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História da cirurgia refrativa: córnea e catarata

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Abstract

Introdução Podemos descrever a história e evolução da cirurgia refrativa e da catarata a partir de momentos diversos de sua trajetória por diferentes perspectivas e dependendo do ponto de referência ou atores que desejamos valorizar. A história é, geralmente, mais generosa com aqueles que aparecem no momento certo do reconhecimento da técnica ou da tecnologia, no dito momento da foto histórica e tende a esquecer-se daqueles responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento básico ou pela descoberta feita precocemente, quando os paradigmas eram ainda imaturos ou diferentes. Harold Ridley, um caso típico, é reconhecido como o primeiro a implantar uma lente intraocular (LIO), apesar de sua contribuição ter sido repudiada na época, fazendo com que sofresse pela rejeição, tendo, inclusive, perdido sua posição no hospital em que trabalhava. O reconhecimento só viria décadas depois, quando Ridley já havia se aposentado, mas ainda em vida. O que é uma exceção, já que muitos outros só receberam esse reconhecimento após a morte. Há ainda os que recebem o reconhecimento em vida, porém são condenados após a morte, como Egas Muniz e sua lobotomia ou, pelo contrário, são reconhecidos após a morte. Em ciência, os valores e conceitos mudam de acordo com o momento histórico e a evolução do consensual coletivo que cada setor do conhecimento define. Como Max Planck disse, o avanço da ciência não vem do convencimento dos opositores aos novos conceitos que emergem, mas sim, porque esses morrem, abrindo espaço para uma nova geração que, livre dos antigos paradigmas, tem mais facilidade em aceitar a evolução. Em outras palavras, muito frequentemente o avanço da ciência depende de uma série de funerais. Mais recentemente Arthur Clarice, ficcionista científico, disse que, quando um cientista diz que algo é possível, estará quase sempre certo em algum momento futuro. Mas, quando se diz que algo é impossível, mais provavelmente está errado e será desmentido em algum momento do futuro. Vivemos uma época áurea, de grandes avanços resultantes do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, do conhecimento da anatomia, da fisiologia e da tecnologia da informação, entre outros. Por outro lado, as mudanças de conceitos e de paradigmas têm sido tão rápidas e intensas que não é mais possível esperar por novos funerais para reconhecermos o novo. Aumenta assim a responsabilidade das sociedades científicas, dos líderes e cientistas pesquisadores em promover e fomentar os debates sobre a validade do novo, sem precipitar seu uso nem em se deixar conduzir por dogmas, rejeitando-o, ou abandonar o válido, porém imaturo. Fazendo uma retrospectiva pessoal, consigo me lembrar de vários momentos de minha vida em que me deixei levar por esse instinto automático de rejeição ao novo, porque ele não se encaixava dentro de meus paradigmas. O profissional de hoje deve ter em mente: haverá limites para a evolução do conhecimento, para a evolução da técnica e da tecnologia? Pela velocidade com que avançamos hoje, certamente não, até mesmo porque quanto mais avançamos mais conhecemos a profundidade de nossa ignorância. Nosso tópico se refere, especificamente, à cirurgia refrativa no cristalino (em caso de catarata e eventualmente na cirurgia da remoção do cristalino claro com objetivos refrativos) e na cirurgia refrativa da córnea. Sua evolução é muito importante para nós, pois essas cirurgias são atualmente as mais executadas no ser humano e as de maior impacto na qualidade de vida e no desempenho profissional das pessoas. Embora sua história possa ser datada de milênios, seu grande desenvolvimento aconteceu em um passado recente, de menos de meio século. Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Refrativa (SBCR) - “Tratado Brasileiro de Catarata e Cirurgia Refrativa” Esta obra tem por finalidade ser um livro de referência em Oftalmologia e objetiva expor um panorama detalhado dos mais importantes temas relacionados à catarata e cirurgia refrativa. O público-alvo será formado por oftalmologistas e médicos de outras especialidades com interface na Oftalmologia. Editado por Armando S. Crema Renato Ambrósio Junior Presidente da SBCLL Presidente da SBCR
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