this handbook will stimulate the readers to act for the direct or indirect promotion of insects as new food resources for mankind. You can upload this book at following adress: http://www.indonesie.ird.fr/la-documentation/ouvrages/technical-hand-book-of-domestication-and-production-of-the-insect-hermetia-illucens-flyer. In the bottom of the page you will find the link to download the book.
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This technical book aims to publish required key information for domestication and production of the
insect Hermetia illucens. Also known as « Black Soldier Fly » (BSF), this cosmopolitan dipteran,
belonging to the family of Stratiomyidae, is considered as non-pest.
Being saprophagous at the larval stage, it can biodegrade various organic wastes. For years, recycling of
domestic or agricultural wastes has been a continual concern and the potential use of BSF larvae in this
field already raised the interest of many researchers. However, the recent awareness of the scarcity of
food resources for livestock has led French and Indonesian researchers to consider BSF as a new animal
food resource.
This is the core of the Bioconversion Project held in Indonesia which -through the construction of an
experimental pilot- allowed the mass production of this insect. This book explains how to produce BSF
adults, eggs and larvae for animal –feeding, with a particular emphasis on fishes. Besides methods of
production of BSF, this technical handbook summarizes the successive steps of the project to specify the
potentialities and limits of using BSF larvae for feeding fishes in tropical aquaculture.
A thorough economic analysis stresses both strong and weak points of the pilot and provides elements
of decision making for producers. BSF productions were mostly obtained while using Palm Kernel Meal
(PKM) as a substrate. However, other substrates have been experimented at different scales to consider
alternative productions. This technical book, which was prepared for a broad audience ranging from
scientists to producers, sums up knowledge on BSF biology and rearing. So it aims at spreading
knowledge and know-how gained during the Bioconversion Project.
Besides, we hope this handbook will stimulate the readers to act for the direct or indirect promotion of
insects as new food resources for mankind.
For contact: domenico.caruso@ird.fr
Download: Technical handbook of domestication and production of Diptera Black Soldier Fly (BSF)
Hermetia illucens , Stratiomyidae.
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... BSF larvae exhibit optimal growth rates at temperatures between 27 and 35 • C and humidities of 70-75% (Cheng et al., 2017;Harikumar, 2018). In addition, dark environmental conditions are required due to the photophobic nature of BSF larvae (Caruso et al., 2014). Aeration rates are also key environmental factors that can significantly affect both the growth of BSF larvae and the process of organic waste decomposition (VanderGheynst, et al., 2018). ...
... Previous studies have reported that the optimum temperature, relative humidity and light intensity for cultivation of black soldier fly larvae are 27-35 • C, 70-75%, and 0 lx (Harikumar, 2018, Cheng et al., 2017, Caruso et al., 2014. Hence, instrumentation system plays important roles to monitor the environmental conditions in the hive used for the cultivation of BSF larvae. ...
Effects of aeration rate and feed on growth, productivity and nutrient composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2022
  • J Asia Pac Entomol
Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) are widely cultivated as bioconversion agents. These larvae are known to be highly sensitive to changes in the external environment, such as temperature and relative humidity. Therefore, a rearing hive equipped with an instrumentation system known as the Modular Fly Hive was designed to cultivate black soldier larvae. This study aimed to determine the effect of aeration rate (0 – 0.84 m³/s.) and feed type (coconut endosperm waste and soybean curd) on growth and productivity of black soldier fly cultivated in Modular Fly Hives as well as well as feed digestibility and nutrient composition of the larval biomass. Increasing aeration rate decreased the average temperature and relative humidity within the hives. The results showed that the larvae demonstrated a sigmoidal growth curve for all types of feed and the type of feed significantly affects the average wet weight and length of the larvae. The greatest dry biomass productivity (52.85 ± 3.85 g/m²/day) was observed when the larvae were cultivated using soybean curd residue with an aeration rate of 0.84 m³/s, while the lowest dry biomass productivity (35.27 ± 9.71 g/m²/day) was observed when the larvae were cultivated using coconut endosperm waste without aeration. Proximate analysis revealed that the larval biomass had total protein, lipid, ash and carbohydrate content in the range of 37.20 – 48.60%, 9.61 – 20.02%, 4.80 – 6.40%, 22.70 – 35.41%, respectively. Amino acid in the biomass were dominated by glutamic acid (11.11–12.30%), aspartic acid (8.25 – 10.35%), leucine (8.09 – 8.57%), and lysine (6.74 – 8.14%). Lipid isolated from the larval biomass were mainly composed of lauric acid (28.35–61.68%), linoleic acid (6.27 – 30.29%), palmitic acid (7.62 – 15.23%), and myristic acid (5.05 – 14.34%).
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... Larval lipid is stored in its body to be used during the non-feeding period of the larval lifecycle [9,18]. Among the various insect species such as flesh fly, superworm, mealworm beetle, housefly, latrine blowfly, soldier fly, and ants, Hermetia illucens larvae, or black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), are commonly selected for producing biodiesel since BSFL can valorize a variety of organic wastes; contain a high level of lipid content (around 50%); the adults are not a pest; they can cope with a wide range of environmental conditions, e.g., pH, temperature, and humidity; and they need less workforce for mass rearing [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The fatty acid profile from BSFL lipid had been found mainly comprising of C12:0 (38.43 wt%), C16:1 (15.71 wt%), and C14:0 (12.33 wt%), which are the essential compositions in biodiesel. ...
... Both the sewage sludge and PKE employed in the current study for feeding of BSFL were considered economical feedstock, since those are organic wastes generated abundantly from wastewater treatment plants and palm oil mills, respectively [67]. Moreover, the BSFL used as mediator is also cost-favorable since this species is abundant in tropical regions, and the larval rearing process is not complex [28]. T = DNr (6) The estimation would be based on the calculations that focused on feedstock, chemicals, and main product (biodiesel) prices for the present study. ...
Blended Sewage Sludge–Palm Kernel Expeller to Enhance the Palatability of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biodiesel Production
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
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... The life cycle of BSF consists of four developmental stages, egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The life cycle of BSF is influenced by different factors, including population (wild or domesticated) and the environment (temperature, humidity, light intensity, and the quality and quantity of the available food (Domenico et al. 2013). Female BSF produces about 500-900 eggs in her short life span of 5 to 8 days compared to the housefly adults that can live up to 30 days and actively spread diseases while looking for food during their life span. ...
Composting Fruit and Vegetable Waste Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae
Article
  • Nov 2021
In recent years, the amount of solid waste generated has been increasing, and larger land space is needed for the disposal of the generated waste. One of the ways to deal with the limited landfill space is by composting organic waste using black soldier fly larvae. This study aims to determine the percentage of BSFL growth and to assess the effectiveness of using BSFL in composting fruits, boiled vegetables, and raw vegetables. The waste used in this study was collected from the college cafeteria and sorted into three waste categories, and 100g of each waste category was placed in different containers. Two different sets of experiments were carried out using an initial weight of 2g and 4g of BSFL. Within 17-days experiment, the weight of BSFL and composted waste were measured every three or four days, also an additional 100g of new waste was added to the containers until the amount of waste reached a total of 500g. The BSFL fed with the fruit waste has the highest growth percentage of 1700% relative to their initial weight of 2g. The BSFL with a higher initial density of 4g showed a lower percentage growth of 1200%. Fruit waste showed the highest percentage of weight reduction of 57%. This study has proven that fruit waste is a more suitable medium for larval growth compared to vegetable waste. The use of BSFL in organic waste composting is an effective method for reducing the amount of wastes disposed of in landfills.
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... While regulations for the animal welfare of conventional livestock are clearly defined, there are few official standards for insect farming [32]. Several guidelines regarding the production of different insect species exist [31,39,40]. However, these are not binding regulations, which means that insect farmers work in a "legislative grey zone" [22] (p. ...
Edible Insects as Food – Insect Welfare and Ethical Aspects from a Consumer Perspective
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2022
For prevalent livestock, animal welfare is important to consumers. With increasing interest in edible insects, one might wonder how this concern translates to consumers’ perceptions of the welfare of insects. Therefore, we focus on consumers’ acceptance of how edible insects are currently produced. We first define what animal welfare means for prevalent livestock and transfer relevant aspects to the welfare of insects. Then, we review relevant aspects that shape consumers’ understanding of animal welfare. We provide an overview of the few consumer studies on insect welfare. Last, we present the public discourse on insects and discuss how this might be relevant to consumers’ perceptions of insect welfare. Open access at : https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/2/121
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... Furthermore, the lauric acid level in the fish fed with maggot was higher than than in fish fed with commercial feed. This result is possible since magot also contains high amount of lauric acid (Caruso et al 2014). Lauric acid is a unsaturated fatty acid which has the benefit to strengthen the immune system. ...
The nutrient content of Nile tilapia fed with black soldier fly (BSF) larvae
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2021
The use of fresh black soldier fly (BSF) larvae or maggot directly as an alternative live food for Nile tilapia is rarely discussed. This study was conducted to compare the nutrient content of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with a commercial feed and fresh maggot (alternative feed). Six hundred Nile tilapia with an initial body weight of 173±8 g were distributed into six units of hapa (net cages) at a density of one hundred fish. The fish were fed to satiation with two dietary treatments, maggot (A) and a commercial fish feed (B). This research was carried out for 40 days. The results of the present study demonstrated that the fish growth was not significantly different between the treatments. The feed conversion ratios were 2.1 and 1.9 for maggot and commercial feed treatments, respectively. Nile tilapia fed with maggot demonstrated a higher fillet proportion (34%) than those fed with a commercial feed (30%), but no significant differences in the proximate composition. Leucine, lysine, and glutamic acid were higher in the fish fed with maggot. Palmitic acid was found to dominate the saturated fatty acid content in tilapia, while unsaturated fatty acids were found mainly in the form of linoleic and linolenic acids. Tilapia fed with maggot demonstrated higher cholesterol levels (78.35±19.86 mg 100 g⁻¹) than those fed with the commercial feed (54.16±3.89). Furthermore, tilapia fed with maggot also showed higher taurine levels. at about 6.56±0.23 mg 100 g⁻¹. It is concluded that the growth and quality of nutrients in fish are just as good between the two treatments, indicating that the administration of fresh maggot can replace commercial feed for tilapia.
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... The larvae of H. illucens are polyphagous, being able to feed on almost any type of decaying plant or animal matter. Since the 1970s, these larvae have been often used to accelerate the decomposition of organic waste, and bred as food for poultry, pigs, fish, terrarium animals, or as fishing baits [6]. As a result, the species is continuously transferred to new territories [4]. ...
New Species of Soldier Fly-Sargus bipunctatus (Scopoli, 1763) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Recorded from a Human Corpse in Europe-A Case Report
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2021
The only European Stratiomyidae species known for feeding on human corpses was the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758). Analysis of fauna found on a human corpse, discovered in central Poland, revealed the presence of feeding larvae of another species from this family: the twin-spot centurion fly Sargus bipunctatus (Scopoli, 1763). The investigated corpse was in a stage of advanced decomposition. The larvae were mainly observed in the adipocere formed on the back and lower limbs of the corpse, and in the mixture of litter and lumps of adipocere located under the corpse. Adult specimens and larvae were identified based on morphological characters, and final identification was confirmed using DNA barcoding. Implementing a combination of morphological and molecular methods provided a reliable way for distinguishing the larvae of S. bipunctatus and H. illucens. The potential of S. bipunctatus for practical applications in forensic entomology is currently difficult to assess. Wide and reliable use of S. bipunctatus in the practice of forensic entomology requires further studies of the bionomy of this fly.
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Review of waste phosphorus from aquaculture: Source, removal and recovery
Article
  • Sep 2022
The contribution of phosphorus to water body eutrophication is a global environmental problem, and rapid increases in aquaculture are considered a significant source of phosphorus discharged into the environment. The current review focuses on the source of aquaculture waste phosphorus and measures to decrease phosphorus release into the environment. Because diets are a significant source of phosphorus in fed aquaculture systems, improving the utilization efficiency of dietary phosphorus can reduce the amount of waste phosphorus at the source. A wide range of removal and recovery technologies has been identified, including adsorption, crystallization, enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR), denitrifying phosphorus removal, heterotrophic nitrification aerobic denitrification (HAND) and photosynthetic organism removal. Recovery technologies were also reviewed, particularly sludge phosphorus from recirculating aquaculture systems. A new method using bacteria to immobilize waste nitrogen and phosphorus into bioflocs has been proposed as a better solution. However, most of these technologies have only been implemented at the lab scale to pilot scale. Further studies are necessary to determine the working conditions and removal capacities of related technologies on a commercial scale. Moreover, phosphorus removal methods must be selected based on a consideration of recyclability.
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Cellulase pretreated palm decanter cake for feeding of black soldier fly larvae in triggering bioaccumulation of protein and lipid into biodiesel productions
Article
  • Oct 2022
For every ton of palm oil produced, approximately 0.2 tons of palm decanter cake (PDC) waste is generated. Hence, there is a huge opportunity to valorize this organic waste, i.e., via the deployment of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), which has been widely employed to convert various organic wastes into larval proteins and lipids. However, the PDC is mainly made up of lignocellulosic materials that are hard to digest by the BSFL. Therefore, this work attempted to grow BSFL in cellulase-pretreated PDC; thereby, providing an alternative solution to manage PDC waste. Results had shown that the cellulase pretreatment was effective in breaking down cellulose into glucose molecules, especially with higher cellulase dosage and longer treatment duration of up until 48 h. Subsequently, the maximum BSFL growth was found at 6.56 ± 2.69 mg/larva when being fed with PDC pre-treated by 1.0 wt% of cellulase for 72 h; which was about 4 mg higher than the controlled larva. Using a similar substrate, the highest protein yield and lipid yield from BSFL were attained at 1.63 ± 0.11 mg/larva (22.4 wt%) and 5.12 ± 1.01 mg/larva (69.9 wt%), respectively. In terms of biodiesel quality, a huge presence of saturated fatty acids had made the BSFL-based biodiesel oxidatively stable.
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Physico-chemical and colloidal properties of protein extracted from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae
Article
  • Jul 2021
  • INT J BIOL MACROMOL
The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus), has been largely utilized for animal feed. Due to its interesting composition, BSFL has great potential to be further implemented in the human diet. Herein we compared the flour and protein extract composition based on their moisture, ash, amino acids, mineral, and protein content. To have wide knowledge on protein profile and behavior, SDS-page electrophoresis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to give information about protein structure and thermal stability, respectively. The flour and protein extract contained respectively 37.3% and 61.1% of protein. DSC graph reported a glass transition temperature around 30 °C, recognizable by a shift in the curve, and an endothermic peak for solid melting at around 200 °C. FTIR analysis showed the main amide bands (A, B, I, II, III) for the flour and protein extract. The foam properties of BSFL protein extract were explored under different temperatures treatment, and the best foam stability was reached at 85 °C with 15 min of treatment. The data highlight the promising techno-functional properties of BSFL protein extract, and that the nutritional composition might be suitable for further use of BSFL as food fortification system.
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Amino Acid Digestibilities of Palm Kernel Meal ( AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITIES OF PALM KERNEL MEAL IN POULTRY
Article
Full-text available
Palm kernel meal (PKM) is produced in large quantities in many parts of the world. Problems associated with PKM are due to their high fibre content, imbalanced amino acid ratios, the possibility of Maillard products and their own physical characteristics (high bulk density and low water holding capacity). This study was conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility, jejunal digesta viscosity, apparent metabolizable energy and physical characteristics of PKM. A total of 28 day old male Ross chicks were given control starter and grower diets from day 1 to 35. From day 36, the birds were fed an experimental diet which contained 91.5% PKM plus sunflower oil, vitamins and minerals. Faeces were collected for three consecutive days. Jejunal digesta was measured for viscosity and ileal digesta was used for amino acid digestibility measurements. Data indicated that bulk density and water holding capacity of PKM were very close to the values of bulk density and water holding capacity of most conventional feedstuffs. Nutritionally, PKM contained low crude protein and high crude fibre. Dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and amino acid digestibilites were low, but arginine digestibility was quite high, being about 82%. Jejunal digesta viscosity was low (1.54 cP) and apparent metabolizable energy was moderate, being 9.45 MJ/kg. ABSTRAK Bungkil kelapa sawit diproduksi secara besar – besaran di beberapa kawasan didunia. Pemanfaatan bungkil kelapa sawit untuk pakan ternak memiliki banyak persoalan seperti: kandungan serat yang tinggi, ketidakseimbangan asam amino, kemungkinan adanya produk maillard masalah karakter fisik berupa bulk densitas dan kemampuan mengikat air yang rendah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menentukan kecernaan nutrisi, viskositas digesta di jejunum, energi metabolisme semu karakter fisik dari bungkil kelapa sawit. Dua puluh delapan ekor ayam strain Ross umur satu hari diberi makan dengan ransom control starter dan grower dari hari 1 sampai 35. Dari hari 36, ayam diberi pakan eksperiment yang terdiri dari 91,5% bungkil kelapa sawit plus minyak bunga matahari, vitamin dan mineral. Viskositas digesta dari jejenum dan kecernaan asam amino di ileum duodenum dilakukan. Data menggambarkan bahwa bulk densitas dan kemampuan mengikat air dari bungkil kelapa sawit hamper sama dengan bulk densitas dan kemampuan mengikat air dari bahan pakan konvesnsional. Secara nutrisi, bungkil kelapa sawit mengandung protein yang rendah dan serah kasar yang tinggi. Kecernaan bahan kering, protein kasar, neutral detergent fibre dan asam amino adalah sangat rendah, tetapi kecernaan arginine sangat tinggi sekitar 82%. Viskositas digesta di jejenum sekitar 1.54 cP dan metabolisme energi semu adalah 9.45 MJ/kg. Kata kunci: Bungkil Kelapa Sawit, Nilai Nutrisi, Karakteristik Fisik.
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Nutrient Digestibility of Palm Kernel Cake for Muscovy Ducks
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2004
Expeller pressed and solvent extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) were force-fed to male and female Muscovy ducks at 7 weeks of age. The nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and true available amino acid (TAAA) digestibilities were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of the type of PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. However, digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was found to be higher in solvent extracted compared to expeller pressed PKC. The average digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and EE were 43, 58, 39 and 89%, espectively. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy of PKC. The respective average AMEn and TMEn values of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 1,743 and 1,874 kcal/kg. The overall TAAA of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 65%. The data on the TMEn and digestible AA for PKC obtained from this study provide new information with regard to diet formulation for Muscovy ducks.
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Biochemical characterization of digestive enzymes in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2011
  • J Asia Pac Entomol
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, is beneficial because its larvae feed on organic materials derived from plants, animals and humans and promote the recycling of food waste and organic materials. We investigated the biochemical properties of digestive enzymes released from the salivary gland and gut of the black soldier fly. Because the gut extracts of the black soldier fly larvae had high amylase, lipase and protease activities, we suggested that the black soldier fly might belong to the polyphagous insect group. In addition, a strong trypsin-like protease activity was observed in the gut extracts of the black soldier fly larvae. Higher activities of leucine arylamidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase were observed from the gut extracts of the black soldier fly larvae compared with those of house fly larvae. These findings may explain previous reports that the black soldier fly larvae can digest food wastes and organic materials more efficiently than any other known species of fly.
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Upgrading the nutritive value of full-fat soyabeans meal for broiler production with either fishmeal or black soldier fly larvae meal ( Hermetia illucens )
Article
  • Jan 2010
An experiment was conducted using Anak Red broiler chicks to evaluate the effect of grading the nutritive value of full fat soyabean meal diet based with either fishmeal or Blaick soldier fly larvae meal for broiler production. The average live weight gains of broilers fed an all vegetable protein, fishmeal and larvae meal diets at 10 weeks of age were 1465g, 2045g and 2015g respectively. The corresponding feed consumption values for same period were 4140g, 4878g and 5075g while the figures for the feed/gain ratio were 2.8 2.4 and 2.6 respectively. Significant (P<0.05) treatment effects in favour of diet upgraded with the larvae meal were obtained in the carcass yield, internal organ measurements (kidney, gizzard and liver) and the abdominal fat. The amino acid profile of the larvae meal compared favourably with that of fishmeal and also found to be superior to that of soybean meal. The study suggests that inclusion of protein of animal or insect origin to an all-vegetable diet was very desirable for better nutrient utilization. The results also revealed that under the conditions of the experiment, larvae meal could replace fish meal to upgrade the nutritive value of soyabean meal in the broiler starter and finisher rations without any adverse effect on the rate of gain, feed consumption and feed: gain ratio.
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Sensory Analysis of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fed Enriched Black Soldier Fly Prepupae, Hermetia illucens
Article
  • Feb 2011
A growth trial and fillet sensory analysis were conducted to examine the effects of replacing dietary fish meal with black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae, Hermetia illucens, in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A practical-type trout diet was formulated to contain 45% protein; four test diets were developed by substituting 25 and 50% of the fish meal with normal (BSF) or fish offal-enriched black soldier fly (EBSF) prepupae. Dietary fat was adjusted to approximately 20% lipid using fish oil and poultry fat. Diets were fed to three replicate tanks of fish per treatment (10 fish/tank) for 8 wk. After the trial, three fish per tank were sampled for determination of hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat ratio and muscle ratio, and muscle proximate and fatty acid composition. Fish remaining after sampling were used for sensory evaluation. Growth of fish fed the EBSF diets was not significantly different from those fish fed the fish meal-based control diet, while the growth of fish fed the BSF diets was significantly reduced as compared to the control diet. A group of 30 untrained panelists did not detect a significant difference in a blind comparison of fish fed the fish meal containing control diet as compared to fish fed the EBSF or BSF diets.
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House fly oviposition inhibition by larvae of Hermetia illucens, the black soldier fly
Article
  • Jun 1984
Wild populations of house flies were inhibited from ovipositing into poultry manure containing larvae of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.). A laboratory strain of house fly responded differently, readily ovipositing into manure with lower densities of soldier fly larvae, but avoiding the higher densities tested. The amount of timeH. illucens larvae occupy the manure prior to an oviposition test influences ovipositional responses of house flies. Manure conditioned byH. illucens larvae for 4-5 days did not significantly inhibit house fly oviposition. We suggest that some type of interspecific chemical communication (allomone) is present.
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Fish Offal Recycling by the Black Soldier Fly Produces a Foodstuff High in Omega3 Fatty Acids
Article
  • Jun 2007
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, has the potential to reduce animal waste on livestock facilities and produce an animal-grade feedstuff high in protein and fat. The lipid content of insects is largely dependent on their diet. Data from this study suggest that black soldier fly prepupae incorporate a-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapen- taenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when fish offal is included in their diet. Fly larvae were fed three different proportions of fish offal and cow manure diets over a 21-d trial. An additional group of larvae were fed 22% fish offal diet within 24 h of their pupation. Larvae fed fish offal were, on average, 30% lipid, which was 43% more than the controls fed cow manure only, and approximately 3% of this lipid was omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA, and ALA). Furthermore, this concentration of omega-3 fatty acids was achieved within 24 h of feeding fish offal. These omega-3 fatty-acid-enhanced prepupae may be a suitable fish meal and fish oil replacement for carnivorous fish and other animal diets. In addition, they may provide a method of reducing and recycling fish offal from processing plants.
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House Fly and Lesser Fly Control Utilizing the Black Soldier Fly in Manure Management Systems for Caged Laying Hens
Article
  • Oct 1983
  • ENVIRON ENTOMOL
Four manure treatments were utilized in an experimental caged layer house. One excluded soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.), and other dipterous larvae chemically; one was a check; one initially favored the soldier fly with a single addition of 2.5 cm water; and one allowed periodic development of house fly, Musca domestica L., and lesser house fly, Fannia canicularis (L.), larvae by monthly removal of all manure and soldier fly larvae. Soldier fly larvae were demonstrated to cause significant reductions in house fly and lesser house fly populations and manure moisture. Manure accumulation was also reduced.
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